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CS6703 GRID AND CLOUD COMPUTING

UNIT 1 QUESTION BANK
Part - A
1. What is Grid Computing?
Grid computing is a processor architecture that combines computer resources from various
domains to reach a main objective. In grid computing, the computers on the network can work
on a task together, thus functioning as a supercomputer.

2. What is QOS?

Grid computing system is the ability to provide the quality of service requirements necessary for
the end-user community. QOS provided by the grid like performance, availability, management
aspects, business value and flexibility in pricing.
3. What are the derivatives of grid computing?
There are 8 derivatives of grid computing. They are as follows:
a) Compute grid
b) Data grid
c) Science grid
d) Access grid
e) Knowledge grid
f) Cluster grid
g) Terra grid
h) Commodity grid
4. What are the features of data grids?

The ability to integrate multiple distributed, heterogeneous and independently

managed data sources.
The ability to provide data catching and/or replication mechanisms to minimize network
traffic.
The ability to provide necessary data discovery mechanisms, which allow the user to find data
based on characteristics of the data.
5. Define – Cloud Computing.
Cloud computing, often referred to as simply “the cloud,” is the delivery of on-demand
computing resources—everything from applications to data centers—over the Internet on a pay-
for-use basis. Storing and accessing data and programs over the Internet instead of your
computer's hard drive
6. What is business on demand?

Business On Demand is not just about utility computing as it has a much broader set
of ideas about the transformation of business practices, process transformation, and
technology implementations.
The essential characteristics of on-demand businesses are responsiveness to the
dynamics of business, adapting to variable cost structures, focusing on core business

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competency, and resiliency for consistent availability.

7. What are the facilities provided by virtual organization?

The formation of virtual task forces, or groups, to solve specific problems associated with
the virtual organization.
The dynamic provisioning and management capabilities of the resource required meeting
the SLA’s.
8. What are the properties of Cloud Computing?
There are six key properties of cloud computing: Cloud computing is
x user-centric
x task-centric
x powerful
x accessible
x intelligent
x programmable
9. Sketch the architecture of Cloud.

10. What are the types of Cloud service

development? x Software as a Service
x Platform as a Service
x Web Services
x On-Demand Computing

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11. What is meant by scheduler?

Schedulers are types of applications responsible for the management of jobs, such as
allocating resources needed for any specific job, partitioning of jobs to schedule parallel
execution of tasks, data management, event correlation, and service-level management
capabilities.
12. What is meant by resource broker?

Resource broker provides pairing services between the service requester and the
service provider. This pairing enables the selection of best available resources from the
service provider for the execution of a specific task.
13. What is load balancing?

Load balancing is concerned with the integrating the system in order to avoid
processing delays and over -commitment of resources. It involves partitioning of jobs,
identifying the resources and queuing the jobs.
14. What is grid infrastructure?

Grid infrastructure forms the core foundation for successful grid applications.
This infrastructure is a complex combination of number of capabilities and resources
identified for the specific problem and environment being addressed.

15. Define – Distributed Computing.

Distributed computing is a field of computer science that studies distributed systems.

A distributed system is a software system in which components located on networked
computers communicate and coordinate their actions by passing messages. The components
interact with each other in order to achieve a common goal.

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PART – B
1) Explain in detail about virtual organization. (16)

2) Write about the scope of grid computing in business areas. (16)

3) Explain some of the grid application and their usage patterns. (16)

4) Write short notes on. (16)

a) Schedulers
b) Resource broker
c) Load balancing
d) Grid portals

5) What are the data and functional requirements of grid computing? (16)

6) Explain briefly about grid infrastructure. (16)

7) Describe in detail about the Technologies for network based systems? (16)

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GRID AND CLOUD COMPUTING
UNIT 2 QUESTION BANK

Part - A
1. Define – OSGI.

Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA) is a set of standards defining the way in which
information is shared among diverse components of large, heterogeneous grid systems. In this
context, a grid system is a scalable wide area network (WAN) that supports resource sharing and
distribution. OGSA is a trademark of the Open Grid Forum.
2. Define – OSGA.

The Open Grid Services Infrastructure (OGSI) was published by the Global Grid Forum
(GGF) as a proposed recommendation in June 2003.[1] It was intended to provide an
infrastructure layer for the Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA). OGSI takes the
statelessness issues (along with others) into account by essentially extending Web services to
accommodate grid computing resources that are both transient and stateful.
3. Define – Peer to Peer Computing.

Peer to Peer computing is a relatively new computing discipline in the realm of distributed
computing. P2P system defines collaboration among a larger number of individuals and/or
organizations, with a limited set of security requirements and a less complex resource-sharing
topology.
4. What is Dynamic Accounting System?

DAS provides the following enhanced categories of accounting functionality to the IPG
community:
Allows a grid user to request access to a local resource via the presentation of grid
credentials
Determines and grants the appropriate authorizations for a user to access a local resource
without requiring a preexisting account on the resource to govern local authorizations.
4. Define – SOA.

A service-oriented architecture is intended to define loosely coupled and interoperable

services/applications, and to define a process for integrating these interoperable components.
6. What are the major goals of OSGA?

2 Identify the use cases that can drive the OGSA platform components.
3 Identify and define the core OGSA platform components.
4 Define hosting and platform specific bindings.
5 Define resource models and resource profiles with interoperable solutions.

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7. What are the layers available in OGSA architectural organizations?

a Native platform services and transport mechanisms.

b OGSA hosting environment.
c OGSA transport and security.
d OGSA infrastructure (OGSI).
e OGSA basic services (meta-OS and domain services)

5. What is meant by grid infrastructure?

Grid infrastructure is a complex combination of a number of capabilities and resources identified

for the specific problem and environment being addressed. It forms the core foundations for
successful grid applications.
10. List some grid computing toolkits and frameworks?
x Globus Toolkit
i Globus Resource Allocation Manager(GRAM)
ii Grid Security Infrastructure(GSI)
iii Information Services
iv Legion
v Condor and Condor-G
vi NIMROD
vii UNICORE
viii NMI
11. Define - GRAM.

GRAM provides resource allocation, process creation, monitoring, and management services.
The most common use of GRAM is the remote job submission and control facility. GRAM
simplifies the use of remote systems.
11. What is the role of the grid computing organization?

x Organizations developing grid standards and best practices guidelines.

x Organizations developing grid computing toolkits, frameworks and middleware solutions.
x Organizations building and using grid - based solutions to solve their computing, data, and
network requirements.
x Organizations working to adopt grid concepts into commercial products, via utility computing
and business on demand computing.

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12. What are the different layers of grid architecture?

Fabric Layer: Interface to local resources

Connectivity Layer: Manages Communications
Collective Layer: Coordinating Multiple Resources
Application Layer: User Defined Application.

4) What are the fundamental components of SOAP specification?

An envelope that defines a framework for describing message structure.

A set of encoding rules for expressing instances of application defined data types
A convention for representing remote procedure (RPC) and responses.
A set of rules for using SOAP with HTTP.
Message exchange patterns (MEP) such as request-response, one-way and peer-to-peer
conversations.
5) Define - SOAP.

SOAP is a simple and lightweight XML-based mechanism for creating structured data packages
that can be exchanged between network applications. SOAP provides a simple enveloping
mechanism and is proven in being able to work with existing networking services technologies
such as HHTP.SOAP is also flexible and extensible. SOAP is based on the fact that it builds
upon the XML info set.
15. Define WSDL.

WSDL is an XML Info set based document, which provides a model and XML format for
describe web services. This enables services to be described and enables the client to consume
these services in a standard way without knowing much on the lower level protocol exchange
binding including SOAP and HTTP. This high level abstraction on the service limits human
interaction and enables the automatic generation of proxies for web services, and these proxies
can be static or dynamic. It allows both document and RPC - oriented messages.

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PART – B
8) Write short notes on Open Grid Service Architecture. (16)
9) Explain in detail, the functional requirements of OGSA. (16)
10) Explain Practical & Detailed view of OGSA/OGSI. (16)
11) Explain in detail, OGSA services.(16)
12) Describe about the relation of grid architecture with other distributed technologies.(16)
13) What are the third generation initiatives of grid computing?
14) Discuss briefly about organization building and using grid based solution to
solve their computing data and network requirements.

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GRID AND CLOUD COMPUTING
UNIT 3

Part - A
1. What is the working principle of Cloud Computing?

The cloud is a collection of computers and servers that are publicly accessible via the This
hardware is typically owned and operated by a third party on a consolidated basis in one or
more data center locations. The machines can run any combination of operating systems.
2. What is Virtualization?

Virtualization is a foundational element of cloud computing and helps deliver on the value
of cloud computing," Adams said. "Cloud computing is the delivery of shared computing
resources, software or data — as a service and on-demand through the Internet.
3. Define Cloud services with example.

Any web-based application or service offered via cloud computing is called a cloud Cloud
services can include anything from calendar and contact applications to word processing and
presentations.
4. What are the types of Cloud service development?

x Software as a Service
x Platform as a Service
x Infrastructure as a Service
5. Explain cloud provider and cloud broker?

Cloud Provider: Is a company that offers some component of cloud computing typically
infrastructure as a service, software as a Service or Platform as a Service. It is something referred
as CSP.
Cloud Broker: It is a third party individual or business that act as an intermediary between the
purchase of cloud computing service and sellers of that service.
6. Define - Private Cloud.

The private cloud is built within the domain of an intranet owned by a single organization.
Therefore, they are client owned and managed. Their access is limited to the owning clients and
their partners. Their deployment was not meant to sell capacity over the Internet through publicly
accessible interfaces. Private clouds give local users a flexible and agile private infrastructure to
run service workloads within their administrative domains.
7. Define - Public Cloud.

A public cloud is built over the Internet, which can be accessed by any user who has paid for the
service. Public clouds are owned by service providers. They are accessed by subscription. Many

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companies have built public clouds, namely Google App Engine, Amazon AWS, Microsoft
Azure, IBM Blue Cloud, and Salesforce Force.com. These are commercial providers that offer a
publicly accessible remote interface for creating and managing VM instances within their
proprietary infrastructure.
8. Define - Hybrid Cloud.

A hybrid cloud is built with both public and private clouds; Private clouds can also support a
hybrid cloud model by supplementing local infrastructure with computing capacity from an
external public cloud. For example, the research compute cloud (RC2) is a private cloud built by
IBM.
9. Define anything-as-a-service?
Providing services to the client on the basis on meeting their demands at some pay per use cost such as
data storage as a service, network as a service, communication as a service etc. It is generally denoted as
anything as a service (XaaS).

10. What is mean by SaaS?

The software as a service refers to browser initiated application software over thousands of paid
customer. The SaaS model applies to business process industry application, consumer relationship
management (CRM), Enterprise resource Planning (ERP), Human Resources (HR) and collaborative
application.

11. What is mean by IaaS?

The Infrastructure as a Service model puts together the infrastructure demanded by the user namely
servers, storage, network and the data center fabric. The user can deploy and run on multiple VM’s
running guest OS on specific application.

12. Explain PaaS?

The Platform as a Service model enables the user to deploy user built applications onto a virtualized
cloud platform. It includes middleware, database, development tools and some runtime support such as
web2.0 and java. It includes both hardware and software integrated with specific programming interface.

5. List out the advantages of Cloud Computing.

Lower IT Infrastructure Costs

Fewer Maintenance Issues
Lower Software Costs
Instant Software Updates
Increased Computing Power
Unlimited Storage Capacity
Increased Data Safety

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a) Improved Compatibility Between Operating Systems

b) Improved Document Format Compatibility
c) Easier Group Collaboration
d) Universal Access to Documents
e) Latest Version Availability
f) Removes the Tether to Specific Devices

6 List out the disadvantages of Cloud Computing.

a) Requires a Constant Internet Connection

b) Doesn’t Work Well with Low-Speed Connections
c) Can Be Slow
d) Features Might Be Limited
e) Stored Data Might Not Be Secure
f) If the Cloud Loses Your Data, You’re Screwed

7 What is Hypervisor?

A hypervisor or virtual machine monitor (VMM) is a piece of computer software, firmware or hardware
that creates and runs virtual machines. A computer on which a hypervisor is running one or more
virtual machines is defined as a host machine. Each virtual machine is called a guest machine.
16. What are the types of hypervisor?

There are two types of hypervisors:

6. Type 1 (bare-metal)
7. Type 2 (hosted)

Type 1 hypervisors run directly on the system hardware. They are often referred to as a "native"
or "bare metal" or "embedded" hypervisors in vendor literature.

Type 2 hypervisors run on a host operating system. When the virtualization movement first
began to take off, Type 2 hypervisors were most popular. Administrators could buy the software
and install it on a server they already had.

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PART – B
11. Write short notes on cloud deployment model. (16)
12. Explain in detail, categories of cloud. (16)
13. Explain in detail, pros and cons of cloud. (8)
14. Explain in detail, different implementation level of virtualization? (16)
15. Write short notes on OS level virtualization. List the pros and cons of OS
level virtualization. (16)
16. Explain in detail, the virtualization of CPU, Memory and I/O devices. (16)
17. Write short notes on virtual clusters. (8)
18. Explain in detail, the virtualization for data center automation. (16)

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GRID AND CLOUD COMPUTING

UNIT 4

Part -A
1. What is The Globus Toolkit Architecture (GT4)
The Globus Toolkit, started in 1995 with funding from DARPA, is an open
middleware library for the grid computing communities. The toolkit addresses common
problems and issues related to grid resource discovery,management, communication, security,
fault detection, and portability. The library includes a rich set of service implementations.

2. What is GT4 library?

The high-level services and tools, such as MPI, Condor-G, and Nirod/G, are
developed by third parties for generalpurpose distributed computing applications. The local
services, such as LSF, TCP, Linux, and Condor, are at the bottom level and are fundamental
tools supplied by other developers.

3. What is meant by Globus Container ?

The Globus Container provides a basic runtime environment for hosting the web
services needed to execute grid jobs.

4. What are the Functional Modules in Globus GT4 Library

? x Global Resource Allocation Manager
x Communication
x Grid Security Infrastructure
x Monitory and Discovery Service
x Health and Status
x Global Access of Secondary Storage
x Grid File Transfer

5. What is meant by input splitting ?

For the framework to be able to distribute pieces of the job to multiple machines,
it needs to fragment the input into individual pieces, which can in turn be provided as input to the
individual distributed tasks. Each fragment of input is called an input split.

6. What are the five categories of Globus Toolkit 4 ?

• Common runtime components
• Security
• Data management
• Information services
• Execution management

7. What are the are the available input formats?

• KeyValueTextInputFormat
• TextInputFormant
• NLineInputFormat
• MultiFileInputFormat
• SequenceFIleInputFormat

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8. What is meant by HDFS ?

Hadoop comes with a distributed filesystem called HDFS, which stands for Hadoop
Distributed Filesystem. HDFS is a filesystem designed for storing very large files with streaming
data access patterns, running on clusters of commodity hardware.

9. What is meant by Block

A disk has a block size, which is the minimum amount of data that it can read or
write.Filesystems for a single disk build on this by dealing with data in blocks, which are an
integral multiple of the disk block size. Filesystem blocks are typically a few kilobytes
in size, while disk blocks are normally 512 bytes. HDFS, too, has the concept of a block, but it is
a much larger unit—64 MB by default.

10. Differentiate Namenodes and Datanodes

An HDFS cluster has two types of node operating in a master-worker pattern: a
namenode (the master) and a number of datanodes (workers). The namenode manages the
filesystem namespace. It maintains the filesystem tree and the metadata for all the files and
directories in the tree. This information is stored persistently on the local disk in the form of two
files: the namespace image and the edit log. The namenode also knows the datanodes on which
all the blocks for a given file are located.

11. List the various Hadoop filesystems ?

Local,HDFS, HFTP, HSFTP, WebHDFS.

12. What is meant by FUSE?

Filesystem in Userspace (FUSE) allows filesystems that are implemented in user
space to be integrated as a Unix filesystem. Hadoop’s Fuse-DFS contrib module allows any
Hadoop filesystem (but typically HDFS) to be mounted as a standard filesystem.

13. What is Hadoop File system ?

Hadoop is written in Java, and all Hadoop filesystem interactions are mediated
through the Java API. The filesystem shell, for example, is a Java application that uses the Java
FileSystem class to provide filesystem operations.

14. How to Reading Data from a Hadoop URL

One of the simplest ways to read a file from a Hadoop filesystem is by using a
java.net.URL object to open a stream to read the data from. The general idiom is:
InputStream in =
null; try {
in = new URL("hdfs://host/path").openStream(); //
process in} finally {
IOUtils.closeStream(in);
}

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15. How to write data in Hadoop?

The FileSystem class has a number of methods for creating a file. The simplest is
the method that takes a Path object for the file to be created and returns an output stream to write
to:
public FSDataOutputStream create(Path f) throws IOException

16. How are Deleting Datas are Deleted in Hadoop ?

Use the delete() method on FileSystem to permanently remove files or directories:
public boolean delete(Path f, boolean recursive) throws IOException
If f is a file or an empty directory, then the value of recursive is ignored.

17. Illustrate MapReduce logical data flow

18. What are two types of nodes that control the job execution process?
a jobtracker and a number of tasktrackers controls the job execution process. The
jobtracker coordinates all the jobs run on the system by scheduling tasks to run on tasktrackers.
Tasktrackers run tasks and send progress reports to the jobtracker, which keeps a record of the
overall progress of each job. If a task fails, the jobtracker can reschedule it on a different
tasktracker.

19. Illustrate MapReduce data flow with a single reduce task

20. Illustrate MapReduce data flow with multiple reduce tasks

Part -B

1. Explain the Globus Toolkit Architecture (GT4)

2. Explain MapReduce Model in detail
3. Explain Map & Reduce function?
4. Explain HDFS Concepts in detail?
5. Explain Anatomy of a File Read?
6. Explain Anatomy of a File write?

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UNIT V
PART A
1. List the challenges in building trust management?
2. What are the security requirements of grid?
3. What are the types of message level security?
4. What is IAM?
5. List the components in IAM architecture provider.
6. What is privacy in cloud?
7. List the important tasks in the management of identities in cloud?
8. What is SD?
9. What is TI?
10. List some potential security issues.
11. What is security assurance condition?
12. Give the steps accomplished in fuzzy inference.
13. Which information are taken into account for calculating site trust worthiness?
14. What are the major authenticated methods?
15. Give the category classifications of authority?
16. What is the role of GSI functional layers?
17. What are the additional protection mechanisms of GSI?
18. Give the various levels of security.
19. Name the Cloud security controls.
20. Give some of the data security issues.
21. List the types of PHRs.
PART B
1. Discuss in detail about the various trust models in grids?
2. Write about Authorization and Delegation in Grids?
3. Explain briefly about Grid Security Infrastructure?
4. Explain briefly about the aspects of data security, provider data and security.
5. Describe in detail about the IAM architecture and its practices in cloud.
6. Write about the various key privacy issues in the cloud?

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