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    Data Reduction: Inclinometer Measurements

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    Svetozar Milenkovic
    1) Inclinometer measurements measure tilt, which is translated to lateral movement using trigonometry, specifically the sine function and a right triangle with the tilt angle as one angle and the lateral movement as the opposite side. 2) Readings from inclinometers display in "reading units" defined as the sine of the tilt angle multiplied by an instrument constant, rather than direct angles or distances. 3) Combining the readings from two passes at each interval eliminates sensor bias and errors, providing a more accurate measurement of tilt and lateral movement.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Data Reduction: Inclinometer Measurements

    Uploaded by

    Svetozar Milenkovic
    38 views3 pages
    1) Inclinometer measurements measure tilt, which is translated to lateral movement using trigonometry, specifically the sine function and a right triangle with the tilt angle as one angle and the lateral movement as the opposite side. 2) Readings from inclinometers display in "reading units" defined as the sine of the tilt angle multiplied by an instrument constant, rather than direct angles or distances. 3) Combining the readings from two passes at each interval eliminates sensor bias and errors, providing a more accurate measurement of tilt and lateral movement.

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    data reduction

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    1) Inclinometer measurements measure tilt, which is translated to lateral movement using trigonometry, specifically the sine function and a right triangle with the tilt angle as one angle and the lateral movement as the opposite side. 2) Readings from inclinometers display in "reading units" defined as the sine of the tilt angle multiplied by an instrument constant, rather than direct angles or distances. 3) Combining the readings from two passes at each interval eliminates sensor bias and errors, providing a more accurate measurement of tilt and lateral movement.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    38 views3 pages

    Data Reduction: Inclinometer Measurements

    Uploaded by

    Svetozar Milenkovic
    1) Inclinometer measurements measure tilt, which is translated to lateral movement using trigonometry, specifically the sine function and a right triangle with the tilt angle as one angle and the lateral movement as the opposite side. 2) Readings from inclinometers display in "reading units" defined as the sine of the tilt angle multiplied by an instrument constant, rather than direct angles or distances. 3) Combining the readings from two passes at each interval eliminates sensor bias and errors, providing a more accurate measurement of tilt and lateral movement.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    Data Reduction

    Inclinometer We use inclinometers to monitor lateral movements, but the side


    Measurements inclinometer probe measures tilt. How is tilt translated to a opposite

    lateral movement?
    The basic principle involves the sine function, an angle, and the

    se
    tenu
    hypotenuse of a right triangle.We are interested in finding the
    length of the side opposite the angle θ, as shown in the drawing.

    hypo
    side opposite
    sin θ = --------------------------------- OR side opposite = hypotenuse × sin θ
    hypotenuse

    Inclinometer The angle θ is the angle of tilt measured by the


    Terminology inclinometer, the hypotenuse is the “measure-
    Cumulative
    ment interval,” and the side opposite is called Deviation
    “deviation,” as shown in the drawing below.

    d1 + d2 + d3

    θ3

    d1 + d2
    Angle of Tilt q L Measurement
    Interval

    θ2

    d1
    The deviation value at each interval is the lateral d1 = L x sinθ1
    position of the top of the casing relative to the d2 = L x sinθ2
    bottom of the casing at each interval. If we sum d3= L x sinθ3
    dn = L x sinθn
    the deviations and plot them, we can see the θ1
    profile of the casing.
    Changes in deviation indicate lateral movement
    of the casing. If we sum and plot changes, we
    have a high resolution representation of lateral
    movement of the casing (and the surrounding
    ground).

    Data Reduction and Error Correction 2001/1/29 1


    Displayed Slope Indicator’s readouts display “reading units” rather than angles or
    Readings deviation. Reading units are defined below:
    Displayed Reading = sin θ × Instrument Constant

    Reading English = sin θ × 20,000

    Reading Metric = sin θ × 25,000

    Combining The standard two-pass survey provides two readings per axis for each interval.
    Readings The probe is oriented in the “0” direction for the first reading and in the “180”
    direction for the second reading. The two-pass survey has several advantages.
    First, it provides a way to eliminate the sensor bias, which can change from sur-
    vey to survey. Second, it provides a means of detecting error through checksums
    and other routines. Third, it tends to smooth the effect of random errors.
    During data reduction, the two readings are combined. We find the algebraic
    difference of the two readings and then divide by 2. The example below shows
    readings from an English-unit probe tilted one degree.
    A0 Reading = 359 A180 Reading = – 339

    Combined Reading = 359 – ( – 339 )


    --------------------------------
    2
    = 349

    Bias In the example above, the tilt of the casing is 1 degree. In theory, the readout
    should display values of +349 for the first pass and -349 for the second pass. But
    the actual readings are 359 and -339. This is caused by a bias in the output of the
    accelometer. The bias may be negative or positive.
    In this example, the bias is positive, so it increases the positive reading and
    decreases the negative reading, even though the measured angle has not
    changed. However, when the two readings are combined, the bias is eliminated
    and the correct value emerges, as shown below:

    Tilt angle = 1 degree. The sine of 1 degree x 20,000 is 349, so, in theory, the
    readout should display 349. However, in this case, the sensor has a positive
    bias of 10, so the displayed readings are:
    Displayed A0 reading = 359 ( 349 + 10 units of bias )
    Displayed A180 reading = -339 ( -349 + 10 units of bias)
    Combined reading = 349 359 – ( – 339 )
    ----------------------------------
    2

    Checksums A checksum is the sum of a “0” reading and a “180” reading at the same depth.
    A0 reading = 359 A180 reading = -339
    Checksum = 359 + (-339)
    = 20

    Data Reduction and Error Correction 2001/1/29 2


    Calculating To calculate lateral deviation, we combine the A0 and A180 readings, divide by
    Deviation the instrument constant, and multiply by the measurement interval. In the
    example below, we show an English-unit calculation:
    Lateral Deviation = Measurement Interval × sin θ
    Combine the A0 & 180 readings
    359 – ( – 339 ) and divide by 2 since there are two
    = 24 inches × -------------------------------- readings.
    2 × 20, 000
    = 0.4188 inches Divide by instrument constant to
    obtain sine of angle.

    Calculating Displacement, the change in lateral deviation, indicates movement of the casing.
    Displacement To calculate displacement, we find the change in the combined readings, divide
    by the instrument constant, and multiply by the length of the measurement
    interval.
    Combined Reading initial = 698 Combined Reading current = 700

    Displacement = Measurement Interval × ∆ sin θ

    700 – 698 Calculate the change in combined readings


    = 24 inches × ----------------------------
    2 × 20, 000 (current-initial) and average them

    = 0.0012 inches

    Data Reduction and Error Correction 2001/1/29 3

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