CHEMICAL & M E T A L L U R G I C A L

ENGINEERING
E S T A B L I S H E D 1 Î # 2

Oh, thiá, OdŁue,

S. D. KIRKPATRICK . . . . E d ito r
JAMES A . LEE........................ M a n a g in g Editor
THEODORE R. OLIVE...........A sso c ia te Editor
HENRY M. BATTERS.................M a rk et Editor
JOHN R. CALLAHAM............ A s s ista n t Editor
NORMAN G . FARQUHAR. .A s s is ta n t Editor
LESTER B. P O PE..................... A s s ista n t Editor Our Year II of W orld W ar II......................
EDITORIAL FOREWORD

W aste D isposal Problem s in W a r tim e .. .

EDITORIAL REPRESENTATIVES By F. W . MOHLMAN
E. S. STATELER.................... C hicago
R. S. McBRIDE.................... W a sh in g to n S afety in H andling Alum inum Pow ders.
EARLE MAULDIN................................. A tla n ta By G . M. BABCOCK a n d F. B. RETHWISCH

Progress Report of the Rubber D irector..

M. A. WILLIAMSON . . Publisher
DISTRICT MANAGERS
Selection of Pumps for O leum and Strong Sulphuric A c id ...
By WARD E. PHATT
E. H. BEDELL................ N ew Y ork
H. G . FREDERICK N ew Y o rk
FRED GRANT................................... C le ve la n d Effect of the Kinetic Energy Term in G as Flow C a lcu la tio n s..
L. A . CUNNINGHAM .......................C hicago By BENIAMIN MILLER
W . D. BOYD............................................ Boston
I* II* VAN ARSDALE....P h ila d elp h ia N ylon R esearch W ins its W ar W ings.
EDITORIAL STAFF REPORT

M anufacture of Butadiene From Ethyl A lcohol—II.

P u b lish e d m o n th ly . Price 35 c en ts p e r copy. By J. A . GAMMA a n d T. INOUYE
A d d re ss c o m m u n icatio n s a b o u t su b sc rip ­
tio n s to D irector of C ircu latio n , C hem . 4
M et., 330 W est 42 St., N e w York, N. Y. Labor Relations and C ollective Bargaining in C hem ical
S u b sc rip tio n ra te s : U nited S ta te s, Mexico,
C e n tra l a n d S outh A m e ric a n co u n trie s, S3
Industry ....................
a y e a r , S4 for tw o y e a r s , S5 for th re e A CHEM. 4 MET. REPORT
y e a r s . C a n a d a , S3.50 a y e a r , S5 for tw o
y e a r s , SS for th re e y e a r s (p a y a b le in C a n ­
a d ia n fu n d s). G re a t B ritain a n d B ritish Chrome Tanning Leather...............
P o sse ssio n s, 30 sh illin g s a y e a r , 60 sh illin g s A CHEM. 4 MET. PICTURED FLOWSHEET
for th re e y e a r s . A ll o th e r co u n trie s, $5 a
y e a r , $10 for th re e y e a r s . E n tered a s second
c la ss m a tte r, S e p te m b e r 3, 1936, a t Post Chem. <& Met. Plant Notebook 98 P e r s o n a l i t i e s .............................
O ffice a t A lb a n y , N. Y„ U. S. A ., u n d e r a c t P rocess Equipment N ew s . 107 M eetings and Conventions . . |
of M arch 3, 1879. C o n ten ts co p y rig h te d , 119 N ew s From Abroad . . . .
1943, b y M cG raw -H ill P u b lish in g C o m p an y , C hem ical Engineering N ew s
Inc. B ra n ch offices: 520 N orth M ichigan N ew s From W ashington . . 121 Chem. & Met. Bookshelf . .
A v e n u e , Chicago,* 68 Post S treet, S an F ra n ­ 124 Chem ical Economics and Marke
cisco ; A ld w y c h H o u se, A ld w y c h , London, Interpreting W ashington . .
W . C. 2; W ash in g to n ; P h ila d e lp h ia ; C lev e­ N ew Products and Materials 129 Current P r i c e s ........................
la n d ; D etroit; St. Louis; Boston; Los An- 133 N ew Construction . . . .
g e le s; A tla n ta . From the Log of Experience

An index to a d v e rtis e rs w ill b e found on p a g e 286

McGRAW-HILL PUBLISHING CO., INC.

IAMES H. McGRAW
F o u n d e r a n d H o n o ra ry C hairm an
P u b lic a tio n O ffice
99-129 N orth B ro a d w ay , A lb a n y , N . Y.
E d ito ria l a n d E x ecu tiv e O ffices C H A N G E OF A O D R
330 W est 42 S treet, N ew York, N . Y.
IAMES H. McGRAW, J r .....................Presid en t
HOWARD EHRLICH. E xecutive V ice-President McGRAW-HILL PUBLISHING COMPANY
MASON BRITTON...................... V ice-President 330 W est 42nd S treet, N ew York, N. Y.
B. R. PUTNAM ......................................T re a su re r D irector of C irculation:
I. A . GERARDI....................................S e c re ta ry P le a se c h a n g e m y a d d re ss on C hem ical^
I.E.BLACKBURN, Ir„ D irector of C irculation E ngineering
M em ber A.B.P. M em ber A.B.C.
A M e G I AW-H I I I PU SU CA.TIO N From ........................................................ f
C ab le a d d re s s McGRAWHILL, N ew York
.................................................................................................................. * — H
fill
llg
To ...............................................................................

................................................H i
S ig n e d .........................................................................f f l
 ry, heat process or bond n o n - c o n d u c t i n g
ateríais uniformly and rapjdjy with Thermex!

HELPFUL CONTENTS

Principle of High Fre­

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How Thermex Operates.

How Thermex Can Help

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Advantages of Thermex.

Applications for Thermex

Power Flow Diagram of Rapid, uniform heating regardless of thickness!

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! I N a it ip

G I R D L E R C O R P O R A T I O N
cJfúfU ¿ fgefytcw uf. E U c b ia it& tic cM enting. E q u i p m e n t
T H E R M E X D IV IS IO N . LO U ISVILLE, K EN TUC KY
1 C ity ... ........ ------------------------State

JANU ARY 191,3 • CHEMICAL & M ETALLURGICAL ENG INEERING

 CHEMICAL
» a I I U i M < i c U

ENGINEERING
S. D. KIRKPATRICK, Editor
ESTABLISHED 1902
JAN 1943

O U R Y E A R II O f W O R L D W A R II

is none too encouraging. T here are still some people

W E HAVE come a long way since P e a rl H arb o r.
who th in k we need aviation gasoline m ore th a n we
M unitions p ro d u ctio n , as annou n ced a t th e end of
need sy n th etic ru bber. This, too, is a technical
1942, was u p to 382 p e rc e n t of th a t of a y e a r ago,
problem capable of accu rate evaluation if only
w ar co n stru ctio n was u p to 256 p ercen t, a n d total
the essential facts are m ade available.
w a r o u tp u t to 314. W e h ad authorized, th ro u g h
B u t because m a tte rs affecting technology, scien­
N ovem ber 30, 1942, a w a r p ro g ram to cost $237.9
tific research and engineering developm ent a re in ­
billions of w hich $61.8 billions h a d a lre ad y been
h e ren tly com plicated a n d o ften difficult fo r the
sp e n t W e h a d au th o rized an d la rg e ly com pleted
laym an to com prehend, we are p a rtic u la rly ■vulner­
co n stru ctio n of $16,944 m illions of in d u stria l fa ­
able to a tta c k by th e politicians a n d social re fo rm ­
cilities of w hich $13,551 m illions a re governm ent
ers. People fe a r th a t w hich th ey do n o t u n d e r­
financed a n d $3,593 m illions a re p riv a te ly financed.
stand. P e rh a p s th a t is the reason c ertain g re a t legal
W e have m obilized, eq uipped an d p a rtia lly tra in e d
m inds in the p re se n t A d m in istra tio n see n o thing
th e la rg e s t arm y a n d n avy in o u r history.
b u t conspiracy an d deception in every p a te n t agree­
B u t we have come a lo t fa r th e r th a n the figures
m ent, p a rtic u la rly if it involves a fo reig n eountry.
show. W e have le a rn e d w h a t it m eans to fight
T hey w ould have you believe th a t A m erican scien­
a h ig h ly tech n ical w ar on a global scale. W e have
tists an d engineers are dupes th a t m u st be p rotected
learn ed th a t m anpow er, p a rtic u la rly technically
fro m all business contacts w ith the sm arter, more
tra in e d b rainpow er, is m ore im p o rta n t th a n m oney
resourceful technologists fro m ab road. T he im ­
or even m aterials— w hen a n atio n mobilizes its
plicatio n is th a t o u r science a n d technology are
real resources. M ore an d m ore com panies have come
in fe rio r a n d th a t som ething m u st be done to help
to realize th a t th e job to he done in W ash in g to n
them grow a n d develop.
o r in th e m u n itio n s p la n ts calls fo r th e best m en
So we have such th in g s as the K ilgore bill. H ere
th e y have in th e ir o rganizations n o t those who
the v ery legal m inds of some of o n r m ost astu te
can he sp a re d m ost easily. _ legislators g et to g eth er a n d decide th a t technology
W e have m ade some o th er m istakes fro m w hich
w ill w in the w ar if only i t is p ro p e rly coordinated
we should have learn ed im p o rta n t lessons. T he
a n d given a subsidy of a q u a rte r of a billion dollars.
B a ru c h re p o rt p u t its finger on som ething b ro ad er
T hey hold h earin g s in w hich th ey are told th a t be­
th a n th e tro u b le w ith th e ru b b er p ro g ra m w hen i t
cause R ussia a n d G erm any have both regim ented
cited th e d isastro u s effect of p o litical control over
th e ir technologists into g re a t w a r m achines, we
essentially tech n ical decisions. C onflicting views
should do likewise. O th er w itnesses p o in t to de­
am ong th e heads of various w ar agencies w ith
fects (re a l and im agined) in o n r technical setup
d u p lic a tin g or o v erlap p in g a u th o rity com pletely
and propose to correct them by superim posing an
overshadow ed th e recom m endations of th e technical
over-riding' control by politicians an d non-technical
m en who w ere best qualified to pass on th e problem s
ad m in istrato rs. The whole p erform ance, we are
involved. A p p o in tm en t of an aggressive executive
sorry to say, strikes us as ab o u t as ridiculous as
to head u p a single agency, w ith w h a t we th ought
would be the case if a com m ittee of scientists an d
w ere en tire ly ad eq u ate pow ers, seemed like a move
engineers w ere to get to g eth e r an d decide th a t
in th e r ig h t directio n . Y et D irecto r Jeffers m ost
som ething should be done to coordinate and regi­
re c e n t re p o rt, sum m arized elsewhere in this issue,
 men t the law yers a n d p o litician s who are so im ­ RESEARCH COORDINATION GROW S
p e d in g o u r technical p ro g ress w ith unnecessary
an d conflicting laws, reg u latio n s, rn lin g s a n d red S t i m u l a t e d , perhaps, by the th reats o f d ra stic
tap e. regim en ta tio n p rop osed in the K ilg o re b ill, a three-
B u t the w a r p ro g ra m d em ands th a t. we. do n o t p a rt program o f coordinated research and d ev elo p ­
w aste too m uch tim e w ith these obstacles th a t m en t is b ein g prep ared to serve the governm ent
politics have p laced in o u r p ath s. T h ere is a tr e ­ d u r in g the w ar p eriod. The first o f th e three p arts,
m endous job to be done in this second y e a r of in order o f estab lish m en t, is th e Office o f S cien tific
th e w ar. B y th is tim e n e x t y ear, 9,700,000 of o u r R esearch and D ev elo p m en t Avhich d eals Avith the
citizens m u st be in th e arm ed forces, 20,000,000 in stru m en ta lities of Avar. N e x t cam e th e Office of
in w a r in d u s try , 19,600,000 in essential civilian P ro d u ctio n R esearch an d D ev elo p m en t w h ich f u n c ­
in d u stry , 7,900,000 in y e a r-ro u n d a g ric u ltu re , a n d tio n s Avithin W P B on w ar p ro d u ctio n problem s,
6,000,000 in seasonal a n d m iscellaneous occupations. (see C h em & Met. D ec. 1942, p p. 80-1). NeAA7est
T his is going to m ean m ore tra n s fe rrin g of m en an d of the trio is A g ricu ltu ra l R esearch A g en cy Avliicli
jobs, m ore tra in in g , m ore em ploym ent of women Avill serv e th e F o o d A d m in istra to r as th e cen tral
a n d o lder people th a n ever before. To m an y chem i­ co o rd in a tin g force w ith resp ect to research on food s
cal engineers it is going to m ean doing th e eq u iv a­ and other a g ricu ltu ra l prod ucts.
le n t of the w ork of tw o men. O ne m u st h elp in T he heads of these th ree groups, Y an n e v ar
the p rim a ry job of tu r n in g o u t th e goods in th e B ush of O.S.R.D ., H a rv e y D avis of O .P.R .D ., an d
q u a n tity a n d q u a lity th e w a r dem ands. T he o th e r E. C. A u e h te r of A.R.A ., a re in effect th e th re e re ­
m u st do m ore of th e th in k in g a n d p la n n in g th a t search czars. Colleges, p u blic in stitu tio n s, p riv a te
w ill keep a tech n ical o rg an izatio n fu n c tio n in g effi­ agencies, a n d research d e p a rtm e n ts of in d u s try all
cien tly on in to th e re c o n stru c tio n p e rio d ahead. m u st look to them fo r policy m ak in g on a n y scien­
D u rin g th e com ing y e a r we a re going to h e a r a tific o r en g in eerin g problem Avhich affects govern­
g re a t deal m ore a b o u t p o st-w ar p la n n in g . Some m en tal in te re sts. F o rtu n a te ly these m en a re q u a li­
of i t is ce rta in to be sta rry -e y e d idealism th a t was fied b y long experience a n d high professional
ch a rac teristic of th e boondoggling d ay s of th e e a rly s ta n d a rd s to set a sound course w ith resp e c t to all
b ra in -tru ste rs . O th er plan s, g eared to th e sam e these m a tte rs affecting Avar-time problem s.
h ig h objectives of m axim um em ploym ent a n d an To a con sid erable ex te n t even th e p riv a te Ayork
] enhanced s ta n d a rd of living, w ill be m ore p ra c tic a l o f in d iv id u a ls and com panies Avill be influenced.
I in th e ir ap p ro a c h to o u r com m on problem . T he T here is no in ten tio n to stop su ch Avork, or a n y de­
! chem ical en g in eer can c o n trib u te m ost to such sire to regim en t it. B u t it m u st be recogn ized th a t
sp ro g ra m s th ro u g h th e developm ent of new p ro d u c ts th e extrem e pressure o f need fo r im m ediate re su lts
a n d th e im p ro v em en t of ex istin g processes. P ro m on w ar-tim e problem s m ay m ake it n ecessa ry fo r
now on every m in u te th a t can be sp a re d fro m the m a n y in d iv id u a ls and com p anies to la y asid e the
\ p rim a ry jo b of Avar p ro d u c tio n can be p ro fitab ly th in g s th a t otherAvise Avould be fo rem o st in th eir
em ployed in p la n n in g fo r th e d a y w hen chem ical p riv a te p la n s. W h ere su ch sacrifice is asked or
Avarfare gives w ay to chem ical w elfare. m ade it w ill be in th e in te re st o f n a tio n a l secu rity ,
Ours is the job to h elp in every w a y Ave can to and n o t because there is a n y effort at W a sh in g to n
m ake 1943 the decisiAre y ear in W orld W ar I I . W e am ong these lea d ers to in te rfer e Avith p riv a te in ­
are n o t o p tim istic enough to th in k it can all be cen tive, p a ten ts, or p ro d u cts, as th e y rela te to
over a y ea r from noAV, b u t w e knoAV Ave are go in g in d u stria l research.
to p ile up a trem end ous p rod u ction o f w ar goods T h is is a v er y fo rtu n a te situ a tio n . Tt is a very
d u r in g the n ex t 12 m onths. W e k now th a t th e d ifferen t one th an Avould resu lt i f “ r e fo r m ” le g is­
U n ited N ation s have started an offensive th a t can­ la tio n lik e th e K ilg o re b ill o f la st season Avere to
n o t stop sh ort o f a E u rop ean victo ry in 1944 if pass. T h a t b ill w ould h ave regim en ted research,
n o t in 1943. A fte r th a t Ave can give our u n d iv id ed p u t p o litica l bosses over tech n ica l m en, and could
a tten tio n to the job o f a v en g in g P ea rl H arbor— h ave d one irreparable d am age to th e w ar effort as
and th a t Avon’t take too lon g either. Avell as to p riv a te in d u stry .

V olum e 50— C hem ical & M etallurgical E ngineering— Num ber 1

Chemical & M etallurgical E ngineering is which had been founded eight years previously Publishing Company and Sidney D . K irk ­
the successor to M etallurgical S ’ Chemical by D r. A lbert S auveur. In Ja n u a ry , 1910, the p atrick w as appointed editor.
Engineering, which in tu rn w as a consoli- title w as changed to M etallurgical S ’ Chemical The^ present editorial staff of the m agazine
lation of Electrochem ical S ’ M etallurgical Engineering, and semi-monthlv publication was com prises, in addition to M r. K irk p a trick :
Industry and Iro n & S teel M agazine, effected begun Sept. 1, 1915. O n Ju ly 1, 1918, the Jam es A . Lee, m anaging e ditor; H . M . B at­
n July, 1906. present title w as assum ed and weekly pub­ te rs, m arket e ditor; T . R. Olive, associate
The m agazine was originally founded as lication w as begun O ct. 1, 1919. M onthly e ditor; J . R. C allaham , N . G. F a rq u h a r and
Electrochemical In d u stry, in September, 1902. publication was resum ed in M arch, 1925. L. B. Pope, assistan t editors. R. S. M cB ride,
m d was published month!v un d er the editorial D r. E . F . Roeber was editor of the paper E. S. S ta te le r and E a jle M auldin a re editorial
lirection of D r. E . F . Roeber. I t continued from the tim e it was founded until his death representatives in W ashington, Chicago and
m der th a t title until Jan u a ry , 1905, when it Oct. 17. 1917. A fte r a b rie f interim he A tlanta, respectively.
vas changed to Electrochemical & M etallur- w as succeeded by H . C. Parm elee. Ten years [A ll rights to above m agazine titles a re re ­
rical In d u stry. I n July, 1906. the consolida- later, Nov. 1. J928, M r. Parm elee assum ed served by M cG raw -H ill P ublishing Co., 330
toa was made w ith Iron S ’ S teel Magazine, other responsibilities in the M cG raw -H ill W . 42nd S t., New Y ork, N . Y .)

f6
• JANUARY 194S • CHEMICAL METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING
PERMIT US TO INTRODUCE— w idely in the su g ar in d u stry , and to a lesser extent
among his frie n d s outside th a t field. However,
S e a so n ed r e a d e r s of Cliem. & Met. w ill rem em ber
when he has ap p eared in the Chem. & Met. in the
n u m ero u s instances in the p a st when D an Gutleb- past, it has been u n d e r special assignm ent, hedged
e n ’s nam e has headed an a r tic le : p erh ap s a discus­ aro u n d w ith restrictio n s set up by the E ditor.
sion of m aintenance in the su g a r re fin e ry ; or a dis­ L argely elim inated were the p ith y particles which
course on a new ty p e of su g ar c e n trifu g a l; again a m ade such am using j?et in stru ctiv e reading in the
d escrip tio n of a g ad g et fo r im p ro v in g h eat recovery Log. Gone were his “ p o la n d e rs” and th eir mis­
in th e re fin e ry ; or m aybe a new m eans of elim inat­ haps, his polynational m echanics and th eir in­
in g corrosion in th e re fin e ry ’s associated molasses genious dodges a n d shortcuts, his observations on
ferm en ters. places, people a n d things.
D an is chief engineer of th e P en n sy lv an ia S ugar S ta rtin g forthw ith, our 1943 resolution is to
Co., a t P h ilad elp h ia. In ad d itio n to being, if not elim inate these shortcom ings of ours and give D an
th e fo u n d e r a t least one of th e g u id in g sp irits of his head. H av in g overcome considerable objection
th a t in fo rm al organizatio n w hich m ig h t be known on his p a rt, due to his n a tu ra l b u t unjustified
a t th e A m algam ated S u g a r T ram p s of A m erica, he m odesty, we now p re sen t him in his own column.
has now the d istin ctio n of becom ing Chem. & Met. s The space on page 133 is his own, to use as he will.
first re g u la r “ co ly u m ist.” H e is a philosopher of Sometimes it w ill contain excerpts from the Log,
ra re wit, a n in d efatig ab le correspondent, a n d a m an sometimes p a rag rap h s from his “ L ette rs to M ac.”
given to reco rd in g his im pressions on su n d ry sub­ Some will be w ritten especially fo r the colum n, some
je c ts w ith succinctness, hum or, an d a knack for will be new, some old. On the surface w h a t he says
finding th e n u b of a subject, w hich w ill appeal to m ay ap p ea r to ap p ly only to th e su g ar in d u stry .
engineers, w hatever th e in d u s try th ey serve. I f so read it again, E ngineer R e a d e r! W e g u a ra n ­
F o r y ears D an G u tle b e n ’s “ L o g ” has circulated tee y o u r m oney’s w orth, w hatever the subject.

W ASHINGTON HIGHLIGHTS
POST-WAR PLANNING is being greatly thetic rubber program. There are credit. His bill proposing tech­
speeded by the feeling in Washing­ several causes of conflict between the nologic mobilization in a super super
ton that the European phase of the two. Both want the same raw ma­ board has impressed officials enough
war will be largely settled in favor terials, certain petroleum refinery to get some constructive action. Re­
of the United Nations by the end of fractions. Both wish the same high search coordination is being very
1943. Whether we agree or not with pressure machinery and control in­ much advanced, and will be still
that schedule it has definite and im­ struments. Both burden the same further helped by interchange of in­
portant meaning for process indus­ management and engineering skills formation and opinion between the
tries. It suggests the need for more and compete for the time of scientists big department groups working on
planning by business to utilize the and engineers. The whole conflict foods and process-industry problems.
products of these industries effec­ demonstrates the shortages, both of As we give Senator Kilgore this
tively and to eliminate burdensome chemical engineering skill and of credit, we repeat our conviction that
surpluses by their prompt adapta­ chemical process equipment capacity. his proposed bill should not pass.
tion to peace-time purposes. I f busi­ It would regiment scientific matters
ness does not do the planning, the NEW PRODUCTS which will be mar­ much to the detriment o f the public
New Dealers will. That should in­ keted after the' war can well be pro­ and it would handicap scientists and 1
spire new effort in industry. moted at this time. Washington con­ engineers very seriously by imposing’
siders such advertising and promo­ political bossing. jj
GLYCERINE will no longer be allowed tion effort a very desirable war-time
to impose any burdens on the edible activity so long as it does not inter­ SHORTER HAULS for industrial goods1
fat and oil supplies. The shortage fere with actual war production. must be sought by every possible
of glycerine is very real. But gov­ Naturally the making of the new means. Strenuous effort is being
ernment officials now fear more the products on a commercial scale is made by officials to prevent cross
shortage of food fats. We can syn­ not encouraged unless they are ac­ haul of goods. Particular attention
thesize the glycerine but no one can tually needed for the war. Small has been given to foods, even to a
synthesize the food fats. This gives scale production, as in pilot plants, proposal that no food be hauled'
new stimulus to new methods of may be encouraged when it permits more than 500 miles from source to
glycerine making and it imposes prospective customers to have re­ destination without special permis­
new burdens on the soap maker who search quantities to try out new sion. Cooperation in deliveries to-
tries to maintain customer satisfac­ uses. Any such program is judged customers for chemicals must take'
tion with quality soap while short from the over-all effect on today account of these facts. With the aid'
and tomorrow. of government officials there can be'
of most-desired raw materials.
agreements between companies that?
COORDINATION of government ac­ normally would be illegal. The’
GAS OR TIRES, this is the choice.
A very sharp conflict continues to tivities to avoid duplications or com­ shortage of transportation facilities
rage in Washington between those plications has been substantially im­ justifies many such arrangements’
who want more aviation gas and proved in recent weeks. Senator even in the eyes of the Departmen
those who seek to speed the svn- Kilgore is entitled to some of the of Justice.

C H EM IC A L & METALLURGICAL ENG IN EERING . JAN U ARY 191,3 • 77'

 W aste D isp osal P roblem s
In W artim e
F. W . MOHLMAN
Director of Laboratories. Sanitary District of C hicago, an d Editor ot S ew a g e W orks Journal

h e im p e ra tiv e n e e d for produc­ "" C hcm . & M e t I N T E R P R E T A T I O N ——

— — — ———

T tion, and ever more production,

on the industrial war front forces
E ngineers are so in v o lv ed in the urgent n eed for production an d still
the problem o f industrial wastes into
the background, where it will prob­ m ore production that th ey are apt to overlook the fact that the entire
ably remain until the war is finished. w a ste d isp o sa l situation is v a stly different w h en a nation is at w ar.
Yields, economy, clean streams, es­ Dr. M ohlm an. w h o is one of the country's outstanding authorities in
thetic standards, recreational facili­
ties,— all may have to be sacrificed this field, h a s recen tly su rv ey ed the m an y problem s in v o lv ed in the
temporarily, until we have produced w artim e d isp o sa l of both dom estic se w a g e an d industrial w a ste s.
the products needed to win the war. In the first of two articles, b a se d on the paper h e presented in Chi­
Even in normal times the mention
c a g o during the se co n d N ational C hem ical Exposition, chief em p h asis
I of waste disposal evokes no warm
response from the average manufac­ is on s e w a g e an d byproduct recovery. N ext m onth h e w ill d iscu ss
turer, and now he can find no con­ w a ste s from m an y of the ch em ical p rocess industries, including
vincing reason why the problem of
m unition p la n ts . — Editors.
waste treatment should be resurrect-
i ed, now that the bars are down be-
; tween government and industry, and
j the product rolls out of the produc­
tion line, even though an excessive
! residue also rolls out the sewers and industry is supreme now, and our rective measures must be applied if
into our streams and lakes. In fact, rivers and water resources should be industrial wastes are permitted to
iI regimented in the war effort, to do increase the hazard to the point of
their share in washing away the sins menace to health of millions of
1Squirrel-cage m ills in slu d g e drying of industrial inefficiency and the people.
1circuit break solid s for fla sh drying in soaring tons o f waste substances dis­ Most of our rivers, however, do
susp en sion charged daily from industrial sew­ not constitute such a health hazard,
ers. because their waters are not used
Under present conditions, we ought for drinking purposes, or the river
to have a Water Priorities Board flow is so tremendous as to dilute
that would allocate stream flow and and oxidize pollution beyond the
dilution resources for the byproducts limits of the sensitive and infinitesi­
that come out of the hack door of mal detection methods of water
industry, in the same manner that chemistry and bacteriology.
the War Production Board allocates There seems to be an astonishing
priorities and establishes quotas in lack of appreciation among indus­
the products that come out of the trial chemists of the metabolism of
front door. The urgency of our streams— the significance of bio­
need for critical materials such as chemical oxygen demand and oxygen
alcohol, rubber, foodstuffs, steel, balance, the seasonal changes of
tin, and munitions far transcends stream bacteriology and biology, the
the resultant pollution problems of mechanism of self-purification, and
the disposal o f mash residues, soap the measurement o f assimilative cap­
and organic emulsions, packinghouse acity for domestic or industrial pol­
wastes, pickle liquor, acids, dyes and lution. It is surprising that even
organic compounds. I f production our best managed industries rarely
can he hastened and the use of cri­ make any attempt to study the rela­
tical materials obviated, let our tion between their wastes and the
stream deteriorate temporarily, cer­ water courses into which the wastes
tainly in their esthetic or recreation­ are discharged. The officials come
al aspects. Health standards, how­ into conferences with government
ever, must be maintained, and in a engineers with no conception of how
situation such as that o f Lake Mich­ to meet the problem, and either po­
igan in the Calumet District, cor­ litely rebuff the state sanitary engi-

JANÜAST 1943 • CHEMICAL k METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

 neer’s staff or other publie repre­
sentative, or stall for time, or fall
back on the inability to do anything
because of (a) lack o f methods for
treatment of their particular wastes,
or (b) lack of funds to do anything.
How much more sensible it is for
the industry to face the issue square­
ly, to spend some money and some
years on the study of the problem,
and to abate the problem in consecu­
tive and logical steps, rather than in
one full and expensive swoop, with
back to the wall, and no progres­
sive constructive measures available.
It is profitable for an industry, if
large enough, to make its own
studies of its waste problems. There
have been several instances in which
a thorough study of the problem, in­
side the plant, would have saved the
company a lot o f money that was
spent on waste treatment.
Salvage, separation, change of Dried slu d ge is rem oved from the drying circuit b y cyclon e separators
process, substitution of pollution-
free ingredients, re-circulation, re­
generation— these inter-plant proce­ • ,n
dures should be exhausted before However, it is unwise to make the cious because only a small portwL t
over-all treatment should be decided mistake of approaching industry in of the nitrogen can be recovered iije;
upon. the role of an economic crusader, the form of usable solids which hav;^ j
Industrial executives are usually bent on demonstrating that fortunes enough value to warrant their trans,!
ready to agree that these steps are are being lost down the sewers un­ portation to farm lands. However^
wise, in principle, and sometimes known to the plant management. there are two types of sludges tha,^
they make a half-hearted effort to This approach is wrong both psy­ should be recovered and used
utilize these steps in the solution of chologically and economically. Sur­ fertilizer. Digested sludge is low Id
their waste problem, but usually the veys can be made, pounds of losses fertilizing value, because (a) it ha;(j
problem is -turned over to some computed, and values assigned super­ been produced by biological deeonf
young chemist just out o f college, ficially, without taking into account position of settled sewage solids^
and no determined, competent, nor the many factors of overhead, mar­ and (b) it contains a large amoup.
continuous effort is made to study kets, depreciation, competition and of water. If the moisture is reduce^
the problem in the same thorough obsolescence that can and usually do below 10 percent, by mechanics j
way the modern plant executive change most of the salvage accounts drying, objection (b) is eliminatecj'
studies problems of production and from black to red. but the question then is whether th j
development. A good, experienced It has seemed to me that the hon­ dried digested sludge is worth enougjy
man should be picked in the plant est approach to the alleviation of to pay for its drying. Most sewagj.
organization; he should be supplied industrial waste pollution is to con­ authorities agree that it is unwise ti.
with a staff, a laboratory and com­ sider the objectives to be the same attempt to prepare and sell digest^
petent advice on the pollution as­ as those objectives we have achieved ed sludge as a commercial fertilize^-
pects of his waste problem; and he in some phases o f sewage disposal, but that farmers should be urged tU
should set about abating the prob­ namely reduction of the cost of an use the air-dried sludge within trucajj
lem by the least painful and least inevitable burden that certain types hauling distance of the sludge pil<aj
expensive steps possible, so that the of industry, those that produce and that the sludge should be givebj
company’s money may be spent liquid wastes, must assume. Modern to them free of charge by the sew
sewage treatment has developed sev­ age works management. Now, wit?
wisely and efficiently.
eral sources of salvage, none of Victory gardens urged throughou^
A subdivision in the plant scheme
which amounts to a net profit, but the land for next summer, the*
of organization devoted to waste
several of which serve to reduce the ought to be a nation-wide campaig^j
prevention and polution abatement
cost of treatment and disposal, and to promote the use of digested sludgy
would be able to prevent many losses
contribute to the universal desire for as a fertilizer for most types
of recoverable materials down the
conservation. vegetables and farm produce,
sewers; it would be able to advise
em heat-digested sludge is free
all operating divisions as to whether SALVAGE FROM SEWAGE pathogenic organisms if
they were creating excessive pollu­
Fertilizer.— The favorite diversion digested and dried, and can be
tion, and could help them to lessen
if the conservation enthusiast is to with impunity on the plants of
such pollution; and it would con­
ompute the value of the ton.- of vegetables that are cooked, or
serve our national resources so that
litrogen that are discharged into our the plants of tomatoes, com,
we would have more raw materials
treams and lakes daily in the sew- or squash. Possibly esthetie
to produce more goods, and thus to
ge of our urban communities. This sidérations ban its use on
improve our whole national economy
ype of computation is highly falla- lettuce and celery.
and efficiency.

CHEMICAL & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING • JANUARY 19/,3 •

 A ctivated slu d g e fertilizer is produced at the Southwest Treatment W orks, Sanitary District of C hicago

Activated sludge is now well es­ digestion of 33 percent of the set­ digestion tanks. This gas contains
tablished as a commercial fertiliz­ tled solids, there should be available approximately 70 percent methane
er, particularly as a source of or­ annually 1,400,000 tons of air-dried and has a net heat value of 600
ganic nitrogen. It is practically dry, sludge containing 50 percent mois­ B.t.u. per cu. ft. The various steps
has little phosphoric acid and no ture. This would be sufficient, at five in the development of efficient use
potash, but the nitrogen is available tons per acre, to fertilize 280,000 of this gas are interesting. At first,
and valued for green crops, cotton acres, or nearly 440 sq. mi., of gar­ the gas was wasted, and still is, from
jS.nd tobacco. It is shipped to the dens, lawns and fields. Imhoff tanks. Widespread research
| southeastern states. Of course, this type, of fertiliza­ in the decade 1920-1930 demon­
The production of these types of tion is incomplete and not to be strated that by heating the digesting
sludge by the Sanitary District of compared with the results that can sludge from an annual average of
Chicago in 1941 is on page 81. be obtained with mixed, complete 60 deg. F., as collected, to an aver­
Milwaukee also sells 50,000 or commercial fertilizer, but the sludge age of 85 deg.-90 deg. F., the time
more tons of activated sludge per constitutes a source of low-grade required for digestion would be re­
year. Toledo, Grand Rapids, Akron, plant food that should not be wasted. duced by 60 percent, thus requiring
nd a few other cities, sell digested In Oriental countries, with lower much less tank capacity and pro­
ludge after it has been dried in standards of sanitation than ours, ducing a more thoroughly digested
¡rotary heat dryers. Hundreds of all human excrement is used on the and less infective sludge.
Smaller cities send digested sludge land, in spite o f its health hazards The gas was then used to heat
to city parks and to neighboring of hookworm, amoebae, typhoid water, which was circulated through
farm lands. fever and cholera. Digested sludge coils in the digestion tank to bring
The U. S. Public Health Service does not contain these hazards, or the contents up to the desired tem­
ins recently reported results of a at least they are present to a negli­ perature. The excess gas was
purvey of sewage treatment in the gible degree. wasted. It was not found advisable
Jnited States, in which it is stated Use of dried, digested sewage nor profitable to sell the sludge gas
hat there are 5,403 sewage- works in sludge should therefore be promoted to the city’s gas plant, as the amount
vhich sludge digestion is practiced. as a potential source o f nitrogen of sludge gas produced is only a
This is 97 percent of all the sewage and plant food that is available small fraction of that required by
reatment plants in the U. S., but free, except for the cost of trans­ the city, and the purification, trans­
lot 97 percent of the population portation. This is an important portation and delivery o f the sludge
; vhose sewage is treated, inasmuch obstacle these days, but possibly city gas is too expensive to make its
,is Chicago, Milwaukee, Minneapolis authorities or garden planning com­ sale profitable.
jind other large cities dry sludge missions could arrange to have sludge Then a number of alert engineers
mechanically, without previous di­ transported short distances to stor­ proposed and tried out the scheme
gestion. The population for which age piles where it could be obtained o f using the gas to drive a gas-
digestion is used may be estimated by the truck gardener even under engine, which furnished the power
jt around 35,000,000 people. I f we gasoline rationing. for lighting, pumping, aeration and
5 lake a per capita production of dry Gas and Power— A second source other uses around the sewage works.
■jludge of 75 lb. per year, a removal of salvage from sewage is contained The heated water from the water-
| f 80 percent suspended solids, and in the gas produced in heated sludge jacket of the gas engine circulates

• JANUARY 19.',S • CHEMICAL & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

 streets during the past two years. ferred method of disposal of the
through the digestion tank coils, is floated grease, which is mixed with
cooled, and returns to the gas en­ In the U. S., the use of gas for
city garbage trucks was investigated the putrescible sewer solids.
gine. Thus all gas can be used, There is one important exception
and the power produced greatly re­ at Atlanta during the past year. It
was estimated that the operating to the general dictum that grease
duces or eliminates the cost of pur­ cannot be recovered with profit from
chased power at the sewage works. costs and fixed charges would amount
to $15,743 'per year as compared sewage. This is the plant at Brad­
Walraven at Springfield, 111., was a ford, England, which was visited by
pioneer in this development. Piatt, with a saving of $19,350 worth of
the writer in 1938. In normal times
in North Carolina, used one of the gasoline at 15c. per gal.
Bradford washes and processes one-
first gas engines in .1928. In 1941 Grease—Recovery of grease from
fifth of all the world’s wool, and
there were 180 gas engines in 115 sewage and sewage sludge has al­
the wash waters are discharged into
sewage works, developing 35,000 ways intrigued chemists and engi­
the sewers. The sewage is treated
hp. Three of the largest, of 1,440 neers. There is a long history of
with acid, the sludge containing the
lip. each, are at the Jamaica, Long uneconomical attempts at recovery,
grease is removed, heated, filter
Island, treatment works. and during the last war the so-called
pressed hot, and the grease separat­
An average of approximately 0.6 Miles Acid Process was investigated
ed by cooling. It has sold from a
eu. ft. of gas per capita per day at New Haven, Conn., under the
low of $40 per ton in peace times
is produced in heated digestion direction of the writer. In this
to a maximum of $300 per ton in
tanks. Gas engines use approxi­ process, SO, was dissolved in the
1918. During the year ending
mately 20 cu. ft. of sludge gas per sewage to form sulphurous acid, the
March 31, 1940, the sales exceeded ]
hp. hr. or 480 eu. ft. per day. There­ soaps were cracked to fatty acids
$350,000. However, there is no
fore the sewage solids of 800 people, and recovered in the sludge. It was
other situation similar to that in
on the average, furnish enough gas proposed to dry the sludge and ex­
Bradford. For normal sewages,
to produce 1 hp. of useful energy. tract the grease. Grease, however,
grease recovery continues unprofita­
Sewage gas lias also been used although present in the sludge in
ble. It must be removed before the
for operating motor vehicles. 1his rather large amount, up to 27 per­
sewers are reached. Grease traps on
use started in Germany in 1936 at cent, was high in non-saponifiable,
army camp kitchen drains are re­
Munich, Berlin, and Stuttgart. The containing 20 to 28 percent, and in
ported to recover appreciable
CO* was removed, and the CH, com­ normal times the value would be only
amounts of usable grease. Catch
pressed to 150 atmospheres in steel 2 to 3c. per lb.
basins on packinghouse drains have
flasks holding 22 cu. m. of gas. A The various grease-separating ba­
always been a profitable investment.
40-hp. motor was reported to use sins and processes that have been
developed in sewage treatment dur­
Fish Culture— The growth of fish
IS cu. m. per 100 km. (10.2 eu. ft. in diluted sewage effluents has been
per mile). Gas from the digestion ing the past few years have not
carried on for years at Munich, and
tanks of the Middlesex Sewage been promoted for recovery of usable
similar river fertilization promoted
Treatment Works, near London, the grease, but rather to relieve biolo­
a large fish industry on the lower
largest ti'eatment plant in the Brit­ gical treatment processes of operat­
Illinois River in past years, but
ish Empire, has been collected in ing difficulties. Grease in the heat­
levees and dikes of drainage dis­
bags) lightly compressed, and used ed digesters produce a large amount
tricts constructed during the ’20’s
to run motor vehicles on London of gas, and this seems to be the pre­
so restricted fish spawning in sloughs
and backwaters that the industry all
Fertilizer and Sludge Production. Sanitary District oi Chicago, Year 1941
but disappeared. Treated and di­
Dry Basis luted sewage effluents, when suitably
Avail. diluted, promote growth of plank­
N H .% P ,0 . % Ash Organic
Sewage T reatm en t W orks Tons ton, algae and protozoa, which serve
5.10» 1.94* 43.7 50.3
titimet (A ctiv ated ).......................... I ’f l ? 2.32* 33.3 66.7 as fish food. It is reported from
djthwest (A ctivated)....................... 4 9 ,18o 6.41*
est Side (Imhoff) ............................. 149,867 0.S6»* 0.33** 52.9 47.1 Munich that about 500 lb. of carp
are produced annually per acre of
Front v iew of a slu d ge b ed cleaner ponds. However, it is unlikely that
this byproduct of sewage disposal
will ever prove popular in the U. S.
Hormones— Sewage and sewage
sludge have been shown to contain
hormones which stimulate plant
growth, such as indole, skatole, in-
dole-acetie acid and naphthalene-ace­
tic acid. These hormones have not
been extracted or identified clearly
and their value is still questionable
but some of the stimulating effect of
sewage and sludge on plant growtl
is ascribed to these hormones. Sew­
age may also prove to be the sourc(
of other obscure extracts, of valu<
for germicidal or anti-toxic uses
Not enough work has been done a;
yet to prove or disprove this possi
bility.

8:
BMICAL & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING • JANUARY 19Ą3 •
 S afety in H andling Alum inum Pow ders
G. M. BABCOCK a n d F. B. RETHWISCH R eynolds M etals Co.. Louisville. Ky.

........................ C hem . & M et. I N T E R P R E T A T I O N — ----------------------------- - several eases where relatively harm­
less fires have been changed to seri­
Except for those p eo p le w h o w ork con stantly w ith alum inum ous and fatal explosions from this
cause.
p ow d ers, sufficient respect for the exp losib ility of this m aterial does
Consequently, the safer and more
not ap p ear to exist. W ith the present w id esp rea d u se of alum inum prudent rule is to instruct employees
p ow d ers for the m anufacture of m ilitary pyrotechnics, n e ed h a s to walk out of the building in the
d e v elo p ed for the m ore w id esp rea d d issem in ation of inform ation on case of an aluminum fire, shutting
the door securely but as gently as
s a fe practices in their h an d lin g an d in m anufacturing pyrotechnics. possible to avoid disturbing the
The article w h ich fo llo w s is b a se d on the exp erien ce g a in e d b y the burning mass.
R eyn old s M etals Co. in m a n y y e a r s of producing and h an d lin g All employees should be instructed
in procedures to avoid. They should
m etallic pow d ers a n d is offered a s a starting point in the d e v elo p ­
understand thoroughly that water,
m ent of sa fety program s for concerns e n g a g e d in or b egin n in g op era­ carbon tetrachloride, fire foam, car­
tions in pyrotechnic work. Certain fundam ental precautions are dis­ bon dioxide and similar extinguish­
c u ssed b y the authors a s a serv ice to the industry, but neither they ing agents should not be used on
aluminum fires. Use of such materi­
nor their co m p a n y a ssu m e liab ility of a n y kind in p resenting this als will cause explosions. Night
inform ation.—Editors. watchmen should be instructed to
convey this information to any regu­
lar or volunteer group which at­
tempts to extinguish an aluminum
fire. Furthermore, the use of a fine
l a k e
a l u m in u m p o w d e r , some­ should be stored unopened in a sep­ spray of water from a stirrup pump,
F what similar to the material arate area wherever possible, since
commonly used in aluminum paint if they are stored along with such
such as is used by civilian defense
workers on incendiary bombs, should
; under the rather misleading name of chemicals as sulphur, nitrates and never be used on aluminum powder
“aluminum bronze powder,” is a others o f similar character, a fire fires.
valuable component o f pyrotechnic from any cause would present a most It is of utmost importance that
mixtures used for flares and signals. serious problem. Whenever a drum local fire departments be informed
The high surface area of a given of aluminum powder is opened for of these precautions. The depart­
weight of aluminum flake powder loading or inspection, it should be ment should be provided with com­
makes it easily ignitible when in the closed and re-sealed as soon as pos­ plete information and eharts regard­
presence of oxygen or air. Burning, sible. This not only insures greater ing those warehouses which contain
it evolves a tremendous amount of safety against fire from external aluminum, as well as those contain­
heat and light. Owing to its low causes but also limits the likelihood ing other chemicals. These charts
apparent density, fine particles of o f tramp material getting into the should also be readily available to
i the material tend to float in air with powder, m of the powder absorbing the watchmen and to the plant’s own
the attendant danger of violent ex­ water from the air. In one instance protection division at all times.
plosion upon ignition, when a proper a sealed drum of flake aluminum
AVOIDING HAZARDS
ratio of aluminum to oxygen is withstood an aluminum dust explo­
reached. sion and subsequent fire without A source of great danger in the
i A somewhat different aluminum ignition of the drum contents. handling o f aluminum powder is the
powder, the grained variety, consists There are few practical means of presence of foreign substances, par­
o f spheres, sausage shapes or irre- extinguishing fires involving alumi­ ticularly hard or metallic materials.
i gular grains of aluminum, which are num powder or mixtures containing Care should be taken to see that
relatively hard to ignite. When mixed this powder. Anything which tends closing bolts, nails and similar bits
with oxygen-producing compounds, to disturb the burning mass may of metal cannot contaminate alumi­
the grained powder will burn with throw the aluminum into the air and num powder or pyrotechnic mixtures.
: the evolution of much heat and light. result in a violent explosion of tre­ Good plant housekeeping is one
This material, however, has a high mendous destructive power. I t is of the most effective methods in
japparent density and low surface true that dry sand, carefully placed achieving plant safety and care must
’area which tends to keep it from over a pile of burning aluminum, be taken particularly in the weigh­
¡suspension in air so that the danger will smother the flame, but in the ing, mixing and pressing rooms. As
iof explosion or fire from aluminum excitement attending such a fire, little material as is practical should
¡“fog” is almost nil. there is danger that the sand will be kept in one place at one time.
Both flake and grained aluminum be thrown or shoveled on to the Scoops for handling powders should
' jare shipped in sealed drums with mass, and that the powder will be be of non-sparking material and the
fnlly removable heads. These drums thrown into the air. There have been handling should be slow and deli­

I I,
• JAJíüJJiY 19ĄS • CHEMICAL & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING
berate to reduce dusting to a mini­ lights, electric lighting and power Particularly in the case of flake alu­
mum. Rooms in which powder is equipment carrying Underwriters' minum powder, considerable time is
handled should be cleaned at fre­ approval for use in explosive areas required to dissipate this charge.
and where explosive vapors are en­ Several types of non-sparking,
quent intervals, but never during
countered should be used. conductive floors have been employed
weighing, mixing or pressing opera­
Wherever possible, both the shoes successfully.* Three types may be |
tions. All material should be kept
of workers and the floors should be described briefly here, including (1) j
in closed containers while cleaning
of a conductive but non-sparking Magnesite flooring installed over a j
is in progress. I f oil is used in the
type. Electrical discharges produced wood or concrete base, with conduc­
pyrotechnic mixture, special care
by static or lightning are the most tive metal grids placed beneath the
must be taken to insure .that all
ditlieult safety hazards to control. surface of the floor and properly
oily rags or waste are deposited in
The danger from static charges pro­ grounded; (2) emulsified asphalt
closed safety cans away from the
duced by friction is greatest in cold, composition flooring with a conduc­
storage or loading areas. These rags
dry weather. Even walking on con­ tive aggregate which also is laid over j
must be disposed of daily. In clean­
crete or composition flooring in non­ grounded metal grids; and (3) in­
ing, care must be taken particularly
conducting shoes may produce dustrial graphite tile made of a .
to keep all corners, window ledges
sparks capable of igniting pyrotech­ conductive mastic, the edges of the ;
beams, building steel and other rest­ tile being melted together with a j
nic mixtures or fine aluminum par­
ing places free from dust. hot iron on installation to provide
ticles suspended in the air. Even
BU ILD IN G PR O T E C T IO N the friction caused by aluminum a continuous surface. With this last j
powder poured from a scoop to a mentioned type no metal grid is
The buildings used for weighing, necessary, the tile itself being
container can create high static
mixing and loading operations grounded at various points.
charges on the aluminum particles.
should, wherever possible, be so
spaced and protected that fires or
explosions in one unit cannot be com­
T h e s e v ie w s , fro m p h o to s b y th e U . S. A rm y S ig n a l C o rp s, s h o w a th e rm ite b o m b
municated to other units. Construc­
d e m o n s tra tio n a t th e A rm y W a r C o lle g e . W a s h in g to n , D. C.; th e u p p e r v ie w s h o w s
tion should be adapted to the vent­
th e b o m b b e g in n in g to e x p lo d e , w h ile th e lo w e r s h o w s th e c lim a x of th e e x p lo s io n
ing of explosions, using either a
w h e r e th e b o m b , h a v in g r e a c h e d a te m p e r a tu r e of a b o u t 4,000 d e g . F.. is m e ltin g ;
“soft” wall or roof, or a blow-out
th ro u g h th e s la b of s te e l o n w h ic h it re s ts
panel. All equipment should be
located so that the operator has a
free path to an outside door, with­
out a mixing bench, press or mixer
between him and the door.
All metal in the buildings should
be grounded. This not only includes
the equipment itself, but also metal
window and door frames and other
building elements. Clips connected to
flexible grounded leads should be
placed on all metal drums or other
movable equipment. Only explosion-
proof motors should be permitted,
and for these the controls should be
fully inclosed and non-arcing, located
outside the workroom so that no
worker need be in the mixing or
pressing room from the time of
starting these operations until they
are completed.
All lights should be of a type
approved for explosive operations
and conditions. Particular care
must be taken when automatic or
manual tools are to be used in build­
ings for repairs or changes. When
such work is to be carried out, the
rooms must first be emptied of all
ignitible material and thoroughly
cleaned. Fatal explosions have been
caused in dust-filled rooms by an
arc from the switch of an ordinary
flashlight. Therefore, only flash­

* F u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n o n th e s e flo o rs c a n
be s e c u r e d f r o m A r m s tr o n g C o r k Co.. B u n d ­
in g P r o d u c t s D iv .. L a n c a s t e r P a . : t h e F l i n t -
k o t» C o., I n d u s t r i a l E m u ls io n s D p . . 30
R o c k e f e lle r P la z a . N e w Y o r k N T. . an d
t h e K o m p o li te C o., I l l C la y S t., B r o o k ly n .
N . Y.

fv
C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G • JA N U A R Y 1 9 .',3 .
 ticles in the mix to be conducted to M IX ER S A N D PR ESSES
The causes o f static should be ex­
plained to employees, using simple ground. Simple electroscopes can be Machinery used in mixing and
illustrations such as the rubbing of made to determine when a mixture pressing operations should he
silk in cold weather, or the combing is free of static charge. equipped with outboard dust-proof
o f hair. Belt drives should not be Adequate lightning protection is bearings, which should be kept well
used on machines in the mixing, an important requirement for the lubricated. Excessive temperature
pressing or loading rooms. Special plant handling aluminum powders. rise in any part should call for an
i care should be taken in screen rooms, The grounding of all metal window immediate shutdown. I f a shaft or
! since the friction of the particles and door frames and approved light­ other part should freeze on a bear­
passing over the screens and their ning protection of all wiring will ing surface, no attempt should be
: temporary suspension and separa­ largely eliminate the possibility of made to loosen the part by force,
tion in air can build up high static high charges collecting before or such as by a hammer blow on the
charges. All metal in processing during a thunderstorm and perhaps shaft, as long as any ignitible ma­
and storage rooms should be ground­ discharging to the ground with an terial is in the room. Exposed ring
ed and every possibility of a spark accompanying flash or spark. Pro­ gears or bevel gears should be pro­
Ifrom machinery, from broken elec­ tection against actual lightning tected from aluminum-powder-con­
tric light bulbs, or from the drop­ strokes is best left to authorities 011 taining materials, liberal applications
ping o f steel tools should be guard­ this subject.5’* Many concerns shut of a heavy grease minimizing this
ed against. Properly grounded down all mixing and loading opera­ danger.
metal containers on spark-proof con­ tions during severe, nearby lightning The clothing worn by plant em­
ductive flooring will permit more storms, the employees leaving the ployees should be kept clean and
rapid dissipation o f static charges processing rooms during that period. free from aluminum dust by fre­
than wooden containers. Mixers Radio sets are good indicators of quent washing. Many concerns sup­
should be allowed to remain at rest approaching electrical storms, but ply shirts and slacks to both male
for a short time before the mixture if they are used, they should -not be and female employees, the slacks be­
is removed, thus permitting any sta- installed in the loading area owing ing made without cuffs. There is a
j,tic charge induced in the metal par­ to the hazard they introduce. possibility of danger when employees
wear their work clothes to their
H ighlights in A void in g A lum inum Pow der Explosions homes before changing. For exam­
ple, a spark from a cigarette may
1. A ll m a c h in e r y a n d a ll m e ta l d o o r a n d w in d o w f r a m e s s h o u ld b e w e ll g r o u n d e d . easily cause fatal burns to a person
2 . A ll m ix in g a n d c o n v e y in g e q u ip m e n t s h o u ld b e c o n s tr u c te d so a s to m in im iz e whose clothing is filled with the dust
th e e s c a p e of d u s t in to ro o m s . of a pyrotechnic mixture. Owing to
3. S p a tu la s , s c o o p s , c o n v e y o r s a n d th e lik e s h o u ld b e of n o n - s p a r k in g m a te r ia ls . the possibility of, static charges, silk
4 . M o to rs, a s f a r a s p o s s ib le , s h o u ld b e k e p t in s e p a r a t e ro o m s , o u ts id e th e w o r k ­ and silk-like materials should not be
ro o m s . W h ere it is n e c e s s a r y to h a v e th e m in th e w o rk ro o m s , th e y s h o u ld be worn at work by employees.
of th e e x p lo s io n -p ro o f, d u s t-p ro o f , s p la s h - p r o o f a n d w a te r - p r o o f ty p e of s q u ir r e l- c a g e The ideal arrangement in locker
c o n s tr u c tio n . rooms for employees is to use a
5. D u s t s h o u ld n o t b e p e r m itte d to c o lle c t in w o rk ro o m s ; t h e y s h o u ld b e c le a n e d double locker system with an inter­
s e v e r a l tim e s a d a y , if n e c e s s a r y , a lth o u g h n o t w h ile o p e r a tio n s a r e g o in g on . vening shower or washroom. With
6. D u st in th e a i r s h o u ld b e k e p t a t a m in im u m . M o st p e o p le w h o d o n o t w o r k
this method, a locker is provided
c o n s ta n tly w ith a lu m in u m p o w d e r d o n o t f u lly a p p re c ia te th e e x p lo s ib ility of th is
for each employee at each side of
m a te r ia l. T ro s te l a n d F re v e rt1 s ta te th a t th e lo w e r e x p lo s iv e lim it fo r a lu m in u m
the shower or washroom. The em­
p o w d e r s u s p e n d e d in a i r v a r i e s w ith th e m e th o d o f ig n itio n . W ith a n e le c tr ic a lly
ployee removes his work clothes and
h e a t e d g lo w in g w ir e , o r w ith a n a r c , th e lo w e r e x p lo s iv e lim it w a s f o u n d to b e a t
places them in the work clothes lock­
a c o n c e n tr a tio n of 7.0 m g . A 1 p e r lite r of a ir , a n d a t a c o n c e n tr a tio n of 13.7 m g . w ith
er, then takes his shower and con­
'in in d u c tio n s p a r k . tinues to his second locker on the
7. L ig h tin g of ro o m s s h o u ld b e p r o v id e d b y d u s t-p ro o f , e x p lo s io n -p ro o f b u lb s .
other side of the shower room where
8. If n e c e s s a r y to u s e f la s h lig h ts , th e y s h o u ld a lw a y s be of an U n d e r w r ite r s '-
he secures his street clothing. Thus
i p p r o v e d ty p e , fo r u s e in e x p lo s iv e a tm o s p h e r e s .
his work clothes locker is always
9. A ll b e a r i n g s a n d g e a r s s h o u ld b e k e p t w e ll l u b r i c a t e d a n d p r o te c te d fro m d u s t.
available for inspection by company
10. A ll e m p lo y e e s s h o u ld w e a r a p p r o v e d ty p e c lo th in g , w ith o u t p o c k e ts o r c u ffs ,
officials or for the removal o f soiled
f e a s ib l e .
clothing for replacement with clean
11. O p e r a to r s e n g a g e d in m ix in g s h o u ld w e a r r e s p ir a to r s a s a h e a l t h p r e c a u tio n .
clothing. As previously mentioned,
12. S a f e ty s h o e s of a ty p e w h ic h a r e b o th c o n d u c tiv e a n d n o n - s p a r k in g s h o u ld b e
spark-proof and conductive shoes
v o rn b y o p e r a to r s .
should always be worn by employees
13. C o n d u c tiv e flo o rin g s h o u ld b e e m p lo y e d if p o s s ib le .
in the loading and mixing areas.
14. O p e r a to r s s h o u ld b e in s tr u c te d th a t, in c a s e of fir e , t h e y s h o u ld w a l k o u t a n d
lo s e th e d o o r of th e ro o m u n til s o m e o n e in a u th o r ity a r r i v e s to t a k e c h a r g e .
15. A lu m in u m p o w d e r s s h o u ld b e s to r e d o n ly in s e a l e d d ru m s a n d a p a r t fro m o th e r R E FE R E N C E S

l a te r ia ls . e s p e c ia lly o x id iz in g a g e n t s o r e a s i l y o x id iz a b le s u b s ta n c e s . 1. T r o s te l a n d F r e v e r t , T h e L o w e r
L i m i t s o f C o n c e n tr a tio n f o r E x p lo s io n s
16. O n ly d ry sand o r U n d e r w r ite r s '- a p p r o v e d e x tin g u is h e r s s h o u ld be used on o f D u s t s in A ir, C h em . <f M e t., 30, N o .
4, p. 141, J a n . 2S, 1924.
lu m in u m p o w d e r fire s . 2. “ N a t i o n a l F i r e C o d e f o r t h e P r e v e n ­
17. C a r e s h o u ld b e ta k e n to p r e v e n t f o r e ig n s u b s ta n c e s fro m g e ttin g in to a lu m in u m t i o n o f D u s t E x p lo s io n s , 1940,” N a t i o n a l
F ire P r o te c tio n A s s o c ia tio n , B o s to n ,
o w d e r. M a s s.
3. “ C o d e f o r P r o t e c t i o n A g a i n s t L i g h t ­
18. B u ild in g c o n s tr u c tio n s h o u ld fo llo w th e re c o m m e n d a tio n s of th e N a tio n a l F ir e n in g ," B u lle tin H 2 1 . D. S. B u re a u o f
ro te c tio n A s s o c ia tio n .2 S ta n d a rd s . O b ta in a b le f r o m S u p t. o f
D o c u m e n ts , W a s h in g to n , D . C.
19. In g e n e r a l , it is a d v i s a b l e to fo llo w m o s t o f th e p r e c a u t io n s u s u a l l y o b s e r v e d 4. M c E a c h r o n a n d P a t r i c k , “ P l a y i n g
th e h a n d lin g of e x p lo s iv e s . w ith L i g h t n i n g ," R a n d o m H o u s e , N e w
Y o rk , N . Y .

JA N U A R Y 1 0 1 ,3 • C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G
First Progress Report From thetics costing them much more perj
pound than the 22^c now charged, I
for crude rubber. Unless there ig I
Office of the Rubber Director to be a complete dislocation and de-1
moralization of various parts of the 1
rubber industry, it will be necessary j
C h e m . & M e t. I N T E R P R E T A T I O N — — — — — either to compensate for this by 1
subsidies or to permit an equitable 1
Progress Report Num ber O ne of the Rubber Director outlines the adjustment of selling prices. Tlnj 1
problem s arising from the critical rubber situation, p lan s to m eet problem of how this can he aceomj I
th ese problem s and the present status of organization. Som e of the plished without dislocation of th< 1
rubber program has still to be dej I
h igh ligh ts are abstracted here for C h e m . & M e t. readers. — Editors. termined in conjunction with Rub I
ber Reserve and the OPA.
The Baruch Committee emphasized 1
h e p ro g ram o fthe Office o f t h e plants to provide the desired in­ the desirability of completing as soot fl
T as possible one standard copolymer! 1
Rubber Director cannot be crease in Neoprene and Thiokol
stated better than in the Baruch capacity are being started. Cur­ zation plant. It is expected th a |i
Report where it sa id : rently, existing eopolvmeriziug the first of these units will be fin I
“We must supply not only the plants promise to provide the re­ ished in March. To finish one earlier JJ
needs of our armed forces but most quired capacity in that direction. would necessitate changes and i n i
of those of the military machines However, shortages of raw mate­ terruptious which might result ijjj
of our Allies as well. We must rials will forbid running these to almost disastrous delays to moil ■
equip our buses and trucks and other even rated capacity for another critical portions of the program. j |
commercial vehicles and provide 011 year; hence, no further copolymer- Facilities for the manufacture 0 JJ
a large scale specialty items for izing plants will be started for an­ considerable tonnage of Buna S b |
such purposes as factory- belting:, other six months. what is essentially standard plan 11
surgical, hospital and health sup­ Final arrangements have been design are already finished. Thes HI
plies. And in addition to all these, been made for a portion of the rec­ units are being run at less than o m fl
we must maintain the tires on at ommended 100,000 tons a year addi­ fifth of their capacity because • 1 H
least a substantial portion of our tional capacity of butadiene from the present unavailability of but; l l
27,000,000 civilian passenger auto­ refinery conversions. Engineering diene. Because o f this shortage, a Jj|
mobiles.” work, together with pilot studies, emphasis is upon bringing into pr< j j
The total requirements of natural will permit completing arrange­ duction the first increments of butt IB
and/or synthetic rubber (in terms ments for the remaining capacity as diene and styrene. It is expect t JH
of natural) are estimated at 577,000 rapidly as necessary critical mate­ that the first butadiene will eon IB
and 672,000 long tons for 1943 and rials can be obtained. from the first of the four units <JH
1944 respectively. Plans for building plants to make the alcohol plant at Institute, W . V a'B
The Baruch Report definitely es­ an additional 30,000 tons per year and that this will be followed closejjjj
tablished that we cannot be permit­ of Buna S from butadiene made by the first increment of butadiefjjj
ted to reduce our domestic inventory from grain arc being studied. It is from petroleum at Baton RougJ|H
of rubber stocks below 120,000 tons expected that the studies will be La. It is hoped that both of theiJH
at any time. It is now apparent sufficiently complete to permit build­ will be producing early in the yea
that the inventory of crude and syn­ ing these as soon as possible after Unfortunately, these incremert
thetic rubber in the fall of 1943 adequate piloting of the processes constitute only a little more thd
will, to all practical purposes, be which the Baruch Committee recom­ five percent of the ultimate prograi
down to the absolute dangerous in­ mended investigating. This step The Barueh Committee empli
ventory dead-line of 120,000 tons, must also depend on avoiding seri­ sized the necessity of scrutinizip
and by the end of 1943 will have ous conflict with the flow of mate­ all requirements for rubber. A phi
been built up to only 175,000 tons. rials to plants now under construc­ has been inaugurated to obtain d
It is clear that there is every ne­ tion. tailed requirements from all tj
cessity for continuing through the Shortages have been found in claimant agencies for end produr
critical fall of 1943 a policy o f rigid fabricated components (such as in­ of rubber or rubber substances |J
conservation of rubber, and that we struments, forgings, valves, heat ex­ meet actual schedules of produethl
must envisage the possibility of a changers, etc.), more than in mate­ of airplanes, trucks, ships and othj
complete exhaustion at that time of rials. Studies have emphasized that products requiring rubber or ru
even so-called normal inventories of unless these components for syn­ ber-like materials. This surv<
finished products. In fact, a delay thetic rubber manufacturing plants which will be kept up-to-date mont
of a month in the part of the pro­ reach the plants as rapidly as they ly, together with our newly inaug
gram which includes plants that can be installed the x-esultant relay rated survey of all inventories j
should be finished by May 30 would will cause such a drain on the crude all end products, will enable j
mean the loss of 40,000 to 50,000 rubber stocks that there may be no shortly after the first of the year
tons, at a time when there will be crude left for heavy-duty tires, self­ control properly the consumption [
none to lose. Present indications are sealing gasoline tanks, and (hose natural rubber, synthetics and si
that the impact of competitive pro­ other military uses which demand stitutes, and to regulate them by j
crude rubber. possible liquidation of less-essentjl
grams will cause a delay. It is too
early to say how much of a delay. We are rapidly approaching the inventories of end products, in siij
The Baruch Committee recom­ time when the Director must require a way as to conserve our diminii
certain manufacturers to use syn­ ing stockpile of natural rubber, ¡j
mended certain plant expansion. New

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G • JA N U A R Y 191t 5 •
S election of P om ps for Oleum an d
Strong Sulphuric Acid
N. E . P R A T T Worthington P um p & M achinery Corp., Harrision, N. /.

.................................. C h e m .& M et IN T E R P R E T A T I O N warned the new man o f the possi­

bility of spraying acid and should
'his is the first of se v e r a l articles d e a lin g w ith the selection and have had the pump packed properly.
iperation of a cid pum ps under war-tim e conditions, w h en the work Finally, the employer’s responsibility
had not adequately been discharged
f selectio n on the on e hand, and of operation on the other, m ust since he had neither provided a
ften b e d one b y in experienced p erson s. The author's approach is safety guard over the stuffing box
■metical, and although intended ch iefly for the instruction of engi- nor called in the service engineer of
pump manufacturer to help correct
eers confronted w ith n ew problem s, w ill often prove en ligh ten in g to
the causes for poor operation.
lo s e fam iliar w ith the difficulties encountered. The present article These days it is not always pos­
i concerned w ith tank car lo a d in g an d transfer p u m p s— E d ito rs . sible to have an experienced engineer
and an experienced operator on every
job. However, experienced men gen­
erally have some opportunity to
OW that many hundreds of op­ steel piping and tanks could be used check the work and assist in the in­
erators, previously inexperi- satisfactorily. The inexperienced struction o f the new nifen.
iced in the chemical industry, are specification writer did not realize, It may he instructive to follow
Hng called upon to assist in the however, that the protective coating through the steps of a project for
aeration of chemical plants, there of ferrous sulphate which forms on selecting, installing and operating
; a great need for articles which tanks and pipe would be removed on an acid pump for the loading of tank
ill assist in the rapid instruction of the rubbing surfaces of the valve, cars. An installation of a sulphuric
jese people in safe practices, and nor did he appreciate the effect of acid pump of this type in an out­
inch will also assist in the specifica- dilution of the acid which seeped door exposed location is so fre­
pn of equipment and its layout for through the stuffing box, from ab­ quently met in chemical plants that
hxinium safety and efficiency. sorption of moisture from the air. the problem discussed here should
jA recent accident involving a sul- Investigation also showed that, have wide application. As an ex­
lurie acid pump illustrates some of since the pump was not delivering ample, take the ease of a sulphuric
sio hazards that may arise from im- the required amount of acid, it had acid plant to produce 265 tons per
roper specification and operation, been difficult to shut it down long day of 98 percent acid. The plant
former garage mechanic hired by enough to pack it properly. It was will also produce oleum and acid of
defense plant making acids was found that the packing had disin­ 66 deg. Be. concentration.
signed to the crew in eharge of tegrated rapidly, the shaft sleeve was Typical of the way the job of
ik car loading and the transfer badly scored and acid had leaked out pump specification may be handled
concentrated sulphuric acid and of the stuffing box and corroded the by a man inexperienced in acid plant
■urn. Although he had read the base and foundation, heaving the layout is the following case. After
;ety rules applying to the acid ground under the foundation. Thus the construction company’s engineer
;as in the plant and had his gog- the pump had been thrown out of had sketched up the general layout
s and rubber gloves handy, he was line and could not be kept packed. of the location of the storage tanks,
■iously injured and scarred for Although this pump was too small the spur track for the acid tank cars
p when acid sprayed out of a for the job, it could have given ade­ and the loading rack next to the
orly packed stuffing box. H e was quate service, the packing would have track, the sketches were given to a
empting to open a steel plug cock lasted satisfactorily and there would draftsman experienced in the de­
the suction side of the oleum have been no leakage from the stuff­ tailing of steel construction and p ip ­
mp, while wearing his goggles, ing box if the pump had been op­ ing layout work who, however,
e valve was stuck and as it opened erated correctly. Furthermore, the knew nothing about acid handling.
Idenly, he fell backward toward correct size of pump would have been H e selected steel valves and made a
side of the pump opposite the selected if the specification writer nice arrangement for a water or oil
ffing box. When the valve opened had calculated the total dynamic handling system, relative to pump
sudden application of pressure head correctly and had not included location, but did not realize that the
, a 20 ft. head of oleum on the the static head of the acid in the valves in an acid system may have
ffing box caused the liquid to storage tank. If he had understood to be located with respect to the
j ay over his bare arms and face, the situation he would have specified pump in such a way as to avoid
’his accident would have been the correct type of acid valves. The serious operating difficulties from
bided if the stuffing box had been pump manufacturer should have leaking acid.
:ked properly, or if the valve had given adequate operating instructions Knowing the size of the plant and
j stuck. Investigation showed that for the particular service and an ex­ having been told that the pump must
■el valves were selected because perienced operator should have handle that capacity in three or four

JA N U A R Y 1943 • C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G
 hours per day for the loading of The pump manufacturer, receiving merged pump. Also, an automatic-
tank cars, to permit one day shift the invitation to bid, saw that a seal pump without packing was not
to do all of the loading without over­ pump to do this job would be costly practical since there would be times
time, the draftsman calculated the and ■would require a fairly large when the pump would pull a high
required maximum capacity of the motor. Since the service required of vacuum when pumping from a nearly
pump as (2 6 5 x 2 ,000)-r-(8.33xl.84 the pump was known, he realized empty storage tank at a distance
X 3 x 6 0 ) = 1 9 2 g.p.m. Since 3-in. that the exact capacity was not as from the pump. Even if this objec­
steel pipe is usual for this type of important as proper application to tion could be overcome by larger
work, the draftsman checked the fric­ give long trouble-free service. There­ piping and relocation of the pump,
tion loss in the system by referring fore, lie requested drawings of the it would still be good practice to in­
to the usual friction tables for 200 proposed installation so as to be able stall a standby unit where a pump
g.p.m. of water in 3-in. ordinary to determine the actual capacity with was used that required considerable
wrought iron pipe. Since the total his various standard acid pumps. time for servicing in case the special
dynamic head figured out at about Furthermore, the plan and elevation sealing features needed repair.
100 ft. and this seemed reasonable, drawings would permit him to sup­ The pump manufacturer was anx­
specifications were written for an ply correct operating instructions for ious to insure a safe operating unit
apparently suitable acid pump. These the pump, applying to the particular in this tank car loading installation
specifications called for a pump with system. and attacked the problem and worked
a capacity o f 200 g.p.m. at 100 ft. This last point is especially im­ up his quotation along the following
total dynamic head, for direct con­ portant since, as is well known, any lines :
nection to a 1,750 r.p.m. motor. acid pump packing will disintegrate A diagram of the pumping system
Realizing that in figuring the entire to a greater or lesser extent in con­ from storage tank to tank car is
capacity for but three hours of op­ tact with 98 percent sulphuric acid shown in Fig. 1. The steps neces­
eration there is a large factor of and oleum. sary in analyzing the complete sys­
safety to take care of possible errors In the case described, it was neces­ tem included: Calculation of fric­
and increased viscosity of the liquid sary to use a standard type acid tion losses for different sizes of pipe
during cold weather, the chief drafts­ pump since the storage tanks were for various capacities; plotting of
man approved the specifications as too deep to permit the use of a self­ the friction system curves thus ob­
written. priming pump or a vertical sub­ tained in terms of capacity vs. head

F ig . I — P u m p a n d p ip in g d i a g r a m fo r lo a d in g ta n k c a r s w ith s tro n g F ig . 2— N o m o g ra p h fo r c o n v e r tin g p re ssu re lo s s in

s u lp h u r ic a c id ; by m a n ip u la tio n of th e v a lv e s as d e s c r ib e d in th e p u m p in g w a t e r th ro u g h a g iv e n p ip e to p r e s s u r e lo ss
te x t, p re ssu re on th e s tu ffin g box can be m ade n e g a t iv e w h ile th e fo r a n o th e r liq u id u n d e r th e sam e flo w c o n d itio n s .
p u m p is ru n n in g , a n d r e lie v e d e n tir e ly w h e n it is s h u t d o w n (F ro m C h ilto n 4 G e n e r e a u x , C h e m . 4 M e l.. N o v . 1930)
O.ooj—. (Forturbulent flowonly) -r—
0.00001
0.00001-

-000005
0.004- 0 .0 0 0 0 5
"Swing jo in t 0.005- 0.0001
o.oo«- ■ 0.0001-
X

■W a t e r r 0 .0 0 0 5 ;
002 a t 20*C.
?t - -0.001
-
L 0.001-
003 £
004 •s
44
005-
006 ». 0 .0 0 5 -
S, ;0.005
0.01
I 001
T a b le I—-C a lc u la tio n o f F ric tio n S y s te m C u rv e s

(D a ta ; I t is required to pum p 205 tons per day of 9? percent sulphuric acid. A t 70 dec. F. - - I 0.05;
this acid has an absolute viscosity of 25 cp. The acid density is 1.84, its weight is 115 lb. 0.1rJ:-l -0 .0 5
per cu. ft. and its kinematic viscosity is 25/115 == 0.217, which is th e value for the lefthand 1 0.1
scale of Fig. 2.)
II;: 'f-O A %
— Pipe Sizes, ln . I. P. S.------- - I

Linear length pipe, f t .......................

2*
223 223
3 4
223
i .- St'

E ntrance, ta n k to pipe, equiv. ft. 3-5 4 6 i

Six sh o rt radius ells, equiv. f t . . . . 36 48 eo i
F our gate valves, equiv. f t ........... 6 8 8

Total equivalent pipe length, ft. 268.5 283 297

!
J:
Friction lose, water, 15 y ear old iron pipe a t 200 g.p.m„ 50;
per f t ......................................................................................... 0.43 0.178 0.044
!00-^-
Friction loss, acid, from Fig. 2, f t. 0.75 0.30 0.07
T o tal friction loss, ft. h e ad ............. 202 85 20.8 -5 0
Velocity head, V-/2o, f t ................ 2 .5 1 0.5
S ta tic head, low level in tank, f t . . 14 14 14 100
1 .0 0 0 - 3 -
¿ h a n y fh id
T otal dynam ic head ( T D H ) .f t............................................. 218.5
21S.5 100 35.3

B y sim ilar calculations: Conversion*

'T D K a t 100 g .p .m .,ft.. 40 22 Lb.per ft. fluid Headx—
TDH at 225 g.p.m., f t. 134 40 FI;of water-ft- fluid headxdensity*62.4 H opo
A il w a t e r
TDH a t 300 g.p.m., f t . 60 Ft.pf water *lb. per sq. in. x2.31

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G • JA N U A R Y 1 9 ! ,3 • K7 j
f
 loss; plotting of the performance ordinary steel pipe of various sizes trated in Fig. 1 for the three sizes
curves of all pumps under considera­ and for various rates of flow. These of pipe are tabulated in Table I.
tion on the same grid with the fric­ tables also give the equivalent length It is evident from the table that
tion system curves, in terms of capac­ of straight pipe which has the same 2^-in. pipe is too small and so further
ity vs. total dynamic head; and final friction loss as fittings, valves, etc., consideration will be given only to
tabulating of the data thus obtained so that the entire piping system can the 3- and 4-in. pipe. The data of
for each pump system for final com­ be reduced to its equivalent length Table I are plotted as “friction sys­
parison and selection of the most of straight pipe. tem curves” in Fig. 3. On the same
economical combination of pump and To convert the friction loss with graph, performance curves for four
piping. water to that which will obtain with différent pumps designated as A, B,
Ordinarily a pump manufacturer the liquid being handled, it is neces- C, and D, are plotted for several dif­
would not be in a position to work sarv to know the absolute viscosity ferent motor speeds in terms o f gal­
up all of these data for every pump of the liquid at the average tempera­ lons per minute vs. total dynamic
quoted, but in this particular in- ture of handling. This can be ob­ head. The brake horsepower curves
i stance he was anxious to educate a tained from handbooks such as for these same pumps and motor
specification writer who in the future Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Hand­ speeds are also added.
would probably specify a large num­ book, or from the alignment chart Such a series of curves makes it
ber o f similar installations. For presented hv Chilton and Genereaux possible to determine from the inter­
! future installations, particularly (Ind. Eng. Chem., 22, p. 1384, 1930). sections of the curves just how many
where they were of a repetitive type, Knowing the absolute viscosity Z of gallons per minute each pump will
the pump manufacturer would be the liquid and its specific weight p, deliver through a particular piping
able to check him readily. it is then possible to calculate the system. The performance data for
It is necessary to determine the kinematic viscosity Z/p and hence each pump can then be tabulated as
friction losses for the entire system the pressure drop for the liquid for a in Table II. On the same tabulation
' for the liquid actually handled, and given length of pipe, if the pressure the fli’st costs and yearly operating
not for water. In this particular case drop for water is known. A method costs can be shown, together with
the viscosity of the acid could be of performing this calculation was the amortized costs over a selected
j taken as that at the average tem- worked out by Chilton and Gener­ time. This time should be short
! pcrnture since the pump to be eaux (Chem. tfr Met., 37, p. 689, enough so that replacement cost will
1 selected would allow extra pumping 1930), who presented a simple nomo­ be a negligible factor. Thus the mat­
time for handling the more viscous graph (here reprinted in Fig. 2) to ter of final selection is easy and
acid in colder weather. Such a sys­ obtain the desired results for turbu­ definite. In the table the total cost
tem must be calculated for pumping lent flow. of a pumping unit using 4-in. pipe
from the most distant storage tank For purposes of illustration, we is taken as $300 more than a unit
and also with the tank nearly empty, will calculate the friction system with 3-in. pipe. The $300 is then
thus avoiding the mistake of includ­ curves for 98 percent sulphuric aeid amortized with the first cost of pump
ing the static head in the storage flowing through pipe of 21-, and 3- and motor.
tank to lower the total dynamic head and 4-in. i.p. size. Chilton. and Gen­ It is interesting to note that if the
required. Calculating the friction ereaux give the absolute viscosity of pump manufacturer had been forced
1 losses in the suction line makes it this strength of acid as 25 cp. at 70 to limit his bid to the original spe­
1 possible, also, to be certain that the dcg. F. Since the specific weight of cified condition o f 200 g.p.m. at 100
1 friction loss will never be high this acid is 115 lb. per cu.ft., the ft. total dynamic head, he would have
enough to cause cavitation in the kinematic viscosity Z/p is 25/115 = had to offer standard pump D which
pump. Good practice limits the 0.217. The data for the system illus­ would deliver 221 g.p.m. through the
negative pressure (suction lift) to
about 15 ft. equivalent o f water, or
F ig . 3— P u m p p e r f o r m a n c e a n d b r a k e h o r s e p o w e r c u r v e s fo r f o u r a c i d p u m p s , v s .
in this ease, not more than about
fric tio n s y s te m c u r v e s fo r tw o ty p ic a l p ip e s y s te m s a s c a l c u la te d in T a b le I
9 ft. of aeid.
In view of the fact that a pipe 140
size determined purely on the basis
of judgment may not be most eco­
nomical for a particular installation,
it is necessary to figure several
capacities and establish the friction
system curve for each siz.e of pipe
to be considered, thus determining
the performance o f the manufac­
turer’s standard acid pumps on the
system.
One of the most convenient ways
of calculating the friction loss when
a liquid other than water is flowing
through a pipe line is to determine
the friction loss with water and con­
vert to the loss with the liquid ac­
tually to be handled. Various hand­
books and the Standards of the
Hydraulic Institute contain tables 0 tO 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 560
giving the friction loss for water in Pump D elivery, G allons Per Min.

ss • JAX CARY ms • C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G

 Table II— Pump A n alysis Tabulation From Curves of Fig. 3
B ased on pum ping 265 tons per d ay (100,000 tons per year) of 98 percent sulphuric acid in the system s sum m arized in Table I. Pum p C was selected, for
use w ith 4-in. pipe. T his is a satisfactory pum p which, with 4-in. pipe, requires a small motor, operates a t low speed, has low repair cost and the lowest power
cost of any com bination shown. The total operating cost is the lowest for any pum p which will not have to run more than 3§ hr. per day.
E xtra
Cost Yearly
Power Cost for Amor­
Required Pum p to Cost 4-In. M aint. tization Total
with C a­ Hours Pump Pum p Pipe vs. Cost Cost** Cost
Pipe M otor C a­ 98% pacity, for 100,000 M otor and 3-In. per (Inc. per
Size, Speed, pacity, Acid, Tons 265 Tons, Rating, M otor, Pipe, year,* M aint.), Year,
P um p In. R .P .M . G .P.M . B. H p . per Hr. Tons Dollars Hp. Dollars Dollars Dollars Dollars Dollars Remarks
A 3 1,750 192 14.9 88.5 3 .0 168.50 15 534.00 0 16.00 123.00 291.50 Excellent pump
B 3 1,750 187 14.8 86.4 3.07 171.50 15 470.50 0 16.00 111.00 282.50 Breakage hazard
c 3 1,750 170 13.0 81.2 3.26 160.00 15 446.00 0 11.00 100.00 260.00 Satisfactory pump. [
Low repair cost.
D 3 1,750 221 27.5 102.0 2 .6 269.00 30 810.00 0 22.00 184.00 453.00 Excellent pump
c 3 1,150 90 3 .7 41 .6 6.37 89.00 5 403.00 0 9.00 89.00 178.00 Satisfactory pump.
Low repair cost.
D 3 1,150 130 7 .2 60.0 4 .4 2 120.00 10 699.00 0 20.00 160.00 280.00 Excellent pump
B 4 1,750 297 17.1 137.0 1.94 124.80 20 494.50 300.00 16.00 175.00 299.80 Breakage hazard
c 4 1,750 315 15.2 145.5 1.82 104.40 15 446.00 300.00 11.00 160.00 264.40 Satisfactory pump.
Low repair coat.
c 4 1,150 168 4 .2 77.6 3.42 54.20 5 403.00 300.00 9.00 149.00 203.20 Best pum p for job. j
D 4 1,150 266 9 .8 123.0 2.15 79.50 10 699.00 300.00 20.00 220.00 299.50 Excellent pump.

* P acking and greasing. ** A m ortization of pum p and m otor cost over 5 yrs.; in case of 4-in. pipe, includes $300 extra system cost over 3-in. pipe.

3-in. pipe, requiring a 30-lip., 1,750- special operating instructions are tion of air, the operation becomes \
r.p.m. motor costing $810 for pump necessary, particularly for a pump simple and readily controlled. A j
and motor, compared with a cost of handling this acid, and when small amount of lubricant and seal- ;
$403 for the unit finally selected, neither a water or grease seal will ing grease may be drawn into the j
which included a pump and a 5-hp., suffice, these instructions should be pump without harm, as this is eon- |
1,150-r.p.m. motor. The use of this mailed direct to the maintenance stantly replaced, while the packing j
lower cost pumping unit involved engineer of the operating company. is prevented from disintegrating due j
changing from 3- to 4-in. pipe, but Any pump stuffing box, as is quite to continuous contact with the acid, j
even the increased cost of $300 for generally understood, must have a All good acid pumps are so de- i
the 4-in. pipe allowed a saving of lubricating film between the shaft or signed that the pressure created by j
$214.80 per year in power cost, and shaft sleeve and the packing. Other­ the impeller is not transmitted to the j
an overall cost saving $249.80 per wise, overheating will result, causing stuffing box. This is accomplished by
year, figured by amortizing the cost burned packing and a scored shaft. the use of full open impellers, by
of pump, motor and the extra cost Water pumps prevent overheating suitable balance port holes or by
o f 4-in. pipe over a five-year period. hv introducing water under pressure “pump-out” vanes or similar effec­
The unit selected required less than into a lantern ring or seal cage be­ tive devices on the back of the im­
an average of 34 hr. pumping per tween the rings o f packing. Most peller. Hence, the only pressure on
day, which can easily be handled dur­ acid pumps can be similarly treated the stuffing box is approximately
ing one day shift and still leave by the use o f an independent water equal to the pressure o f the liquid at
plenty of factor of safety for slower seal, thus presenting little possibility the suction nozzle of the pump. On
pumping in colder weather. even for a green operator to burn up that account, the stuffing box can be
A study of the various figures and the packing by running the pump put under negative pressure if the
comments in Table II will make it with too tight a gland. In many acid at the entrance to the pump i.-
clear why the particular selection was cases, however, even slight water di­ under negative pressure. This can
made. An analysis of this sort should lution is not permissible and an auto­ he accomplished most readily by the j
insure the selection of the best and matic grease sealing device becomes use of a suitable throttling valve in
most efficient pumping unit for a practical and effective. In pump­ the suction line near the pump. Ow­
tank car loading job. A study of ing 9 8 percent sulphuric acid or ing to the variable depth in the a r i d
the method of calculation and analy­ oleum a water seal cannot be used storage tanks, orifices or small diam- f
sis should enable engineers called and there are no greases which are eter pipe cannot be used for this pur- j
upon to select pumps, to design fu­ completely effective in long contact pose.
with these acids. Furthermore, since From the above it is obvious that j
ture jobs with assurance.
Unfortunately, proper design and some acid storage tanks are as much pumps can be operated without pres­
as 30 ft. deep, there may be times sure on the stuffing box and hence j
specification work does not in itself
when the stuffing box will be under a without acid leakage at the stuffing j
insure a satisfactory pumping unit,
pressure as high as 20 lb. per sq. in. box while the pump is in actual op­
owing to the possibility of poor op­
and grease sealing devices will not eration. However, it is also impor­
eration. No acid pump will prove
hold up against such pressure with­ tant to avoid continuous drip of acid j
satisfactory if given no more care
out excessive attention. from the stuffing box during times:
than if it were a water pump. Hence
Under these circumstances, the when the pump is shut down, perhaps j-
it is up to the pump manufacturer
only satisfactory way to operate a 75 percent or more of the time, jl
to be certain that adequate operat­
pump is to remove the pressure Since a grease sealing device is ini- i
ing instructions actually get into the
acid from the stuffing box and create practical for holding the aeid against j
hands of the operator. Instructions
a slight negative pressure at the high static pressure, it becomes neees- i
originally accompanying a pump
gland. Then by sealing the packing sary to prevent the pressure from ,
which is installed by a construction
with a good grade of grease to pro­ reaching the stuffing box while the j)
crew rarely find their way into the
vide lubrication and prevent infiltra­ (Please turn to page 9 1 )
hands o f the eventual operator. Since

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G • JAN U ARY 1 9 -tS •

 Effect of the Kinetic Energy Term
En Gas Flow Calculations
B E N J A M IN MILLER G a s A d v is e r s , In c ., N e w Y o r k , N . Y .

" C h e m . & M e t. I N T E R P R E T A T I O N - divide Equation ( 4 ) by p"{v , and ob­

tain
, W hen g a s flo w s through a p ipe its pressure d e c r e a ses, resulting in 1 - 4¡V'tL/p^gD = (p./piY
a n in crea se in the sp ecific volum e, v elo city and kinetic en ergy. - ^VVp.Vij) In (p./pd (5)
U su a lly the kinetic en erg y in crea se is n eg lected , b ein g sm all in com- Then they plot p . / p * against 1 —
p arison w ith the su rface friction, but w h en the initial p ressure is 2fV2,L/p,vigD for various values
of V ' J p i V t g . The resulting chart
lo w and the flow rate is high, the kinetic en erg y in c rea se m a y b e can be used to determine p . / p i , and
im portant in g a s flow calcu lation s. The author p resen ts a sim plified makes possible a direct solution for
m ethod of calcu latin g the pressure drop from the equation p reviou sly the outlet pressure.
Another method, which may be
u sed to a llo w for the kinetic en erg y in crea se. H e a lso sh o w s that preferred for some purposes, is to
this equation g iv e s too sm a ll a kinetic en erg y in crea se an d h en ce too replace ln (p »/p t) by the first two
, h igh a n outlet pressure. He therefore introduces a correction factor terms of the series which it equals:
, to overcom e this source of in a ccu ra cy . — Editors. In (p./pd = - (1 - p./p,)
- (1 - p./p,-)5/ 2 - (1 - p./pOV3 — .. (6)
Making this substitution, and writ­
ing Y for ’V ‘i / p t v lg , Equation ( 5 )
A through a pipe its
S G as f l o w s the weight rate of flow is the same becomes
pressure decreases, and its spe- all along the pipe—
j cific volume correspondingly in- 1 - 4fYL/D = (p./p.-)"
V/v = Vi/v< (2) + 27(1 - p./p.-) + 7 (1 - p./p<Y (7)
I creases. Since the cross section of
; the pipe remains constant, the velo- where V, is the space average gas or
icity of the gas must increase; so velocity at the inlet, and vt is the
specific volume at the inlet. ( 1 + 7 ) (p./pd* - 4 7 (p./pi)
j also must its kinetic energy. This + 37 + 4 /7 L /D -1 = 0 (8)
; increase in kinetic energy as well as I f the temperature o f the gas re­
mains constant, and if Boyle’s Law and Equation (8) can be solved
i the surface friction must be supplied
applies readily for p . / p t .
,-by the decrease in pressure.
Lobo, Friend, and Skaperdas gave
Usually the surface friction is so pv = p.-Vi (3)
an example to illustrate the use of
:large compared to the increase in where p, is the pressure at the inlet. their method. In this example it
■¡kinetic energy that the latter may If Equations (2) and (3) are was required to calculate the pres­
(be neglected. But when the flow applicable, the viscosity o f the gas sure drop in 75 ft. of pipe (inside
irate is high and the initial pressure will not change substantially so that diameter, J ft.) through which gas
slow the increase in kinetic energy the Reynolds number will be substan­
¡(may be important. was flowing at an inlet space aver­
tially the same all along the pipe. age velocity o f 440 ft. per sec. The
| Bernoulli’s theorem is therefore This means that the friction factor inlet specific volume was given as
(frequently written for a horizontal will he constant. W ith all these
(pipe in the differential form: 8.70 eu.ft. per lb. The kinematic
assumptions Equation (1) integrates viscosity was given as 1.14x10'* sq.
v (dp/dx) + ( V/g) (dV/dx) to ft. per see., making the Reynolds
+ ZfV'/gD = 0 (1) t>. (p-i - pJ.) 4- (2PiV-t/g) hi ip./p.) number 1,290,000; a value of 0.0038
where v is the specific volume of the - ifpiV'iL/gD = 0 (4)
was selected as the friction factor
gas; p is the pressure; x is the dis­ where p„ is the pressure at the outlet; for this Reynolds number.
tance measured along the pipe axis; L is the distance from the inlet to W ith these values they calculate
V is the space average gas velocity the outlet; and In means “natural that Y is 0 . 1 3 7 and that 1 - 2 / 7 L / U
(in the direction of the a x is ); g is logarithm of.” is 0 . 7 6 5 . Then from their chart they
'the acceleration due to gravity; / is The term (2 p ,F 2t/g ) ln ( p ./ p ,) in determine that p„/pu is 0.638.
the friction factor; and D is the in ­ Equation (4 ), which is intended to Inserting 0 . 1 3 7 for Y and 0 . 7 6 5
side diameter o f the pipe. allow for the kinetic energy change, for 1 —2fYL/D in Equation (8 ),
The term (V/g) ( dV/dx ) is in­ makes it inconvenient to solve for p . / p t is found to be 0 . 6 4 4 ; that is,
tended to allow for the increase in the outlet pressure. Often this term the error due to the use of the ap­
’kinetic! energy. The allowance is is small compared to the term proximation is about 1 pereent. This
too small, but consideration of this ^fPtV^tL/gD, and it is usually neg­ slight error can be reduced by sub­
deficiency can be deferred until lected. But if it is desired to re­ stituting In 0 . 6 4 4 for In p . / p i in
Equation (1) has been integrated, tain the term a straightforward Equation ( 5 ) , and solving for p , / p , .
‘.as shown below. method of solution is helpful. However, it is questionable whether
' I I f the flow is steady—that is, if Lobo, Friend, and Skaperdas1 the added refinement is worth while.

(90
JA N U A R Y 1 0.JS . C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G
 It is questionable also whether it is T a b le I — V a ria tio n of V e lo c ity R a tio and j also decreases as the Reynolds
worth while to construct a chart A n d ; W ith R e y n o ld s N u m b e r number increases. The relevant
from which p./p, can be read to Log Re Uc/V i values are given in Table I, where
three places; this cannot be done 3.50 1.393 1.279 uc means maximum velocity.
from the published chart. 3.75 1.313 1.193
4.00 1.276 1.147 Consider again the example used
The chief reason for questioning' 4.25 1.247 1.109 above in which the Reynolds number
the value of putting forth the labor 4.50 1.223 1.086 was 1,290,000. For this value of
4.75 1.205 1.070
required to get a solution for Equa­ 5.00 1.191 1.060 Re, j is 1.034. Y is 0.137, so that
tion (5) having high mathematical 5.25 1.180
1.170
1.054
1.048
jY is 0.142. Taking 0.765 for 1 —
5.50
accuracy is the uncertainty in the 5.75 1.161 1.042 2fYL/D, as given by Lobo, Friend,
value o f the friction factor. For 6.00 1.153 1.036 and Skaperdas, Equation (11) yields
6.25 1.146 1.032
clean, round, straight pipe Miller3 6.50 1.140 1.030 0.640 for p./pi. Taking 0.796 for
has shown that 1 —2fYL/D, as suggested above for
( l/2 f ) J i = 2.54 log R e - 2.17 (9) I f the velocity of the fluid in a a clean, round, straight pipe line,
pipe were the same at all parts of Equation (11) yields 0.704 for
where Re is the Reynolds number,
and log means “logarithm to the the cross section, it would not be p./pi-
necessary to specify that V is the At lower Reynolds numbers the
base 10 of.” value of j is greater, and the error
The friction factor for a Rey­
space average velocity, and j would
be 1. But the velocity is zero at introduced by implicitly assuming
nolds number of 1,290,000 is 0.0028, that j is equal to 1 is also relatively
according to Equation (9 ), while a the wall, and increases regularly to
a maximum at the center. In vis­ greater. But at lower Reynolds
value of 0.0038 had been selected numbers the importance of the en­
for the illustrative example. It is cous flow the ratio of maximum velo­
city to space average velocity is 2, tire kinetic energy term is likely to
recognized that a pipe line has be smaller.
and the value of j is also 2. In
joints and perhaps other elements
turbulent flow the ratio of maximum
which offer resistance to flow in ad­ R eferen c e s
velocity to space average velocity
dition to that caused by surface 1. L obo, F rie n d , a n d S k a p e rd a s, In d .
varies with the Reynolds number, Eng. Ohem., S4, No. 7, p. 821, J u ly 1942.
friction. Making a generous allow­ 2. M iller, C hem . M e t. E n g ., 44 , No. 10,
decreasing as the latter increases, p . 616, O ct. 1937.
ance for these elements, a value of
0.0033 might well have been select­
ed for the friction factor. I f it In starting the system shown in Fig.
should be, 1 - 2 fYL/D will be 0.796, 1, the motor is started with the valves !j
A C ID PU M PS
rather than 0.765. This change will closed. Then discharge valve D is
increase p./pi from 0.644 to 0.707, (Continued from page 89) opened, followed by the opening o f,,
according to Equation (8). In this
suction valve S until acid drip ap­
case a decrease of 13 percent in the
pears at the stuffing box gland. Then
value selected for the friction fac­ pump is standing idle. A constant valve S is gradually closed until the
tor would increase p./p, by 10 per­ drip of acid is difficult to dispose of drip ceases, thus throttling the suc­
cent. It seems likely that in most in the usual drip pan or catch basin tion and putting the stuffing box un­
eases the uncertainty in the value devices. Furthermore, strong sul­ der negative pressure as noted above. |
of the friction factor will make the phuric acid in contact with the air When the pump is to be shut down
value of p./p, doubtful by more tends to creep along and over most by a single operator who must be on
than the error due to using Equation types of surface, especially if the the loading platform, he should first i
(8) rather than Equation (5). surface is being corroded. Pumps stop the motor at push button sta­
After showing that Equation (8) which allow acid to seep from the tion L after which he closes suction
gives a solution for Equation (5) stuffing box invariably show large valve S. H e then starts the motor |
which is as accurate as the uncer­ accumulations of sulphate on ex­ again from push button station P
tainty in the friction factor war­ ternal iron and steel parts of the and allows the pump to run for a j
rants, the inadequacy of the allow­ pump near the stuffing box and on minute, after which he closes dis- f
ance for kinetic energy change will the base. Frequently the concrete charge valve D and shuts down the
be considered. The term ( V/ g) foundation and floor also show seri­ motor. In this sequence of operations
(dV/dx) in Equation (1) should be ous disintegration. the head o f acid in the storage tank]
replaced by ( j Y /g ) ( d V /ix ), where
Prevention of static pressure on the is exerted on the pump stuffing box]
j is a number greater than 1. Then stuffing box during shutdown periods only for the time required for the]
Equation (4) should have the term
lies in proper manipulation of the operator to get down from the load­
(2jp.V1i/g)\n(p./pi) instead of valves shown in Fig. 1. When this is ing rack to the pump. In Fig. 1,1
(2piF 3t/y )]n (p „ /p i). Equation (5)
done the pump will be emptied suffi­ valve B is provided to bypass thej
should therefore be replaced by ciently on shutting-down so that the pump when loading a ear by gravity])
1 - IfYL/D = (p,/Piy small amount of acid which will be under control of valve T.
- 2j71n (p./p,) (10) left in the volute and in the discharge When a suitable pump is operated|
and Equation (8) should be replaced nozzle 'will fall below the level of the in the described manner, a good in­
by stuffing box. As long as the valves stallation can be kept in good condi-1
(l+ 7 T )I(p ./P i)2 - 4 jy (P ./p O on both sides of the pump are tight, tion for years without corrosion of J
+ 3jY + 4fYL/D - 1 = 0 (11) it will therefore be impossible for the pump surroundings. About thej
While a chart could be constructed acid to reach and drip from the stuf­ only maintenance expense will be re-1
"'i-b^ plotting p-/p, against 1— fing box. packing two or three times a yeafj
L/D for various values of jY, Proper valve manipulation is sim­ and supplying a moderate amount of*
¡use of Equation (11) is recom­ ple and obvious, but must neverthe­ grease for sealing the stuffing boxj
mended instead. less be explained to a new operator. and lubricating the bearings.

C H E M IS A I. & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G • JA N U A R Y 191,5
.Nylon Research Wins Its War Wings
E D IT O R IA L S T A F F R E P O R T

C /ie m . & M e t . I N T E R P R E T A T I O N chutes but also the tapes, shroud

lines and certain of the harness web­
bing and belting were made of the
A w ard of the A rm y-N avy "E" to the m en and w om en of the
new fiber. Nylon rope proved so
N ylon R esearch Laboratory an d Pilot Plant of the Experim ental superior in strength, lightness, and
Station of the DuPont C om pany on D ecem ber 29 w a s the o ccasion durability that it came into urgent
for the first inspection b y the p ress of the p ro cesses and equipm ent demand. Its additional property of
elasticity made it marvelously suited
u sed in producing this essen tia l w ar m aterial. Visitors w ere a lso for use as the tow rope for gliders to
sh ow n a few of the n ew n ylo n products that a w a it post-w ar d e v elo p ­ be picked up by airplanes. Tires for
m ent, such a s coated fabrics, super-strong rope, an d p lastic "wire" trucks and gun carriages which un­
dergo severest punishment have been
w in d ow screen s. M ean w h ile a ll p resent production and that w hich
made experimentally from this
can b e sa lv a g e d from w a ste an d cast-off stock ings b y a n e w ly strongest of fibers for tire fabrics.
d e v e lo p ed p ro cess m ust g o for im portant m ilitary u se s— for p a ra ­ Gun brushes with nylon bristles wear
chutes and flare ca n o p ies, shroud lin es, h arn ess w eb b in g, tap es longer than the ones they replaced.
Other war uses for nylon are still
and belting, tow ropes for glid ers— to m ention but a few that are secret but its strategic importance
no longer m ilitary se c r e ts.—E d ito rs and contribution to the war effort
were officially recognized on Decem­
ber '29, 1942 by the presentation of
the Army-Navy “E ” to the men and
Japan and Japanese silk. Fortun­ women o f the DuPont Nylon Re­
T h a t n y lo n lias gone to war
search Laboratory and Pilot Plant
is no longer news—at least to ately, it found the nylon industry
at Wilmington, Del.
the ladies. In the first year it was on ready to play a strategic role in
the market approximately G4 million America’s industrial and military Production o f 'all nylon starts at
pairs of nylon hose were quickly economy. Experiments that had been the Belle, W. Va. plant of the Am­
sold. By the close 1941 enough yarn started in .1940 with the Army Air monia Department of the DuPont
had been shipped to make 175 mil­ Corps and the Navy Department Company, where its two essential
lion more pairs but some of it, we looking to the possible use of nylon chemical ingredients, adipic acid and
are told, went into women’s under­ as a replacement for silk parachutes hexamethylene diamine are made by
garments, girdles, gloves, neckties, were pushed ahead with greatest in­ high-pressure synthesis from coke-
tishlines and leaders, football pants, tensity. Soon 100 percent of the oven gases and coal-tar intermediates.
tennis racket strings, brush bristles output of the two large plants at Solutions of adipie acid and the
and surgical sutures. Seaford, Del. and at Martinsville, diamine are reacted in a stainless
Then came Pearl Harbor and the Va. was going to the Government. steel kettle to form nylon salt which
severance of all connection with Not only the canopy cloth of para­ is hexamethylene-diammonium adi-
pate.
Fine filam e n ts e x tru d e d from th e s p in n e re t a r e s tre tc h e d to s e v e ra l
For large-scale production the salt
tim es th e ir o rig in a l le n g th g r e a tly to in c re a s e s tre n g th a n d e la stic ity is put into water solution to facilitate
handling. It is run into tank cars,
shipped to the nylon spinning plants
and there piped to evaporators on
the top floor to be concentrated to
approximate saturation. A t the pilot
plant the concentrated salt solution
is put into a cylindrical autoclave
and heated by Dowthenn circulating
through a jacket and coils. It is in
this autoclave that the polymeriza­
tion takes place to form the extremely
long molecular chain or polymer
known as the polyamide. Theoreti­
cally this polymerization might con­
tinue until chains of infinite length
were formed. However, the desired
consistency can be obtained by care­
fully controlling the temperature and
the duration o f the process and by
the introduction at the proper
moment of a chemical inhibitor that

• JAX VARY 1915 • C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G

 prevents further linkages. Thus
accurate controls play a highly im­
portant role in the manufacture of
nylon.
When polymerization, has been
completed, a slot in the bottom of
the autoclave is opened and the
viscous material is allowed to flow
out on the surface of a broad, slowly-
revolving wheel. Here a shower of
water causes the polymer to harden
into a translucent, milky-white rib­
bon, on which play two rows of air
jets, termed “blower-offers”, which
whisk the water from the ribbon as
it leaves the casting wheel en route
to the rotary cutter where it is
chipped into flakes.
When the pilot plant was first
set up it was thought it would be
necessary to use a polished, silver- W orn-out stockings a n d o th e r n y lo n sc ra p a r e now b e in g re c o n v erte d into a d ip ic a c id
plated casting wheel. Fortunately, it b y a c id h y d ro ly s is a n d pre c ip ita tio n . The d iam ine is then re c o v ered b y n e u tra lis in g
was found that a fly-wheel from an w ith lim e, d istilla tio n a n d cry stalliza tio n . It is estim ated th a t a t le a st a m illion p o u n d s
ol n y lo n is a v a ila b le io r s a lv a g e — e nough to provide m a n y th o u s a n d s oi p a ra c h u te s
old steam engine, covered with
aluminum sheeting w’ould do the job.
Larger, specially made wheels are
used in the commercial plants. The ever metal corrodes and is difficult Up To this point the yarn has un­
original drying process was carried to clean, while cloth filters would be dergone no real physical change
out according to traditional textile destroyed by heat. Sand was chosen, since it was first formed upon emer­
fashion in a warm-air cabinet and therefore, because it will withstand gence from the spinneret. But now
took about 18 hours. The “blowcr- high temperature and because it is it is drawn, or stretched, by traveling
offer” method, combined with sub­ cheap and easy to handle. Spare between rolls revolving at different
sequent drying o f the flakes, accom­ spinneret packs, already heated to speeds so that it becomes several
plishes the same result in far less the proper temperature, are kept on times its original length. This cold-
time. hand in a special heated rack, much drawing makes the long-chain cry­
Next step is to blend the flakes like a restaurant steam table. stalline molecules of nylon snap out
from several autoclave batches in As the thick syrupy polymer is of their helter-skelter arrangement
order to insure uniformity; then the squeezed through the holes of the and line up parallel with each other
blended flake is poured into the spinneret the filaments are formed at and close together. This increases the
spinning hoppers and each charge of the rate of about 1,000 ft. per min­ opportunity for powerful intermole-
flake is purged of oxygen by passing ute, and these pass down through a cular forces to come into play and
into it a blast of pre-purified nitrogen three-sided chimney where a draft of the result is an exceedingly strong
(having an oxygen content of less air blows across to cool them. The fiber. After the draw-twisting, as
than five-thousandths of one per­ filaments then converge and pass this operation is termed, the yarn
cent). Nitrogen is then removed by into a steam jacket which moistens is again twisted and then, if desired,
vacuum and this “washing” process them sufficiently to make them stick it is sized. An important sizing ma­
is repeated. together as a single strand. The terial used to protect the yarn during
The valve at the lower end of the steaming also puts the otherwise dry the subsequent textile operations is
spinning hopper is now opened and filaments into near equilibrium with polyvinyl alcohol, another synthetic
the flake falls onto a melting grid the humidity in the atmosphere. Dur­ polymer. The yarn is then twist-set
where, again, circulating Dowtherm ing the wind-up process the yam in a steam oven. This relieves the
supplies the heat. The molten poly­ passes over a lubricating roll, w’hieh internal stresses and prevents the
mer passes through the grid into a puts a finish on the surface. This yarn from kinking.
funnel-shaped melting chamber from also helps the filaments stick to­ A number of ingenious tests bave
which it is drawn by a special gear gether and prevents the accumula­ been designed to insure the main­
pump into and through the spinneret tion of static electricity. tenance of strict standards for the
assembly. The spinneret is a thick The yarn is next pre-twisted and finished nylon. These include a
disk of metal about 2 in. in diameter, several strands or “ends” may be visual eheek to discover broken fila­
pierced with fine holes flaring out plied together at this point to make ments and weight tests to reveal the
like tiny funnels at the upper ends a heavier denier yam . Denier, it strength or tenacity and the per­
will be recalled, is the term used to centage of elongation. Each spool
where the polymer enters. Before
the polymer reaches the spinneret define the diameter-weight relation­ of yarn from the Pilot Plant carries
plate, however, it is filtered through ship and, therefore, indirectly dm a tag to give its “pedigree” from the
fineness of the yarn. A one-denmr original batch of nylon salt on
a layer of hot sand, to insure smooth­
fiber is one of such size that 9,000 through the many steps to the fin­
ness and purity. In early experi­
ments the filter was a layer of phono­ meters of it weigh only one gram. ished yam . In this manner the effect
graph needles, packed together with A one-denier filament o f nylon has of any change in procedure can be
points up to give an assemblage of a diameter of about one 2,500ths of accurately gaged and the proposed
roughly conical passageways. How­ an inch. improvement evaluated.

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R I N G • JA N U A RY 19JS •
M anufacture of Butadiene From
Ethyl Alcohol—II
J. A . G A M M A , Consulting Chemical E ngineer , Chicago, 111.

T. IN O U Y E , C o n s u lting Chemist. Chicago, III.

------------------------------------- C h e m . & M e t . I N T E R P R E T A T I O N ------------------------------------- oxygen is introduced with the al­

cohol, oxidation also takes place and
In the previous installm ent of this series, the authors g a v e flow sh eets the hydrogen that otherwise would
appear as such in straight dehydro­
an d a com p reh en sive rev iew of p u b lish ed data on the direct conver­ genation is converted into water. By
sion p rocess for m anufacturing bu tad ien e from eth yl a lcoh ol and using the dehydrogenation-oxidation
b e g a n a d iscu ssion of the a ld o l p rocess. In this concluding in stall­ method the overall change becomes
an exothermic one and it is only
m ent, d iscu ssion of the a ld o l m ethod is com pleted. In addition, the
necessary to supply heat to initiate
a cety len e , eth ylen e, a c e ta ld e h y d e cond en sation , croton ald eh yd e and the reaction. The removal of hydro­
other p ro cesses are rev iew ed . T hese two su rv ey s now m ak e tech ­ gen as water shifts the equilibrium in
n ica l data on th ese little-know n p r o c e sse s e a s ily a v a ila b le to chem ­ the direction favoring a larger con­
version of alcohol to acetaldehyde
ica l engin eers e n g a g e d in the synthetic rubber program .— Editors. per passage.
The reported degree of conversion
varies greatly with different operat­
ing technique. Conversions of 95
percent in a single passage have
A widely used in Ger­
p r o c e ss intermediate dehydration products been claimed, although a value in
many and proposed in the and water, is then allowed to sepa­ the neighborhood of 50 percent may
United States is the aldol method rate into two layers, the upper one be closer to the average.
for the manufacture of butadiene. of which, will contain nearly all of Controlling the temperature of the
This process involves the conversion the intermediate products. This up­ catalysis chamber is all-important
of either acetylene or ethyl alcohol per layer is fed directly into the and is accomplished by introducing
to acetaldehyde, the choice between column or into the lower portion of air, steam, carbon dioxide, and nitro­
acetylene or ethyl alcohol depending the still, and the amount going to gen as diluents for the alcohol vapor.
upon the availability of these ma­ either is regulated so that the tem­ The residual nitrogen from the re­
terials at the point of production. perature of the still is maintained duced air is obviously recycled for
When ethyl alcohol is used, the within the levels prescribed for the this purpose. By keeping the alco­
aldol method involves the following dehydration. The intermediate prod­ hol and the produced acetaldehyde
steps: (1) dehydrogenation or oxi­ ucts are, in this way, utilized for in such diluted condition, over-heat­
dation of ethyl alcohol to acetalda- further increase of the butadiene ing can more easily be prevented.
hyde, (2) condensation of acetalde­ yield. The lower watery fraction This is important in that at higher
hyde to aldol, (3) hydrogenation of contains small amounts of interme­ temperature the oxidation proceeds
aldol to 1,3-butylene glycol, and (4) diate compounds, which are sepa­ beyond the acetaldehyde stage, with
dehydration of 1,3-butylene glyeol rated by fractional distillation, and the formation o f acetic acid, carbon
to butadiene. are returned to the dehydration unit. dioxide and solid3 that are deposited
The reactions on which the An alternative method for dehy­ on the catalyst and reduce its acti­
process is based are represented by drating butylene glycol is to pass it vity. The proportion of air and
the following equations: in vapor form over a catalyst. Red inert diluent gases to alcohol used
C H u C H s O I I - ) - C H jC H O + H j phosphorus with sodium phosphate varies. Two manufacturers report
2C H aC H O C H aC IH O IU C H sC H O
C H 3C H ( O il ) C IIaC H O + Ha —>-
is particularly efficient for this pur­ using about 15 cu. ft. of air per
CHaCHtOHICHaCIIaOH pose. In Table I are given a num­ pound of alcohol, a third manufac­
CHaCII (OH) CIIsCIIaOH —>- ber of catalysts for dehydrating turer used 5 cu. ft. of air and 10
CHa :CHCH :CII=-r2II=0 liquid and gaseous butylene glyeol. cu. ft. o f recycled inert gases per
Dehydrogenation of ethyl alcohol Dehydrogenation and subsequent pound o f alcohol. A high velocity
to acetaldehyde, separation o f the oxidation of alcohol is carried out is recommended for bringing about
reaction products, condensation of in a chamber containing the cata­ thorough m ixing and better Contact
acetaldehyde to aldol, hydrogenation lyst and consisting usually of a cop­ with the catalyst, as well as for keep­
of aldol to 1,3-butylene glycol and per or iron tube or an assemblage ing the catalyst surface free of de­
dehydration of the resulting mixture of such • tubes for which external posits. •'
have all been previously discussed means of heating are provided. It In the aldol condensation step the
(see Chem. X Met., p.lOO,Dec. 1942). will be noted that the dehydrogena­ complete removal of oxygen from
The following discussion continues tion of ethyl alcohol to acetaldehyde the alcohol-acetaldehyde mixture is
with methods for dehydrating the is an endothermie reaction and, if essential to prevent the oxidation of
butylene glycol. carried out in the absence of oxygen, the acetaldehyde to acetic acid. The
Th« liquid fraction, consisting of heat must be supplied. I f air or acid, if present, neutralizes the <il-

t 94 —I • JA XÜ ARY 1943 • C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G

kali and makes it difficult to control Catalyst used for reduction of al­ oxide and ferric chloride at a tem­
the alkalinity. The condensation of dol to butylene glycol produces perature of 400 deg. C.” The same
acetaldehyde is controlled by the ad­ about 250-325 times its weight of results are obtained by passing ethyl­
dition of water in order to keep the butylene glycol. The activity of the ene with nitrogen through a silica-
rate of reaction high enough but be­ finely divided copper deposited on lined chamber under a pressure of
low the explosive level. The tempe­ a carrier is maintained for a con­ one atmosphere and at temperatures
rature of the medium is kept below. siderably long time. Besides cop­ ranging from about 775-885 deg. C.,
20 deg. C. per, metals of the first and eighth so that the gas remains in the tube
A point of difficulty arises also in group of the Periodic System, their from 0.2 to 1.5 seconds/''”'“ Anal­
the reduction of aldol to 1,3-butylene oxides, or other compounds, alone ysis of the product shows, besides
glycol. It is essential that the re­ or as mixtures, may be used in con­ the formation of butadiene and hy­
duction be carried out in an acid junction with carriers and activa­ drogen, the presence of acetylene and
medium, for even a trace of alkali tors. Ordinarily, the catalysts are other hydrocarbons. This leads to
will immediately destroy or inacti­ regenerated by oxidizing the copper the belief that acetylene is an essen­
vate the copper catalyst. On the with air at 250 deg. C. and reducing tial intermediate in the production
other hand, it is not necessary to re­ the copper oxide with hydrogen. of butadiene by pyrolysis.
move any of the neutralized alkali as ETHYLENE METHODS BUTADIENE FROM ACETYLENE
long as the solution of crude aldol
Bv dehydrating ethyl alcohol with Acetylene is an important start­
is acidic within a pH range of 1.5-
the aid of sulphuric acid or phos­ ing point for the synthesis of buta­
6.0. The mixture of aldol and sol­
phoric acid, or by catalytic methods, diene and has been used as such,
vent best satisfying the conditions
ethylene can be produced in very particularly in Germany, in synthet­
for the reduction consists of equal
satisfactory yields. The ethylene is ic rubber manufacture. The source
parts of crude aldol and ethyl al­
then reacted in one of several ways of acetylene there, however, is prin­
cohol. The presence of water in the
to produce butadiene (see Fig. 1). cipally coal rather than ethyl alco­
solution invariably increases the
time required for the reduction. A Derivatives produced from ethylene, hol.
such as glycol“, or mono-halides and Conversion of ethyl alcohol to acet­
small amount of water is, never­
di-halides of ethylene”, which under ylene is accomplished by way of
theless, present. This is the result
proper conditions condense with ethylene by pyrolytic or by electric
o f oxidation of alcohol and the pres­
ethyl alcohol yielding butadiene. In arc methods, by dehydrogenation,
ence of water in the original alco­
this type of reaction, a mixture of and also by dehalogenation of ethyl­
hol.
Reduction o f aldol to butylene barium chloride and aluminum oxide ene derivatives.
at a temperature of 400 deg. C. is Mixtures of acetylene and ethyl­
glycol begins at 60 deg. C., and it
is inadvisable to run this reduction used for catalyzing the condensa­ ene produce significant amounts of
at temperatures higher than 80 deg. tion in order to remove water and/or butadiene by heating in the pres­
C. in order to avoid the formation hydrogen halides. ence of a catalyst.”1” The most suit­
o f monohydric alcohols. At temper­ Instead of using the foregoing able mixture consists of 70-75 per­
type of condensation procedure, cent ethylene with 30-25 percent acet­
atures below 80 deg. C. nearly all
of the aldol is hydrogenated to bu­ ethylene can be pyrolvzed directly to ylene, respectively”. The catalysts
butadiene. This is accomplished by used are either aluminum oxide, alu­
tylene glycol with the exception of
passing a mixture of ethylene with minum oxide on activated carbon,
small amounts which require higher
carbon dioxide diluent over a cata­ activated carbon, nickel oxide, stan­
temperatures, usually around 120
lyst consisting of a mixture of ferric nous chloride, nickel oxide on asbes-
deg. C., for their conversion. This
is evidently caused by the increase
in concentration of the butylene gly­ P ro d u c tio n ol b u ta d ie n e Iro m e th y l a lc o h o l b y th e a ld o l p ro c e s s
col over that of aldol and the es­
tablishment of an equilibrium. By
raising the temperature, the equilib­
rium shifts toward the aldol side.
The heating at 120 deg. C. is car­
ried out in the lower part of the re­
duction chamber so that just pre­
vious to being discharged the buty­
lene glycol undergoes the final con­
version.
An excess of water is to be avoid­
ed, because it tends to increase the
time for the reduction, and also be­
cause it favors the formation of
monohydric alcohols. By keeping
the water at a minimum and using it
in admixture with alcohol, the for­
mation of butyl alcohol is avoided,
as would be expected ordinarily in
the reduction of aldol in an acid
medium at temperatures of 80 deg.
•C. Furthermore, this procedure pre­
vents the formation of condensation
products.

93
■ C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G • JA N U A R Y 1 9 iS
 lysts such as palladium black or T a b le I— C a t a l y s t s fo r D e h y d r a tio n of
pnlludimn-kieselguhr in a solution of B u ty le n e G ly c o l to B u ta d ie n e
ethyl acetate or acetone, 60-percent
Tem p. % Refer-
yields of butadiene are obtained in C ataly st D eg. C. Y ield ence
a single passage. B y using zinc in A lum inum oxide............... 300 19.4 14
an alkaline solution as a reducing C alcium s u lp h a te ............. 350 24 14
Phosphorus pentoxide on
agent, yields of over 95 percent kaolin............................... 500 37 14
butadiene are obtained, with the re­ Ferric oxide on kaolin in
K O H ................................ 300 40.1 14
mainder consisting of unconverted
vinyl acetylene. In the latter case N aphthalene sulphonic
acid w ith sulphonic
the temperature is maintained below acid, sulphuric acid,
20 deg. C. and above 5 deg. C.'15 and anilin e.................... 1S0-240 78 13
In another process utilizing acety­ Toluene sulphonic acid,
or benzene sulphonic
lene, butadiene is produced by dehy­ acid, sulphonic acid.
drating 1,4-butylene glycol (HOCH,- Bulphuric acid, and
a n iline............................. 180-240 78 13
CHiCILClLOII), which is produced
in tho following manner". Acety­ Sulphuric acid, 1 % .......... 140-200 80 15
lene and formaldehyde are caused to Acid phosphates such as
react in the liquid phase in the pres­ IC H tPO i, N aîH jPjO ;,
C a (HtPOOs, N aC a(H j
F lo w of m a te r ia ls In th o a ld o l p r o c e s s ence of acetylene compounds of PO«)» w ith potassium
fo r m a k in g b u ta d lo n o heavy metals of the first and second or am m onim um alum,
or alum inum sulphate. 200-300 80 16
groups of the Periodic System, pref­
Ins, or nickel on aluminum oxide. erably a copper acetylene com­ Phosphorus oxychloride,
Tint pyrolysis is carried out at 200- pound, under a pressure o f 25 at­ 0.2% ..................... .......... 300-350 85 17
GOO dog. C. mospheres. The acetylene is passed P rim a ry sodium phos­
Acetylene, when either pyrolyzed into a solution of formaldehyde in p h a te ............................... 270 85-90 IS
A nhydrous prim ary so­
alone or polymerized thermally un­ water or an organic, inert solvent dium phosphate, pri­
der the inllucncc of a silver catalyst together with inert gases such as m ary n-butylam ine
at a temperature of 300-800 dog. C." phosphate, and graph­
nitrogen. The resultant solution of ite ...................................... 260 90 18, 19
is converted simultaneously to vinyl l,4-dihydroxy-2-butyne is hydrogen­ Sec. calcium phosphate,
acetylene (C ll,:C 110:C H ), a com­ sec. am m onium phos­
ated to 1,4-butylene glycol under a phate, and g ra p h ite .. . 320-330 90 IS
pound which is an intermediate in pressure of 300 atmospheres in the P rim ary sodium phos­
the production of butadiene, and presence of a hydrogenation catalyst, phate w ith g ra p h ite .. . 250 90 IS
Acid cerium phosphate on
other hydrocarbons. Direct conver­ such as cobalt or nickel prepared Pum ice............................. 320-330 90 IS
sion o f acetylene to butadiene is from Raney cobalt or nickel, metal­ A cid bism uth ortho­
brought about under the action of phosphate w ith graph­
lic nickel, cobalt, copper or silver ite ..................................... 320-330 90 18
r.ino chloride on pumice at 420-430 applied to carriers such as pumice N eutral pyro- and o rth o ­
dog. C /‘ stone, Fuller’s earth, silicic acid gel,
phosphates of m ag­
nesium an d alkaline
W hen acetylene is polymerized in asbestos, or aluminum oxide, capa­ e arth m e ta ls .................. 400 90 IS ~
a concentrated solution of oupric ble o f promoting the conversion of Sec. calcium phosphate.
ammonium chloride at 70-80 dog. C.. an unsaturated compound to a sa­ graphite an d lam p­
yields o f 20 percent butadiene are turated one. Yields as high as 97 black, cryst, am m o­
obtained, witb the remainder con­ nium oxalate, and pri­
percent o f butylene glycol are ob­ m ary am m onium phos­
sisting mostly of vinyl acetylene and tained. The dehydration o f the gly­ p h a te ............................... 260 90 19
small amounts o f unconverted acety­ col to butadiene is brought about in Volatile derivatives of
lene.*“" Since the butadiene yields the gaseous phase in the presence of phosphorus or phos­
cannot be appreciably raised by de­ an acid catalyst such as acid phos­ phorus esters, such as
P O C b and PC b, or
creasing the vinyl acetylene concen­ phates o f metals, at a temperature tri-eth y l phosphate___ 300-350 90 20
tration, butadiene is produced indi­ o f 250-350 deg. C."
rectly by increasing the vinyl acety­ R ed phosphorus, 1.0% on
pum ice.............................. 300 99 21
lene yield to a maximum and thou A C E T A L D E H Y D E C O N D E N S A T IO N R ed phosphorus and
converting the vinvl acetylene to bu­ monosodium phosphate 250-300 9S-99 21
Acetaldehyde can be produced by R ed phosphorus and po­
tadiene. By the addition of an ion­ tassium alum inum sul-
either catalytic oxidation or dehy-
izing agent such as a hydrogen ha­ P i» t e ................................. 270 9S 21
drogeuation o f ethyl alcohol, and can
lide to the aqueous solution o f euprie
undergo reactions along several path­ in jvvhieh 54 parts o f ethyl alcohol,
ammonium chloride, vinyl acetylene
ways leading to the formation o f 3o.5 parts o f acetaldehyde, and 12.5
is produced in practically pure form. butadiene.
Butadiene is obtained in high parts o f water are passed iu the
One o f these methods follows the vapor phase over a catalyst consist- ~
yields by the hydrogenation o f vinyl
general reaction for the condensa­ ing o f basic aluminum sulphate
acetylene. The reduction is accom­
tion o f an aliphatic aldehyde, such ( Al-Os-SSCtyl2H:0 ) at temperatures
plished in either the liquid or the
as acetaldehyde, with an aliphatic al­ ranging from 320 deg. C. to 360 deg.
gaseous phase. In the gaseous
cohol, such as ethyl alcohol, in tire
phase, a contact catalyst svich as C. at atmospheric pressure". Alu­
presence o f a suitable water-remov­
palladium on a carrier or palladinm- minum oxide also has been sueeess-
ing substance heated to a tempera­
tnm-kiesetguhr is used at 80 deg, C. ,ally employed as a catalyst over a
ture o f 300-450 deg. C .\ so that tire
with tho formation o f Imtadienc and temperature range o f 300-450 deg.
dehydration results in the formation
large amounts o f butylene.5' Or the C. with equivalent quantities o f al­
o f the diolefin. As an example o f
other hand, by conversion in the cohol and acetaldehyde diluted with
this process a modification o f the Os-
liquid phase with the use o f cata­ steam. io procure significant amounts
tromysslenski method may be riven. o f butadiene.

SMS
> -L.Y I A a T is IS • C H E M IC A L & Ü E T A L L T 7 R G IC A L E N G IX E E R IX G
 Another process used consists in hydrating catalyst, sueh as aluminum
condensing ethyl alcohol by the butadiene.“ The same results are ob­
oxide, and of a dehydrogenating tained by passing a mixture of bu­
method of Fischer and Giebe with catalyst, such as chromium oxide
acetaldehyde to form acetals which tane and chlorine through molten
simultaneously dehydrates and de- metallic chlorides, such as those of
are catalytically converted to buta­ hydrogenates the alcohol at a tem­
diene'9. The acetals, which include aluminum, potassium, sodium, iron,
perature o f 625 deg. C. with the zinc, or bismuth, at temperatures of
hemiacetals (CH>CH(OH)OCJL) formation o f 7.4 percent of buta­ 175-550 deg. C
and ethyl acetals (CfLCH(OGJL)*), diene and other diolefins, three times
are produced in the presence of di­ the amount of olefin compounds, and B ib lio g ra p h y
lute mineral acids or metallic salt a large amount of carbon.*1 Higher 14. N a g ai, H . «/ Soc. O hem . In d ., J a p a n .
solutions at temperatures ranging yields of butadiene are obtained by 44, No. 2, 64-05 (1 0 4 1 ). ’
15 Ila lb ig , P .. P la tz e r , N., a n d T roibs,
from 0 deg. C. to 8 deg. C. Ethyl carrying out the process in steps,
acetal, moreover, can be prepared, W o e J V i o m :840 (1940): u- s - Pat-
that is, by first dehydrating to an T. i G- « a G -.F a rb e n liu lu B trle A kt.-G es., B r.
if preferred, by the condensation of olefin and then dehydrogenating in 0*928) (1 9 2 7 ) ; F r . P a t. 053,314
ethyl alcohol with acetylene by pass­ the following step. 17. G u in o t, H . M ., D. S. P a t. 2 ,2 3 7 80G
ing the vaporous mixture over a ca­ (1 0 3 1 ).
By dehydrogenation, butylenes,
talyst, sueh as salts or oxides of whether in the pure form or a mix­ (in29)',olmao”’ J' Y" r,r' Pat 517.r>oo
cadmium, zinc, mercury, barium, cer­ ture of isomers, can be advantage­ (103o/°hnS°n' J' Y" Br’ Pat «26.185
ium, or silver*9. The acetals, when ously converted to butadiene. A com­ 0 5 0 4>< 3 0 )TJsInea D e M e,le < F r - P a t. 834,-
passed through a catalytic mixture plete conversion of butyl alcohol to 21. J o h n s o n , ,T. Y „ B r. P a t 3 15 505
(1 9 2 9 ) : G er. P a t. 5 22,148 (1 9 2 9 )
consisting o f aluminum oxide and a mixture of butylenes is accom­
barium chloride at temperatures of (1924 ) ° V’ B ' V" RnBS' P a t ' 1,101
plished by the action of strong de­ 23. O stro n iy sslo n sk I, 1.. ,7. R u s s . p h y s ..
280-500 deg. C., lead to the forma­ hydrating agents such as concen­ Ohem. Soc. 47, 1489, 1502 (1 9 1 0 ).
24. P e rk in . W. II.. a n d M a tth e w s . F E
tion of butadiene in yields of 16 per­ trated sulphuric acid or a mixture B r. P a t. 17.235 (1 9 1 2 ).
cent*1. The same result is obtained by of phosphoric acid and aluminum „ 25. S c h u lte s, M „ a n d S c h u ltz e . G. K
K a u ts c h u k 15, 18205. 195-201 (1 9 3 0 ).
using aluminum oxide as a catalyst at oxide,**' *! the latter of which gives 20. B u rk , B E., B ald w in , B. G „ a n d
room temperature. a gaseous mixture of 72.5 percent of 320-30^ 7 1 9 3 7 ). ' ^ C hem ' * 9,
Acetaldehyde can be reduced di­ butylene-2 and 27.5 percent of bu­ 27- Z a n e tti, .T. E., S u y d am , J . rt.. a n d
rectly to 1,3-butylene glycol by elec­ (lO ^ j J ' A m ’ C hcm - S q c - 44' 2036-41
tylene-1 whereas aluminum oxide
trolysis in an acid electrolyte or in alone in the pure form gives only K a ^ h u k . Zla S ^ : r l ' l i i0( \ V s i ) P ’ BinU>‘
a solution of sodium acid sulphate, butlylene-l.*8 In cases where buty­
phosphoric acid, or an organic sul- U 034)'. S i n M ’
lene-2 is necessary, although either
(1 9 8 9 )ZttVka’ M " U' S ' P a t ' 2,163 .2 2 3
phonie acid, at temperatures below isomer can be dehydrogenated to
40 deg. C. with a current of 2-3 am­ butadiene, isomerization is completed JChfm, ¡ f c ® (1 9 3 1 )7 ' Z h U f- ° b*M e i
peres per square decimeter o f lead 32. N ie u w lan d , J . A., C a le o tt, W. S
in the presence of diatornaceous earth D ow ning, F . B. a n d C a r te r, A. S.. J . A m
plate cathode against an anode of impregnated with phosphoric acid at C hcm . Soc. 53, 4 197-4202 ( 1 9 3 1 ).
platinum, lead, ferric oxide, carbon, t I4„ a n d S c h u m a c h er, II.
a temperature of 249 deg. C. and E le c tr o c h e m . 45, 503-17 (1 9 3 9 ).
or graphite*5. The 1,3-butylene gly­ 34. H u ru k a w a . Z. .T.. ,7. Soc. C hcm . I n d „
under a pressure of 7.8 atmos­ .7 a g a a 43, S n p p l. b in d in g , 142-4 (1 9 3 0 ).
col is dehydrated to butadiene with pheres." 35. H u ru k a w a , Z. J ., ,/. m e c ir o c h e m .
A ssoc. J a p a n 7. 340-53 (1 9 3 9 )
very high yields. Butylene-2 mixed with nitrogen is P a t '2 2 2 2 3 $ ' f l / o ^ M an c h p n ' P - U' »•
C RO T O N A L D EH Y D E M ETH O D S
dehydrogenated by passage over
magnesium oxide at a temperature P a h 7 845.305F ,r i9 3 9 ) ,<!;i8triC F r'
By the catalytic dehydration of of 700 deg. C. with 25-29 percent P a 4 8- 5 M 0 ( 5 o 4 i ) fln<l C° n in !c i' ° ’ B r'
crude aldol in an acid medium at . '39. A dk in s. H „ a n d N Issen. B. n . , ,7
yields of diolefins.“ When the gas is A m . C hem . Soc. 44 , 2749-55 (1 9 2 2 )
temperatures above 85 deg. C. cro- diluted with steam and passed over t I 0 ,, C e n t u m F llr I'hoctrnehem lscho
I n d u s trie . G. m . b. H .. B r. P a ts 257 03°
tonaldehyde is obtained as the prod­ a mixture of oxides of zinc and (1 9 2 7 ) : 2 64,791 (1 9 2 7 ) 407,082
uct, with almost quantitative yields. 41 O stro m y ssle n sk i. I., a n d K le lb a sln -
chromium, a single passage converts, ski. S., C hem . Z e n tr . 1914, 1. 2155
Crotonaldchyde can be used to pro­ at temperatures of 640-660 deg. C., P a s c a l, P . V., B r. P a t. 140,115
duce butadiene by converting it to an 75 percent of the butylene to buta­ 43. O strn m y s sle n s k l, I., C hcm . Zc.ntr.
1910. 1. 780-3.
alkyl derivative, and subjecting the diene.“ A process using chlorine as
derivative to the action of barium an agent for the removal of hydro­ (1949)Hf"Kl,'V' F" Br‘ Pat
45. TCnmarewsk.v. v . p . - „ ¿ J S tr in g e r,
chloride and aluminum oxide*5. An­ gen, in the presence of barium chlo­ ■i. I.. •/. A m . C hem . Soc. 6.1 , 921-2 (1 9 4 1 )
other method can be undertaken for 40. Y oung. W . G., a n d luicns. H . j . , J .
ride heated to 360-400 deg. C., gives A m . C hcm . Soc. 52, 1904-70 11930).
this purpose, namely, catalytic hy­ 30-40 percent yields of butadiene.“ ' " K e m arew sk y . V. I,. .Tobnstone. W.,
drogenation of crotonaldehvde to A further method for dehydrogena­ 2 7 o V f ? ( 1 9 3 4 K ’ ’’ ’ Am " ChCM' S0C‘ ®°’
form erotonyl alcohol and butyl ting butylene consists in mixing it r, 4,8 ' J i? tig n o n , C.. M oureu, II.. a n d
(1 9 3 ) C o m p t. rend. J . ina, 973-7
alcohol.** Of these two products the with oxygen and passing the mixture
49. I p a tle ir V. X.. P in e s. II., a n d
butyl alcohol is produced in higher through a tube heated to 375-490
yields, and for this reason the de­ l o 9 0 a8 (1 9 3 4 K - A m ' C h tm - g o e - “ ■
deg. C., which results in the forma­ 50. F e d o ro v , B. P., S m irn o v a , A , I.,
hydration of small amounts o f cro- tion of butadiene and by-products a n d S em enov. P . A.. .7. A p p lie d C hcm .
tonyl alcohol, though giving high- sueh as acetaldehyde.1* (U . S. S. It. I 7. 1100-80 (1 9 3 4 ).
51. G ro ssk ln sk y . O.. Boh. X.. a n d Hoff-
purity butadiene, is of less impor­ There is another method by which m a n n , G „ IJ. S. P a t. 2.205,641 (19 4 1 )
52. K n z an sk ii. P.,A., a n d B afllzon.
tance than the catalytic dehydration butyl alcohol can be converted to I. A.. S in tc t, K a tic h u k 3, Xo. 1 31 -4
and dehydrogenation of the butyl (1 9 3 4 ). ’
butadiene. The alcohol is treated 53. J o h n so n , G. W „ B r. P a t. 501,071
alcohol. with a halogen to produce buty! (1 9 3 9 ).
Butyl alcohol is converted to buta­ 54. I.u ea s, II. .1.. P r a te r . A. X „ a n d
halides, which, when subjected to
diene in several ways. In the catalyt­ temperatures of 400-800'deg. C. with 723r- 7 S( l i 3 5 ) E '- J - A ”‘- CHCm- Boe- ®7-
55. I. G. F a rlie n ln d u s trle A kt.-G es F r
ic dehydration and dehydrogenation or without a catalyst,', sueh as chlo­ P a t. 8 45,250 (1 9 3 9 ).
of butyl alcohol, a mixture of a de­ rides of alkali earth?m£tgls,. produce;“' 50. K e n n ed y , C. € ., a n d B u ssell, C B
U. S. P a t. 2, 2 24,155 (1 9 4 0 ).

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G • JA N U A R Y 19J,S
 P L A N T NOTEBOOK

WIRE "UMBRELLA" SAVES STRATEGIC MATERIALS p e r c e n t o f V o lc la y b e n to n ite . The

h ig h e r c la y c o n c e n tr a tio n re p r e s e n ts a
IN SHIELDING WAR PLANTS FROM LIGHTNING r a t h e r s t i f f g e l w h ic h is s a i d t o be
p a r tic u la r ly s u ita b le fo r la rg e d ia m ­
e te r m a in s . T h e g e l c a n be p u m p e d
w i r e “ u m b r e l l a ” to s h i e l d v i t a l
A e x p lo s i v e s p l a n t s a n d o il s t o r a g e
c e n t e r s f r o m l i g h t n i n g h a s b e e n d e-
in to th e m a in w ith a n a ir-p r e s s u re
p u m p . A t y p i c a l p l u g g i n g o f a 1 6 -in .
m a i n r e q u i r e d 2 0 m in . a n d 2 0 s e c .,
1 v e lo p e d b y G i l b e r t D . M c C a n n , W c s t- u s i n g 2 6 3 lb . o f g e l c o n t a i n i n g 4 7 .3 lb .
in g h o u s e E l e c t r i c & M a n u f a c t u r i n g C o. o f c la y . A 2 4 -in . m a i n to o k 094 m in .
e n g i n e e r . I t i s a l r e a d y b e in g u s e d b y t o p l u g , r e q u i r i n g 9 0 2 lb . o f g e l c o n ­
so m e w a r in d u s trie s a n d o n e h u g e o rd ­ t a i n i n g 1 7 3 lb . o f c la y .
n a n ce p la n t. U s in g a m in im u m of T h e b e n t o n i t e p l u g c a n b e e je c te d
s tr a te g ic m a te r ia ls , th e s h ie ld e a s ily w ith w a te r if th e r e is e n o u g h p r e s ­
d e f le c ts l i g h t n i n g d r i v i n g e a r t h w a r d a t s u re a n d a n open end fo r e x it of th e
m o r e t h a n 11 m i l l i o n m ile s a m i n u t e . w a te r.
T h e s h i e l d c o n s i s t s s i m p l y o f a s te e l
w i r e s t r u n g a b o v e t h e b u i l d i n g t o be
, p ro te c te d a n d a n c h o re d o n ta ll w ood Conductivity Alarm
p o le s a t e a c h e n d . T h e w i r e is t h e n
n i m p o r t a n t new w a r p la n t h a v ­
I c o n n e c te d t o s t e e l r o d s b u r i e d i n t h e
g ro u n d .
A i n g a n u m b e r o f a c i d c o o le r s w a s
f a c e d w i t h t h e p r o b le m o f d e t e c t i n g p o s ­
T h is m e th o d sa v e s c o p p e r fo r o th e r
s ib le l e a k s i n t h e s e c o o le r s , d e s p i t e a n
w a r u s e s . P r e v i o u s l y e x p lo s i v e s p l a n t s
i n s u f f ic ie n c y o f a t t e n d a n c e . A c c o r d in g
o r o il d e p o t s w e r e g u a r d e d b y l i g h t n i n g
t o I n d u s t r i a l I n s t r u m e n t s , I n c ., J e r s e y
r o d s w h ic h r e q u i r e d a b o u t 2 5 0 lb . o f
C i t y , N . J . , t h e p r o b le m w a s s o lv e d b y
c o p p e r a tta c h e d to th e b u ild in g a n d
This m o d el, b o m b a rd e d w ith m a n -m a d e th e u se o f c o n d u c tiv ity c o n tro lle rs of
j b u rie d in th e s u r r o u n d in g g ro u n d . A n
lig h tn in g a t th e W estin g h o u se h ig h -v o ltag e t h e t y p e k n o w n a s t h e S o lu - b r id g e .
u m b r e lla fo r th e s a m e b u ild in g c a n be
la b o ra to ry , is c o m p le tely p ro te c te d b y the D u r in g n o rm a l o p e r a tio n o f th e a c id
I e r e c t e d w i t h o n ly 0 0 lb . o f s t e e l a n d w ire " u m b re lla " su p p o rte d a b o v e its roof c o o le r s t h e S o lu - b r id g e s r e m a i n i n o p e r ­
t w o w o o d p o le s . W i t h t h e n e w d e s ig n ,
a tiv e . H o w e v e r, s h o u ld a c id e n te r th e
d a n g e r o f lig h tn in g le a p in g to m e ta l
c o o lin g w a t e r s y s t e m f r o m a n y s o u r c e
: s e c tio n s o f th e b u ild in g a n d c a u s in g
g re a s e s h a v e b e en in je c te d in to th e w h a te v e r, th e c o n d u c tiv ity o f th e w a te r
s p a r k s h a s b een e lim in a te d . m a in th r o u g h a .s i d e b ra n c h n e a r th e w i l l i n c r e a s e a n d t h e i n s t r u m e n t w ill
S tu d ie s of lig h tn in g s tro k e s o n p o w er p o in t o f b re a k , to b u ild u p a d a m s o u n d a w a rn in g , lig h t a d a n g e r lig h t,
i lin e s sh o w t h a t e a c h s q u a r e m ile of w h ic h p l u g s o ff t h e m a i n c o m p le te l y . a n d o p e n a v a lv e in th e w a te r r e c ir ­
: s k y h u r l s a b o u t 10 t h u n d e r b o l t s a t t h e
T h e n e w ly d e s c r ib e d m e t h o d e m p lo y s a c u la tin g s y s te m d iv e r tin g th e a c id
g ro u n d each y e ar. M o d ern o rd n a n c e
s i m i l a r te c h n i q u e , b u t u s e s a s t h e p l u g ­ w a te r to w a s te . W h e n c o n ta m in a tio n
p la n ts h a v e s e v e ra l h u n d re d b u ild in g s g in g m a te r ia l a “ m in e ra l je lly ” c o n ­ ceases th e in s tru m e n t a u to m a tic a lly r e ­
s p r e a d o v e r a la rg e a r e a so e ac h p la n t s i s t i n g o f w a t e r a n d a b o u t 10 t o 19 s to re s th e c ir c u la tin g s y s te m to n o rm a l.
w ill be a t a r g e t fo r lig h tn in g s e v e ra l
tim e s a y e a r . J u s t o n e o f th o s e s tro k e s
I n d ir e c t E le c tric H e a t lo r H ig h -T e m p e r a tu r e K e ttle s
1 c o u l d c a u s e d i s a s t r o u s e x p lo s i o n o r fir e
f i f p r o p e r p r o t e c t i v e d e v ic e s w e r e la c k - T h e s e th r e e g la ss -lin e d k e ttle s in a m id -w e s te rn c h e m ic a l p la n t a r e h e a te d e le c tr ic a lly
by a n in d ir e c t m e th o d , o il in th e J a c k e ts s e r v in g a s t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r m e d iu m . S in ce
< in g . it w a s im p r a c tic a l to a p p ly h e a t d ire c tly , i t w a s d e cid ed to u se c ir c u la tin g oil, w ith th e
A n o th e r lig h tn in g p ro te c tio n p la n o il h e a te d by m e a n s of a 4-kw . G e n e ra l E le c tr ic C a lro d im m e rs io n h e a te r f o r e ac h
k e ttle . T h e h e a t e r s a r e in s ta lle d in th e h o riz o n ta l, e n la rg e d s e c tio n s of p ip e
j. s u g g e s t e d b y D r . M c C a n n s u r r o u n d s
t t h e b u i l d i n g w i t h s i x p o le s 10 f t . h i g h e r
t h a n th e ro o f. S te e l w i r e s e x t e n d i n g
j f r o m t h e t o p o f e a c h p o le a t t r a c t
t lig h tn in g fro m th e a re a ab o v e th e s tru c -
i ' tu r e so th a t a n in v is ib le lig h tn in g -
!: p r o o f “ b l a n k e t ” i s s u s p e n d e d o v e r t h e
|l ro o f. T h u n d e rb o lts a r e d r a w n to th e
' s t e e l t i p s o f t h e p o le s a n d t h e n c e t o
j; t h e g r o u n d .

si
i1 P lu ggin g G as M ains
ill
I t RECENT ARTICLE ( C h c m . <£• M e t . , p.
¡1 X * S 2 , D e c . 1 9 4 2 ) d e s c r i b e d m e th o d s
j t h a t h a v e b e e n w o r k e d o u t f o r t h e p lu g -
| g in g o f g a s m a in s in th e e v e n t o f ru p -
^ t u r e o f t h e m a i n b y b o m b in g . A m e r i c a n
j'l C o llo id C o ., C h ic a g o , h a s d e s c r ib e d a v a ­
il r i a t i o n o f o n e o f t h e m e t h o d s w h ic h
¡1 a p p e a r s t o h a v e i n t e r e s t i n g p o s s ib il i-
' > tic s . V a rio u s p la s tic m a te r ia ls a n d
I i

JA N U A R Y 1 9 ) ,$ . C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G
 CHEM & MET REPORT ON . . .

Labor Relations and Collective

Bargaining in Chemical Industry
U nionization on a large sc a le in the Chem ical In­ not when the storms break, is the time for chem ical
dustry is a developm ent since 1937, yet probably m anagem ent, supervisors, and forem en to becom e
som e 35-40 percent of all workers in chem ical in­ familiar with the knotty problem s of collective bar­
dustries a s defined in this report are now covered gaining and to la y the foundations for harm onious
b y affiliated union agreem ents. H ow ever, m any labor relations after the w ar. It is in order to con­
ch em ical execu tives and plants still h a v e h ad little tribute toward this process of self-education for
or no direct experience with the intricacies of col­ w hat is to com e in the post-war period that this
lective bargaining. Yet it is generally agreed that report h as been written. The information herein
on ce the w ar em ergency h a s p a ssed and business has b een gathered from m an y sources, chief of
turns a ll its energencies toward satisfyin g hungry w hich h a s been a recent publication. Bulletin 716,
civilian m arkets, the problem s of labor relations "Collective Bargaining in the C hem ical Industry,
w ill rise to p lagu e the chem ical industry. Now, M ay 1942", of the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

h e c h e m i c a l in d u s tr y , a s u se d in c e n s u s i n d i c a t i n g le s s t h a n t h r e e p e r ­
T
w h ic h b e lo n g e d t o t h e N a t i o n a l C o u n ­
th is r e p o r t , in c lu d e s e s ta b lis h ­ c e n t o f th e to ta l. c il o f G a s a n d B y - P r o d u c t C o k e W o r k ­
m e n ts w h o se p r in c ip a l p ro d u c ts a re B e tw e e n 3 5 ,0 0 0 a n d 4 0 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s , e r s , b u t w h ic h d id n o t j o i n D i s t r i c t
o rg a n ic a n d in o rg a n ic a c id s, n itro g e n r e p r e s e n t i n g a b o u t 3 5 p e r c e n t o f th e 50 , t o g e t h e r w i t h o t h e r f e d e r a l la b o r
a n d fix e d n i t r o g e n c o m p o u n d s , s o d iu m t o t a l i n t h e c h e m ic a l i n d u s t r y , w e re u n i o n s in t h e c h e m ic a l i n d u s t r y , c o m ­
c o m p o u n d s, p o ta s s iu m co m p o u n d s, c o v e r e d b y a f f ilia te d u n io n a g r e e m e n ts b in e d t o f o r m t h e N a t i o n a l C o u n c il o f
a lu m s , c o a l-ta r p ro d u c ts , p la s tic s , a n d in M a y 1942. U n io n iz a tio n o n a f a i r l y C h e m ic a l a n d A llie d I n d u s t r i e s U n io n s ,
m is c e lla n e o u s o r g a n i c a n d i n o r g a n ic e x te n s iv e s c a le i n t h e i n d u s t r y i s a w h ic h w a s c h a r t e r e d i n S e p te m b e r
c o m p o u n d s . T h e c h ie f c h e m ic a l p r o d ­ d e v e lo p m e n t o f r e c e n t y e a r s . P r i o r t o 1940 b y t h e A m e r ic a n F e d e r a t i o n o f
u c t s n o t in c lu d e d i n t h i s s t u d y a r e 1937, th e re w e re no in te rn a tio n a l L a b o r . A l a r g e n u m b e r o f o r g a n iz e d
c o m p r e s s e d a n d liq u e f ie d g a s e s , e x ­ u n io n s p r i m a r i l y in t e r e s t e d i n o r g a n i z ­ c h e m ic a l p l a n t s o n t h e w e s t c o a s t a r e
p lo s iv e s , f e r t i l i z e r s , s o a p , a n d w o o d - in g c h e m ic a ls a l t h o u g h a fe w p l a n t- b a r - u n d e r t h i s C h e m ic a l C o u n c il, w h ic h
d i s tilla tio n p ro d u c ts . g a in in g u n its h a d been c h a r te re d a s a ls o h a s a g re e m e n ts in th e E a s t a n d
W h i l e t h e c h e m ic a l i n d u s t r y in c lu d e s f e d e r a l la b o r u n io n s b y t h e A m e r ic a n M id d le W e s t, a s w e ll a s s o m e r e p r e ­
a l a r g e n u m b e r o f s m a l l p l a n t s , a few F e d e ra tio n o f L a b o r. s e n t a t i o n in t h e S o u t h . I n a d d i t i o n ,
e s ta b lis h m e n ts e m p lo y a re la tiv e ly t h e r e a r e a c o n s id e r a b le n u m b e r o f
U N IO N S IN THE INDUSTRY
la rg e p ro p o r tio n o f th e to t a l w o rk e rs A .F . o f L . f e d e r a l l a b o r u n i o n s i n c h e m ­
i n t h e i n d u s t r y . A c c o r d in g t o t h e 1939 T h e U n i t e d M in e W o r k e r s o f A m e r ic a l p l a n t s w h ic h a r e n o t y e t a f f il ia te d
C e n s u s o f M a n u f a c t u r e s , o v e r th r e e - ic a e n te r e d t h e c h e m ic a l fie ld i n S e p ­ w i t h t h e C h e m ic a l C o u n c il.
fo u r th s o f th e p la n ts , w ith a p p ro x i­ te m b e r 1 9 3 6 b y e s t a b l i s h i n g D i s t r i c t S e v e r a l u n i o n s w h o s e j u r i s d i c t i o n is
m a t e l y 15 p e r c e n t o f th e t o t a l w o r k ­ 50 w i t h j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r t h e “ c o a l- o r d in a r ily lim ite d to o th e r in d u s trie s
e r s , e m p lo y e d le s s t h a n 1 0 0 w o r k e r s p ro c e ss” w o rk e rs o f th e U n ite d S ta te s h a v e a ls o o r g a n iz e d a fe w c h e m ic a l
each. S l i g h t l y o v e r o n e - f if th o f t h e a n d C a n a d a . I t s ju r is d ic tio n w a s soon p la n ts . T h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n o f
p l a n t s , w i t h a p p r o x i m a t e l y GO p e r c e n t e x te n d e d t o c o v e r a l l c h e m ic a l w o r k ­ M in e , M ill, and S m e lte r W o rk e rs
o f t h e t o t a l w a g e e a r n e r s , e m p lo y e d e r s . T h e n u c le u s o f D i s t r i c t 50 w a s (C .I .O .) h a s a fe w lo c a ls i n t h e i n ­
b e tw e e n 1 0 0 a n d 1 ,0 0 0 w a g e e a r n e r s . t h e N a t i o n a l C o u n c il o f G a s a n d B y - d u s t r y , e s p e c ia lly in th o s e p l a n t s w h e r e
O n ly 11 p l a n t s o u t o f 0 3 0 in t h e i n ­ P r o d u c t C o k e W o r k e r s , a lo o s e o r ­ m i n i n g o p e r a t i o n s a r e c a r r i e d o n in
d u s t r y e m p lo y e d o v e r 1 ,0 0 0 w a g e e a r n ­ g a n i z a t i o n c h a r t e r e d b y t h e A .F . o f L . c o n n e c tio n w i t h p r o d u c t i o n o f c h e m i­
e r s , r e p r e s e n t i n g o v e r o n e - f o u r th o f t h e in 1 9 3 5 . D i s t r i c t 5 0 , k n o w n a s t h e G a s , c a l s . O t h e r C .I.O . u n i o n s in c lu d e t h e
to ta l w o rk e rs. B y - P r o d u c t C o k e a n d C h e m ic a l W o r k ­ U n i t e d S te e lw o r k e r s o f A m e r ic a , t h e i
^ . .E m p l o y m e n t i n t h e c h e m ic a l i n d u s ­ e r s , b e c a m e a n a f f ilia te o f t h e C .I .: >. T e x t i l e W o r k e r s U n io n o f A m e r ic a ,
t r y h a s i n c r e a s e d m a r k e d l y s in c e 19 3 9 . w h e n t h e U n ite d M in e W o r k e r s jo in e d th e U n ite d E le c tr ic a l, R a d io a n d M a-
A c c o r d in g t o B u r e a u o f L a b o r s t a t i s ­ th e C .I.O . i n 1937. T h e m a j o r i t y of c h in e W o r k e r s o f A m e r ic a , t h e O il j
t i c s , t h e r e w e r e 1 1 0 ,0 0 0 w a g e e a r n e r s D i s t r i c t 5 0 ’s a g r e e m e n ts a r e w i t h c o m ­ W o r k e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n , a n d t h e :
in th e in d u s tr y in M a y 1942, c o m ­ p a n ie s lo c a te d i n t h e E a s t a n d M id d le U n ite d C a n n e ry , A g ric u ltu r a l, P a c k ­
p a r e d w i t h 6 0 ,4 0 0 i n M a y 1 9 3 9 . V e r y W e s t. in g a n d A llie d W o r k e r s o f A m e r ic a .
fe w w o m e n a r e e m p lo y e d , t h e 1 9 3 9 M a n y o f t h e f e d e r a l la b o r u n io n s T w o A .F . o f L . u n i o n s , t h e I n t e r n a - 1

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G • JA N U A R Y 19Ą S • 99
tio n a l A s s o c ia tio n o f M a c h in is ts a n d s e r v a t i o n , r e d u c i n g a b s e n t e e i s m , s o lv ­ tre m e n d o u s c o n tr ib u tio n s to th e W a r
(lie I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d o f E l e c ­ i n g m a n p o w e r p r o b le m s , e tc . Seven­ P r o d u c tio n D r iv e . Of 1 ,0 0 0 la b o r -
tr ic a l W o rk e rs , h a v e o rg a n is e d som e te e n p e r c e n t h a v e s u b - c o m m itte e s to m a n a g e m e n t c o m m itte e s , 7 7 0 h a v e a
w o r k e r s in a fe w c h e m ic a l p l a n t s . T h e h a n d l e lo c a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p r o b l e m s ; C .I .O . u n i o n b a c k g r o u n d , 2 0 8 a n A .F .
F e d e ra tio n o f A rc h ite c ts , E n g in e e rs , 13 p e r c e n t t o c o lle c t s a l v a g e a n d w a s t e o f L . b a c k g r o u n d , a n d 90 a n i n d e ­
O h e m is t a a n d T e c h n i c i a n s {O .I '.i).) h a s m a t e r i a l j 11 p e r c e n t to t r a i n a n d u p ­ p e n d e n t u n io n b a c k g ro u n d .
o r g a n i z e d t h e l a b o r a t o r y a n d teeh iticu .1 g r a d e w o r k e r s ; a n d 37 p e r c e n t a r e A d m i n i s t r a t o r s o f c h e m ic a l p l a n t s
s t a f f i n ft fe w c h e m ic a l p l a n t s . A ll o f c o n d u c t i n g t h e g r e a t e s t w o r k e r ''s u g ­ w h o w o u ld l i k e t o u n d e r s t a n d a n d c o p e
t h e s e u n i o n s ( e x c e p t A .F , o f L . c r a f t g e s t i o n b o x ” in h i s t o r y . w i t h t h e p r o b l e m s o f c o lle c ti v e b a r ­
u n i o n s a n d t h e F . A .l i . G .T . ) o r g a n i z e o n M o s t o f t h e s e 1 ,8 0 0 ln b o r - m a n a g c - g a i n i n g a n d u n i o n i s m a f t e r tlic w a r ,
a n i n d u s t r i a l , p h i l l t w i d e Im s is a n d t a k e m e n t c o m m itte e s a r e s in g le p la n ts w ith a s c e r ta in ly th e r e w ill b e g ra v e p r o b ­
in m o s t o r a il p ro d u e tio u w o rk e rs . a n a v e r a g e o f 1 ,0 5 0 w o r k e r s , b u t a p ­ le m s a n d in c re a s in g p r e s s u re fro m
S in c e t h e m e m b e r s h ip o f t h e s e u n io n s p r o x i m a t e l y s e v e n p e r c e n t h a v e le s s u n io n g ro u p s , s h o u ld beco m e t h o r ­
i n c lu d e s m a n y w h o a r e n o t a t t a c h e d th a n 100 w o rk e rs. T h e re a r e h u g e m u l­ o u g h ly f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e b o o k “ C o l­
t o t h e c h e m ic a l i n d u s t r y , n o e x a c t t i p l e p l a n t c o r p o r a t i o n s t h a t h a v e la - l e c tiv e B a r g a i n i n g C o n t r a c t s ” p u b l i s h e d
i i g u r e s c a n be g iv e n f o r t h e m e m b e r ­ lio v - m a n a g e m o n t c o m m i t t e e s i n e a c li in 1941 b y t h e - B u r e a u o f N a t i o n a l
s h i p o f e a c h u n i o n in t h i s i n d u s t r y . p l a n t . E x a m p l e s a r e IJ. S . S te e l C o, A f f a i r s , I n c ., W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . T h i s
O f t h e c h e m ic a l w o r k e r s u n d e r a g r e e ­ w i tli 0 5 ; 1C. I. d u l ’o u t d e N e m o u r s & is a h a n d b o o k f o r e m p lo y e r s , e m p lo y ­
m e n t, a b o u t 85 p e rc e n t a r e re p re s e n te d Co. w itli 5 0 ; W e s tin g h o u s o E l e c tr ic & ees, a n d t h e ir r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s o u tlin in g
in a lm o s t e q u a l p ro p o r tio n b y D is tric t M fg . C o , w i t h 2 8 ; B e t h le h e m S t e e l C o. te c h n iq u e s o f n e g o tia tin g a n d a d m in ­
5 0 a n d b y t h e C h e m ic a l C o u n c il a n d w i t h 27 ; a n d A n a c o n d a C o p p e r A lin in g i s t e r i n g c o n t r a c t s . I t in c l u d e s a t o p i c a l
o t h e r A,l>\ o f 1.. f e d e r a l u n i o n s ; a b o u t C o . w i t h 10, O t h e r c h e m ic a l c o m p a n ie s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f s o m e 2 ,0 0 0 c o n t r a c t
five, p e r c e n t b y t h e M in e , M ill a n d h a v i n g s u c h c o m m i t t e e s in c lu d e A l u m i ­ c l a u s e s u s w e ll a s t e x t s o f r e p r e s e n t a ­
S m e l t e r W o r k e r s ; a n d a b o u t 10 p e r ­ n u m C o . o f A m e r ic a , A t l a s P o w d e r t i v e c o lle c ti v e b a r g a i n i n g c o n t r a c t s .
c e n t by o th e r u n io n s . C o ., D o w C h e m ic a l C o ., l l a r s h a w C h e m ­ In c lu d e d a r e d a ta o n a n u m b e r o f
W ith in th e p a s t s ix m o n th s m o re ic a l C o ., S h e l l D e v e lo p m e n t C o ., M o n ­ c o n t r a c t s w i t h c h e m ic a l p l a n t s .
th o rn 1 ,8 0 0 l a k e r - m a n a g e m e n t c o m m i t ­ s a n t o C h e m ic a l C o ., K o p p e r s C o ., C el- A ls o u s e f u l i s “ H o w C o lle c ti v e B a r ­
t e e s c o v e r in g o v e r l lir e e m il l i o n w o r k ­ an o .se C o r p . o f A m e r ic a , H e r c u l e s P o w ­ g a in in g W o rk s ,” p u b lis h e d by th e
e rs h a v e b een v o lu n ta r ily e s ta b lis h e d d e r C o ., E a s t m a n K o d a k C o ., N i a c o t T w e n tie th C e n tu ry F u n d , N ew Y o rk ,
in v ir t u a lly e v ery in d u s tr y a n d e v ery C h e m ic a ls C o r p ., a n d a n u m b e r o f in 1942. T h is is a f a c tu a l s u rv e y o f
s ta te . T h e p r im a r y p u rp o s e o f th e se o th e rs . T h e s e p r o g r e s s i v e c o m p a n ie s , la b o r-m a n a g e m e n t r e la tio n s in le a d in g
c o m m i t t e e 3 ’3 t o i n c r e a s e w a r p r o d u c ­ w ith th e ir j o in t la b o r-m a n a g e m e n t co m ­ A m e r ic a n i n d u s t r i e s . A l t h o u g h l i t t l e
tio n , h u t a ll ty p e s o f m o ra le a n d in ­ m i t t e e s , a r e n o t o n ly e x p e d i t i n g p r o d u c ­ is g i v e n o n t h e c h e m i c a l i n d u s t r i e s ,
fo r m a tio n a l a c tiv itie s r e la tin g to w a r t i o n o f w a r m a t e r i a l s n o w b u t , in c e r ta in o th e r in d u s tr ie s a s ru b b e r p ro d ­
a c tiv itie s h a v e b een re p o rte d . T hese a d d itio n , th e y a r e la y in g th e f o u n d a ­ u c ts , g la s s , e le c tr ic a l p r o d u c ts , s te e l,
in c lu d e p ro g r a m s to c la r if y th e w o r k ­ tio n s fo r h a rm o n io u s la b o r r e la tio n s co al m in in g a n d o th e rs a r e d e a lt w ith
e r ’s p la c e iu t i i e w a v e f f o r t , i n c r e a s i n g a f te r th e w a r. in g r e a t d e ta il.
p l a n t e ffic ie n c y , e x t e n d i n g m a t e r i a l e o n - L a b o r u n i o n s t h e m s e lv e s h a v e m a d e
UNION AGREEMENTS
T h e f o ll o w i n g a u a l y s i s i s b a s e d o n
1 9 4 1 S e le c te d T r a d e U n io n M e m b e rs h ip ! a s t u d y o f S 4 a g r e e m e n t s i n t h e file s
of th e B u re a u of L a b o r S ta tis tic s ,
American Federation of Labor*
w h ic h c o v e r c h e m ic a l p l a n t s i n I S
Asbestos W orkers, In tern atio n al Ass rotation of H e a t an d F ro st Insulators a n d ................. 4 ,0 0 0
B rew ery, F lour, C ereal an d S o ft D rink W orkers of America. In te rn a tio n a l Union of s ta te s . T h e a n a ly s is in c lu d e s a ll th e
U n ite d ................................................................... *........................... 40,000 m a jo r a g re e m e n ts k n o w n to th e B u r e a u
B rick and O lay W orkers of A m erica. U n ite d .......................... t l ,500 to b e in fo rc e i n M a y 1942. T h e n u m ­
C em ent. Lime and Gy iwum W orkers' In te rn a tio n a l U nion, U n ite d ....................................... 10.S00 b e r o f w o r k e r s c o v e re d , b y t h e s e a g r e e ­
C leaning and D.ve H ouse W orkers. In te rn a tio n a l A ssociation o f ............................................. 10,400
D iiU U ery,R ectifying an d W ine W orkers In te rn a tio n a l U n io n .................. 3.300 m e n ts v a rie s : 34 a g re e m e n ts c o v e r
D raftsm en 's U nions, In te rn a tio n a l Fed eratio n of Technical E n g in eers, A rchitects a n d . . 2,300 le s s t h a n 1 0 0 w o r k e r s e a c h , 3 0 b e tw e e n
E lectrical W orkers, In tern atio n al B rotherhood o f . . , , ........... ................. ................................ 301,000 1 0 0 a n d 5 0 0 w o r k e r s , fiv e b e tw e e n 5 0 0
Engineers. In tern atio n al Union ol O p e ra tin g ....................................... 80,000
G lass B o ttle Blowers' Association of th e V . S. an d C a n a d a . ............................ 30,000 a n d 1 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s , a n d 10 o v e r 1 ,0 0 0
G lass W orkers’ U nion, American F lin t. .................................................................................... 30,300 w o rk e rs.
H od C arriers’ Building and Common L ab o rers' U nion of A merica, In te rn a tio n a l............. 183 .700 L a r g e s t o f t h e s e c h e m ic a l c o m p a n i e s
M achinists, in te rn a tio n a l A ssociation o f . ........... ............................................................... 221,800
a n d th e n u m b e r o f p la n ts fo r w h ic h
M ine W orkers of A merica, In te rn a tio n a l Union Progressive. ............................ 35,000
P a p e r M akers. In tern atio n al B ro th e rh o o d ...................................................................................... 25,800 a g r e e m e n t s a r e i n t h e B u r e a u ’s file s ,
Plum bers and Steam Fitters, of th e U n ite d S ta te s ami C anada. U nited Association of a r e a s fo llo w s : A m e ric a n C y a n a m id
Journeym en.................. 45,400 C o . ( 2 ) : A m e r i c a n P o t a s h & C h e m ic a l
Powxter and H igh Explosive W orkers of A merica, U n ite d ............... 100
P u lp . S ulphite and P a p e r M ill W orkers, In te rn a tio n a l B rotherhood o f................................. 44,200 C o . (1 } -. C e l l u l o i d C o r p o r a t i o n ( 1 ) ;
T eam sters, Chauffers, W arehousem en a n d H elpers of America, In te rn a tio n a l B rother­ D i a m o n d A l k a l i C o . ( 3 ; ; D o w C h e m i­
hood o i ..................................................................................................... 408,300 c a l C o. ( 2 ) : E le e tro - M e ta llu rg ic a l C o.
T extile W orkers of America, U n ite d - ................. 15,200
(1 ); M o n s a n to C h e m ic a l C o . (5 );
Congress of In dustrial O rganisations * P itts b u rg h P la te G la s s (C o lu m b ia
A lum inum W orkers of America U9391.............................................................. .............................. 31.000 C h e m ic a l D i v i s i o n ) ( 1 > : P o ta s h C o.
A rchitects. Engineers, C hem ists and Technicians. Federation o f............................................. 8,500 o f A m e ric a ( 1 ) ; a n d U n ite d S ta te s
D istillery W orkers Organising C o m m ittee (1939). ................................................................ 3,000
P o t a s h C o . ( 1 ) . I m p o r t a n t c o m p a n ie s
G as, B y-Product Coke and Chem ical W orkers, D is tric t 50, U nited M ine W orkers tJ a n .
1042)........................................................................................................................................................ 52,000 in th e i n d u s tr y w ith a l l o r m o s t o f
G lass, C eram ic, and Silica Sand W o rk ers of Am erica, Federation o f ...................... ............... 22,000 th e ir p la n ts n o t u n d e r a g re e m e n t in ­
M ine, M ill a n d S m elter W orkers, in te rn a tio n a l U nion o f........................ 60,000 c lu d e B a k e lite C o r p o r a tio n , C a r b id e &
Aline W orkers of A merica, U n ite d .............................................. 000 ,0 )0
Office and professional W orkers of Am erica, U n ite d ........................................................ 30.000 C a r b o n C h e m i c a l s C o r p ., B . I . d u P o n t
Gil W orkers In te rn a tio n a l Union , 1939)................ : ..................................................................... 27.000 d e N e m o u r s & C o ., M a t h i e s o n A l k a l i
R ubber W orkers of A merica, U n ite d ................... 75,000 C o ., K o h rn & H a a s , a n d T e n n e s s e e K a s t ­
S te e l W orkers Organising C om m ittee ...................................................................................... 600,000
Stone and Allied Products W orkers of Am erica, U n ite d ......................................... 3,600 m a n C o.
Textile W orkers Union of A m erica......................................... 450,000
T ran sp o rt W orkers Union of A m e ric a . .......... 95,000 DURATION OF AGREEMENTS
1” How Collective Bargaining W orks,” T w en tieth C entury F u n d , X . V. (1942.) A p p r o x i m a t e l y SO p e r c e n t o f t h e
* Based on per c ap ita paym ents to th e A .F . of L. for the fiscal year Aug. 31, 1940- Aeg. 31, 1941. a g re e m e n ts , in c lu d in g m o s t o f th e m a ­
1 U nless otherw ise indicated, figures are th e la te s t o btainable for 1941. T he figures are n o t
necessarily based on dues paym ents. j o r c o m p a n ie s , a r e i n e f f e c t f o r o n e

10 0 » J A S l'.U tY ffljd C H E M IC A L à M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G
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u n le s s n o tic e o f in te n tio n to c h a n g e A p p r o x im a te P e r c e n t a g e o f T o ta l W o rk e rs
C o v e r e d by O u ts id e U n io n s 90or
o r t e r m i n a t e is g iv e n b y e i t h e r p a r t y .
T h e d u ra tio n o f a ll b u t one of th e r e ­ 10-25 2 5 -4 5 4 5 -5 5 5 5 -7 5 7 5 -9 0 M ore
T
m a in in g a g re e m e n ts v a rie s fro m te n A lu m in u m
m o n th s to th re e y e a rs .
H o s t o f t h e a g r e e m e n t s s p e c if y t h e B re w in g
a m o u n t o f a d v a n c e n o tic e w h ic h m u s t
C em ent
b e g iv e n b y e i t h e r p a r t y t o e ffe c t a
c h a n g e o r fo r te rm in a tio n a t e x p ira ­ C h e m ic a ls 2
t i o n . T h e u s u a l n o tic e p e r io d , f o u n d
i n s l i g h t l y o v e r GO p e r c e n t o f t h e a g r e e ­ C o al M in in g
m e n t s , i s 3 0 d a y s ; i n 11 a g r e e m e n t s i t
E l e c t r i c a l M fg
i s GO d a y s . O t h e r p e r i o d s s p e c ifie d
a r e 40, 45, a n d 70 d a y s. O ne a g re e ­ G la s s C o n ta in e r s
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a f t e r n o t i c e is g i v e n i n o r d e r t o n e g o ­
t i a t e a n e w a g r e e m e n t . A c c o r d in g to L e a th e r(ta n n e rle s )
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t h e e x p i r a t i o n d a t e , fiv e d a y s i n tw o P e tro le u m R e fin in g
a g r e e m e n t s a n d 2 0 d a y s in f o u r a g r e e ­
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if n e g o tia tio n s a r e in p ro g r e s s w h e n T e x tile s
t h e a g r e e m e n t s e x p ir e . T h e e x te n s io n
ip l i m i t e d t o GO a n d 3 0 d a y s i n tw o 1 F ro m "H o w C o lle ctiv e B a r g a in in g W o rk s” . T lic T w e n tie th C e n tu ry F u n d , New
a g r e e m e n t s , a n d 10 d a y s i n o n e . T h e Y ork, N. Y. (1 9 4 2 ). T h e s e e s tim a te s a p p ly to th e p e rio d 1 9 3 9 -1 9 4 0 , so t h a t a nu m b er
a g r e e m e n t s o f t h e D ia m o n d A l k a l i C o., o f th e m m a y now be to o low . “ A b o u t 35 p e rc e n t a s o f M ay, 1942. 3 In c lu d e s m etal
m in in g a n d n o n -fe rro u s s m e ltin g a n d fa b ric a tio n (e x c lu d in g a lu m in u m ).
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a n y n ew a g re e m e n t th u s re a c h e d r e t r o ­ m e m b e r s h ip . O n e o f th e s e , th e r e s u l t b a r g a i n i n g a g e n c y f o r a ll w o r k e r s . C e r- ■
a c tiv e to th e e x p ir a tio n d a te . o f a n a r b i t r a t i o n a w a r d , s p e c ifie s t h a t t a i n o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p s , s u c h a s office
t h e c o m p a n y s h a l l “ r e v ie w ” i t s r e l a ­ e m p lo y e e s , s u p e r v i s o r s a n d f o r e m e n , ■
U N IO N STA TU S tio n s h ip w ith th e u n io n w ith a n y n ew a n d l a b o r a t o r y te c h n i c i a n s u s u a l l y a r e H
A b o u t t e n p e r c e n t o f t h e c h e m ic a l e m p lo y e e w h o f a i l s t o j o i n t h e u n io n . e x c lu d e d f r o m c o v e r a g e . F o u r a g r e e ­
w o r k e r s c o v e r e d h v u n i o n a g r e e m e n ts I f t h e u n io n t h e n fe e ls t h a t t h e r e s u l t m e n ts e i t h e r g r a n t th e u n io n t h e b a r - |j j
a r e e m p lo y e d u n d e r c lo se d - o r u n io n - o f t h e r e v ie w w e a k e n s t h e s t a t u s o f g a i n i n g p o w e r f o r i t s m e m b e r s o n ly ,
s h o p c o n d i t i o n s . O f t h e 19 a g r e e m e n ts th e u n io n , b o th c o m p a n y a n d u n io n o r f a i l t o s p e c if y t h e r e c o g n itio n s t a t u s
w i t h c lo s e d - o r u n io n - s h o p p r o v is io n s , a g re e to s u b m it th e m a tte r to a r b i t r a ­ e x te n d e d t o t h e u n io n .
o n ly o n e is w i t h a l a r g e c o m p a n y . N in e t io n . I n a n o t h e r , t h e c o m p a n y “ r e ­
s e rv e s th e r ig h t , a lth o u g h i t is n o t A C TIV IT IE S A F F E C T IN G STATUS
re q u ire th e c o m p a n y to h ir e th ro u g h
th e u n io n , u s u a lly w ith th e r e q u ire ­ o b l i g a t e d ,” t o d i s m i s s a n y e m p lo y e e T h i r t y - f o u r o f t h e a g r e e m e n ts i n ­
m e n t t h a t th e u n io n m u s t f u r n is h w h o f a i l s t o m a i n t a i n lii3 m e m b e r s h ip c lu d e c la u s e s s p e c if i c a lly f o r b id d in g |V
n e e d e d m e n w i t h i n a g iv e n tim e , r a n g ­ o r w h o f a i l s t o j o i n w i th in 30 d a y s co m p a n y d is c rim in a tio n o n a c c o u n t of
i n g f r o m 4 -4 8 h o u r s . I f t h e u n i o n is a f t e r e m p lo y m e n t. u n io n m e m b e r s h ip o r a c t i v i t y . F o u r
u n a b l e t o c o m p ly , t h e c o m p a n y m a y P e rh a p s i t is s ig n ific a n t th a t, b e ­ a g r e e m e n t s p r o v id e d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n |j j
h i r e d i r e c t l y , b u t s u c h e m p lo y e e s m u s t c a u s e o f a s t r i k e s ta g e d i n a p o w d e r w h ic h m a y in c lu d e d is c h a r g e b y t h e
j o i n t h e u n i o n w i t h i n a s h o r t p e r io d . p l a n t b y t h e C h e m ic a l W o r k e r s U n io n , c o m p a n y f o r e m p lo y e e s w h o e n g a g e i n 9
O n e c lo s e d - s h o p a g r e e m e n t p r o v id e s r e ­ A .F . o f L ., t h e W .L .B . to o k a w a y a n t i - u n i o n a c t i v i t y o n c o m p a n y p r c tn - jj
c o u rs e to a r b itr a tio n s h o u ld th e com ­ d u rin g e a rly D ecem ber fo r th e fir s t is e s . I n a n o t h e r a g r e e m e n t t h e c o m - IB
p a n y r e f u s e t o d i s c h a r g e a n y e m p lo y e e t i m e a n e s t a b l i s h e d m a in te n a n c e - o f - p u n y m u s t p o s t t h e a g r e e m e n t a n d in - J ljf
s u s p e n d e d o r e x p e lle d f r o m t h e u n io n , m e m b e r s h ip c la u s e f r o m a u n io n . T h e s t r u c t t h e s u p e r v i s o r y s t a f f t o c o m p ly Jjjj
e x c e p t fo r n o n -p a y m e n t o f d u es. u n a n i m o u s d e c is io n a ffe c te d t h e E a s t w i t h i t s te r m s . A p p r o x i m a t e l y h a l f j§ |
A m o d if ie d u n i o n s h o p , u n d e r w h ic h A lto n M fg . C o ., E a s t A lto n , 111., a n d t h e a g r e e m e n t s w h ic h in c lu d e c la u s e s JH
a l l n e w b u t n o t o ld e m p lo y e e s m u s t r e s u l t e d i n c lo s in g o f t h e a d j o i n i n g fo rb id d in g com pany d is c rim in a tio n IP
j o i n t h e u n i o n i s s p e c ifie d i n t h r e e W e s t e r n C a r t r i d g e C o. p l a n t , m a k i n g a g a i n s t u n io n e m p lo y e e s a l s o p r o h i b i t IJP
a g re e m e n ts . O ne o f th e s e a n d o n e o th e r m o r e t h a n 1 0 ,0 0 0 e m p lo y e e s id le . c o e r c io n a n d d i s c r i m i n a t i o n a g a i n s t “
p r o v i d e f o r p r e f e r e n c e i n h i r i n g to I n t h i s c a s e , i f t h e u n i o n c o n v in c e s n o n - u n io n e m p lo y e e s b y t h e u n io n .
u n i o n m e m b e r s . “ M a in t e n a n c e o f m e m ­ t h e W .L .B . o f i t s “ g o o d f a i t h a n d S l i g h t l y o v e r o n e - f o u r th o f t h e a g r e e ­
b e r s h i p ” c la u s e s a r e in c lu d e d i n tw o re s p o n s ib ility ” a f te r a s ix m o n th s ’ p r o ­ m e n ts p r o h i b i t u n i o n a c t i v i t y ( e x c e p t
a g r e e m e n t s w h ic h r e q u i r e t h o s e e m ­ b a t i o n a r y p e r io d , i t w i l l b e g r a n t e e by c o m p a n y p e rm is s io n ) o r s o lic ita tio n
p lo y e e s w h o h a v e j o i n e d t h e u n i o n o r th e u s u a l v o lu n ta r y m a in te n a n c e p ro v i o f m e m b e r s o n c o m p a n y ti m e , a n d a
w h o m a y becom e m e m b e rs to m a in ta in s io n , w i t h a 1 5 - d a y “ e s c a p e c l a u s e ” fe w p r o h i b i t s u c h a c t i v i t i e s o n c o m ­
t h e i r m e m b e r s h ip i n g o o d s t a n d i n g a s w h ic h w a s n o t in c lu d e d i n t h e m a i n ­ p a n y p r o p e r t y . O n e a g r e e m e n t, h o w ­
a c o n d i t i o n o f c o n t i n u e d e m p lo y m e n t. te n a n c e p r o v is io n i n t h e o ld c o n t r a c t . e v e r , in w h ic h t h e c o m p a n y s t a t e s t h a t
Two a g re e m e n ts c o n ta in c la u s e s I n 4 9 o f t h e 8 4 a g r e e m e n ts r e v ie w e d i t w ill e n c o u r a g e u n i o n m e m b e r s h ip ,
w h ic h s t r e n g t h e n t h e u n i o n 's p o s itio n b v t h e U . S . D e p t, o f L a b o r , t h e u n io n s - p e rm its th e s h o p s te w a rd to s o lic it

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G • JA N U A R Y W S 101
 u n io n m e m b e rs h ip o n c o m p a n y p r o p ­ w o r k , b u t a r e n o t g iv e n e m p l o y m e n t f o r o v e rtim e p a y re q u ire m e n ts o f th e F a i r
e r t y d u r i n g t h e 6 0 d a y s f o ll o w i n g t h e a fu ll s h if t. U s u a lly , th e m in im u m L a b o r S t a n d a r d s A c t. U n d e r t h e W e s t
s ig n in g o f th e a g re e m e n t. c a ll p a y v a rie s fro m tw o t o f o u r E n d C h e m ic a l C o. a g r e e m e n t , p r o d u c ­
h o u rs , w ith th e l a t t e r m o s t fre q u e n t. tio n w o rk e rs o n c o n tin u o u s o p e ra tio n s
WAGE AGREEMENTS
T w o a g re e m e n ts , h o w e v e r, g u a r a n te e w o r k s i x 4 0 - h o u r w e e k s a n d tw o 48-
N e a r ly h a lf o f th e a g re e m e n ts c o n ­ e m p lo y e e s a f u l l s h i f t ’s w o r k . T e n h o u r w e e k s i n a n e ig h t- w e e k p e r i o d ;
t a i n d e ta ile d o c c u p a tio n a l w a g e l i s t ­ a g r e e m e n t s a s s u r e a m i n i m u m o f tw o o t h e r p r o d u c t i o n e m p lo y e e s , h o w e v e r ,
in g s . A n a d d i t i o n a l 14 p e r c e n t c o n ­ h o u r s ’ p a y if n o w o rk is a v a ila b le f o llo w t h e p r e v a i l i n g s t a n d a r d . U n d e r
ta in m in im u m w a g e r a te s . A b o u t one- a n d f o u r h o u r s ’ p a y if w o rk is s ta r te d . t h e t e r m s o f t h e D o w C h e m ic a l ( G r e a t
f o u r t h o f t h e a g r e e m e n t s s p e c if y b e ­ T w o - f if th s o f t h e a g r e e m e n t s g u a r ­ W e s te rn D iv is io n ) a g re e m e n t, s h if t
g i n n e r s ’ o r n e w e m p lo y e e s ’ r a t e s b e lo w a n t e e p a y f o r a s p e c if i e d n u m b e r o f w o rk e rs a v e ra g e 42 h o u rs p e r w eek in
th e m in im u m fo r a s tip u la te d p e rio d , h o u r s t o e m p lo y e e s c a l le d b a c k t o w o r k a n y p e r i o d o f 2 0 c o n s e c u tiv e w e e k s ;
r a n g i n g f r o m tw o w e e k s t o s i x m o n t h s . a f t e r h a v i n g c o m p le te d t h e i r r e g u l a r o t h e r e m p lo y e e s a r e o n a n e i g h t - h o u r
T h e o t h e r a g r e e m e n t s d o n o t in c l u d e s h ift. T h e r a t e s p e c if ie d is u s u a l l y d a y , 4 0 - li o u r w e e k b a s i s . O n e a g r e e ­
w ag e ra te s as su ch , b u t u s u a lly in d i­ t h a t a llo w e d f o r o v e r t i m e , a l t h o u g h m e n t fix e s a n e i g h t - h o u r d a y w i t h o u t
c a t e t h a t p r e s e n t w a g e le v e ls a r e t o w o rk in ex cess o f th e r e g u la r h o u rs s p e c i f y i n g w e e k ly h o u r s ; a n o t h e r s t i p u ­
b e m a i n t a i n e d o r in c r e a s e d b y a s p e c i ­ m a y n o t n e c e s s a r i l y h e in v o lv e d . T h e la te s a 4 0 -h o u r w e ek w ith o u t lim it in g
fie d a m o u n t . m in im u m g u a r a n t y v a r ie s c o n s id e ra b ly d a ily h o u rs.
A ll b u t t h r e e a g r e e m e n t s s p e c if y a n d ra n g e s fro m on e to e ig h t h o u rs ,
m in im u m w a g e r a te s a t 50 c e n ts p e r b u t is m o s t f r e q u e n tly tw o h o u rs . F iv e SHIFTS AND OVERTIME
h o u r o r m o r e . T w e lv e a g r e e m e n t s e s ­ a g re e m e n ts c o n ta in n o m in im u m g u a r ­
M o s t c h e m ic a l c o m p a n ie s o p e r a t e o n
ta b lis h m in im u m r a te s a b o v e 75 c e n ts a n t y h u t s p e c ify th e o v e rtim e r a t e fo r
a m u l t i p l e - s h i f t b a s i s o w in g t o t h e c o n ­
p e r h o u r. T h e h ig h e s t r a te s a r e s p e c i­ tim e so w o rk e d e v e n th o u g h w ith in
tin u o u s n a tu re o f th e m a n u fa c tu rin g
fie d b y a n a g r e e m e n t w h ic h s e t s a re g u la r h o u rs.
p ro c e s s e s . S h i f t r o t a t i o n i s r e q u i r e d
m i n i m u m o f 9 1 V4 c e n t s f o r h e l p e r s S ic k - b e n e f it p l a n s , u n d e r w h ic h e m ­
in 11 a g r e e m e n t s , c o v e r in g a b o u t o n e -
(w h ite ) a n d 8 5 (4 c e n ts fo r la b o re rs p lo y e e s a r e e li g i b l e f o r s ic k - b e n e f i t p a y ­
f o u r th o f tiie w o rk e rs u n d e r a g r e e ­
(c o lo re d ). T h re e a g re e m e n ts , c o v e r­ m e n t s i n c a s e o f a b s e n c e d u e t o il l n e s s
m e n t. T w o -d a y n o tic e o f s h i f t c h a n g e s
in g p la n ts lo c a te d in th e S o u th a n d o r o th e r d is a b ility , e x c e p t in c a se s
(e x c e p t in c a se s o f e m e rg e n c y ) is s p e c i­
S o u th w e s t, h a v e m in im u m r a t e s r a n g ­ w h e re c o m p e n s a tio n is p a y a b le u n d e r
fie d i n tw o G e n e r a l C h e m ic a l C o . a g r e e ­
in g fro m 32 to 50 c e n ts p e r h o u r. t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f S t a t e w o r k m e n ’s c o m ­
m e n t s a n d a n e m p lo y e e f a i l i n g t o r e ­
F o u r a g r e e m e n t s h a v e lo w e r m i n i ­ p e n s a t i o n la w s , a r e p r o v i d e d i n e i g h t
c e iv e s u c h n o t i c e is e n t i t l e d t o t h e o v e r ­
m u m ra te s fo r w om en th a n fo r m en. a g re e m e n ts . I n a ll b u t th r e e eases
tim e r a t e fo r tim e w o rk e d w ith in su c h
T h e d if f e r e n c e r a n g e s f r o m fiv e c e n t s b e n e f its a r e r e s t r i c t e d t o e m p lo y e e s
t w o - d a y p e r i o d f o r w h ic h h e h a s f a i l e d
in a n y d e p a r tm e n t to a b la n k e t 20 c e n ts w i t h a t l e a s t o n e y e a r o f s e r v ic e . t o r e c e i v e n o tic e .
per h o u r. O ne a g re e m e n t p ro ­ I n t h r e e a g r e e m e n t s c o v e r in g e m ­
E x t r a p a y r a n g i n g f r o m tw o t o s i x
t e c t s t h e p o s itio n o f m a l e e m p lo y e e s p lo y e e s o f t h e S h e ll C h e m ic a l C o . e m ­
c e n t s p e r h o u r , a n d i n o n e c a s e 10
b y fo r b id d in g h ir in g o f w o m en if th is p lo y e e s g e t h a l f p a y , b e g i n n i n g w i t h
p e r c e n t , i s p r o v i d e d f o r e m p lo y e e s o n
r e s u l t s i n t h e lo s s o f a j o b o r o f w o r k th e f o u r th d a y of d is a b ility , u p to a
s h i f t w o r k b y 14 a g r e e m e n t s . F o u r o f
b y m a le e m p lo y e e s . to ta l of fo u r w eeks d u rin g a n y y e a r
th e s e p ro v id e fo r r o ta t io n o f s h if ts .
W a g e a d ju s tm e n ts d u r in g th e te rm o f s e r v ic e , a n d e m p lo y e e s w i t h le s s t h a n
O n e a g r e e m e n t , w h ic h d o e s n o t p r o v i d e
o f t h e a g r e e m e n t a r c a llo w e d i n o v e r o n e y e a r o f s e rv ic e a r e e n title d to p r o
f o r s h i f t r o t a t i o n , s p e c if i e s t i m e a n d
o n e -h a lf of th e a g re e m e n ts , c o v e rin g r a t a b e n e f its . A n o t h e r a g r e e m e n t s t a t e s
a q u a r t e r f o r r e g u l a r e m p lo y e e s o n
th e sam e p ro p o r tio n of w o rk e rs. t h a t i n j u r e d e m p lo y e e s s h a l l b e c o m ­
n i g h t s h i f t , w h i l e t e m p o r a r y e m p lo y ­
. S lig h tly o v e r h a lf o f th e se p e r m it th e p e n s a te d d u r in g th e o n e w eek “ w a itin g
e e s r e c e i v e a f iv e - c e n t d i f f e r e n t i a l . T h e
q u e s tio n o f w ag es to be re o p e n e d w h e n ­ p e rio d ” p ro v id e d under th e S ta te
P a c if ic C o a s t B o r a x C o. a g r e e m e n t p r o ­
e v e r th e re is a c h a n g e in c o s t o f liv ­ W o r k m e n ’s c o m p e n s a t i o n a c t .
v id e s t h a t e m p lo y e e s “ r e g u l a r l y r e ­
in g . O n ly n i n e , n e g o t i a t e d w i t h s m a l l e r
HOURS AND OVERTIME q u ire d t o w o r k in r o t a t i o n ” s h a l l
i c o m p a n ie s , r e q u i r e a u t o m a t i c a d j u s t -
“ w h ile p e r f o r m i n g s u c h s h i f t w o r k ” b e
) m e n t o f w a g e s t o c o s t o f l i v in g , A lm o s t a ll o f th e a g re e m e n ts p ro v id e
p a id a d iff e r e n tia l, b u t t h a t o n ly th e
i A c o m m o n p ro v is io n , fo u n d in o v e r f o r a r e g u l a r e i g h t - h o u r d a y a n d 40-
seco n d a n d t h i r d s h if ts a r e e n title d to
j¡ t h r e e - f o u r t h s o f t h e a g r e e m e n t s , re - h o u r w e e k . O n ly fiv e a g r e e m e n t s c o n ­
t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l o n f ix e d s h i f t s . T h e
t q u ir e s p a y m e n t o f a m in im u m a m o u n t ta in p ro v is io n s d iff e r in g fro m th is
M o n s a n t o C h e m ic a l C o. ( S p r i n g f i e l d ,
. t o e m p lo y e e s w h o r e p o r t t o w o r k a t s t a n d a r d , a l t h o u g h a l l w o r k w e e k s in
M a s s .) p r o v i d e s a 2 '/a - c e n t h o u r l y d i f ­
^ t h e u s u a l h o u r o r w h o a r e c a l le d t o e x c e s s o f 4 0 h o u r s a r e a f f e c te d b y t h e
fe re n tia l fo r a ll r o ta tin g s h if t w o rk ­
I e r s ; C a t a l i n C o r p o r a t i o n p a y s a fiv e -
c e n t h o u r ly s h i f t p re m iu m fo r n ig h t-
s h ift w o rk e rs on r o ta tin g s h ifts . T h e
D ia m o n d A l k a l i C o. a g r e e m e n t ( F a i r -
p o r t H a r b o r , O h io ) p r o v i d e s f o r s h i f t
ro ta tio n a n d g r a n ts a th re c -c e n t h o u rly
d iffe re n tia l fo r a fte rn o o n a n d n ig h t
s h if ts fo r th o s e n o t o n r o ta tio n .
O v e r tim e r a t e o f t i m e a n d o n e - h a lf
a p p lie s to w o rk in e x c e ss o f e ith e r
e ig h t h o u rs p e r d a y o r 40 h o u rs p e r
w e e k , w i t h b u t fe w e x c e p t i o n s . A b o u t
15 p e r c e n t o f t h e a g r e e m e n t s s p e c i f ­
ic a lly s t i p u l a t e t h a t th e r e s h a ll be n o
d u p lic a tio n o f o v e rtim e p a y a lth o u g h
o th e rs m a y , in p ra c tic e , be so in te r ­
p re te d . I n a fe w c a se s, p a r tic u la r ly
fo r s h i f t w o rk e rs , o v e rtim e is p e r ­
m itte d o n ly fo r w o rk b e y o n d 4 0 h o u rs .
T h e S h e l l C h e m ic a l C o. a g r e e m e n t s
r e q u ir e a m in im u m o f o n e h o u r o v e r­
tim e p a y ev en th o u g h a c t u a l o v e rtim e

& M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G
 w o r k e d is le s s . F o u r a g r e e m e n ts p r o ­
v id e t h a t a n y c h a n g e s m a d e i n t h e
l e g a l o v e r t i m e p r o v is io n s o f t h e F a i r
L a b o r S ta n d a r d s A c t s h a ll su p e rse d e
t h e h o u r s a n d o v e r t i m e p r o v is io n s o f
th e a g re e m e n t.
A p p r o x i m a t e l y o n e - f if th o f t h e a g r e e ­
m e n ts , in c lu d in g m o s t of th e la rg e
p l a n t s , s t a t e t h a t o v e r tim e is t o b e
d i s t r i b u t e d e q u a l l y a m o n g a l l e m p lo y ­
e e s a f f e c te d . T o e n f o r c e t h i s p r o v is io n ,
t h e D ia m o n d A l k a l i a n d s e v e r a l M o n ­
s a n to a g re e m e n ts re q u ire th e co m p a n y
to p o s t a r e c o r d o f o v e r t i m e w o r k e d
in e a c h d e p a r t m e n t . A b o u t 15 p e r c e n t
o f th e a g re e m e n ts p ro v id e t h a t e m ­
p lo y e e s d o n o t h a v e t o t a k e t i m e o ff
to o ffse t a n y o v e rtim e w o rk e d .

H O LID A Y S
S ix t e e n o f t h e 8 4 a g r e e m e n t s p r o ­
v id e p e n a l t y r a t e s f o r S a t u r d a y w o r k B r o o k , X . ,T.) , G e n e r a l C h e m ic a l Co. n e w jo b w i t h o u t lo s s o f s e n i o r i t y r i g h t s
f o r a l l o r s o m e o f t h e w o r k e r s . F iv e ( P o r t C h ic a g o , C a l if .) a n d liv e o t h e r w ith t h e c o m p a n y . G e n e r a l C h e m ic a l
( t h r e e p l a n t s e m p lo y in g le s s t h a n 100 a g r e e m e n t s r e q u i r e tw o ■ years’ s e r v ic e C o. ( C h ic a g o , 111.) c a n c e ls t h e s e n i o r i t y
w o r k e r s , a n d tw o w i t h le s s t h a n 3 0 0 ) f o r o n e w e e k 's v a c a t i o n ; o n e a g r e e ­ o f e m p lo y e e s w h o w o r k e ls e w h e re w h ile
p r o v i d e t i m e a n d o n e - h a lf f o r a l l w o r k m e n t re q u ir e s 2 y2 y e a r s ; a n d th re e o n le a v e .
o n S a tu r d a y re g a rd le s s o f w h e th e r o r a g r e e m e n t s r e q u i r e t h r e e y e a r s ’ s e r v ic e . O n e a g r e e m e n t p r o v id e s t h a t if a n
n o t s u c h w o r k c o m e s w i t h i n t h e 4 0- P ro v is io n fo r lo n g e r v a c a tio n s fo r e m p lo y e e o f th e c o m p a n y w h o is n o t
h o u r w e e k . I n t h e D o w C h e m ic a l ( M i d ­ e m p lo y e e s w i t h a d d i t i o n a l y e a r s o f e s s e n t i a l t o i t s c o n tin u e d o p e r a t i o n
la n d , M ic h .), A m e r ic a n C y a n a m id s e r v ic e is fo u n d in (10 a g r e e m e n t s i n ­ p r o c u r e s a jo b in a d e f e n s e i n d u s t r y ,
( B o u n d B r o o k , N . J - ) , C e l lu lo id C o r ­ c lu d i n g a l l t h e m a j o r p l a n t s . W i t h a n d t h e d e f e n s e i n d u s t r y c e r tif ie s t h a t
p o r a t i o n , H a r s h a w C h e m ic a l, G e n e r a l o n e e x c e p tio n t h e a g r e e m e n ts s e t a s u c h e m p lo y e e is e s s e n tia l in t h a t i n ­
A n i l i n e W o r k s ( R e n s s e l a e r , N . Y .) , l i m i t o f tw o w e e k s ’ v a c a t i o n f o r v a r y ­ d u s t r y , t h e n th e u n io n a n d th e e m ­
a n d s ix o th e r a g re e m e n ts (c o v e rin g in g p e r io d s o f s e r v ic e . F iv e y e a r s ’ s e r v ­ p lo y e r w ill d e t e r m i n e w h e th e r s u c h
o v e r 9 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s ) t h e p e n a l t y r a t e ic e i s r e q u i r e d i n 2 0 a g r e e m e n t s ; t w o e m p lo y e e s h a l l be g r a n t e d a le a v e o f
fo r S a tu r d a y w o rk e x c lu d e s th e m a ­ y e a r s ’ s e r v ic e in 14 a g r e e m e n t s ; t h r e e a b s e n c e w i t h o u t lo s s o f s e n io r ity .
jo r i t y o f th e p ro d u c tio n w o rk e rs , v a r i ­ y e a r s ’ s e r v ic e in 10 a g r e e m e n ts . O t h e r
o u s ly d e s c r ib e d a s “ s h i f t w o r k e r s , ” a g re e m e n ts s e t a re q u ire m e n t o f fro m SE N IO R ITY A N D PR O M O T IO N S
w o r k e r s o n “ c o n t i n u o u s p r o c e s s ,” o n 15 m o n t h s to 10 y e a r s . O n e a g r e e m e n t S e n i o r i t y p r o v is io n s g r a n t i n g p r e f ­
“ n e c e s s a r y 'c o n t i n u o u s o p e r a t i o n s , ” o n g r a n t s o n e w e e k ’s v a c a t i o n w i t h SO e r e n t i a l t r e a t m e n t b a s e d o n le n g th o f
“ 7 -d a y o p e ra tio n s ,” and e m p lo y e e s h o u r s ’ p a y a f t e r fiv e y e a r s ’ s e r v ic e . s e r v ic e a r e f o u n d in a l l t h e c h e m ic a l
“ re g u la rly s c h e d u le d fo r S a tu rd a y H a l f t h e a g r e e m e n t s p e r m i t li m i t e d a g r e e m e n ts . T h e y a p p l y p r i n c i p a l l y t o
w o r k .” le a v e s o f a b s e n c e . O f th e s e , a p p r o x i ­ la y -o ff s a n d r e e m p lo y m e n t, a l t h o u g h
F o u r te e n a g re e m e n ts p ro v id e p e n a lty m a t e l y f o u r - f if th s s p e c if i c a lly c ite le a v e s e n i o r i t y i s r e c o g n iz e d a l s o a s a f a c t o r
S u n d a y ra te s fo r a ll w o rk e rs re g a rd ­ f o r u n i o n b u s in e s s . I n t h e o t h e r s , le a v e in p r o m o t io n s . M o s t o f t h e a g r e e m e n ts
le s s o f w h e t h e r s u c h w o r k i s w i t h i n o n a c c o u n t o f i lln e s s o r d e a t h in th e r e q u i r e a p r o b a t i o n a r y p e r io d o f fro m
t h e 4 0 - h o u r w e e k . I n 2 9 a g r e e m e n ts f a m ily , o r f o r o t h e r p e r s o n a l r e a s o n s , t h r e e w e e k s t o s ix m o n th s , a l t h o u g h in
p e n a lty r a te s fo r S u n d a y w o rk a re e d u c a tio n a l p u rp o s e s, o r fo r G o v e rn ­ a b o u t o n e -th ird o f th e a g re e m e n ts n o
p r o v id e d o n ly f o r p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s m e n t s e r v ic e , i s m e n tio n e d . T h e tw o p r o b a t i o n a r y p e r io d is s p e c ifie d .
w h o s e r e g u l a r s c h e d u le s d o n o t in c lu d e U n i t e d S t a t e s P o t a s h C o. a g r e e m e n ts W h e r e b o th p l a n t a n d d e p a r t m e n t
S u n d a y w o rk . A s in th e case o f S a t ­ g r a n t u p t o 3 0 d a y s ’ le a v e t o s e e k a s e n i o r i t y a r e in e ffe c t, w o r k e r s w h o
u r d a y w o r k , e m p lo y e e s e x e m p te d f r o m
t h e S u n d a y p e n a l t y r a t e in c lu d e “ s h i f t
w o r k e r s , ” e m p lo y e e s “ r e g u l a r l y s c h e d ­ O c to b e r T u rn -O v e r R a le s of F a c to r y W o r k e r s '
u le d ” fo r S u n d a y w o rk , a n d th o s e e n ­ R a te s p e r 100 E m p lo y e e s
g a g e d i n “ c o n t i n u o u s p r o c e s s ,” “ c o n ­
tin u o u s o p e ra tio n s ,” o r “ 7 -d a y o p e r a ­ Separation Rates At cession Rates
D is­ Lay- New
tio n s .” Quit charge Off Misc. Total IteUire Hire Total
O v e r tw o -th ird s o f th e a g re e m e n ts Cement 1942 4.21 0.31 0.19 1.65 6.36 0.32 4.88 5.20
e s ta b lis h a p e n a lty r a t e fo r w o rk p e r­ 1941 0.91 0.14 1.14 0.29 2.48 0.30 1.72 2.02
f o r m e d o n d e s i g n a t e d h o lid a y s . The
Chemicals 1942 4.02 0.44 0.55 1.90 6.91 0.40 7.0G 7.46
n u m b e r o f s u c h h o l i d a y s re c o g n iz e d 1941 1.39 0.41 0.71 0.30 2.87 0.29 3.72 4.01
r a n g e s f r o m tw o t o t e n , w i t h s i x m o s t
fre q u e n t. O n e -th ird o f th e se re q u ire Dyeing & 1942 6.58 1.06 0.69 2.08 10.41 1.37 9.56 10.93
finishing textiles 1941 3.01 0.34 1.14 0.28 4.77 1.36 3.68 5.04
th e p a y m e n t o f d o u b le tim e . T h e r e ­
m a in d e r, in c lu d in g m o s t o f th e o th e r Glass 1942 4.66 0.34 2.00 1.76 8.82 1.43 7.82 9 .2 5
l a r g e c o m p a n ie s , s p e c if y t i m e a n d o n e - 1941 1.63 0.26 1.48 0.61 3.98 1.81 4.19 6.00
h a lf.
P aints & 1942 6.45 0.50 0.40 2.14 9.49 0.76 7.31 8.07
varnishes 1941 1.78 0.28 1.17 0.44 3.68 0 .12 2.59 2.71
V A C A T IO N S A N D LEAVES
A n n u a l p a id v a c a tio n s a re e s ta b ­ Paper & pulp 1942 5.88 0.39 0.72 2.07 9.06 0.86 7.45 8.31
1941 1 . 6S 0.27 1.07 0.28 3.30 0.48 3.20 3.68
l is h e d in a b o u t 9 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e a g r e e ­
m e n ts . A b o u t 7 0 p e r c e n t p r o v id e o n e Petroleum re 6ning 1942 2.04 0.20 0.37 2.14 4.75 0.20 3.26 3.46
w e e k 's v a c a t i o n w i t h p a y a f t e r a y e a r 1941 0.53 0.03 1.05 0.42 2.03 0.35 1.56 1.91
o f s e r v ic e . F i v e a g r e e m e n t s p r o v id e Rayon & allied 1942 2.03 0.24 0.27 1.65 4.19 0.30 4.26 4.56
tw o w e e k s ’ v a c a t i o n a f t e r o n e y e a r o f products 1941 0.88 0.19 1.40 0.39 2.86 0.53 1.92 2.45
s e r v ic e . A m e r ic a n C y a n a m id ( B o u n d 1 U. S. D e p t, o f L a b o r , B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta t is tic s .

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G • JA N U A R Y 19Ą 3 103

 h a n d lin g d is p u te d d is c h a rg e cases
th r o u g h th e r e g u la r g rie v a n c e m a c h in ­
e r y . I n s o m e c a s e s , h o w e v e r , s p e c ia l
tim e lim its fo r s e t t lin g d is c h a rg e c a se s
a r e s p e c if ie d . O n e - f o u r t h o f t h e a g r e e ­
m e n t s r e q u i r e t h e d i s c h a r g e d e m p lo y e e
t o a p p e a l h i s c a s e w i t h i n a s p e c ifie d
t i m e ( 2 4 h o u r s t o fiv e d a y s ) o f n o tic e
o f t e r m i n a t i o n in o r d e r t o r e c e i v e f u r ­
th e r c o n s id e ra tio n . A fe w a g re e m e n ts
o rd e r t h a t th e c a s e s h a ll be d is p o se d
o f w i t h i n fiv e d a y s .
R e in s ta te m e n t w ith b ack p a y fo r a
w o rk e r fo u n d to be u n ju s tly d is c h a rg e d
is s p e c if ie d i n h a l f t h e a g r e e m e n t s . In
th re e cases, th e a m o u n t o f b a c k p a y
is to be jo in t l y d e c id e d b y th e c o m p a n v
a n d u n io n .

FO R E M E N A N D A P P R E N T IC E S
S ix te e n a g re e m e n ts r e g u la te p ro d u c ­
tiv e w o rk b y fo re m e n o r o th e r s u p e r ­
v i s o r y e m p lo y e e s . O f th e s e , m o s t p r o ­
h i b i t a n y w o r k b y f o r e m e n e x c e p t in
a r c l a i d o ff o n t h e b a s i s o f s e n i o r i t y c l u d i n g m o s t o f t h e m a j o r c o m p a n ie s . a n em e rg e n cy o r fo r in s tru c tio n . T h e
in th e g iv e n d e p a r tm e n t m a y q u a lif y M e th o d o f p r o m o t i n g a n d f i l l i n g v a ­ P itts b u rg h P la te G la s s (C o lu m b ia
fo r p o s itio n s in o th e r d e p a r tm e n ts on c a n c ie s is o u t l i n e d in a b o u t t h r e e - C h e m ic a l D i v i s i o n ) a g r e e m e n t l i m i t s
th e b a s is o f th e ir t o t a l p la n t s e n io r ity f o u r th s o f th e a g re e m e n ts . I n m o s t w o rk b y fo rem e n to n o t m o re th a n on e
a n d d is p la c e th e w o rk e rs a lr e a d y fill­ o f t h e s e , s e n i o r i t y is c o n s id e r e d a l o n g h o u r p e r w e e k ; a n d th e C a ta lin C o r­
i n g t h e s e p o s i t i o n s . A fe w a g r e e m e n t s w ith o th e r fa c to rs , s u c h a s a b ility , p o ra tio n a g re e m e n t to n o t m o re th a n
p ro v id e t h a t in o r d e r to c la im jo b s in s k i l l , a n d c o m p e te n c e . I f t h e s e q u a l i ­ 20 p e r c e n t o f th e tim e w o rk e d b y r e g u ­
o th e r d e p a r tm e n ts , e m p lo y e e s m u s t fic a tio n s a r e a p p r o x im a te ly e q u a l, s e n ­ l a r e m p lo y e e s , a n d t h e n o n l y i f t h e
h a v e h a d p r e v i o u s e x p e r ie n c e i n t h e i o r i t y is th e n m a d e t h e d e t e r m i n i n g w o r k o f t h e s h i f t c a n n o t b e f in i s h e d i n
o th e r d e p a r tm e n t. I n se v e ra l a g re e ­ f a c t o r . I n o n l y a fe w a g r e e m e n t s w i t h tim e to fit in w ith th e o p e r a tio n s o f
m e n ts , d is p la c in g o r “ b u m p in g ” a n e m ­ s m a l l c o m p a n ie s d o e s s e n i o r i t y a l o n e o th e r d e p a rtm e n ts .
p lo y e e w i t h le s s p l a n t s e n i o r i t y is p e r ­ g o v e rn p ro m o tio n . P ro v is io n s re g a r d in g a p p re n tic e s a re
m i t t e d o n l y in t h e “ y a r d ” o r g e n e r a l U n d e r a b o u t o n e -fo u r th o f th e a g r e e ­ i n c lu d e d i n 13 a g r e e m e n t s , m o s t o f
la b o r d e p a r tm e n t. S o m e a g re e m e n ts m e n ts , s u c c e s s fu l b id d e rs m u s t s e rv e a w h ic h a r e w i t h t h e l a r g e r c o m p a n ie s .
r e s t r i c t “ b u m p i n g ” r i g h t s t o e m p lo y e e s t r i a l p e rio d , g e n e r a lly 30 d a y s , o n th e S ev en a g re e m e n ts e s ta b lis h th e a p p r e n ­
w i t h a t l e a s t o n e y e a r ’s s e n i o r i t y . n e w jo b in o rd e r to q u a lif y fo r th e ti c e s h i p p e r io d a t f o u r y e a r s ; t h e r e ­
S e n i o r i t y r i g h t s a r e c o m m o n ly f o r ­ v a c a n c y . I f a n e m p lo y e e f a i l s to p r o v e m a i n d e r h a v e tw o - a n d t h r e e - y e a r p e r i ­
f e i t e d b y e m p lo y e e s w h o q u i t , a r e d i s ­ h i s a b i l i t y t o fill t h e jo b d u r i n g t h e o d s. I n o n e a g re e m e n t, h e lp e rs w ith
c h a rg e d o r f a il to r e t u r n to w o rk a f t e r t r i a l p e rio d , h e g e n e r a lly r e t u r n s to fo u r y e a r s ’ a c t u a l e x p e rie n c e a s h e lp e r
a l a y - o f f w i t h i n a s p e c if ie d p e r i o d o f h i s f o r m e r j o b w i t h o u t lo s s o f a c c u m u ­ w ho c a n p a ss a re g u la r e x a m in a tio n
tim e (f ro m 24 h o u rs to th r e e w e e k s) la te d s e n io r ity rig h ts . S even a g re e ­ fo r s e c o n d -y e a r a p p re n tic e s a re r e ­
w h e n re q u e ste d b y th e c o m p a n y to r e ­ m e n t s a l s o s e t a lo w e r r a t e f o r t h e q u i r e d t o s e r v e o n l y tw o i n s t e a d o f
p o r t ; a l s o b y e m p lo y e e s a b s e n t w i t h o u t n e w jo b w h i l e t h e e m p lo y e e i s s e r v i n g th r e e y e a r s o f a p p re n tic e s h ip .
a n a c c e p ta b le e x c u se , o r w h o w o rk e ls e ­ h i s t r i a l p e r io d . O ne a p p re n tic e to e v e ry te n jo u r n e y ­
w h e r e d u r i n g a le a v e o f a b s e n c e w i t h ­ m e n is a llo w e d i n s e v e n a g r e e m e n t s ;
o u t c o m p a n y p e rm is s io n , o r w h o f a il to D IS C H A R G E A N D Q U IT S
o n e t o fiv e i n o n e a g r e e m e n t ; a d e f i n i t e
r e t u r n b y t h e e x p i r a t i o n o f t h e i r le a v e . T h e s u b j e c t o f d i s c h a r g e is t a k e n n u m b e r f o r s p e c if i e d d e p a r t m e n t s i n
O v e r 00 p e r c e n t o f th e a g re e m e n ts u p in th r e e - f o u r tlis o f th e a g re e m e n ts , a n o th e r p ro v id e s a m a x im u m o f o n e
s p e c if i c a lly r e q u i r e t h a t s e n i o r i t y l i s t s a n d i t is u s u a lly p ro v id e d t h a t in th e to fo u r jo u rn e y m e n , w ith th e a c tu a l
a r e to b e p o s te d b y th e c o m p a n y o r e v e n t o f s u m m a ry d is m is s a l of a n e m ­ r a tio d e te rm in e d b y th e c o m p a n y w ith
bo k e p t a v a ila b le fo r in s p e c tio n b y th e p lo y e e , t h e c o m p a n y m u s t s h o w r e a s o n ­ th e a d v ic e o f th e u n io n c o m m itte e .
u n i o n o r b y t h e e m p lo y e e s . a b le c a u s e f o r s u c h d i s m i s s a l i f r e ­ S ix a g r e e m e n t s s p e c i f y t h e a g e l i m ­
q u e s te d to d o so b y e ith e r th e u n io n i t s f o r b e g i n n e r a p p r e n t i c e s ( f iv e h a v e
L A Y -O F F S A N D -P R O M O T IO N
o r t h e i n d i v i d u a l in v o lv e d . S e v e r a l o f a r a n g e f r o m 10 t o 2 3 y e a r s ) a n d o n e
U n d e r a b o u t o n e - h a lf o f t h e a g r e e ­ t h e a g r e e m e n t s g iv e a d e t a i l e d l i s t o f a g r e e m e n t , i n w h ic h a p p r e n t i c e s m u s t
m e n ts , s e n io r ity is th e d e te r m in in g re a so n s ju s tify in g d is c h a rg e . Som e b e s e le c te d f r o m a m o n g h e l p e r s i n t h e
f a c t o r i n s e l e c t i n g w o r k e r s f o r la y - o f f m e r e l y r e q u i r e t h a t a n y d i s c h a r g e be c r a f t w i t h a t l e a s t t w o y e a r s ’ s e r v ic e ,
a n d r e h i r i n g . O t h e r a g r e e m e n t s s p e c if y fo r “good c a u s e ” ; o th e rs m a k e v io la ­ s e ts a n u p p e r li m i t o f 40 y e a rs .
t h a t s e n i o r i t y i s t o b e g iv e n d u e c o n ­ t i o n o f p o s te d c o m p a n y r u l e s s u f f ic ie n t R e f e r e n c e s t o t h e t r a i n i n g w h ic h a p ­
s id e r a tio n a lo n g w ith a b ility , s k ill, c a u s e fo r d is c h a rg e . E i g h t a g re e m e n ts p r e n t i c e s a r e t o r e c e i v e a r e f o u n d in
q u a l i f i c a t i o n s , a n d in a fe w i n s t a n c e s , a llo w d is c i p lin a r y a c tio n a g a i n s t e m ­ o n ly e i g h t a g r e e m e n t s . F o u r m e re ly
f a m i l y s t a t u s , p h y s i c a l f it n e s s , o r c i t i ­ p lo y e e s w h o f a i l t o r e p o r t t o w o r k a s c o n ta in a s ta te m e n t t h a t a p p re n tic e s
z e n s h ip . W h e r e th e s e o t h e r f a c t o r s a r e s c h e d u le d w i t h o u t n o t i f y i n g t h e c o m ­ s h a ll be “ g iv e n a n o p p o r tu n ity to a c ­
r e l a t i v e l y e q u a l , s e n i o r i t y is t o g o v e r n . p a n y in a d v a n c e . O n e a g r e e m e n t p r o ­ q u i r e a c o m p le te k n o w le d g e o f t h e
S e n i o r i t y q u a lif ie d b y o t h e r f a c t o r s in h ib its d is c h a rg e b e ca u se o f ag e. t r a d e , ” tw o p r o v i d e f o r a j o i n t u n io n -
d e t e r m i n i n g t h e o r d e r o f la y -o ff a n d T o s a fe g u a rd th e w o rk e r a g a in s t m a n a g e m e n t c o m m itte e to w o rk o u t a n
r e h i r e is p r o v i d e d i n a g r e e m e n t s o f a r b i t r a r y d is c h a rg e , o n e a g re e m e n t p r o ­ a p p r e n t i c e s h i p - t r a i n i n g s y s t e m a n d to
M o n s a n t o C h e m ic a l C o ., G e n e r a l C h e m ­ v id e s o n e w e e k ’s n o tic e o f t h e d i s c h a r g e c o n d u c t p e rio d ic e x a m in a tio n s to te s t
i c a l C o ., A m e r ic a n C y a n a m i d C o ., a n d b e f o r e t h e e m p lo y e e 's a c t u a l s e p a r a t i o n th e a p p re n tic e s ’ p ro g r e s s : a n d o n e p r o ­
P o t a s h C o . o f A m e r ic a . fro m th e p a y ro ll a n d p r o h ib its d is ­ v i d e s t h a t t h e c o m p a n y is t o a p p o i n t
A d v a n c e n o t i c e o f la y -o ff s t o e m ­ c h a rg e s u n til a f t e r c o n s u lta tio n w ith a n a p p r e n tic e in s tr u c to r to s u p e r v is e
p lo y e e s o r t o t h e u n i o n i s r e q u i r e d in t h e u n i o n c o m m itte e . th e tr a i n i n g o f a p p r e n tic e s a n d t h a t
a b o u t o n e -th ird th e a g re e m e n ts , i n ­ M o st of th e a g re e m e n ts p ro v id e fo r a p p re n tic e s s h a ll be r o ta te d e v e ry th re e

1 04
• JA N U A R Y 1 9 /,3 . C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G
 m o n th s a m o n g jo u rn e y m e n a n d s p e n d W h ile a l l th e c h e m ic a l a g r e e m e n ts c e a s e w o r k i f i t o r th e y so d e s ir e .”
a m a x im u m o f s ix m o n th s o n a n y o p ­ p r o v id e s o m e m a c h i n e r y f o r t h e a d j u s t ­ I n o r d e r t o f o r e s t a l l u n d u e d e la y a n d
e ra tio n . m e n t o f d is p u te s , a n d a la rg e m a jo r ­ p r o tr a c te d n e g o tia tio n s a t a n y one
'S ix a g r e e m e n t s s p e c if y t h a t a p p r e n ­ i t y p la c e r e s t r i c t i o n s o n s t r i k e s a n d s t a g e o f t h e n e g o t i a t i n g p ro c e s s , a p ­
t ic e s s h a l l r e c e iv e p e r io d ic w a g e i n ­ lo c k o u ts d u r i n g t h e te r m o f th e a g r e e ­ p r o x i m a t e l y o n e - f o u r th o f t h e a g r e e ­
c re a s e s (e v e ry s ix m o n th s o r, in o n e m e n ts , a s u b s t a n t i a l n u m b e r d o n o t m e n ts s t i p u l a t e tim e l i m i t s f o r t h e
in s ta n c e , y e a r ly ) u n ti l th e jo u r n e y ­ p r o v id e f o r t h e f in a l s e t t l e m e n t o f d i s ­ h a n d l i n g o f g r ie v a n c e s . M a n y o f th e m
m a n ’s r a t e is r e a c h e d . I n tw o a g r e e ­ p u te s b y a n im p a r tia l a r b itr a to r . p r o v id e f o r r e g u l a r m e e tin g s b e tw e e n
m e n t s w i t h t h e S h e ll C h e m ic a l C o .,
tlie u n i o n c o m m itte e a n d m a n a g e m e n t.
n e g o t i a t e d b y c r a f t u n io n s , t h e a p p r e n ­
A D JU STM EN T O F D ISPU TES M o s t o f tile a g r e e m e n ts s p e c if y t h e
ti c e r a t e a f t e r t h e f i r s t tw o y e a r s o f
A b o u t 3 2 p e r c e n t o f t h e a g r e e m e n ts s iz e o f t h e u n io n c o m m itte e , th e n u m ­
a p p r e n t i c e s h i p is t o b e n e g o t i a t e d b e ­
g r a n t t h e e m p lo y e e t h e o p t i o n o f p r e ­ b e r s p e c ifie d v a r y i n g f r o m tw o t o se v e n .
tw e e n t h e c o m p a n y a n d u n io n . T h e s e I n n in e a g r e e m e n ts o n ly e m p lo y e e s o f
a g r e e m e n t s a ls o p r o h i b i t a p p r e n t i c e s s e n t i n g g r ie v a n c e s to th e f o r e m a n a lo n e
th e co m p a n y w ith s e n io r ity s ta n d in g
fro m w o rk in g o v e rtim e u n ti l th e la s t o r o f b e in g a c c o m p a n ie d o r r e p r e s e n t e d
of fro m on e to fo u r y e a rs m a y be com ­
y e a r o f a p p re n tic e s h ip . b y t h e s h o p s t e w a r d o r o t h e r u n io n
m i t t e e m e m b e r s a n d i n o n e o f th e s e ,
o ffic ia l. T w e n ty - t w o p e r c e n t s p e c if y
M ILITA RY SERV ICE o n ly A m e r ic a n c itiz e n s . A g r e e m e n ts
t h e s t e w a r d o r u n io n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e ,
c o v e r in g 4 0 p e r c e n t o f a l l t h e w o r k e r s
F if ty - f o u r o f th e 84 a g re e m e n ts r e fe r w i t h o u t t h e e m p lo y e e , s h a l l t a k e u p
u n d e r a g r e e m e n t p r o v id e t h a t c o m m it­
to r e e m p lo y m e n t' a n d s e n i o r i t y r i g h t s g r ie v a n c e s w i t h t h e f o r e m a n . T h e r e ­
te e m e n s h a l l b e p a i d f o r t i m e lo s t in
o f e m p lo y e e s w h o v o l u n t e e r o r a r e m a i n i n g a g r e e m e n ts s t i p u l a t e t h a t t h e
a t t e n d i n g m e e tin g s w i t h m a n a g e m e n t.
d r a f t e d f o r m i l i t a r y s e r v ic e . M a n y o f e m p lo y e e is t o t a k e u p a n y g r ie v a n c e
I n a fe w c a s e s s p e c ia l p r o t e c t i o n
t h e m in c l u d e p r o v is io n s s i m i l a r t o t h e w ith h is fo re m a n d ire c tly b e fo re ta k in g
a g a i n s t d i s c r i m i n a t i o n is g iv e n t h e
i t t o t h e u n io n .
S e le c tiv e S e r v ic e A c t, O v e r h a l f o f sh o p s te w a rd a n d m e m b e rs o f th e sh o p
t h e s e a g r e e m e n t s s p e c if i c a lly p r o v id e I f n o s e t t l e m e n t is r e a c h e d w i t h t h e
c o m m itte e . N in e a g r e e m e n ts , i n c l u d ­
fo r c u m u la tio n of s e n io r ity d u r in g a n f o r e m a n , m o s t a g r e e m e n ts p r o v id e t h a t
in g s e v e r a l f o r t h e l a r g e r p l a n t s , g r a n t
e m p lo y e e ’s a b s e n c e . T h e M ic h i g a n A l­ th e m a t te r s h a ll b e re fe rr e d to th e
s p e c ia l p r e f e r e n c e t o s h o p s t e w a r d s a n d
k a l i a g r e e m e n t p r o v id e s t h a t i f 110 u n i o n g r i e v a n c e c o m m itte e w h ic h m e e ts
g r ie v a n c e c o m m itte e m e n b y s t i p u l a t i n g
w o r k is a v a i l a b l e o n h i s r e t u r n , a n w i t h t h e p l a n t m a n a g e m e n t. I f th e
t h a t t h e y s h a l l b e t h e l a s t t o h e p a id
e m p lo y e e a c c u m u l a t e s s e n i o r i t y n o t t o g r ie v a n c e is n o t a d j u s t e d a t t h i s p o i n t ,
off a n d th e f i r s t to b e r e t u r n e d a f t e r a
ex ce e d o n e y e a r fro m th e d a te o f h is i t is th e n g e n e r a l l y r e f e r r e d t o a
s h u t- d o w n .
d i s c h a r g e f r o m m i l i t a r y s e r v ic e . T h e n a t i o n a l r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e u n io n ,
D o w C h e m ic a l C o . ( G r e a t W e s t e r n D i ­ w h o ta k e s th e m a tt e r u p w ith (h e r e ­ A R BITR A TIO N
v is io n ) a g re e m e n t p r o te c ts th e p ro m o ­ s p o n s ib le o ffic ia l o f t h e c o m p a n y .
F i f t y - s i x o f t h e 8 4 a g r e e m e n ts a n ­
t i o n a l r i g h t s o f a s e le c te e w h e n a n F o r e x a m p le , t h e s e c tio n c o v e r in g a d ­
a ly z e d , c o v e r in g a b o u t 50 p e r c e n t o f
e m p lo y e e w h o r e p la c e s h i m r e c e iv e s a j u s t m e n t o f d if f e r e n c e s i n t h e c o n t r a c t
p ro m o tio n d u r in g h is a b se n c e. O n h is e n t e r e d i n t o A p r i l 2 3 , 1941 b y E . I .
r e t u r n , t h e s e le c te e is e n t i t l e d t o c o n ­ d u P o n t d e N e m o u r s & C o., P a u l s b o r o ,
s id e r a tio n fo r p ro m o tio n if h e a p p lie s N . J . p l a n t , a n d t h e U n i t e d M in e W o r k ­
W a g e S c a le s a t S h e ll D e v e lo p m e n t Co.,
w ith in 30 d a y s a f te r h is r e t u r n a n d e r s o f A m e r ic a , D i s t r i c t N o . 5 0 (C .I .O .)
E m e ry v ille , C a lii., a s D e fin e d in th e
is a s f o llo w s :
t h e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s o f b o t h e m p lo y e e s F.A .E .C .T . C o n tr a c t1 (Not A p p lic a b le to
a re th e n re fe rr e d to a b ip a r tis a n co m ­ “ ( a ) T h e u n io n s h a ll s e le c t a co m ­ P r o fe s s io n a l C h e m ists a n d E n g in e e rs )
m itte e fo r c o n s id e ra tio n . I n th e e v e n t m i t t e e o f n o t m o r e t h a n liv e e m p lo y ­
Pilot P lant Operators P er M onth
o f d is a g re e m e n t, th e c a se g o es to a r b i ­ ees w h o s h a l l a c t a s t h e S h o p C o m ­
Operator—s ta r t........................................ $145
tr a tio n . m itte e . Af ter 4 j years........................................ 205
S u p p le m e n ta ry p a y o r a b o n u s to ( b ) I n t h e e v e n t t h a t d if f e r e n c e s Relief supervisors.................................. 210
s h a l l a r i s e b e tw e e n t h e c o m p a n y a n d Shift supervisor...................................... 215
e m p lo y e e s w h o a r e d r a f t e d o r w h o v o l ­
Supervisory operator.......................... 215-225
u n t e e r f o r m i l i t a r y s e r v ic e i s p r o v id e d t h e u n io n o r i t s m e m b e r s e m p lo y e d Chief operator...................................... 220-240
u n d e r t h e A m e r ic a n C y a n a m id , A m e r i ­ a t s a id P a u ls b o ro W o rk s , th e co m ­
c an P o ta s h a n d C h e m ic a l, N i a g a r a p a n y s h a l l n o t lo c k o u t e m p lo y e e s Technicians
A lk a li, V a n a d iu m C o rp . (N ia g a ra o n a c c o u n t o f s u c h d if f e r e n c e s ; n o r Technicians—s ta r t..................................... 145
A fter 5} years......................................... 205
F a l l s ) , a n d e ig h t a d d itio n a l a g re e ­ s h a ll th e re be a su sp e n sio n of w o rk Technicians, first class—s ta r t. . . . . . 200
m e n t s . I n a fe w c a s e s , t h e s e b e n e f its b y th e u n io n o n a c c o u n t of s u c h d if ­ A fter 3 years......................................... 230
a r e r e s t r i c t e d t o e m p lo y e e s w i t h a fe r e n c e s u n le s s a n d u n t i l a n e a r n e s t
e ffo rt is m a d e to s e ttle s u c h d iffe r­ Glassblowers
g i v e n l e n g t h o f s e r v ic e , e i t h e r s i x
Glass blower's helper—s ta r t .................... 145
m o n th s o r one y e a r. T h e su m s p a id e n c e s i n t h e f o llo w in g m a n n e r :
A fte r2 j years ........................ 170
v a r y f r o m o n e w e e k t o tw o m o n t h s ' F i r s t , b e tw e e n t h e a g g r ie v e d e m ­ Glassblower, group I I I ~ s t a r t 175
p a y , o n e m o n t h b e in g m o s t c o m m o n . p lo y e e a n d a m e m b e r o r m e m b e r s of A fter 2 years ............................ 190
t h e S h o p C o m m itte e o f t h e u n i o n a n d Glassblower, group II—s t a r t 175
T h irte e n a g r e e m e n ts , i n c l u d i n g fiv e A fter 2 years.......................- ................. 210
w h ic h g r a n t s u p p l e m e n t a r y p a y , g r a n t th e fo re m a n o r s u p e rv is o r d ire c tly in Glassblower, group I—s ta r t................... 215
e a r n e d v a c a t i o n p a y t o e m p lo y e e s c a lle d ch arg e; A fter 2 years .............................. 230
f o r m i l i t a r y s e r v ic e . S e c o n d , b e tw e e n t h e a g g r ie v e d e m ­
Laboratory Helpers, la b o ra to ry
p lo y e e a n d a m e m b e r o r m e m b e r s o f A ssistants and M onitors
T h e F .A .E .C .T . h a s j u s t a n n o u n ce d t h e S h o p C o m m itte e o f th e u n i o n a n d
s u c c e ss fu l o rg a n iz a tio n o f th e P e rm a n e n te Laboratory helper—s ta r t........................ 130
M ag n e siu m la b o ra to ry a t L os A lto s, C alif, th e W o rk s S u p e rin te n d e n t. A fter 1) years................................ 160
to in c lu d e “re s e a rc h a n d c o n tro l c h em ists T h i r d , b e tw e e n th e S h o p C o m m itte e Laboratory assistant, s ta r t..................... 160
a n d th e ir a s s o c ia te s " su ch a s “ p ro f e s ­ A fter 5 y ears.......................................... 205
s io n a ls, c h e m ists , m e ta llu rg is ts , ra d io g ­ o f t h e u n io n a n d t h e W o r k s M a n ­ M onitors............................................. 160-165
ra p h e rs , a n a l y s ts a n d ju n io r c h em ists a g er; and
e n g ag e d 111 re s e a rc h a n d c o n tro l w o rk ." JA s s p e c ifie d In A p p e n d ix A o f th e a g r e e ­
T h e c o n tr a c t p ro p o s a l “ w ill in c lu d e s a la ry F o u r t h , b e tw e e n t h e S h o p C o m ­ m e n t m a d e M a y ” 3, 1912. b y t h e S h e ll D e ­
In c re a se s b e fittin g p ro fe s s io n a l w o rk ers, m itte e o f th e u n io n a n d re p re s e n ta v e lo p m e n t C o .. E m e r y v ille , C a lif., a n d I n ­
p a t e n t p ro te c tio n , s e v e ra n c e p a y a n d th e t e r n a t i o n a l F e d e r a t io n o f A r c h it e c ts , E n g i ­
s e tt in g u p o f a L a b o r-M a n a g e m e n t C om ­ t iv e o f th e I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n a n d n e e rs , C h e m is ts a n d T e c h n ic i a n s ( C h a p t e r
m itte e .” T h u s i t seem s t h a t once a g a in th e W o rk s M a n a g e r. 2 5 ), C .I.O . F r o m The Vortex , A m e r ic a n
so -c alled “ p ro f e s s io n a l” c h em ica l w o rk e rs C h e m ic a l S o c ie ty , S a n F r a n c is c o , p . 282-295,
h a v e c h o se n to be in c lu d e d in a n o u ts id e (c ) In th e e v e n t t h a t su c h d if ­ N o v e m b e r, 1942.
u n io n . In a d e cisio n h a n d e d d o w n J a n . T h e c la s s if ic a tio n s a r e th o s e c o v e re d b y
fe re n c e s a r e n o t s e ttle d a s h e r e in ­ th e c e r tif ic a tio n o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s Is su e d b y
13, 1942, th e N .L .R .B . h e ld t h a t p ro fe s ­ t h e N a t i o n a l G a b o r R e l a ti o n s B o a r d o n
s io n a l em p lo y ees c a n n o t be fo rce d in to a b e f o r e p r o v id e d , n o t h i n g c o n t a i n e d i n
M a r c h 26, 1942. S c h e d u le s f o r E n g in e O p ­
h e te ro g e n e o u s b a rg a in in g u n it u n le ss a th is a g re e m e n t s h a ll d e n y to th e e r a t o r s a n d E n g i n e M e c h a n ic s , D r a f t i n g
m a jo r ity in d ic a te by v o te t h a t th e y w ish R o o m a n d M a c h in e S h o p , a n d G e n e r a l a r e
to be in c lu d e d . u n io n o r its m e m b e rs th e r i g h t to o m i tte d .

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G . JA N U A R Y 1 0 /,3 105

 i f e i t h e r p a r t y r e f u s e s to j o i n in t h e
e x h a u s te d . T h e r e a f te r a s tr i k e o r lo c k ­
th e w o rk e rs u n d e r a g re e m e n t, p ro v id e a r b i t r a t i o n p ro c e e d in g s o r to a b id e b y
o u t m a y b e r e s o r t e d t o if e i t h e r p a r t y
fo r a u to m a tic im p a r tia l a r b itr a tio n of t h e a r b i t r a t i o n d e c i s io n , o r w h e r e b o t h
re m a in s d is s a tis fie d .
u n s e ttle d d is p u te s . I n a d d i t i o n , tw o p a r tie s fa il to a g re e o n th e a r b itr a tio n
M o st fr e q u e n tly , a t r i p a r t i t e a r b i t r a ­
a g re e m e n ts w ith s m a ll c o m p a n ie s p ro c e d u re o r on a m u tu a lly a g re e a b le
t i o n b o a r d c o n s i s t i n g o f o n e o r tw o
s p e c ify t h a t th e U . S . D e p a r tm e n t of a r b i t r a t o r f o r t h e f in a l d i s p o s i t i o n o f
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s c h o s e n b y e a c h s id e , t o ­
L a b o r a n d o n e a g re e m e n t, th e N . Y . th e d is p u te . O ne o f th e s e la tte r
g e t h e r w i t h a j o i n t l y s e le c te d i m p a r t i a l
S ta te B o a rd of M e d ia tio n , s h a ll be a g re e m e n ts a ls o re q u ir e s a m a j o r i ty
c h a irm a n , is s e t u p a t th e tim e o f th e
c a l l e d i n t o m e d i a t e a n y d i s p u t e w h ic h v o te b y u n i o n m e m b e r s a n d tw o w e e k s
d is p u te . I n 11 c a s e s , t h e i m p a r t i a l
c a n n o t be s e ttle d d ire c tly . U n d e r on e a d v a n c e n o tic e to th e c o m p a n y o f i n ­
m e m b e r is n o t a d d e d u n le s s th e b i­
a g r e e m e n t , t h e u n i o n is o b l i g a t e d t o t e n t i o n t o s t r i k e b e f o r e a s t r i k e is
p a r t i s a n b o a r d is u n a b l e t o r e a c h a
c a ll in a s t a t e o r n a tio n a l c o n c ilia to r c a l le d .
d e c i s io n . S i x a g r e e m e n t s s t a t e t h a t a
in a n a t t e m p t to s e tt le a d is p u te b e fo i e I n a b o u t 30 p e r c e n t o f th e a g re e ­
d is p u te s h a ll be re f e r r e d to a n in d i­
r e s o r t i n g to s t r i k e a c t i o n . T h e D ia ­ m e n ts , s to p p a g e s a r e p r o h ib ite d o n ly
v id u a l o r a g e n c y to be c h o se n b y th e
m o n d A l k a l i a n d P i t t s b u r g h P l a t e G la s s u n ti l a ll t h e s te p s in th e g rie v a n c e
p a r tie s a t th e tim e o f th e d is p u te . In
( C o l u m b i a C h e m ic a l D i v i s i o n ) a g r e e ­ m a c h in e ry h a v e b een e x h a u s te d w ith ­
o n e o f th e s e , s h o u ld th e p a r t ie s fa il to
m e n ts s e t u p a p e r m a n e n t j o i n t la b o r o u t a r r iv in g a t a s e ttle m e n t. I n fo u r
;iT re e o n a n i m p a r t i a l a r b i t i a t o i , t h e j
r e l a t i o n s c o m m itte e , c o m p o s e d o f r e p r e ­ o f th e s e a g re e m e n ts , a u to m a tic a r b i t r a ­
m u s t a p p o in t a b ip a r t is a n b o a rd to
s e n t a t i v e s f r o m b o th s id e s , t o w h o m t i o n i s i n c lu d e d i n t h e g r i e v a n c e m a ­
g rie v a n c e s a r e r e f e r r e d fo r s e tt le m e n t: m a k e th e s e le c tio n .
c h in e ry ; in th re e , a rb itr a tio n is
W h e n t h e t w o p a r t i e s a r e u n a b l e to
h o w e v e r, n o a r b i t r a t i o n to re s o lv e a n y o p tio n a l. T h re e of th e a g re e m e n ts
a g re e u p o n th e p e rs o n to a c t a s im ­
d e a d lo c k is p ro v id e d . w h ic h d o n o t p r o v id e f o r a r b i t r a ­
p a r t i a l c h a ir m a n a n d n o p ro v is io n is
F iv e o th e r a g re e m e n ts c a ll fo r a r b i ­ t i o n im p o s e a d d i t i o n a l r e s t r i c t i o n s . A
m a d e fo r o u ts id e a s s is ta n c e to s e le c t
t r a t i o n o n ly b y m u t u a l c o n s e n t o f b o th m a x im u m p e rio d o f 00 d a y s d u iin g
s u c h a p e rso n , th e e n tire a r b itr a tio n
p a rtie s . A m o n g th e la tte r , h o w ev er, w h ic h e f f o r ts t o s e t t l e t h e g r i e v a n c e
m a c h in e r y m a y fa il th ro u g h d e f a u lt.
1 t h e C e l l u l o i d C o r p . a g r e e m e n t p r o v id e s m u s t b e m a d e is s e t b y o n e a g re e m e n t.
I n 22 a g re e m e n ts , o r a lm o s t h a lf of
t h a t c a s e s in v o lv in g d is c r im in a tio n , A n o t h e r p r o h i b i t s s t r i k e s a n d l o c k - o u ts
t h o s e w h ic h le a v e t h e c h o ic e o f i m ­
s u s p e n s io n s , d e m o tio n s , o r d is c h a rg e s u n t i l tw o w e e k s a f t e r t h e g r i e v a n c e
p a r t i a l c h a irm a n to be d e te rm in e d a t
s h a ll b e s u b m itte d to a r b i t r a t i o n a u to - m a c h in e r y h a s b e en e x h a u s te d a n d th e
th e tim e of th e d is p u te , a n o u ts id e
1 m a tic a lly . I f n o a g re e m e n t c a n be in te r n a tio n a l u n io n h a s a u th o r iz e d a
a g e n c y o r i n d i v i d u a l i s d e s i g n a t e d lo
i re a c h e d to a r b itr a te m a tte r s o th e r th a n s t r i k e a n d n o tif ie d t h e c o m p a n y .
m a k e " th e s e l e c t i o n i f t h e e m p l o y e r a n d
; th o s e s p e c if ie d , t h e p a r t y p r o p o s i n g T h e M ic h ig a n A lk a li C o. a g re e m e n t
th e u n io n , o r t h e ir r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s a s
) a r b itr a tio n m a y , w ith in one w eek a fte r r e q u i r e s , in a d d i t i o n t o a m a j o r i t y v o t e
th e a r b i t r a t i o n c o m m itte e , a r e u n a b le
th e r e fu s a l o f th e o th e r p a r t y to a g ic e b y s e c re t b a llo t u n d e r th e s u p e r v is io n
to re a c h a n a g re e m e n t w ith in a s p e c i­
t o s u c h a r b i t r a t i o n , g iv e 3 0 d a y s n o t i c e o f th e n a tio n a l u n io n , t h a t th e u n io n
o f its in te n tio n to c a n c e l th e a g re e m e n t. fie d t i m e , u s u a l l y t h r e e t o t e n d a y s .
E i g h t a g re e m e n ts d e s ig n a te th e C o n ­ p o s t a n o t i c e s t a t i n g t h e m a t t e r in
I S u c h n o tic e o f c a n c e lla tio n m u s t be d i s p u t e t h r e e d a y s b e f o r e t h e e le c tio n
c i l i a t i o n S e r v ic e o f t h e U . S . D e p a r t ­
1 a u th o riz e d a n d a p p ro v e d b y th e n a - is h e ld . T h e c o m p a n y r e ta in s th e p r iv i­
m e n t o f L a b o r ; o t h e r s , t h e C o m m is ­
| t i o n a l office o f t h e u n i o n o r b y t h e le g e o f p o s t i n g i t s v ie w s . I f a s t r i k e
s io n e r of L a b o r a n d I n d u s tr ie s o f
p re s id e n t a n d w o rk s m a n a g e r of th e is v o te d , t h e i n t e r n a ti o n a l u n io n p r e s i­
M a s s a c h u s e t t s , s p e c if i e d j u d g e s o r i n d i ­
j com pany.
v id u a ls , a n d th e A m e ric a n A r b itr a t io n d e n t o r h is re p r e s e n ta tiv e s h a ll a u th o r ­
A m o n g t h e m a j o r a g r e e m e n t s w in c h
iz e t h e s t r i k e , g iv e t h e c o m p a n y w r i t t e n
> d o n o t p ro v id e fo r a r b itr a tio n a r e th e A ss o c ia tio n .
n o tic e o f th e d a te , a n d c o n fe r w ith th e
D o w C h e m ic a l C o. ( M i d l a n d , M i c h . ) , STRIKES A N D LO C K -O U TS c o m p a n y p re s id e n t o r h is r e p re s e n ta ­
I S o u t h e r n A l k a l i C o ., M i c h i g a n A l k a l i
O v er h a lf th e a g re e m e n ts p r o h ib it tiv e . T h e c o m p a n y a g re e s to c e a s e p r o ­
C o ., a n d A m e r i c a n C y a u a m i d ( B o u n d
s t o p p a g e s o f w o r k f o r t h e e n t i r e li f e d u c tio n in c a s e o f a n a u th o r iz e d s t r i k e
B r o o k , N . J . ) . W i t h b u t o n e e x c e p tio n ,
o f t h e a g r e e m e n t . A ll b u t o n e o f t h e s e a n d f u r t h e r a g r e e s n o t t o lo c k o u t t h e
w h ic h c o n t a i n s n o w o r k - s t o p p a g e p r o -
p ro v id e fo r a r b it r a ti o n . In th r e e a g re e ­ e m p lo y e e s . T h e D ia m o n d A l k a l i a n d
} liib itio n , w o rk s to p p a g e s a re r e s tr ic te d
m e n t s t h e n o - s t r i k e p r o v i s i o n is w a iv e d P itts b u r g h P la te G la s s (C o lu m b ia
| u n til th e g rie v a n c e m a c h in e r y h a s b e en
C h e m ic a l D i v i s i o n ) a g re e m e n ts p r o ­
h i b i t s t r i k e s u n t i l a n a t i o n a l o ffic e r o f
th e u n io n h a s c o n fe rre d w ith c o m p a n y
o ff ic ia ls a f t e r h a v i n g b e e n f u r n i s h e d
w ith a fu ll s ta te m e n t of th e d is p u te
b y a b i- p a r t is a n g rie v a n c e c o m m itte e .
U n d e r e i g h t a g r e e m e n t s w h ic h p r o ­
h ib it o r r e s tr ic t s to p p a g e s , th e u n io n
a g r e e s t o p r o t e c t c o m p a n y p r o p e r t y in
th e e v e n t of a s tr ik e o r s u sp e n sio n o f
w o rk . I n se v e n a g re e m e n ts , th e u n io n
a g re e s to p e r m it m a in te n a n c e e m p lo y ­
e es to w o rk th e n e c e s sa ry tim e to s to p
o p e ra tio n s w ith o u t d a m a g e to th e
e q u ip m e n t. I n th e o th e r, a u n io n c o m ­
m i t t e e i s a llo w e d t o i n s p e c t t h e p l a n t
t o s e e t h a t n o p r o d u c t i o n is b e i n g
c a rrie d on. In a d d itio n , n e ce ssa ry
“ p ro te c tiv e p ro d u c tio n ” in s p e c if ie d
d e p a r tm e n ts is to b e p e rfo r m e d b y a
u n io n c o m m itte e .

R e p r in ls of th is 8- p a g e r e p o r t a r e a v a i l ­
a b l e a t 25 c e n ts p e r c o p y . A d d r e s s th e
E d ito r ia l D e p a r tm e n t, C h e m . <S M e t., 330
W . 4 2 n d St., N e w Y o rk , N . Y.

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p l i c a t i o n s , i n t h e r a n g e f r o m 5 ,0 0 0 t o s u r e . T h e d e s ig n is s u c h t h a t c o n s id e r ­ 'p r o v id e d f o r e a s y in s p e c tio n o f th e
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a m p . s w i t c h w h ic h i s o n e o f s e v e r a l A s i m p l e s o l u t i o n t o t h e p r o b le m s h u t d o w n f o r c l e a n i n g a t a l l tim e s .
s h ip p e d t o a m a g n e s iu m p l a n t . I n th e o f f in d i n g s u i t a b l e flo o r in g m a t e r i a l s H o w e v e r, t h e e s t i m a t e d t o t a l t i m e f o r
c a s e o f t h e s w i t c h s h o w n , n o t o n ly w a s in t h e fa c e o f t h e s t r u c t u r a l s te e l c le a n in g a n d p r e c o a t i u g is o n ly 12
i t r e q u i r e d t o c a r r y 3 0 ,0 0 0 a m p . c o n ­ s h o r t a g e i s a s s u r e d , a c c o r d i n g to t h e m in u te s , a n d e a c h u n i t w ill o p e r a t e
t i n u o u s l y w i t h o u t u n d u e r i s e in t e m ­ P h i l i p C a r e y M fg . C o ., D o c k la n d , C in ­ a b o u t 7 h o u r s b e f o r e c l e a n i n g is n e c e s ­
p e r a tu r e , b u t i t a ls o h a d to be co n ­ c i n n a t i , O h io , t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f t h i s sary . F i l t e r s o f t h e s iz e m e n tio n e d
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f e r e n c e a c r o s s t h e s w i t c h in t h e o p e n m a n u f a c t u r e r , f in d i n g a s o l u t i o n to g .p .n i. f o r t h i s s iz e f il te r .
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b u r n i n g t a k e s p la c e w h e n o p e n in g s u c h w o o d b a s e . T h e flo o r is c la im e d t o be
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s a r y t o c o n s t r u c t t h e s w i tc h s o t h a t re m a rk a b le re s is ta n c e to w e a r a n d itie s o f I , I an d 1 to n a re now
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n o t l i m i t i t s u s e f u l lif e u n d u ly . T h is r e s i l i e n t a n d c o m f o r t a b le u n d e r f o o t M fg . C o., P h i l a d e l p h i a D iv is io n , P h i l a ­
w a s a c c o m p lis h e d b y d e s i g n i n g t h e a n d r e d u c e s t h e lik e lih o o d o f w o r k e r s d e lp h ia , P a ., u n d e r t h e n a m e o f M id g e t
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p o i n t s t o a s s u r e c le a n a n d p e r f e c t c o n ­ o p e r a t i o n , c o s t i n g o n ly a b o u t 2 c e n ts
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p r o v id e s f o r f r e e a n d u n r e s t r i c t e d a i r
T y p e H , f o r u s e w h e re h ig h flow r a t e s e l e c tr ic o u t l e t . T h e h o i s t s a r e c o m ­
c i r c u l a t i o n . W i t h t h e p iv o te d d e s ig n
a r e re q u ire d a n d w h e re th is co m ­ p a c t a n d o f d u ra b le , s tu r d y c o n s tru c ­
e m p lo y e d , 110 m a n u a l e f f o r t i s n e c e s -
p a n y ’s p o r o u s s to n e f i l t e r d is k s in t io n , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r .
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m a g n e siu m p la n t F i l t e r C o ., 9 25 W r ig h tw o o d A v e ., C h i­
c a g o , 111. T h e s e u n i t s , w h e n p r o p e r l y T o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r m a c h in e r y is
o p e r a te d , r e q u i r e o p e n in g o n ly a t lo n g p ro p e rly g ro u n d e d a n d to w h a t ex ­
in t e r v a l s , a s t h e f il te r s to n e s a r e t e n t e m p lo y e e s c o n s t i t u t e p o te n tia l
c le a n e d w i t h p o w e r f u l s p r a y s , p lu s h a z a rd s a s s ta tic e le c tr ic ity g e n e ra to rs
c o m p r e s s e d a i r o r s te a m . T h e cake in p la n ts h a n d lin g e x p lo s iv e s a n d
is s lu ic e d f r o m t h e t a n k b y m e a n s o f f la m m a b le m a t e r i a l s , a n e w i n s t r u m e n t
w a t e r b e tw e e n r u n s . I n th e la rg e r k n o w n a s t h e R e s i s t o m e t e r h a s b e en
d e v e lo p e d b y D a v is E m e r g e n c y E q u i p ­
m e n t C o., 4 5 H a lle e k S t., N e w a r k ,
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e m p lo y e e s g o t o w o r k in h a z a r d o u s
a re a s th e y m a y be a sk e d to s ta n d on
tw o p l a t e s . I m m e d i a t e l y t h e i r r e s i s t ­
a n c e t o g r o u n d is i n d i c a t e d b y t h e
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e l e c t r i c i t y a s h ig h a s 1 0 ,0 0 0 v o lts , s im ­
p l y b y s c u ffin g o v e r a w o o le n r u g o n a
c o ld , d r y d a y . I t i s a l s o w e ll k n o w n
t h a t s u c h a c h a r g e c a n i g n i t e explosive-
m a t e r i a l a n d f la m m a b le g a s e s . I n v e s t i -

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G • JA N U A R Y 1 9 ’t S 107
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w o o le n s o c k s i m m e d i a t e l y b e c o m e u n ­
s a f e , t h e s a m e b e in g t r u e o f s i l k s o c k s
s in c e b o th t y p e s a r e i n s u l a t o r s . T h e
K e s is to m e te r c an th e re fo re be u sed to
d e te c t t h is c o n d itio n . T h e in s tr u m e n t,
a ls o h a s o th e r a p p lic a tio n s . F o r e x ­
a m p le , t e s t s o n c o n d u c t i v e f lo o r in g
' h a v e s h o w n t h a t s u c h f lo o r in g c a n b e
l a i d in s u c h a w a y t h a t e l e c t r o l y s i s
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n o w a v a ila b le fro m B e a u m o n t B irc h
i C o ., P h i l a d e l p h i a , P a . T h e s e v a lv e s ,
w h ic h a r e i n t e n d e d p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r Im p ro v ed w e t d is p o sa l un it
i n s t a l l a t i o n i n c h u t e s f e e d in g c o a l to
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i m m e d i a t e m i x t u r e o f t h e tw o . S lu d g e
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s t r u m e n t o n w h ic h i t is u s e d .
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A RECENT DEVELOPMENT o f U n i t e d p lo y e d i n t h e c o n t r o l o f t e m p e r a t u r e ,
o p e ra te d e a s ily ev en w h e n th e d is ­
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c h a r g e c h u t e i s p lu g g e d . V a lv e s c a n
is a s m a l l p h o t o e l e c t r i c c u t- o f f w h ic h a v a r ie ty of o th e r v a ria b le s . F o r m a in ­
b e f u r n i s h e d e i t h e r w i t h a s m o o th
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, h a n d w h e e l , o r e q u ip p e d w i t h a 1 2 -in .
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c h a in fo r c h a in o p e ra tio n .
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i n g a l i g h t s o u r c e , a p h o to c e ll a n d a n Fire Blanket
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i o f d is c h a rg e d d u s t fro m d ry ty p e d u s t c o n ta in in g a n a m p lifie r a n d a re la y . T o e l i m i n a t e d if f ic u ltie s o f t e n e n ­
> c o l l e c t o r s i n t o t h e s lu d g e f o r m i n g d e - T h e s c a n n e r is m o u n te d o n th e in d i­ c o u n te re d in th e u se o f b la n k e ts fo r
I v ic e i s a s s u r e d , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m a n u - c a tin g i n s tr u m e n t in s u c h a w a y t h a t t h e e x t i n g u i s h m e n t o f f ir e s i n w o r k e r s ’
; fa c tu re r, by a new screw conveyor it s p o s itio n is a d ju s t a b le fo r o p e ra ­ c l o t h i n g , t h e C . W a l k e r J o n e s C o ., E a s t
| fe e d w h ic h h a s b e e n a d d e d t o t h e w e t tio n th r o u g h o u t th e e n tir e in d ic a tin g G e rm a n to w n , P h ila d e lp h ia , P a ., h a s
j d is p o s a l u n it m ade by A m e ric a n r a n g e o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t . F o r e x a m p le , d e v e l o p e d t h e J o m a c f ir e b l a n k e t , a
F o u n d r y E q u i p m e n t C o ., 5 5 5 S o u t h t h e m e th o d o f m o u n t i n g o n a d i a l s c a le s p e c i a l l y k n i t , f le x ib le b l a n k e t w h ic h
■; B v r k i t S t., M is h a w a k a , I n d . T h is de- is s h o w n in th e a c c o m p a n y in g illu s ­ is c o m p l e t e l y f la m e p r o o f , r e g a r d l e s s o f
<> v ic e , i n t r o d u c e d i n i t s o r i g i n a l f o r m tra tio n . t h e i n t e n s i t y o f t h e f ir e . T h e s e b l a n k e t s
; i n 1 9 4 1 , i s d e s ig n e d t o m a k e a w e t T h e s c a n n e r p o s itio n is a d ju s t e d to a r e a v a i l a b l e i n f la m e p r o o f c o n t a i n e r s
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I c e n t r if u g a llv m ix in g th e a c c u m u la te d lig h t so u rc e w ith in th e sc a n n e r p ro ­ o th e r e q u ip m e n t u s e d w h e re th e r e is
d u s t w i t h w a t e r o r a n o t h e r li q u i d . je c ts a b e a m o f lig h t th r o u g h a n d a n g e r o f a w o r k m a n ’s c l o t h i n g b e i n g ;
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1| is d e p o s i t e d d i r e c t l y i n t o a s c r e w c o n - th e q u a n tity o f lig h t re a c h in g th e o f a n e w c y c l e - c o n tr o l s w i t c h f o r t h e
• v e y o r . T h e r a t e a t w h ic h t h e d u s t is c e ll c a u s e s a n e l e c t r i c a l i m p u l s e w h ic h o p e ra tio n o f c o m p re ss o r m o to r s , p u m p s ,
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;ii o t h e r li q u i d i s d i s c h a r g e d a t t h e c e n t e r t r o l m e c h a n is m . T h e a c c u r a c y o f t h i s e r a l in d u s tr ia l p ro c e ss u se. O ne o f th is
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U 108 JA N U A R Y 194S • C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G

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A c c o r d in g to W ils o n W e ld e r & High-Frequency Heater

i n g - v o l ta g e g e n e r a t o r s c a n r e a d i l y h e
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ty p e .
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B ee a r c - c o n t r o l s t a t i o n s r e c e n t l y d e ­ c e n t l y e x p a n d e d m a n u f a c t u r i n g f a c il­
c o n t r o l o f t h e w e ld in g c u r r e n t w i t h i n
v e lo p e d b y t h i s c o m p a n y . T h e s e s t a ­ i t i e s , r e s e a r c h la b o r a t o r i e s a n d t h e
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1 50 a m p . T h e y a r e a u x i l i a r y e le c t r i c s io n . The new T h e rm ex p ro c e s s ,
h o o k e d t o a s in g le g e n e r a t o r , a n d a
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l i k e n u m b e r o f w e ld in g a r c s o p e r a t e d
w i t h t h e w e ld in g c i r c u i t o f a n y c o n ­ m a r i l y in t h e m a n u f a c t u r e o f re s in -
s im u lta n e o u s ly . E a c h o p e ra to r can
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h e w is h e s w i t h o u t a f f e c tin g t h e o th e r s .
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n o n c o n d u c t iv e m a t e r i a l s .
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S a fe ty siphon In u se
tre a te d . A s a r e s u l t o f t h i s “ in n e r -
p c n e tra tio n ” a c tio n , ra p id a n d u n i­
fo r m b e a t i n g i s e ffe c te d , r e g a r d l e s s o f
t h e th i c k n e s s o f t h e m a s s e x p o s e d t o
t h e h ig h - f r e q u e n c y e l e c t r o s t a t i c fie ld .
I n t h e p ly w o o d i n d u s t r y , f o r e x a m p le ,
th e e q u ip m e n t is s a i d to h a v e a c h ie v e d
re m a rk a b le re s u lts in s p e e d in g u p
p r o d u c t i o n a n d in i n s u r i n g u n i f o r m i t y
o f h e a t a p p lic a tio n a t a ll p o in ts w ith ­
in t h e p ly w o o d , s in c e t h e h e a t i s p r o ­
d u ced d ire c tly a t th e p o in t o f u se an d
Therm ex h ig h -fre q u en c y n e e d n o t b e t r a n s f e r r e d to i t f r o m a
h e a tin g eq u ip m en t p o in t o f h ig h e r te m p e ra tu re .
( T h i s n e w d e v e l o p m e n t w ill s h o r t l y
he t h e s u b j e c t o f a d e t a i l e d a r t i c l e
w h ic h w ill a p p e a r in C h e m . if M e t .—
E d i to r .)

Safety Siphon
D ouble-pipe fin-tube h e a t e x ch a n g e r
U s e o f fle x ib le p l a s t i c s a n d a b u i l t -
in v a c u u m p u m p f o r s t a r t i n g a r e s a id
t o i m p a r t c o m p le te s a f e t y t o t b e n e w
s a f e t y s ip h o n d e s ig n e d b y T . B . C a l la ­
h a n a n d r e c e n t l y in t r o d u c e d b y T h e
A ld e n S p e a r e ’s S o n s C o., 150 S i x t h
S t . , C a m b r id g e , M a s s . A s s h o w n in
th e a c c o m p a n y in g i l l u s t r a t i o n , t h e
s ip h o n in c o r p o r a t e s a n o u t l e t v a lv e

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I w h ic h c a n b e u s e d i n s h u t t i n g oil' th e o f c a rto n s , p a c k a g e s, b a g s a n d bo x es, c is c o , C a l., h a s i n t r o d u c e d a n e w d e ­
flo w . T h e s h o r t e n d o f t h e s ip h o n is to u n l o a d i n g a rid lo a d in g , a n d to v ic e k n o w n a s t h e r u b b e r l u n g , w h ic h
f ir s t in s e r te d in to th e m o u th o f th e s i i n i l a r o p e r a t i o n s . T h e u n i t is r e a d i l y is u s e d t o s u p p l e m e n t a n d i n c r e a s e t h e
c a r b o y b o t t l e . T h e flo w c o n t r o l o u t l e t p o rta b le . e f f e c tiv e n e s s o f t h e S c h a e f e r p r o n e -
j v a l v e is t h e n c lo s e d a n d t h e s ip h o n p re s s u re m e th o d o f r e s to r in g b r e a th ­
p r i m e d b y u s i n g a s lo w , m e d iu m p u m p ­ F a c t o r y s w e e p in g c a n be h a n d le d i n g a f t e r s h o c k , d r o w n i n g , e tc . The
i n g s t r o k e o n t h e t r o m b o n e - lik e s h o r t a t a h ig h r a te o f sp ee d , a c c o rd in g to d e v ic e is s t r a p p e d t o t h e b a c k o r
le g w h ic h c o n t a i n s t h e v a c u u m p u m p . th e m a n u f a c tu r e r , th ro u g h u s e o f th e s to m a c h o f th e v ic tim a n d a d h e re s to
T h e flo w i s t h e n s t a r t e d b y o p e n in g , M o to - S w e e p e r , w n ic h is s a i d to r e - th e b o d y th r o u g h s u c tio n . R a is in g
. t h e flo w c o n t r o l v a lv e . T h e s i p h o n is : p la c e a w h o le c r e w o f s w e e p e r s f o r a n d lo w e r i n g o f a h a n d l e a t t a c h e d t o
r e a d i l y u n l o a d e d b y f i r s t c lo s i n g t h e flo o r c le a n in g p u rp o se s. M an u fac­ th e lu n g a t n o rm a l b re a th in g r a te a c ­
f lo w c o n t r o l v a l v e a n d liftin g th e t u r e d b y t h e M o to - M o w e r C o ., 4G 00 tiv a te s th e m u s c le s o f th e v ic tim ,
s ip h o n a b o v e th e s u rfa c e o f th e liq u id W o o d w a r d ¿ W e ., D e t r o i t , M ic h ., t h e c a u s in g th e m to d r a w in a n d e x h a le
t o d r a i n t h e s h o r t le g , t h e n o p e n in g n e w s w e e p e r is p o w e r d r i v e n and a ir. T h e d e v ic e d o e s n o t f o r c e a i r
, t h e flo w c o n t r o l v a l v e t o d r a i n t h e p o w er tu rn e d , b y m e a n s o f s e p a ra te in o r o u t o f t h e l u n g s b u t r a t h e r
■ l o n g le g . T h o r o u g h w a s h i n g is s a i d c lu tc h e s c o n tro lle d a t th e h a n d le b a r. s tim u la te s a c tio n o f th e n o rm a l b o d y
i to be easy . m u s c le s , h e lp in g th e m t o d o th e w o rk
F o r t h e p r o te c tio n o f w o rk e rs e x ­ r e q u ire d fo r b r e a th in g u n til th e y r e ­
p o s e d t o w a t e r , a c i d s , f ir e , a l k a l i s a n d g a i n s t r e n g t h to d o t h i s w o r k w i t h ­
Fin-Tube Exchanger c h e m ic a ls o f a l l k i n d s , t h e M i l b u r n o u t a s s i s t a n c e . B e c a u s e o f t h e g e n tle ,
C o ., D e t r o i t , M ic h ., h a s i n t r o d u c e d a n a t u r a l a c tio n , th e ru b b e r lu n g m a y
A s A s e r v ic e to b u y e rs w h o a re un
n ew ty p e o f p ro te c tiv e c lo th in g k n o w n be u s e d s a fe ly even b y to ta lly in e x ­
a b le , o n a c c o u n t of th e r u s h o f w a r
a s P l y G a r b , d e s ig n e d t o s u p p l e m e n t p e r ie n c e d p e r s o n s , t h e o n ly p o i n t to
w o rk , to g e t n e e d e d h e a t tr a n s f e r
th e c re a m s a n d liq u id s fo r th e p re v e n ­ w a tc h b e in g tim in g to a ssu re a
e q u ip m e n t fro m th e ir u s u a l so u rc e s
t i o n o f i n d u s t r i a l d e r m a t i t i s w h ic h r h y t h m a s c lo s e t o n o r m a l b r e a t h i n g
o f s u p p l y , t h e B r o w n F i u t u b e C o .,
a re m a d e b y th is c o m p a n y . T h e c lo th ­ a s p o s s ib le .
Ile a t E xchanger D iv i s i o n , E ly ria ,
i n g i s l i g h t i n w e i g h t , f la m e p r o o f a n d
O h io , w i l l b u i l d a n d s e l l c o m p le te
v e n te d t o g u a r d a g a i n s t e x c e s s iv e p e r ­
re a d y -to -u s e h e a t e x c h a n g e rs fo r th e
s p ira tio n . I t is m a d e o f a t o u g h Flexible H eating Elem ent
d u ra tio n o f th e W a r. T hose ex ch an g -
p l a s t i c - l a m i n a t e d c o t t o n c lo th w h ic h
I e r s w ill b e b u i l t in a l l s t a n d a r d ty p e s , P a rtic u la rly fo r u s e in lim ite d
is s a id to b e r e s i s t a n t to te a r s a m i
i i n c l u d i n g t h e tw i n - s e c t i o n u n i t s h o w n s p a c e i s a n e w g l a s s - i n s u l a t e d f le x ib le
s n a g s on ro u g h su rfa c e s.
i n th e illu s t r a t i o n on p a g e 109. T h e y h e a t i n g e l e m e n t k n o w n a s t h e G la s o lim
w ill b e m a d e i n a n y c a p a c i t y d e s i r e d w h ic h is b e i n g m a d e b y C l a r o s t a t M fg .
to m e e t p r a c t i c a l l y a n y h e a t i n g o r Cut-Off W h eel C o ., 2 S 5 N o r t h S i x t h S t . , B r o o k ly n ,
c o o l i n g p r o b le m . T he h e at exchange N . Y . T h e r e s i s t a n c e w i r e is w o u n d o n
F e l k e r M f g . C o ., T o r r a n c e , C a l if .,
e l e m e n t s , c o m p r i s i n g t h i s c o m p a n y 's a lib e r-g la s s c o re a n d is p ro te c te d by
h a s d e v e lo p e d a n e w d ia m o n d a b ra s iv e
B r o w n F i n t u b e s w i t h t h e i r w e ld e d - o n a g l a s s b r a i d e d c o v e r in g . O w in g t o
c u t- o f f b la d e , n a m e d t h e D i - m e t R im -
fin s , a r e s a i d t o r e s u l t in h i g h t h e r m a l t h e f l e x i b i l i t y o f t h e g l a s s l ib e r s , t h e
lo c k , w h ic h i s i n t e n d e d p a r t i c u l a r l y
| e f fic ie n c y a n d t r o u b l e - f r e e o p e r a t i o n . u n i t c a n b e r e a d i l y b e n t a n d c o m p a c te d
f o r c u t t i n g a l l h a r d , b r i t t l e , lio n -
S u c h t u b e s w i l l b e e m p lo y e d a s t h e to f i t s n u g l y a b o u t p a r t s t o b e h e a t e d ,
m e ta llic m a te r ia ls , s u c h a s q u a r tz ,
h e a t t r a n s f e r s u r f a c e in a l l c a s e s . T h e o r ja m m e d in to t i g h t s p o ts . T y p ic a l
c o m p a n y h a s r e t a i n e d e x p e r ie n c e d e n ­ g la s s , p o rc e la in , tile , c e ra m ic s a n d
G la s o li m h e a t i n g e l e m e n t s r a n g e f r o m
g in e e rs p a r tic u la r ly fo r th e p u rp o s e of o t h e r c l a y p r o d u c t s . T h e b l a d e d if f e r s
a fe w in c h e s t o s e v e r a l f e e t i n le n g t h ,
h e a t e x c h a n g e r d e s ig n a n d t h e s e e n g i ­ f r o m f o r m e r d i a m o n d a b r a s i v e b la d e s
in w a tta g e r a t i n g s fro m 1 to 4 w a tts
n e e rs , a c c o rd in g to th e m a n u f a c tu r e r , i n t h e s p e c i a l b o n d i n g p r o c e s s w h ic h
p e r b o d y in c h , d e p e n d i n g o n t h e a p p l i ­
w ill h a v e th e a d v a n ta g e o f th e c o m ­ r i g i d l y lo c k s t h e d ia m o n d s i n t h e r i m
c a tio n , fo r o p e r a tin g te m p e r a tu r e s u p
p a n y ’s w e ll e q u ip p e d h e a t tra n s fe r o f th e w h eel w ith o u t c ru s h in g a n d w ith
to 750 d e g . F .
la b o r a to r y . th e c la im e d r e s u l t o f lo n g e r lif e a n d
c o n s id e ra b ly fa s te r c u ttin g a b ility .
T w o t y p e s a r e a v a i l a b l e : a h a r d s te e l R u b b er lu n g fa c ilita te s
a rtific ia l re s p ira tio n
| Equipm ent Briefs b o n d w h ic h m a k e s a n e x c e p t i o n a l l y
s t i f f a n d f a s t c u t t i n g b la d e , a n d a
F o rm e rly fa b ric a to rs of m e ta l
c o p p e r b o n d w h ic h , a l t h o u g h n o t q u i t e
( e q u i p m e n t o n ly , t h e H . K . P o r t e r C o .,
so s tiff o r f a s t, o p e ra te s w ith a s o fte r
4 9 1 4 H a r r is o n S t., P i t t s b u r g h , P a .,
a c t i o n , g i v i n g s o m e i n c r e a s e i n lif e .
| h a s n o w a d d e d to its lin e o f p ro c e ss
| e q u ip m e n t, a g ita te d w ood ta n k s m a d e
fro m c y p re s s , re d w o o d , lo n g le a f y e l­ A rtificial R espiration D evice
lo w p in e , fir , o a k a n d p o p l a r , a n d
J e q u i p p e d w i t h t h i s c o m p a n y ’s in c lo s e d , T o i n s u r e su cc e ssfu l a d m in is tr a tio n
i- s p e e d -re d u c in g a g ita to r d riv e s . T a n k s o f a rtif ic ia l r e s p ira tio n , E . D . B u l­
! a r e a v a i l a b l e in a l l s iz e s a n d s h a p e s , l a r d C o ., 2 7 5 E i g h t h S t . . S a n F r a il -
j in c lu d in g c y lin d ric a l, r e c ta n g u la r a n d
I e l l i p t i c a l , u p t o 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 g a l . c a p a c i t y .
A b ra siv e cut-oif b la d e
, A v a r i e t y o f im p r o v e m e n t s a r e e v i-
I' d e n t i n t h e r e d e s ig n e d U t i l i t y C o n v e y - G la ss -in s u la te d h e a tin g ele m en t
i* o r r e c e n t l y a n n o u n c e d b y t h e L a m s o n
;* C o r p ., S y r a c u s e , X . Y . T h e n e w m o d ­
e l, s u p e r s e d i n g t h e e a r l i e r U t i l i t y C o n -
i I v e y o r s a n n o u n c e d b y t h i s c o m p a n y , is
I I o f t h e a d j u s t a b l e b e l t t y p e a n d is
i p o rta b le a n d re v e rs in g , c a p a b le of
! o p e r a t i n g a t a n g le s f r o m h o r i z o n t a l
j ’ to a m a x im u m o f 35 d e g . T h e le n g th
'i i s 11 f t . a n d t h e b e l t w i d t h 14 in .
. j,! O p e r a t i n g s p e e d i s 0 0 f t . p e r m i n u t e .
: T h e c o n v e y o r is a d a p t e d t o t h e p i l i n g

ii no • JA N U A R Y 19 .',3 • C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G
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a c c u r a t e p r e s s u r e c o n t r o l u n d er t o u g h e s t
Q SH
working conditions — th ose are points to R e m o te .
c a r e f u l l y c o n s i d e r in s e l e c t i n g a v a l v e t o HYDRA
fully f i t in w i t h all r e q u i r e m e n t s . You g e t
t h e m in t h e "1000" v a l v e . H e r e a r e s o m e
This ty p e 550 Rem ote
a c t u a l o p e r a t i n g r e s u l t s . . . "To m a in t a i n a C o n tro l m ay f i t your
so d e p en d ab ly doing
g o o d uniform q u a l i t y a nd t o g e t t h e u t m o s t a i r c r a f t m an u factu rers <
tic o l laboratories^ on
o u t o f t h e m a c h i n e in t h e w a y o f p r o d u c ­ cells fo r c o n tro llin g tK
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tion, s e n s i t i v e p r e s s u r e c o n t r o l is o f p ri me O S C IL L A T IN G M O T IO N ]
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i m p o r t a n c e . And, b e c a u s e t h e m a c h i n e runs a t e , depress bu tto n In
w ith thum b. This release
24 hours a d a y , d e p e n d a b i l i t y is e q u a l l y m afic b ra k e . M ove
These advantages to any d es ired positij
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C a s e No. 325. P ra c tic a lly zero in

m aintenance costs
W r it e to d a y fo r Bulletin 1000— it describes Speedier production
and pictu res how , fro m in le t to o u tle t the
flu id flo w s through this v a lv e in a s tra ig h t results
line— a s tre a m lin e . S team , a ir , and w a te r Cost-saving operation
c a p a c ity ch a rts a r e shown. Eight pages o f
v a lu a b le v a lv e fa c ts .

A . W. CASH COMPANY CONTROLS.

ii b i u r o
TYPE 550
 C h ro m e
Tanning
Leather
wo PttocicssES, chrome and vege­
T table tanning, are commonly used
in the preparation of leather. The
accompanying flowsheet illustrates the
essential steps used in the former.
The first step is to soak hides or
skins, washing them until they are
soft and clean. To assist in the soften­
ing, caustic soda, borax, sal soda, or
even acids are used. Skins are next
placed between rollers of a fleshing 1 H id e s a n d s k in s a r e s h o w n in c o ld s to r a g e . T h e fir s t s te p is to s o a k a n d 3 L im e p a d d le s and s c u d d in g m a c h in e s . H a ir a n d e p id e r m is a r e r e m o v e d in 5 In th e c h r o m e ro o m s e v e ra l h u n d re d p ic k le d s k in s c:t p la c e d to g e th e r i F r o m Ih e s h a v in g a n d s p lit t in g ro o m s th e t r u c k lo a d o f s k in s is t a k e n to th e dye
9 T u n n e l d ry e rs a re u s e d a t s e v e r a l s ta g e s in th e p r e p a r a t i o n o f th e s k in s . T h e s k in s be bone d ry b e f o r e g l a z in g . A f t e r a p p lic a t io n o f e a c h
a p a d d le c o n ta in in g a lim e l iq u o r to w h ic h is a d d e d s o d iu m s u lp h id e in d r u m - lik e ta n k s w it h w a te r and s e v e ra l p a i ls fu ll ti stilt h o u s e . T h e s to c k is p la c e d in d r u m s a n d th e d y e a d d e d t h r o u g h th e t ru n n io n
machine and the excess fat and flesh w a s h th e m u n t il t h e y a r e so ft a n d c le a n a r e h u n g f r o m s tic k s o n th e c o n v e y o r a g a in p a s s e d th r o u g h tu n n e l d r y e r s
left by the butcher is removed by a
knife exposing a clean surface for the
chemical treatment to follow. It is car­
ried out in a paddle containing a CELLAR FOR SK IN STORAGE
lime liquor to which is added, in the Chem & Met GREEN FLE SH IN G M A C H IN E T W O -B A T H T A N N IN G P roteins, gum s
early stages, a small quantity of re frig e ra te d W a s te Fleshing M A C H IN E
C h ro m e liq u o r
S IN G LE-B A TH S H A V IN G AND SPLITTIN G L e a th e r in the crus! A P P L IC A T IO N OF
FlOW (O p tio n a l p ro ce d u re)
S C U D D IN G PROCESS PROCESS a n d o th e r
sodium sulphide. The action causes T rim m ings fo r g e la tin C h ie fly used on g o a t p r e p a ra tio n
fin is h e s . A lso
F IN IS H IN G CO ATS
the skins to swell, the fiber bundles SHEET T R IM M IN G
G o a ts k in s
CALFSKINS
or g lu e produ ction C a lfs k in s dyes a n d
L IM IN G S O R T IN G IN THE BLUE saw dust S A M M Y IN G
are opened and the pores so enlarged Up to: 70 lb .
( U n ifo rm le a th e r re -w e ttin g )
p ig m e n ts .
as to permit of easy penetration of the deb ris FLESHIG N a 2 C r2 0 7, 2 8 lb. These o p e ra tio n s
A s so rtm en t into packs W a s te lim e W a s te lim e TU N N E L D R Y IN G
FIRST 93% H2 S04 fo r oro re p e a te d
liquors subsequently used in the tan­ M o s t ta n n e rie s e m p lo y p a d d le v a ts s h o w n
so lu tio n W a s te fle s h in g BA TH
W A S H IN G
sev eral .tim es.
so lu tio n b u t d ru m a n d still p its a r e also used 1 , 0 0 0 lb . o f o r­
ning operation. Next loosened hair to g lu e stock ig in a l stock, 4 to JzZZZfA S T A K IN G
A c c e le ra tin g a g e n ts such as N a 2 S, N a S H , AS2 S3
and epidermis are removed. G oatskins S O A K IN G C a lfskin s
H A N D B E A M IN G 1 w a te r -s k in r a ­ LEAD LINED G L A Z IN G JACKS OR
a n d a m in e s a r e o fte n a d d e d to th e lim e liq u o rs " B a te ” p ro te o ly tic
Swelling of the skins is reduced and C H R O M E SKINS
tio 2 0 hr. room TANK T A C K IN G T O G G L IN G PASTING OTHER F IN IS H ­
C a n a ls o use en zy m e te m p e r a tu r e C O L O R IN G C o lo rin g
they are again softened by bating in WASH B A T IN G IN G M A C H IN E S
6 to 4 8 Hr. IN THE YE LLO W DRUM
18 to 4 8 H r. c o m b in a tio n s A m m o n iu m sails »ADDLE V A T D e b ris
DRUM
paddles. Chemicals commonly used for PIT
W a te r-s k in ra tio
W a t e r ch a n g ed
o f these ty p e s G o a ts k ins W o o d m eal
S O A K IN G e ve ry 18 hr. 5 m in .
bating are oropon and puerine, pre­ 8 to 1 o f e q u ip m e n t. 7 to 10 days
C a lfs k in s
Best b e lo w 7 0 ° F. W a te r-s k in ra tio 8 to 1 w a te r ­ T A N N IN G S E C O N D D R Y IN G
pared from dried pancreas mixed with 4 to 1 w t. basis
3 to 7 d a y s P ro te in degredo^ SECOND O il m ix tu re s TU N N E L
M E A S U R IN G
M a y also use caustic, skin ra tio DRUM
ammonium chloride and some inert sulphides, o r salt B e low 7 0 ° F. 4 to 1 w a t e r ­ tio n products ns: U p to 2 4 hr. B e lo w 8 5 ° F. BATH F A T -L IQ U O R IN G 2 % n e a ts fo o t o il
skin ra tio 3 to 2 4 hr. DRUM
substance such as eornmeal. Skins to a id in re-w ett? n g . .7 5 % B a te on Stock W e ig h t
3 % s o lp h a n a te d
w it h te m p e r - 1 2 0 ° F . Va HR. n e a ts fo o t o il
coming from the bate are in a delicate Ifskins: n o t o v e r a f e w hours G R A D IN G
PIT Pickle liq u o r 5 to afure not T R IM M IN G
BREAK­ e m u ls ifie d in w a f e r
and sensitive condition and would de­ SO A K ­
SOAK­ 10% N a C I, 1 or 9 0 - 9 5 ° F. Use 0 .1 0 % b a te a r t if ic ia lly
IN G IN G Lim e solutio n
compose if not given a protective DRUM IN G 2 % 6 6 ° Be. PADDLE O R D R U M ra is e d
D R UM S S a tu ra te d lim e solutio n H 2 S O 4 , w a te r ­ [1CKLING
treatment. This treatment consists of M a y also use w it h excess N E U T R A L IZ A T IO N S E T T IN G -O U T M A C H IN E
FLESH S T A K IN G
FINISHED LEATHER
PADDLE V A T w it h excess u n d is s o lv e d lim e skin ra tio : 4 to 1 DOLE V A T (L e a th e r " m e llo w in g .” )
working the skins in a paddle contain­ p a d d le vats S O A K IN G
lim e
ing a solution of sulphuric acid and PlC K LE p C K
R e -w e ltc d stock ^
salt in water. U N H A IR IN G M A C H IN E ( V a lu a b le l sfort C H R O M E D SK IN S IN THE BLUE
F IN IS H IN G O PER A TIO N S
The tanning operation is carried out FIRST D R Y IN G TU N N E L
in revolving drums with a capacity of
several hundred skins. Water, salt
and green basic chromium sulphate
! Ih e fle s h s id e o f th e s k in m a k i n g a c l e a n cut.
are used for upper leather, and later 2 E x c e s s o f f a t a n d f le s h is c le a n e d o ff in a f le s h in g m a c h in e a n d a c le a n
^ S h a v in g m a c h in e s ?otfl

:t solution of sodium bicarbonate is s u r f a c e is le ft fo r th e c h e m ic a l t r e a tm e n t to f o llo w

T h e e n t ir e s k in is b r o u g /114 n rly a s p o s s ib le to u n if o r m th ic k n e s s |Q T h e f u n c tio n o f th e s t a k in g m a c h in e is to s tr e tc h a n d s o fte n th e le a th e r . 12 M a n y f a n c y g r a i n e ffe c ts a r e m a d e b y s p r a y in g v a r io u s ty p e s
S a m m ie d s to c k is b e s t fo r th is o p e r a t io n of c o lo r s o lu tio n s w it h s p ra y guns
added. The action reqnires several
hours. Tanned skins are split, dyed
and given various finishing operations.
The photographs were taken in the
plant of the Ohio Leather Co, at
Girard. The diagrammatic flowsheet
showing the process in general use for
chrome tanning was prepared by Dr.
Fred 0 ’Flaherty, direetov of the de­
partment of leather research at; the
University of Cincinnati.

C H E M IC A L X M E T A I.l.V U iilC A T .
K N G IN K R H IN G

./ n il a <»•.!/, 19Ą3

| !' .
P A OE S 112 to 115
A n o t h e r e x a m p le o f

a t p o u r s e r v ic e

★ One of 25 Hersey Dryers ...

for 13 different products ...
built during the past year...
From tests m ad e during the past y e a r in this Pilot Dryer, highly
efficient H ersey Dryers w ere d esigned a n d built for Bagasse, Sweet
Potato M eal, Starch, C ranberry W aste, Silica Gel, Sliced Potatoes and
other products w hich are, at present, m ilitary secrets. The Hersey
Dryers built during 1942 ran g e in te m p e ra tu re from 140°F to 1500°F,
usin g concurrent, countercurrent, a n d in term ed iate feed flow of gases
a n d m aterial. H ave YOU a drying problem ? The H ersey Pilot Plant
a n d H ersey E ngineers can help you solve it. Send for Information Sheets
on which to outline your requirements.

P u t it I I P " Ffc BP" Send for

if:, H E R S E Y
H ERSEY M A N U FA CTU RIN G C O M P A N Y , E and SECOND STS.
HERSEY D R YIN G M A C H IN ERY D IV ISIO N , SOUTH BOSTO N, M A SS.

110 • JANUARY 10-'i3 • C H E M IC A L & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

LET’S GET IN THE SCRAP
u t n o t m a k e i t !

“ P ip in g P o in te rs** S h o w You
H o w To R e cla im V a lv e s
itte j m ills need all the scrap, they can. g e t '
. X B u f fcrst.sa lva ge all .readily, usable equipment
w ben practical, Every reclaim ed valve, fo: ato*triple. '
Means th a t aiiotber -new bus is 'ayaiiafcieIp ■essential,
» ai in e js try —¡ta t another Valve is :»n hand 12 keep |
cprtiduclihu' Iih.es’ fcw m gb^Ftw l'^a^ciL iy.X ^able.:
■^«W -baX bda^'iitt^viaye^' g e t a copy of this-Crane’
ping P o in ters" Bulletin N o t 5„’.

? P i p i n g ' P o i n t e r s ” 'F r e e o n R e q u e s t '

ipipjag •• ■.< -Buiktins help ou do d i« e ;jui
»¿w artim e jobs (1 >T rain new men tor piping.

«m m teaanbe wdrfcp (-$) G et better service from pip*

_ag eq u ip m en t 1?) Cocservfe cntical Metals, Bv
Using these B ulletinsio am nteoiuieeshoips and em­
ployee training classes,.as many plants are'doing,
share in Crane Co.’s toiclniorm adon---eleane<l
- t o Cra a s 37 vear ieaderslvip , a produringvalves
and fittings. Just ask your Crane Representative or
w rite direct to r your supply. N o obligation!

■Crane Co-,, ’836 5, Michigan; Ave., Chicago, ill.

C R A N E V A L V E S
 V

LOWER COST THÂ

_ R o o *

coke i
Vg
Q ^£
t 4(>-42 lh

375 it
N a n t i t (32S ' L
B » g e % > » * y be ° f t h k
**"« ¿ i t 25

I 1,s
I 0.2

1 ,,3a*
S î a ie Æ .

¥ > i g SPer
5 » zdditjl }at'gei-
b° rZ. -Ozl mV
■^ «A s^ift.) red l 3nn *ou]cj
ft#,*-/ f on tfe cs Or
~
°Oen
Sg
5 OTHER ADVANTAGES
>Coke, steam, air and water
I 'only raw materials neces­
Continuous, p ra c tic a lly a u to m a tic o p eratio n!
sary.
Hay be operated from 20% Girdler Process is far less than other methods.
• Compare any of the many methods for
:o 100% of rated capacity manufacturing hydrogen and you will find the
tontinuously. Girdler Process produces raw hydrogen at The Girdler Process may be operated from 20%
lower cost than any other process. to 100% of rated capacity in a continuous
Practi call y au tom atic. manner. This means practically automatic
Saves labor. The only raw materials necessary are coke, operation and a big saving in labor costs.
steam, air and water. U nits are available in capacities from one
Savings will pay for new thousand to one million cubic feet per hour.
plant in short time. The purity of Girdler hydrogen permits its use
in most cases without further treatment. If you now use or contemplate using hydrogen
i larbon dioxide is valuable However, for those who require super-purity, a gas, investigate the many advantages of the
I )y-product—used for fire Girdler Hydrogen Purification unit can be Girdler Process. W rite today for bulletin
| irotection or many other added. The hydrogen thus produced may be No. 103.
lu r p o s e s ,
substituted for uses where electrolytic hydro­
Specialists in the PRODUCTION, PU RIF IC ATIO N , SEP ARA TIO N ,
gen heretofore has been required, as there REFORMING or D EH YD RATIO N o f Hydrogen S u lfid e , Organic
is no measurable difference in behavior. Yet, S u lfu r, Carbon M onoxide, Carbon D ioxide, B lue Water Gas,
the cost of producing hydrogen with the Hydrocarbons, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen and various mixtures.

TH E G IRDLER C O R P O R A T IO N
Gas Processes Division
203 E. Broadway
Louisville, Kentucky
Please send bulletin N o . 103 describing the Iow*co
G ird le r Hydrogen M anufacturing Process.

G I R D L E R N am e-
 TRA D E A G R E EM EN T W IT H MEXICO d is p o s it io n o f s p e n t a c i d ; 1943 r e q u i r e ­ t r e a s u r e r o f M ic h i g a n A lk a li Co. w ill
SIG N E D LAST M O N TH m e n ts o f m a in te n a n c e a n d r e p a i r m a ­ s e r v o a s p r e s i d e n t o f th e n e w c o r p o ­
te ria ls . ra tio n . F . S. F o r d a n d W . F . T o rre y
A tr a d e a g r e e m e n t b e tw e e n th e
T h e p e rs o n n e l o f t h i s c o m m itte e i n ­ w e re e le c te d v ic e - p r e s i d e n ts a n d F o r d
U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d M e x ic o w a s s ig n e d c lu d e s : I I . I . Y o u n g , A m e r ic a n Z in c B a lla n ty n e s e c re ta ry a n d tre a s u re r.
Idee. 2 3 a n d b e c o m e s e ffe c tiv e 30 d a y s L e a d & S m e ltin g C o .; H a n s S ta u f f e r , O th e r o ffice rs e le c te d w e re S . T . O r r ,
a f te r p ro c la m a tio n b y th e P re s id e n t. I t S ta u f f e r C h e m ic a l C o .; E d w a r d H y la n d , v ic e - p r e s i d e n t in c h a r g e o f m a n u f a c t u r ­
is to r e m a i n i n fo r c e f o r 3 y e a r s u n le s s V ir g in i a - C a r o lin a C h e m ic a l C o. P a r k i n g ; I . I I . T a y l o r , v ic e - p r e s i d e n t in
te rm in a te d e a r lie r. I f i t is n o t te rm i­ K e lle y , O z a r k C h e m ic a l C o .; C. F . c h a rg e of s a le s ; G. II. S c h w a rz , c o n ­
n a t e d a t t h e e n d o f t h r e e y e a r s , i t w ill G a rs c lie , N a t i o n a l L e a d C o .; J . li. t r o l l e r ; C. B . R o b in s o n , v ic e - p r e s i d e n t
c o n t i n u e in d e f in ite ly , s u b je c t t o t e r ­ L o w e ry , A m e r ic a n C y a n a m id C o .; in c h a r g e o f s a le s f o r th e h 'o r d d iv is io n
m i n a t i o n o n s i x m o n t h s ' n o tic e . F r o m M a r k B id d is o n , G e n e r a l C h e m ic a l C o .; a n d B e r t C r o m e r s v ic e - p r e s i d e n t in
1031 to 1 0 4 0 t h e a n n u a l e x p o r t s i n t o
G e o rg e W h i t i n g , S t a n d a r d W h o le s a le c h a r g e o f s a le s f o r th e M ic h ig a n A lk a li
M e x ic o a v e r a g e d $ 0 7 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 a n d U . S.
P h o s p h a t e C o .; J o h n S a n f o r d , A r m o u r d iv is io n .
i m p o r ts a b o u t $ 4 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 . M e x ic o r e ­ F e rtiliz e r W o rk s; Jo sep h M u llin ,
d u c e d t a r i f f s o n 70 ite m s a n d b o u n d S o u th e r n A c id & S u l p h u r C o .; E i th e r
th e t r e a t m e n t o n 127 o t h e r s . T h e U . S. H e u b e c k , T h e D a v is o n C h e m ic a l C o r p .; SY N TH ETIC RUBBER PLA N T W ILL
r e d u c e d t a r i f f s a p p l y i n g to 57 p a r a ­ W m . J l . R a n d , M o n s a n to C h e m ic a l C o .; BE BUILT IN LO U ISIA N A
g r a p h s a n d b o u n d t r e a t m e n t o n 40 a n d E . C. T h o m p s o n , E . I. d u P o n t A n o th e r in th e s e r ie s o f u n i t s w h ic h
p a ra g ra p h s. T h e p r o v is io n s o f th e do N e m o u r s & Co. w ill c o n t r i b u t e to t h e p r o g r a m f o r th e
a g r e e m e n t in c lu d e th e m o s t- f a v o r e d - n a -
p r o d u c t i o n o f s y n t h e t i c r u b b e r w ill be
t i o n p r o v is io n a s s u r i n g t h a t t a r i f f c o n ­
R ESE A R C H SC IEN TISTS EN G A G ED a p l a n t to b e b u i l t i n L o tiB ia n a b y th e
c e s s io n s a c c o rd e d b y e i t h e r c o u n t r y to
D e fe n s e P l a n t C o rp . a n d o p e r a te d by
a t h i r d c o u n t r y w ill be e x te n d e d to th e IN W A R W O RK /
th e C o p o ly m e r C o rp . u n d e r a c o n t r a c t
o t h e r p a r t y t o t h e a g r e e m e n t.
A f t e r a n a tio n w id e c a n v a s s , D r. I l a r - w i t h t h e R u b b e r R e s e r v e Co. C o p o ly ­
C o n c e s s io n s g r a n t e d b y t h e U n ite d
v e y N . D a v is , D i r e c t o r o f t h e Office o f m e r C o rp . h a s b e e n f o r m e d b y th e
S t a t e s in c lu d e d d e c lin e s i n i m p o r t
P r o d u c t i o n R e s e a r c h a n d D e v e lo p m e n t A r m s t r o n g R u b b e r C o., D a y to n R u b b e r
d u t i e s f r o m 2 5 p e r c e n t to 1 2 ł p e r c e n t
of W P B , h a s a n n o u n c e d t h a t re sea rc h J l f g . C o ., G a te s R u b b e r C o ., L a k e S h o re
o n n a p h t h c n i c a c i d ; f r o m l f c a lb . to
s c i e n t i s t s a r e h e a v i l y e n g a g e d i n th e T i r e k R u b b e r C o ., M a n s fie ld T i r o &
1 A c a lb . f o r z in c o x id e , d r y ; fr o m 2 J c
w a r e f f o r t. A ll t h e l a r g e r i n d u s t r i a l R u b b e r C o ., P e n n s y l v a n i a R u b b e r C o.,
a lb . t o l J c a lb . f o r z in c o x id e g ro u n d
re se a rc h la b o ra to rie s a re c a rry in g a n d S e a r s , R o e b u c k & Co.
i n o r m ix e d w i t h w a t e r o r o i l ; fr o m 5
h e a v y w a r r e s e a r c h lo a d s a n d o n ly a
p e rc e n t to 2 ł p e rc e n t fo r tu rp e n tin e
fe w o f t h e s m a l l e r l a b o r a t o r i e s , r e p r e ­ A D V ISO R Y G R O U P N A M E D FO R
a n d r o s i n ; f r o m 3c a lb . to 4 c a lb . f o r
s e n t i n g a s m a ll p e r c e n t a g e o f th e
z in c s u l p h a t e ; f r o m $ 5 a p r o o f g a l. ALKYD RESIN INDUSTRY
c o u n t r i e s r e s e a r c h w o r k e r s , a r e f u ll y
t o $ 2 .5 0 a p r o o f g a l , f o r s p i r i t s d i s ­
a v a i l a b l e f o r n e w w a r p ro b le m s . L i k e ­ T h e W a r P ro d u c tio n B o ard h a s
ti l l e d fr o m g r a i n o r o t h e r m a t e r i a l
w is e , in th e u n i v e r s i t i e s th e n u m b e r of f o r m e d a n a d v is o r y c o m m i t t e e f o r t h e
a n d c o m p o u n d s o f w h ic h s p i r i t s a r e th e
s c ie n tis ts s till a v a ila b le fo r w a r re ­ a lk y d r e s in s i n d u s t r y . E . n . B u c y o f
c o m p o n e n t m a t e r i a l o f c h ie f v a lu e .
s e a r c h r e p r e s e n t s le s s th a n o n e p e r c e n t t h e C h e m ic a ls D iv is io n w ill a c t a s g o v ­
T a r i f f r e d u c t i o n s c o n c e d e d b y M e x ic o
o f th e to ta l re s e a rc h m a n p o w er. e r n m e n t p r e s i d i n g o ffice r a n d t h e i n ­
in c lu d e d m i x t u r e s o f e t h e r s a n d a lc o ­
O n t h e b a s i s o f th e r e t u r n s i t is e s t i ­ d u s tr y m e m b e rs a re : W . T . M acA d am ,
h o ls f o r v a r n i s h e s a n d p a i n t s fr o m .25
m a te d t h a t le s s t h a n tw o p e r c e n t of A m e r ic a n C y a n a m id & C h e m ic a l C o rp .,
t o .1 5 p e s o s p e r le g a l k i l o ; b ic a r b o ­
a l l th e i n d u s t r i a l l a b o r a t o r i e s a r e n o w E . M . F l a h e r t y , E . I. d u P o n t d e
n a t o s o f p o t a s s i u m a n d s o d iu m , M e x i­
c o m p le te ly a v a i l a b l e f o r r e s e a r c h on N e m o u r s & C o., .1. L . M c C lo u d , F o r d
c a n t a r i f f f r a c t i o n 0.12.71 w e ig h t w ith
w a r p r o b le m s a n d t h a t m o re t h a n tw o J l o t o r C o., E . T . F e in in g e r , G e n e r a l
i m m e d i a t e c o n t e n t o f m o re th a n five
t h i r d s h a v e le s s t h a n a q u a r t e r o f t h e i r E l e c t r i c C o., I I . C. C h c e ta in , R e s in o u s
k i l o s , s p e c if ie d d u t i a b l e u n i t g r o s s k ilo s
c a p a c i t y a v a i l a b l e . L e s s t h a n 0 50 i n ­ P r o d u c t s & C h e m ic a l C o ., C. J . O ’C o n ­
f r o m .0 7 t o .0 4 p e s o s p e r g r o s s k ilo . n o r , R c ic h o ld C h e m ic a ls , In c ., A . J .
d u s t r i a l r e s e a r c h w o r k e r s w e re r e p r e ­
s e n te d b y th o s e l a b o r a t o r i e s r e p o r t e d a s W i t t e n b e r g , S tr o o c k & W i t t e n b e r g C o.,
A D V ISO R Y C O M M ITTEE R EV IEW S
c o m p le te ly a v a i la b le . T h e s m a l le r t h e E . J . P r o b e c k , J o n e s - D a b n c y C o., W .
S U L PH U R IC A C ID SITU A TIO N I I . L u t z , P r a t t & L a m b e r t , In c ., a n d A .
la b o ra to ry th e g re a te r th e p e rc e n ta g e
A m e e t i n g o f t h e I n o r g a n i c A c id s I n ­ o f a v a ila b ility re p o rte d . T h e g r e a te s t N a t h a n , C a l i f o r n i a I n k Co,
d u s t r y A d v is o r y C o m m itte e , C h e m ic a ls p ro p o rtio n a l a v a ila b ility o f m a n p o w er
D iv is io n , w a s h e ld i n W a s h i n g t o n in w a s i n th e fie ld o f b io lo g y w h e r e 17 KREBS PIG M EN T & C O LO R C O R P.
D e c e m b e r. D is c u s s i o n in c lu d e d m e a n s p e r c e n t w e re r e p o r t e d a s a v a i la b le .
BECO M ES D IV IS IO N O F DU PO N T
o f a s s u r i n g a n a d e q u a t e s u p p ly o f s u l ­ [
p h u r ic a c id fo r th e m a n u fa c tu re of E . I . D u P o n t d e N e m o u r s k C o., h a s |
M IC H IG A N ALKALI A N D FO RD
a v i a t i o n g a s o li n e o n th e W e s t a n d G u lf a n n o u n c e d t h a t e ffe c tiv e J a n u a r y 1, i t s
IN MERGER
C o a s ts , a n d r e c o v e r y o f a l k v l a t i o n w h o lly o w n e d s u b s i d i a r y , t h e K r e b s
s lu d g e a c i d ; t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f e x te n d ­ I n th e i n t e r e s t o f m o re e ffic ie n t o p e r ­ P i g m e n t & C o lo r C o rp . b e c a m e t h e !
i n g u s e o f h y d r o f lu o r ic a c id in a v ia tio n a t i o n a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n , t h e M ic h ig a n D u P o n t P ig m e n ts D e p a rtm e n t. T h e j
g a s p ro d u c tio n ; O D T re q u ire m e n ts on A lk a li C o., a n d i t s a f f ilia te t h e J . B . c h a n g e is m e r e ly in n a m e a s i t d o e s
j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r t a n k c a r s n o w in a c id F o r d C o ., h a v e b e e n m e rg e d i n t o a n o t in v o lv e a n y c h a n g e i n p e r s o n n e l,
s e r v i c e ; e l i m i n a t i o n o f c ro s s h a u l i n g n e w c o m p a n y t o b e k n o w n a s th e m a n a g e m e n t o r p o lic y . T h e K r e b s c o m ­
a n d s p e e d in g u p lo a d i n g a n d u n lo a d in g W y a n d o t te C h e m ic a ls C o rp . E. M. p a n y b a d b een a D u P o n t s u b s id ia ry
o f ta n k c a r ; c u r r e n t p ro c e d u re fo r F o r d , p r e v io u s ly v ic e - p r e s i d e n t a n d fo r t h e l a s t e i g h t y e a r s .

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C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G . JA N U A R Y • 119
 C H E M IC A L IN TER ESTS O PPO SE i z a t i o n s f r o m o n e p la c e t o a n o t h e r is S h a r p ie s C h e m ic a ls , In c ., W y a n d o t te .
M ich.
BILL TO C O N T R O L R ESE A R C H o n e c a u s e f o r in e ffic ie n c y in W a s h i n g ­ S h e ll O il C o., W o o d R iv e r R e f in e ry . III.
to n . T h e s ta l l’ n o m o r e t h a n g e t - S o u l h e rn S te e l ( ’<>.. S a n A n to n io . T e x a s .
iU a n u f a r l iiiin .u ( lirin isls' Associa S t a r I r o n & S te e l C o., T a c o m a , W a s h .
lo c a te d in o n e p la c e a n d l e a r n s i t s n e w S tr o m b c r g - C a r ls o n , T e le p h o n e a n d M fg.
li o n , t h r o u g h i t s s e c r e t a r y W a r r e n X . C o., R o c h e s te r , X . Y.
te le p h o n e n u m b e rs a n d w h e re a ll th e
W a t s o n , lia s file d a s t a t e m e n t p r o t e s t ­ S t r u t h e r s W e lls C o rp ., W a r r e n , P a .
e l e m e n ts o f i t s o w n o r g a n i z a t i o n c a n S u p e r io r S te e l & M a lle a b le C a s tin g s Co.,
in g a g a i n s t t h e a d o p t i o n o f B i l l S . 2 7 2 1 b e f o u n d w h e n a m o v e is o r d e r e d a n d B e n t o n H a r b o r , M ich .
w h ic h p u r p o r t s t o e s t a b l i s h a n office o f S y lv a n ia I n d u s t r i a l C o rp ., F r e d e r i c k s ­
t h e w h o le p r o c e d u r e b e g in s o v e r a g a i n . b u rg , P a .
te c h n i c a l m o b i l i z a t i o n . T h e s t a t e m e n t T h e r m a d o r E l e c t r i c a l M fg . C o., L o s
m a in ta in s t h a t a n y p la n to re g im e n t A n g e le s , C a lif.
r e s e a r c h w o u ld r e t a r d o u r v a s t p r o ­ T y s o n R o lle r B e a r i n g C o rp ., M a s s illo n ,
O hio.
g ra m o f i n d u s tr i a l re s e a rc h . I t p o in ts U n ite d D rill a n d T o o l C o rp ., W h itm a n
o u t t h a t w h e n t h i s w a r b e g a n , th e & B a r n e s D iv is io n , D e tr o it, M ich.
U n ite d S t a t e s R u b b e r C o., M is h a w a k a ,
U n ite d S ta te s p o ssessed th e la rg e s t In d .
c h e m ic a l i n d u s t r y o f a n y n a t i o n in th e V ita le F ir e w o r k s M fg . C o., N e w C a s tle ,
Pa.
w o r ld w h ic h d e v e l o p m e n t i s d u e l a r g e l y W a l la c e & T i e r n a n C o., B e lle v ille , N . J .
to th e tre m e n d o u s e x p e n d itu re s fo r W a l w o r th Co., S o u th B o s to n , M a s s.
W e ld o n S p r in g s O r d n a n c e W o rk s , W e l­
c h e m ic a l r e s e a r c h , t h e p r o g r e s s i v e a t ­ d o n S p r in g s , M o.
titu d e o f m a n a g e m e n t, a n d th e e n c o u r­ W e s tin g h o u s e E l e c t r i c & M fg . C o., E a s t
S p r in g fie ld , M a s s .
a g e m e n t o f C o n g re ss.
R e f e r r i n g m o r e s p e c if i c a lly t o t h e
The follow ing firm s h a v e b e e n a d d e d to
p ro v is io n s o f th e p ro p o s e d m e a s u re , th e the list of those w h o h a v e re c e iv e d the
s t a t e m e n t d e c l a r e d “ I t w o u ld b e d iff i­ "M " a w a r d g iv e n b y th e U nited S ta te s
M aratim e C om m ission in re c o g n itio n of o u t­
c u lt to im a g in e a n y th in g b e tte r c a lc u ­ s ta n d in g p ro d u c tio n a ch ie v e m e n t.
F O R P R O D U C T IO N EX CELLENCE
l a t e d t o d e m o r a liz e t h e w o r k o f o u r
A m ong th e c o m p a n ies w h ic h , in th e p a s t A m e r ic a n L o c o m o tiv e C o., D u n k ir k ,
e x i s t i n g r e s e a r c h l a b o r a t o r i e s , t o w h ic h N . Y.
m o n th , h a v e b e e n a w a r d e d th e h o n o ra ry
w e m u s t lo o k f o r r e s e a r c h t o p r o s e c u t e N a v y " E " a n d Joint A rm y a n d N a v y "E " The C o o p e r-B e sse m e r C o rp ., M ount
b u rg e e for e x ce e d in g a ll prod u ctio n e x p ec ­ V e rn o n , O h io a n d G ro v e C ity , P a .
th e w a r. th a n so m e o f th e p ro v is io n s D a v is E n g i n e e r in g Co., E l iz a b e th , N . J .
ta tio n s in v ie w of th e fa c ilitie s a t th e ir com ­
e m b r a c e d in S . 2 7 2 1 .” F o r e x a m p le , t h e m a n d , a re in c lu d e d th e c h em ica l a n d ex p lo ­ M . W . K e llo g g C o., J e r s e y C ity . N . J .
siv e s p la n ts , th e c h em ica l p ro c e ss in d u strie s P r o d u c ti o n E n g i n e e r in g C o., B e r k e le y ,
O ffice o f T e c h n o lo g ic a l M o b i l i z a t i o n is C a lif.
a n d th e c h e m ic a l e n g in e e rin g eq u ip m en t
d ire c te d to : ( a ) in v e s tig a te th e n u m ­ co n ce rn s liste d b e lo w . O th e r pro cess a n d T u b e - T u r n s , In c ., L o u is v ille , K y .
b e r, lo c a tio n , q u a lific a tio n s a n d c u r r e n t e q u ip m e n t p la n ts w ill b e m e ntioned in th e se
co lu m n s a s th e a w a r d s a r e p re s e n te d to the
a c t iv itie s o f a ll s c ie n tific a lly tr a in e d in d iv id u a l p la n ts . FU N G IC ID E PRODUCERS D ISC U SS
p e rs o n n e l; (b ) in v e s tig a te “ th e u s e b e ­
C O P P E R R E Q U IR E M E N T S
i n g m a d e o f a l l s c ie n tif ic t e c h n i c a l f a ­
c i l i t i e s , p u b l i c o r p r i v a t e ; ” ( e ) r e v ie w T h e fir s t m e e tin g o f th e C o p p er
A d v a n c e P la tin g ' Co., D e tr o it, M ich .
p ro je c ts fo r re s e a rc h a n d d e v e lo p ­ A e tn a B a l l B e a r i n g M fg . C o., C h ic a g o , F u n g ic id e M a n u f a c tu r e r s I n d u s t r y A d ­
m e n t ; ( d ) r e v ie w e s t a b l i s h e d p r o d u c ­ 111. v i s o r y C o m m i t t e e w a s h e ld i n W a s h ­
A llis - C h a lm e r s M fg . C o., S p r in g fie ld , 111.
t i o n f a c i l i t i e s , te c h n i q u e s a n d p r o d u c t s , A m e r ic a n C h a in & C a b le C o., W r i g h t - i n g t o n l a s t m o n th . D is c u s s io n in c lu d e d
w i t h a v ie w t o t h e i r i m p r o v e m e n t ; ( e ) M a n le y M fg . D iv is io n , Y o rk , P a . i n d u s t r y p r o d u c t i o n s c h e d u le s a n d r e ­
A m e r ic a n C y a n a m id C o., C a lc o C h e m i­
i n v e s t i g a t e t h e u s e o f i n e f f i c ie n t d e ­ c a l D iv is io n , B o u n d B ro o k , N . J . q u ire m e n ts o f c o p p er m e ta l, d is tr ib u ­
s ig n s , p ro c e sse s o r m a t e r ia ls ; a n d ( f ) A n a c o n d a C o p p e r M in in g C o.. A n a c o n d a , ti o n , a g r i c u l t u r a l n e e d s f o r c o p p e r i n ­
M o n t., A n a c o n d a R e d u c tio n W o r k s ,
t o c o m p e l t h e lic e n s i n g o f a l l p a t e n t s , G r e a t F a l l s , M o n t. s e c tic id e s , u s e o f lo w g r a d e s c r a p
s e c r e t p r o c e s s e s a n d s p e c ia l t e c h n i c a l T h e A u s t in C o., C le v e la n d , O h io . ( c o p p e r ) in t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f c o p p e r
B a b c o c k & W ilc o x C o., R e f r a c t o r i e s s u lp h a te , a n d e x p o rts .
in fo r m a tio n , a s s e t f o r th .” D iv is io n , A u g u s t a , G a.
“ A d v o c a te s o f t h e b ill h a v e p la c e d B e th le h e m S te e l C o ., T e r m in a l I s la n d M em b e rs o f th e c o m m itte e a r e : W a r ­
Y a r d , T e r m in a l Y a r d , C a lif. re n H . M o y e r, W P B , g o v e rn m e n t p r e ­
m u c h e m p h a s is o n re s e a rc h , a n d h a v e B u c v ru s -E rie C o., S o u th M ilw a u k e e ,
r e f e r r e d , to o o f te n i n v a g u e t e r m s , t o W is . s i d i n g o ff ic e r; L . G . M a t t h e w s , A m e r ­
C h ic k a s a w O r d n a n c e W o r k s , M illin g to n , ic a n S m e l t i n g & R e f in in g C o .; C . (I.
r e s e a r c h e s w h ic h c o u ld h a v e b e e n c a r - T enn.
‘ ric d o u t in th e d e ca d e im m e d ia te ly p re - C h ro m iu m C o rp . o f A m e ric a , W a t e r - B le s s , M o r r is P . K i r k & C o ., I n c . ; H .
b u ry , C onn. A . M efT o rd , M e f f o r d C h e m ic a l C o .; F .
I c e d i n g t h e p r e s e n t w a r , b u t w h ic h w e r e C le v e la n d A u to m a tic M a c h in e Co.,
; n o t c a r r ie d o u t d u e to la c k o f fo r e s ig h t C le v e la n d , O h io . B. P o rte r. T e n n e sse e C o r p .; J . C.
C o n tin e n ta l R u b b e r W o r k s , E r ie , P a . H a p r o v , L o s A n g e le s C h e m ic a l C o .:
■ c o n c e r n i n g p r o b le m s a n d r e q u i r e m e n t s C o n v e r s e R u b b e r C o.. M a ld e n , M a s s .
C r a n e C o., C h ic a g o W o r k s , C h ic a g o . 111. I I . C . D a v ie s , C a l i f o r n i a S p r a y - C h e m ­
1 w h ic h a n a t i o n a l e m e r g e n c y w o u ld
C u m m in s E n g i n e C o .. C o lu m b u s , In d . ic a l C o .; M . L . S o m e r v i lle , S h e r w in -
evoke. H o w e v e r, th e a d m in is tr a tiv e T h e D e V ilb is s C o ., T o le d o . O hio.
D o lo m ite P r o d u c t s C o., G a te s . N . Y . W i l l i a m s C o .; D a n ie l M u r p h y , R o h m &
‘ a n d f u n c t i o n a l p r o b le m s i n h e r e n t t o a n
D o w C h e m ic a l C o., M id la n d , M ich , a n d IT a a s .
a g e n c y o f t h e s iz e c o n t e m p l a t e d i n t h e M id la n d C h e m ic a l W a r f a r e S e rv ic e .
j b ill w o u ld r e t a r d r a t h e r t h a n a d v a n c e F a i r b a n k s , M o rs e & C o.. F r e e p o r t , 111.
T h e F u lto n S y lp h o n C o., K n o x v ille ,
! e f f e c t u a t i o n o f a n y s p e c ific p r o j e c t . T enn. IN T E R N A T IO N A L M IN ER A LS BUYS
7 F u r th e r m o r e , ev en if a p ro g r a m o f su ch G e n e r a l E l e c t r i c C o ., O n ta r io , C a lif, a n d A M IN O PR O D U C T S C O .
P it ts f ie ld , M a s s.
, m a g n i t u d e w e r e p r a c t i c a b l e , i t w o u ld G r a n i t e C ity S te e l C o., G r a n i t e C ity , 111.
I le x O p tic a l C o., R o c h e s te r , N . Y . L o u is W a re , p re s id e n t of I n t e r n a ­
in v o lv e t h e s e g r e g a t i o n o f a l a r g e
I n la n d S te e l C o., I n d i a n a H a r b o r , In d . t i o n a l M i n e r a l s & C h e m ic a l C o r p . o f
g r o u p o f s c ie n tif ic p e r s o n n e l, c r i p p l i n g I n t e r n a t i o n a l B u s in e s s M a c h in e s C o.,
E n d i c o tt, N . Y. C h ic a g o , lia s a n n o u n c e d t h a t , t h r o u g h
e x i s t i n g r e s e a r c h f a c i l i t i e s o f b o t h in -
J o n e s & L a u g h l i n S te e l C o rp ., A liq u ip p a , i t s s u b s i d i a r y c o m p a n ie s , t h e c o r p o r a ­
; d u s tr y a n d e d u c a tio n a l in s titu tio n s . Pa.
K a n k a k e e O r d n a n c e W o r k s , J o lie t, 111. t i o n lia s a c q u i r e d o w n e r s h i p o f A m in o
T h e n e t e f f e c t w o u ld b e t o c u r t a i l r a t h e r
K eokuk E l e c tr o - M e ta ls C o., K e o k u k , P r o d u c t s C o. o f D e t r o i t . A m in o o p e r ­
01 t h a n t o p r o m o t e s c ie n tif ic e f f o r t . ” Io w a . a t e s a l a r g e c h e m ic a l p l a n t a t R o s s -
'0 K o p p e r s C o ., A m e r ic a n H a m m e r e d P i s ­
to n R in g D iv is io n , B a l tim o r e , M d. f o r d , O h io , a s u b u r b o f T o le d o , w h e r e i t
C C H EM IC A L D IV IS IO N . W PB E li L illy & C o .. I n d ia n a p o lis . In d .
M a c k M o ld in g C o ., W a v n e , N . J . p r o d u c e s m o n o s o d iu m g l u t a m a t e a n d
35 A G A IN IN N E W Q U A R T E R S M o n s a n to C h e m ic a l C o.. S t. L o u is , M o., g lu ta m ic a c id p ro d u c ts a n d d e riv a tiv e s .
M o n s a n to . U l., a n d C h e m ic a l W a r f a r e M o n o s o d iu m g l u t a m a t e , t h e p r i n c i ­
T h e C h e m ic a l D i v i s i o n o f t h e W a r S e rv ic e , S t. L o u is .
P r o d u c tio n B o ard h a s been m oved O ld b u r y E l e c tr o - C h e m ic a l C o., N i a g a r a p a l A m in o p r o d u c t , i s u s e d p r i m a r i l y a s
F a lls , N . Y. a v e g e t a b l e p r o t e i n f o r d e h y d r a t e d fo o d s
S a g a in , th is tim e fro m th e M u n ic ip a l P i t t s b u r g h C o k e & I r o n C o., P i t t s b u r g h ,
C e n te r to T e m p o r a r y B u ild in g S. T h e Pa. a n d s o u p s a n d is in la r g e d e m a n d fo r
R e d s to n e O r d n a n c e P l a n t , H u n ts v ille , c e rta in a rm y ra tio n s . D u rin g re c e n t
d i v i s i o n h a d o n l y b e e n a b le t o g e t i t s A la .
te le p h o n e lin e s p ro p e r ly h o o k e d u p R e p u b lic S te e l C o rp .. B ir m in g h a m , A la ., y e a r s , th e m a r k e t re q u ire m e n ts fo r th is
G a d s e n . A la ., C a n to n , O h io , a n d M a s ­ m a te r ia l h a v e g r e a tly in c re a s e d a n d
w h e n t h e n o tic e c a m e t h a t n e w q u a r - s illo n . O h io .
H t c r s w o u ld b e r e a d y t h e f i r s t o f t h e R o h m & H a a s , B r is to l, P a . t h e A m in o p l a n t a t R o s s f o r d is a l e a d ­
S a c r a m e n to E n g i n e e r i n g a n d M a c h in e in g p ro d u c e r.
y e a r. T h e c o n s ta n t s h iftin g o f o rg a n ­ W o r k s , S a c r a m e n to , C a lif.

■120 • JA N U A R Y 1 9 1 ,8 • C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G
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t h e c h e m ic a l i n d u s t r y a s m u c h a s t h e i s s u e d i n tlie m id d le o f D e c e m b e r. T b e p l u s t h e t - i ' r-frjw -siniA r-
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s ta r c h e s , a n d v e g e ta b le a n d a n im a l f a ts ’4 2 , p . 1 3 5 .) V'.TVXtT'av.'. t-.'A' ÏÏVv -hiST-s TO 7i.1.v-,J -I. ’.-;
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p r o v i d e d f o r t h e t r a n s f e r o f p e r s o n n e l, e x e m p tio n f o r m i l i t a r y a n d xyitt Ne Its -.’çjvi7A"à,vT h --M.s-’M- "- ¡Tie
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s o s a e p ls o e h e i w v e i * s s fa x is a s u i a n d a .
r e ta in so m e c o n tro l o v e r f e r tiliz e r s a n d t h e s h i p m e n t s m a y b e m a d e o n ly w h e n
p e r m is s i o n lia s b e e n g r a n t e d b y t h e m i n i m u m »«m ount. T h e t n t e a R c m w -
in s e c tic id e s a s in th e p a s t, b u t no q a i w a w a t s a r e t a k e n -.'-are o f b y ¿ h e ;
o ffic ia l a c t i o n h a d b e e n t a k e n a t t h a t B o a r d o f E c o n o m ic W a r f a r e a t t h e tim e
th e e x p o r t lic e n s e s a r e is s u e d . p l a n t s n o w s c h e d u le d f o r « o n s t n w à o n .
ti m e . T h e i m p a c t o f t h e s e c h a n g e s o n W h e n e v e r y t h i n g is r u n n i n g f u l l b l a s t
O th e r p r o v is io n s o f t h e o r d e r w e r e
t h e c h e m ic a l i n d u s t r y s h o u ld b e p r a c ­ l a te in 1943 i t w ill be d e te rm in e d
a im e d a t p r e v e n t i n g o r s t a m p i n g o u t
tic a lly n il. w h e th e r o r n o t a d d itio n a l c a p a c ity fo r
p r a c t i c e s t h a t w o u ld e x h a u s t r e s e r v e s .
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W h a t m ig h t be c a lle d a “g r a y m a r k e t”
h a d f a i r l y c lo s e c o n t r o l o v e r f a t s a n d
w a s d e v e l o p in g t h r o u g h t h e m a n i p u l a ­ b e p r o v id e d .
o ils a n y w a y . A g ric u ltu r e w a s r e ­
ti o n s o f tlie m a n u f a c t u r e r s t h a t w e re I n t h e e v e n t t h a t s o m e n e w a lc o h o l
s p o n s ib le f o r t h e h u g e 1 9 4 2 g r o w in g
w i t h i n t h e l e t t e r o f t h e la w b u t c e r ­ p l a n t s h a v e t o b e p u t u p , t h e s to c k p i le
p ro g ra m t h a t re s u lte d in th e g r e a te s t
ta in ly n o t th e s p ir it. o f a lc o h o l n o w b e in g a c c u m u l a t e d w ill
c r o p o f o ils e e d s in t h e n a t i o n 's h i s t o r y .
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A g r ic u ltu r e h a s h a d c o n tro l o f th e
e d ib le p r o d u c t s a n d a w a y f r o m t h e t i o n u n t i l t h e n e w p l a n t s c a n lie p u t
c ru s h in g a n d m a rk e tin g a rra n g e m e n ts
n o n -e d ib le . T h e m a n u f a c t u r e r t h a t is i n o p e r a t i o n s o m e t i m e d u r i n g 194-1.
d e s ig n e d t o i n s u r e a n o r d e r l y m o v e ­
i n b o t h s id e s o f t h e b u s in e s s w i l l b e B y l a t e s u m m e r tlie a lc o h o l r e s e r v e
m e n t o f t h e o il c r o p t o t h e c r u s h e r s
h u r t i n o n e w a y a n d b e n e f ite d i n a n ­ w i l l e x c e e d a n y p o s s ib le n e e d a b o v e t h e
a n d a ls o p ric e m a in te n a n c e th ro u g h th e e s t i m a t e d m in im u m r e q u i r e m e n t s o f
o th e r. T h e sm a ll so ap m a n u fa c tu re r
C o m m o d ity C r e d i t C o rp . th e b u ta d ie n e p la n ts fo r th e re m a in d e r
I n th e case of f e rtiliz e rs th e C h em ­ d e f i n i t e l y i s in a n u n e n v i a b l e p o s itio n .
S o m e e f f o r t lia s b e e n m a d e t o c u s h io n o f 1943 a n d a l l o f 1944.
ic a l D i v i s i o n o f W P B h a s a l w a y s T h i s is so s im p le a n d s o o b v io u s t h a t
t h e b lo w b y p e r m i t t i n g a m a n u f a c t u r e r
w o r k e d c lo s e ly w i t h t h e D e p a r t m e n t i n t h e c o n g r e s s io n a l in v e s t i g a t i o n s o f tlie
w h o s e q u o t a is b a s e d o n e d ib le f a t s
a llo c a tin g th e a v a ila b le s u p p lie s . T h e o lc o h o l p r o g r a m s e e m s l i g h t l y r i d i c u ­
C h e m ic a l D i v is io n is i n b e t t e r p o s i t i o n a n d o ils t o s h i f t t o tlie u s e o f f o o ts
o n t h e s a m e b a s i s a s tlie m a n u f a c t u r e r lo u s . P a r t i c u l a r l y i s t h i s t r u e o f t h e
t o in c r e a s e t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e m i n ­ e f f o r ts o f S e n a t o r G i l l e t t e ’s i n v e s t i g a ­
e ra l p ro d u c ts u sed fo r f e rtiliz e rs a n d w h o s e q u o t a i s b a s e d o n fo o ts .
G e n e ra lly s p e a k in g th e re c e n t a c tio n t i o n t o se e w h y a l a r g e r p o r t i o n o f
t h a t m a y h a v e been on e of th e d e te r ­ th e ra w m a te r ia ls d o n o t o r ig in a te o n
m i n i n g f a c t o r s i n t h e f in a l d e c i s io n a s h a s b een d ire c te d to w a rd th e p ro te c tio n
o f t b e p r e s e n t s to c k s o f f a t a n d o ils . th e fa rm . S o m u c h a lc o h o l i s b e in g
t o w h a t o r g a n i z a t i o n w o u ld h a v e c o n ­ m a d e f r o m g r a i n n o w a n d so m u c h
T h e re a r e a ls o in d ic a tio n s t h a t th e
tr o l of th e fe r tiliz e r p ro g ra m . m o r e w ill h e in t h e n e a r f u t u r e t h a t
g ly c e r i n e b u s in e s s w i l l n o lo n g e r r u n
S u p p lie s of F a ts a n d O ils th e p r o g r a m . a p a r t i a l c r o p f a i l u r e c o u ld s e r io u s ly
T h e f a t s a lv a g e p ro g r a m d o e s n o t e ffe c t p r o d u c t i o n .
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s h o w t l i e v i g o r t h a t i t s h o u ld . The S o m e o f t h e m o r e c o n s e r v a tiv e offi­
n ew s in th e d a ily p re s s. T he b u tte r
p u b l i s h e d f ig u r e s a r e f a r b e lo w t h e c ia ls w h o a r e in f o r m e d o n t h e s i t u a t i o n
s h o r t a g e h a s m a d e t h e g e n e r a l p u b lic
g o a ls t h a t w e re o r ig in a lly s e t a n d th e y h a v e p r i v a t e l y e x p r e s s e d t h e fe e lin g
f a t s a n d o ils c o n s c io u s . A t t h e t u r n t h a t b y t h e e n d o f n e x t y e a r tlie s i t u a ­
o f t h e y e a r tw o m o v e s w e r e m a d e t o lo o k a l m o s t a s b a d w h e n c o m p a r e d w i t h
t h e r e v is e d g o a ls t h a t h a v e b e e n s e t f o r tio n m a y he re v e rsed . T h e y p re d ic t
e a se th e s itu a tio n . F i r s t w a s th e r e ­
1943. Som e W a s h in g to n o b serv ers t h a t t h e r e w i l l h e a h u e a n d c r y to
le a s e o f tw o m i l l i o n p o u n d s o f b u t t e r p re v e n t th e fu r th e r u se of w h e a t fo r
" fro z e n ” fo r u s e by th e a rm e d fo rce s h a v e s u g g e s te d t h a t so a p m e n o u g h t
t o g e t b e h in d t h e f a t s a lv a g e d r iv e . tlie m a n u f a c t u r e o f a lc o h o l o n th e
a n d L e n d -L e a se fo r d i s tr ib u tio n to tb e g r o u n d t h a t t h e g r a i n is n e e d e d a s a
c iv ilia n p o p u la tio n th ro u g h re g u la r
N ew A lc o h o l P la n ts fo o d .
t r a d e c h a n n e ls . T h is a c tio n w a s fo l­
lo w e d p r o m p t l y b y a n o r d e r p e r m i t t i n g L a c k o f a lc o h o l w i l l n o t l i m i t t h e
R u b b e r M issio n To R u s s ia
a n in c re a s e in tb e a m o u n t o f f a ts a n d p ro d u c tio n of s y n th e tic ru b b e r. T lie
re c e n t a n n o u n c e m e n t t h a t th re e n ew R u b b e r C z a r J e f f e r s i n m id - D e c e m b e r
o ils u s e d in th e m a n u f a c tu r e o f m a r ­
p l a n t s w o u ld b e b u i l t i n K a n s a s a n d a p p o i n t e d a f o u r - m a n m is s i o n t o g o
g a r in e fro m 110 p e r c e n t o f th e a m o u n t
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u s e d in t b e b a s e p e r io d t o 180 p e r c e n t .
1 0 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 g a llo n s p r o d u c tio n r e c o m ­ m id e n g in e e r in g d a t a o n t h e R u s s ia n
T h e g o v e rn m e n t e s tim a te d t h a t th e
m ended b y th e B a ru c h re p o r t to th e e x p e r ie n c e in m a n u f a c t u r e o f s y n t h e t i c
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p r o d u c tiv e c a p a c i t y o f t h e c o u n tr y . ru b b e r. S u ch a p ro je c t h a s b een a
a d d i t i o n a l 2 3 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 p o u n d s o f o ils
T h e s e p l a n t s w ill b e in o p e r a t i o n n e x t p o l i t i c a l b o n e o f c o n t e n t i o n in t h i s
b e in g u s e d fo r th e p u rp o s e . I t w ill
A u g u s t o r S e p te m b e r . c o u n t r y f o r s o m e tim e .
g o a lo n g w a y t o w a r d m a k i n g u p f o r
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tb e s h o rta g e o f b u tte r fo r c iv ilia n u se.

121
C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G • JA N U A R Y lO f/S .
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In te rc h e m ic a l C o rp . w ho w a s a c o n ­ b e c a u s e h e w a n t s a n o t h e r jo b w h ic h h e is l i t t l e r e a s o n , h o w e v e r , t o e x p e c t t h a t
s u l t a n t t o A r t h u r N c w l ia l l w h e n t h e s e e s i n t h e o ilin g — f u e l c z a r . H e is b o s s s i m p l i f i c a t i o n w i l l g o to t h e e x t r e m e of
la t t e r w a s ru b b e r c o o rd in a to r. M r. o f h a r d fu e ls a n d p e tro le u m n o w a n d re p la c in g c o u p o n s w ith a v o lu n ta ry
P i t t m a n w a s a h o r d n a n c e c a p t a i n in w o u ld l i k e t o t a k e o v e r c o n t r o l o f g a s a b s tin e n c e c a m p a ig n — a lth o u g h th is
\ t h e l a s t w a r , h a s b e e n c o n n e c te d w i t h a n d e le c tr ic p o w e r fro m W P B . w ill b e s e r i o u s l y p r o p o s e d .
a n u m b e r o f la r g e e n g in e e r in g e n te r ­ C o i n c i d e n t w i t h M c N u t t ’s e m e r g e n c e
Fluorspar Production Aided
p r i s e s s in c e th e n . to fu ll a u t h o r i t y w a s th e is s u a n c e of
O th e r m e m b e rs o f th e p a r ty a r e D r. a s to p - g a p f o r a n “ o r d e r l y w i t h d r a w a l " R e s e r v e s o f f l u o r s p a r a r e d o w n in
W i l l i s A . G ib b o n s , d i r e c t o r o f d e v e l o p ­ of d r a f ta b le w o rk e rs fro m in d u s try , s p i t e o f e f f o r ts t o m a i n t a i n o r in c r e a s e
m e n t f o r t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s R u b b e r C o. p e n d i n g t h e t i m e w h e n M a n n i n g T a b le s th e m . A p r i c e i n c r e a s e w e n t t h r o u g h
a n d h o ld e r o f so m e 00 p a te n ts in ru b b e r [C h e rn . £ J l e i . , D e c. ’4 2 , p . 1 2 2 ) b e c o m e a b o u t a m o n t h a g o w h ic h w a s a p a r t
p ro c e sse s; I r v i n g L . M u r r a y , c h ie f g e n e r a lly o p e ra tiv e . T h e new schem e o f th e p ro g ra m to e n c o u ra g e p ro d u c ­
p ro c e s s e n g in e e r fo r th e C a rb id e & C a r ­ is c a l l e d a n i n t e r i m r e p l a c e m e n t s c h e d ­ t i o n . O n t h e e f f e c tiv e d a t e , N o v e m b e r
b o n C h e m ic a ls C o rp . a n d s u p e r v i s o r o f u le a n d is r e a lly a s k e le to n M a n n in g 23, th e c e ilin g o n c ru d e o re s w a s r e ­
d e s i g n a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n o f C a r b i d e ’s T a b le . N o t a b l e d if f e r e n c e i s t h a t R e ­ m o v e d s o t h a t c u s t o m m i l l s c o u ld p a s s
b u ta d ie n e a n d s ty r e n e p la n ts , a n d D r. p l a c e m e n t S c h e d u le s n e e d o n l y S t a t e on th e p ric e in c re a s e . T h e o r d e r d id
A r is tid V . G ro sse , a n a tiv e R u s s ia n S e le c tiv e S e r v ic e D i r e c t o r o k a y t o b e n o t r e m o v e t h e c e i l i n g o n t h e p r ic e s of
w h o h a s b een e n g ag e d in w a r re s e a rc h u s e d o n o c c u p a tio n a l d e fe rm e n t r e ­ f in is h e d p r o d u c t s s o ld t o t h e u l t i m a t e
w o r k f o r t h e O ffice o f S c ie n tif ic R e ­ q u e s ts fo r n o t m o re th a n s ix m o n th s , c o n su m e r. A lth o u g h th e o rd e r as
s e a r c h a n d D e v e lo p m e n t a t C o lu m b ia r a t h e r t h a n f o r m a l v a l i d a t i o n b o th b y w r itt e n s a y s e x a c tly t h a t , fro m th e
U n iv e rs ity . W M C a n d th e D ire c to r. U s e rs o f R e ­ le g a l s t a n d p o i n t , t h e r e h a v e b e e n f r e ­
p l a c e m e n t S c h e d u le s , a r e e x p e c te d t o q u e n t m is in te r p r e ta tio n s b y th e tra d e .
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P a u l V . M c N u tt is th e w a r tim e m a n ­ t h e s i x - m o n t h p e r io d . n o t k n o w n b e f o r e t h e p u b l i c a t i o n of
p o w e r b o s s , w i t h “ f in a l a u t h o r i t y " o v e r C o lle g e a n d u n i v e r s i t y s t u d e n t s s p e ­ a r e s t r i c t e d s h i p p i n g l i s t a b o u t th e
a l l p h a s e s o f t h e p r o b le m e x c e p t t h e c ia liz in g in c h e m is tr y , p h y s ic s a n d b a c ­ fir s t of th e y e a r. T h is li s t n a m e s
d e te rm in a tio n of th e n u m b e r of m en t e r i o l o g y w h o a r e w i t h i n t w o y e a r s of p la n ts to w h ic h m e t a l l u r g i c a l a n d
t o b e c a l l e d i n t o t h e a r m e d s e r v ic e s . c o m p le tio n o f t h e i r s p e c ia liz e d c u r ­ c e r a m ic g r a d e s o f f l u o r s p a r c a n n o t b e
T h e lo n g s t r u g g l e b e tw e e n M c N u t t ’s ric u la a re n o w d e fe rre d fro m m ilit a r y s h i p p e d b e c a u s e o f t h e i r e x c e s s iv e i n ­
W a r M a n p o w e r C o m m is s io n a n d S e le c ­ s e r v ic e . F o r m a l r e c o g n t i o n o f t h e i m ­ v e n to rie s . I t is h o p e d t h a t t h is w ill
t i v e S e r v ic e e n d e d i n D e c e m b e r w i t h a p o rta n c e of c o n tin u e d tra in in g of i n s u r e a m o r e e q u i t a b l e d i s t r i b u t i o n of
n e w e x e c u t i v e o r d e r m o d e lle d a f t e r t h e re p la c e m e n ts a n d n e w ta l e n t in s c ie n ­ p r e s e n t s u p p lie s b y s e n d in g th e m w h e re
W P B “ c h a r te r ” p la c in g a ll a u th o r ity tif ic a n d p r o f e s s i o n a l fie ld s c a m e i n th e y a r e im m e d ia te ly n e ed e d .
in a s i n g l e m a n w h o w i l l b e a d v is e d m id - D e c e m b e r f r o m th e W a r M a n ­ I n t h e m e a n t i m e e f f o r ts a r e b e in g
b y a b o a rd . p o w e r C o m m is s io n . T he d e fe rm e n t m a d e t o e x p e d i t e t h e c o m p l e t i o n of
S e le c tiv e S e r v ic e w a s t r a n s f e r r e d t o o r d e r w a s i s s u e d t o a l l S e le c tiv e S e r v ­ n e w p l a n t s . O n e o f t h e s e i s t h e 3 0 ,0 0 0 -
M c N u t t ’s o r b i t , a n d e n l i s t m e n t s h a l t e d . ic e B o a r d s . t o n f l o t a t i o n m i l l o f t h e Z u m i M il l i n g
T h e S e c re ta rie s o f W a r a n d N a v y , h o w ­ C o. w h ic h i s b e i n g p u t u p w i t h D e ­
e v e r, r e t a i n a u t h o r i t y to in fo rm M c­ Leon Henderson Out fe n s e P l a n t C o r p . f u n d s . P ro g ra m s
N u t t , a f t e r “ c o n s u lta tio n ” w ith h im on L eo n H e n d e rs o n is o u t a s th e w a r ­ c o v e r in g p r o s p e c t i n g , d e v e l o p m e n t a n d
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V ha nd le c a re fu lly V retu rn p ro m p tly

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C h e m ic a l C o m p a n y , St. Louis, M issou ri and E verett
S tation, B oston, Massachusetts.

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cognition by both th e Army and the
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Navy “ E ” first aw arded Monsanto C h e m ic a l s
December 31, 1941. S I X V IN G IN D U S T X Y . . .W H I C H î I « V I* M A N K IN D

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a llo c a tio n s a r e s o u g h t. to b u y s u c h f a c ilitie s in o rd e r to ob­
03 U n d e r th is o rd e r a ll p u rc h a s e rs d e ­
s ir in g n e w m o to r s m u s t c e r tif y to th e t a i n th e q u o ta o f th e s e lle r in a p a r ­
m o to r m a n u fa c tu re rs t h a t th e y h a v e CHLORINE tic u la r c la s s of u se. T he am ended
H n o i d l e m o t o r s i n t h e i r p o s s e s s io n t h a t R e s tr ic tio n s o n th e u s e o f c h lo rin e o rd e r a ls o a llo w s a m a n u fa c tu re r
c a n be a d a p te d to th e d e s ire d u s e ; e n d p r o d u c t s s u c h a s l i q u i d s o d iu m w h o se q u o ta is b a se d o n f a ts a n d o ils
t h a t th e y h a v e a tte m p te d to o b ta in h y p o c h lo rite , c a lc iu m h y p o c h lo rite , so ­ t o s h i f t t o t h e u s e o f f o o ts o n t h e
u se d m o to rs fro m a t le a s t th r e e d e a l­ d iu m c h lo rite a n d o th e r s im ila r p r o d ­ s a m e b a s is a s th e m a n u f a c tu r e r w h o se
e r s ; t h a t t h e m o t o r i s n o t b e in g p u r - u c ts c o n ta in in g a v a ila b le c h lo rin e h a v e q u o t a w a s o r i g i n a l l y b a s e d o n f o o ts .
m c h a s e d fo r re p la c e m e n t p u rp o s e s ; a n d b een re m o v e d fro m C o n s e rv a tio n O r­ I n a d d itio n , th e a m e n d m e n t p ro v id e s
H t h a t i t is r e q u ire d fo r im m e d ia te u se. d e r M -1 9 . A ls o e x e m p te d f r o m t h e t h a t f a t s a n d o ils p ro c e sse d b y o n e

. JA N U A R Y 1 9 .',3 . C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G
 o u tle t
st Hopper

W H Y M U L T IC L O N E S A RE
MORE COMPACT, EASIER TO
INSTALL, SIMPLER TO
SERVICE!

F OR re c o v e rin g su spended m a te ria ls

from gases, no other mechanical col- ’
lector can match the ad vantages o f the Sf
M ULTICLONE. It is the result o f over 3 6
years o f concentrated research and developm ent in the science of recovery and
incorporates m any exclusive advancements that reduce installation costs, in­
> C onventional Cyclone C ollector de­
crease operating efficiency, save valuab le space and g re a tly simplify m ainte­ sign uses side entry of gas to produce
nance an d inspection. centrifugal w hirling action. This neces­
sitates costly and complicated manifold­
ing of inlet and outlet ducts (1 & 2)—
FO R EXA M P LE . . . the patented vane design of M U L T IC L O N E tubes eliminates is space-wasting and difficult to insulate.
need for the complicated m anifolding and costly multiple ducts of conventional Individual hoppers (3) further compli­
cate installation and maintenance.
side-entry cyclones. T h is important advancement permits any number of tubes to
be compactly installed in sm all areas, u s in g o n l y O N E inlet a n d O N E outlet
h e a d e r. In addition, the particles removed by an entire bank of tubes are collected
through one unitized hopper, further sim plifying installation and operation over
the conventional multiple hopper arrangement.

A dvantages a re m any. The smaller surface exposed to the

gas minimizes erosive w e a r, an d because all tubes can be
quickly reached through a single m anhole, m aintenance is
easy an d quick w ithout dismantling entire unit. • H eat ra d ia ­
► In th e exclusive V ane
tion is reduced to a minimum by the simplified h eader con­
Type MULTICLONE design
struction, improving tem p erature control and reducing costs gas enters tubes th ro u g h
o f insulation. • The g re a t saving o f space permits MULTICLONE one simple manifold cham­
ber that reduces duct work
installation in existing structures w here m anifolding would be to a minimum and permits
impossible—and in all new structures w here space is valuab le. compacting many rubes in­
to an extremely small space.
These a re only a few o f th e m a n y e n g in e e re d a d v a n ta g e s th a t a re In each tube, (right) vanes
then w hirl the gas intoeight
y o u rs w hen y o u Install a MULTICLONE. It w ill p a y you to g e t th e full miniature cyclones, giving
SEND FOR BULLETIN
s to ry b e fo re y o u Install a n y du st reco v ery eq u ip m en t! more complete distribution
contain in g detailed inform ation
of gas and higher dust re­
end specification* on M U LT I-
covery. Cleaned gas can be
CLO NE construction feotvrei.
discharged either horizon­
tally or vertically from a
sin g le o u t l e t . .. a n d one
dust hopper handles recov­
W ESTERN £ C lp itâ tiü H ery from many tubes sim­
p lify in g in sta lla tio n and
maintenance requirements.
E n g in e e rs, D e s ig n e r s a n d M a n u ­
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ria ls fro m G a s e s a n d L iq u id s , S A N FRANC ISC O : HOBART BUILDING

P R E C IP IT A T IO N COMPANY O F C A N A D A , LTD. • D O M IN IO N SQ U A RE B U IL D IN G , M ONTREAL

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G - JANUARY 191,3 125

 m a n u fa c tu re r fo r a n o th e r u n d e r con­

JU ST O U T
t r a c t s h a ll b e c h a rg e a b le n o t to th e
q u o ta of th e p ro c e ss o r b u t to th e q u o ta
o f th e o w n e r. T itle to th e p ro d u c t
BULLETIN NO. 10 m u s t r e m a i n i n t h e '-h a n d s o f t h e o w n ­
e r, a n d th e o w n e r m u s t m a rk e t, in ­
v o ic e , a n d c o lle c t f o r t h e p r o d u c t
STANDARD APPARATUS th ro u g h h is ow n o rg a n iz a tio n .

A N D U T EN SILS CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS

F e r t i l i z e r o r d e r , M -2 3 1 , h a s b e e n
a m e n d e d in o rd e r to in s t i t u t e a g ra d e -
s u b s t i t u t i o n p r o g r a m e x p e c te d t o r e ­
TRANSPARENT d u c e c o n s u m p t i o n o f c h e m ic a l n i t r o ­
g e n i n m ix e d f e r t i l i z e r s b y a p p r o x i ­

★ V I T R E O S IL
(regd. tradem ark)
m a te ly 20 p e rc e n t, a c c o rd in g to W P B
e stim a te . S c h e d u le B o f t h e a m e n d e d
o rd e r lis ts th e g ra d e s of fe rtiliz e r b y
For the m ost exacting Chemical, n itro g e n c o n te n t, used d u rin g th e
1 9 4 0 -4 1 s e a s o n in t h e s e v e r a l s t a t e s .
T herm al, Electrical and O ptical Con­ O p p o s i te t h e s e a r e t h e a p p r o v e d g r a d e s
ditions. Describes and prices Plates, t o b e s u b s t i t u t e d i n 1 9 4 2 -4 3 . F e r t i l i z e r
Flasks, Expansion A pparatus, Cruci­ THESE V IT R E O S IL BULLETINS m a n u fa c tu re rs a re re q u ire d to p ro d u c e
A re yours for the asking. Technologists are t h e a p p r o v e d 1 9 4 2 -4 3 g r a d e s in t h e
bles and Lids (H ig h and Low ), invited to send for any of the follow ing for sam e p ro p o r tio n as th e 1 9 4 0 -4 1
Gooch Crucibles, Beakers, Combus­ th e ir files. g ra d e s. M any o th e r changes a re
No. I— VCM Crucibles and No. 6— Thermal Alumina
tion Boats, Dishes, T riangles, etc. Other Items for the Coal
Chemist
Ware m a d e in c lu d in g p la c in g m a n u f a c tu r ­
No. 7— Pipes and Fittings e rs o n th e s a m e b a sis a s d e a le rs w ith
Gives data on physical properties. No. 2— Electric Immersion
Heaters and Containers
No. 8— Industrial Crucibles,
r e s p e c t t o s to c k s o n h a n d a n d p e r ­
Dishes Muffles, Pots, Re­
for Heating Acids torts, Tanks and Trays
No. 3— Gas Sam pling Tubes
m is s i o n f o r s a le , d e l i v e r y a n d u s e o f
SU PPLIES of V itreo sil In d u stria l E quip­ No. 9— Vitresoll Tubing and
s to c k s o f u n a p p r o v e d g r a d e s l o c a te d
No. 4— Hydrochloric Acid Rod in All Qualities
m ent and L aboratory W a re are arriv in g Equipment No. 10— Standard Appara­ i n w a r e h o u s e s m o r e t h a n 5 0 m i. f r o m
No. 5— Special Transparent tus and U tensils In Trans­
re g u la rly from o u r E nglish factory. Apparatus and Equipment parent Vitreosil t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r ’s n e a r e s t p l a n t .

The THERMAL SYNDICATE, Ltd. COBALT DRIERS

U se o f c o b a lt in a ll p a in t d r ie r s
12 East 46th S tre e t N ew York, N. Y. w ill b e p e r m itte d u n d e r a n a m e n d ­
m e n t t o O r d e r M -3 9 , i s s u e d D e c . 2 8
b y W P B b e c a u s e p re v io u s r e s tr ic tio n s
o n th e u s e o f c o b a lt in d r ie r s w e re
fo u n d to in te rf e r e w ith th e m a n u fa c ­
tu re of c e rta in e s s e n tia l p ro te c tiv e
c o a tin g s , s u c h a s s liip -b o tto m p a in t,
c a m o u f la g e p a i n t , a n d s i m i l a r m a t e ­
r ia ls . I t w a s p o in te d o u t b y th e
F e r r o - A l l o y s B r a n c h o f t h e S te e l D i v i ­
s io n o f W P B t h a t r e s t r i c t i o n s o n o t h e r
m a t e r i a l s w h ic h e n t e r i n t o t h e m a n u ­
¡0 1 f a c tu r e o f p ro te c tiv e c o a tin g s , su c h
a s n a p h t h e n i c a c i d , d r y i n g o ils , a n d
-oke, f a t t y a c i d s w o u ld a u t o m a t i c a l l y l i m i t
t h e q u a n t i t y o f c o b a l t d r i e r s w h ic h
nly
c a n b e u s e d .T h e a m e n d m e n t a ls o
n-y.
p e rm its th e u se o f c o b a lt in a ll n o n -
lay fe rro u s a llo y s , to t a k e c a re o f c a r ­
» 10 b id e c u t t i n g to o l s . P re v io u s ly u se of
c o b a lt in n o n -f e r ro u s a llo y s w a s lim ­
m tir P R IO R IT Y Ph oto show s three h e a vy d u ty
i t e d t o p r e f e r e n c e o r d e r s o f A A -5 o r
ON B E IN G IN F O R M E D " R - C " V a cu u m P um ps Installed in h ig h e r.
ra c
Even though priority may N e w M e x ic o chem ical plant. Ca­
aves prevent your obtaining new
equipment at present, p acity, 4 ,25 0 C F M each; suction,
OTHER PRICE RULINGS
iv in j there’s no priority on being 1 0 " m ercury.
informed on the advantages C o n s u m e r c e i l i n g p r i c e s o n m ix e d
ant of Roots-ConnersYiile eq u ip ­ R o o ts - C o n n e rsville p ositive d is­
ment. Now is the time to fe rtiliz e r and s u p e r p h o s p h a te w e re
irboi work out plans and p ro b ­ p la ce m e n t units will handle m ore r a i s e d i n s p e c if ie d a r e a s o n D e c . 2 9
lems for the day when p ri­
r-pro orities will be no more. air p er horsepow er, under m o d e r­ b y O P A i n o r d e r t o g iv e m a n u f a c ­
W rite for Bulletin 22-23-B11. ate diffe re n ce s o f pressure, th a n a n y tu r e r s re lie f fro m p a r t of th e ir re c e n t
•otec'
other ty p e o f co m p re sso r. c o s t in c r e a s e s . T h e in c re a se s v a r y
irpos ; ★ fro m a re a to a re a , w ith th e h ig h e s t
R O O T S - C O N N E R S V IL L E a d j u s t m e n t s a llo w e d in t h e N o r t h e a s t ­
e rn S ta te s a n d n o in c re a s e p e r m itte d
B L O W E R CO RP. o n t h e P a c if ic c o a s t . The upper a d ­
301 Illin o is A v e ., C o n n e rs v ille , In d ia n a
ju s tm e n ts , O P A s a id , re p r e s e n t a n
a b s o lu te m in im u m n e e d e d to s e c u re
s u f f ic ie n t p r o d u c t i o n of c o m m e r c ia l
f e r tiliz e r fo r f a rm e rs of th e U n ite d
S ta te s w h o a r e a s k e d to p ro d u c e i n ­
c r e a s e d q u a n t i t i e s o f f o o d , fe e d a n d

• JAN U ARY 194S • C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G

 f ib e r c r o p s in 1 9 4 3 to fill w a r r e q u i r e ­
m e n ts . A t t h e s a m e t i m e i t o ffe rs
r e lie f to f e r tiliz e r m a n u fa c tu re rs w ho
h a v e b een d e p riv e d by th e w a r of
3-WAYS FASTER! ALL WAYS SAFE!
m a n y o f t l i c i r lo w e r c o s t s o u r c e s o f
r a w m a t e r i a l s a n d h a v e b e e n fo r c e d t o High speed in acceleration
u s e m o r e e x p e n s iv e p r o d u c t s . D e t a i l e d of F l e t c h e r Centrifugals
i n f o r m a t i o n w ill b e f o u n d i n O P A r e ­ quickly brings the basket
l e a s e 1 ,3 0 0 r e f e r r i n g t o P a r t 1,367 speed to its maximum . . .
“ F e r t i l i z e r s '” ( R e v is e d M P R 1 3 5 ) . High speed of the basket
T h e b a s e d a t e u p o n w h ic h m a x im u m gets more thorough separa­
p r ic e s f o r f u e l g a s fr o m o il f ie ld s a r e tion, faster . . . Speed in
d e t e r m i n e d lia s b e e n c h a n g e d f r o m braking reduces unloading
O c to b e r , 1 0 4 1 , t o M a y 1, 1 9 4 2 , a c c o r d ­ time . . . Yet, there is no
i n g t o O P A o r d e r o f D e c. 2 8 , 1 9 4 2 sacrifice in safety; unique
( D o c u m e n t 8 ,9 0 3 ) , P a r t 1 ,3 4 0 “ F u e l ” Fletcher controls and safety
f e a t u r e s eliminate extra prod uct of
( R P S 881 A m e n d m e n t 5 1 ) . T h is a c ­
tio n ta k e s in to a c c o u n t th e c o s t o f hazard! FLETCHER WORKS
in c re a s in g d ry -g a s p ro d u c tio n th ro u g h G le n w o o d A v e . & 2nd S t,
e x p an d ed d rillin g p ro g ram s a n d o p e ra ­
Ask about these m odern cen­
tio n fa c ilitie s o f th e p e tro le u m in d u s ­
trifugals. W ith F letch er high P h ila d e lp h ia , Pa.
t r y . I t w ill p e r m i t , in s o m e in s ta n c e s ,
speed, yo u ’ll need fe w e r
i n c r e a s e o f p r ic e s p a i d f o r t h e g a s in
centrifugals — the least in ­
t h e fie ld b u t w ill n o t a f f e c t c o n s u m e r
vestm en t to close the gap
p r ic e s , O P A s t a t e d . P r i c e in c r e a s e s
betw een present production
o c c a s io n e d b y t h e n e w b a s e d a t e w ill
and war demands.
v a r y a s b e tw e e n p r o d u c i n g a r e a s , f a ­
c i l i t i e s a n d m e th o d s o f o p e r a t i o n , n o t ­
a b l y i n t h e A p p a l a c h i a n r e g io n a n d
in C a lifo rn ia . I n som e im p o r ta n t sec­
tio n s , su ch as th e M id - C o n tin e n t,
w h e r e n o s u b s t a n t i a l p r ic e in c r e a s e s
o c c u r r e d b e tw e e n O c t. 1 a n d A p r . 2 8 ,
1 9 4 2 , p r ic e s w ill n o t b e m a t e r i a l l y
a f f e c te d .
I n c r e a s i n g l y w id e s p r e a d u s e o f r u b ­
b e r s u b s t i t u t e s h a s r e s u l t e d in t h e
p r o d u c tio n o f n e w a r t i c l e s w h ic h h a v e
h a d t o b e p r ic e d b y a p p l i c a t i o n to
O PA . T o r e lie v e m a n u f a c t u r e r s o f
t h i s n e c e s s it y , s u b s t i t u t e r u b b e r p r o d ­
u c ts w e re b ro u g h t u n d e r R e g u la tio n
2 2 0 e ffe c tiv e J a n . 4 b y a n a m e n d m e n t R e a d y f o r a B u s y 1943
e s ta b lis h in g s e lf-e x e c u tin g p ric in g
m e th o d s w i t h d e f in ite f o r m u l a s a n d
s p e c if i c a tio n s . O P A R e l e a s e T -4 5 0 o f
D e c. 3 0 , 1 9 4 2 , l i s t s i n D o c u m e n t N o .
8 ,9 7 4 , P a r t 1 ,3 1 5 , “ R u b b e r a n d P r o d ­
u c t s a n d M a t e r i a l s o f W h ic h R u b b e r
is a C o m p o n e n t” ( M P R 2 2 0 , A m e n d ­
m e n t 2 ) , a w id e v a r i e t y o f c o n s u m e r
a n d i n d u s t r i a l p r o d u c t s m a d e i n w h o le
o r in p a r t f r o m n a t u r a l , s y n t h e t i c , r e ­
c la im e d o r b a l a t a r u b b e r , a n d o f v a r i ­
o u s o th e r m a te r ia ls s e rv in g a s ru b b e r
s u b s titu te s .
C e i lin g p r ic e s f o r p r o c e s s o r s o f s o y ­ a n d P e b b le M ill Ja r Mill
b e a n , c o tto n s e e d a n d p e a n u t o il m e a ls
a n d o il c a k e s in c a r l o t s a r e fix e d a t
t h e s a m e le v e ls a s t h o s e s e t u n d e r
t h e i r c o n t r a c t s w i t h t h e C o m m o d ity
C r e d i t C o rp ., a c c o r d i n g t o a n n o u n c e - '
m e n t o f O P A D ec. 24 , (O P A -T -4 2 7 ).
A t t h e s a m e ti m e , s o m e e x i s t i n g p r o ­
v is io n s o f t h e G e n e r a l M a x im u m T r ic e
R e g u l a t i o n w e r e s im p lif ie d a n d r e ­
s ta te d to s e t d iff e r e n tia ls a n d p ro fit
m a r g i n s f o r s a le s b y p r o c e s s o r s o f le s s
th a n c a r lo a d lo ts a n d fo r s a le b y jo b ­
b e r s , w h o le s a le r s a n d r e t a i l e r s . The
m o v e , t a k e n in A m e n d m e n t N o . 81 to Rotary Cutter M ix e r
S u p p le m e n ta ry R e g u la tio n N o. 14,
e f f e c tiv e D e c . 2 9 , s h o u ld f u r t h e r e ffe c ­
t u a t e th e $3 to $4 p e r to n re d u c tio n
in c o s ts o f a l l o il m e a ls a n d o il
c a k e s to th e in d iv id u a l fa rm e r-fe e d e rs ,
OF LITTLE FALLS, NEW JERSEY
w h ic h , a c c o r d i n g t o t h i s a n n o u n c e ­
m e n t, w a s t h e p u r p o s e o f O P A i n d e ­ 375 C e n te r A ven ue
s ig n in g t h is o rd e r.

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G . JA N U A R Y 1 0 /,3
 T H I S p ic tu re show s how from 1 / 1 6th to 3 /1 6 th o f an
inch of h a rd scale was deposited on th e inside o f th e
body a n d cap as well as on th e w orking p a rts of a No.
212 A rm stro n g T ra p before
cleaning was necessary. N ote
p a rticu la rly th e follow ing:

1■ wB hich
r i g h t l i n e o n v a lv e
show s th a t valve
p a rts w ere still w orking.
S cale bro k en from buck-
2• e t hook to in d icate th ic k ­
ness of scale.
S c a le a r o u n d b u c k e t
3 ■ v e n t b u t the vent was
still open.
I t tak e s a n A rm strong free-
floating lever trap to o p e rate
fo r lo n g u n d e r s u c h b a d
w a te r conditions!

R M S T R O N G T ra p s w o n ’t do th e
im possible, b u t A rm stro n g ’s free-flo at­
ing le v e r a n d q uick-open in g , tig h t-c lo s­
ing v a lv e actio n h av e com e th ro u g h
w ith flying colors on m a n y a jo b th a t
w o u ld h a v e p u t a n o rd in a ry tr a p o u t
of com m ission. Ho,d r£ Vą lvf
A b ility of e q u ip m e n t to s ta y on th e 2 a up i * c v . : , eri
jo b w ith a m in im u m of m a in te n a n c e dn"
ta k e s on in creasin g im p o rta n c e ev ery 0/ co- p o ^ ^ ° / grr

d ay. M o re reaso n w h y y o u sh o u ld b u y
A rm stro n g T ra p s, in sta ll th e m p ro p e r­
SERVICE
ly a n d k eep th e m in good rep air. / GUIDE
‘^ V Cw“ -,u<Ûin
A rm stro n g re p re s e n ta tiv e is re a d y 4o\.

to h e lp y ou do this. S en d fo r him STEAMTRAP

L USERS I
to d ay .

A RM STR O N G
M A C H IN E W O R K S ’Aii'OjrtO *¿i
858 M a p le St., Three Rivers, M ic h ig a n

128 . .J A N U A R Y 19.',3 C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G

 NEW PRODUCTS AND M A T E R I A L S

SPECIAL GLASS g e n e r a l s to r e use. T he u n it h a s a a r e f o u n d to p o s s e s s a n im p r o v e d f a s t ­

S o m e t y p e s o f g l a s s d e v e lo p e d f o r u s e s t u r d y , s p e c ia l t r e a t e d w o o d t r i p o d n e ss to lig h t.
i u m i l i t a r y a i r c r a f t b y L ib b e y - O w e n s - u n d e r w h ic h 10 lb . o f D r i - A i r p o w d e r I n a cc o rd a n c e w ith th e seco n d p a t­
F o r d G la s s C o. a r e b u l l e t - r e s i s t a n t c a n be su sp e n d e d in a m esh b a g . T h e e n t , N o . 2 ,3 0 0 ,4 7 2 , c e llu lo s e a c e t a t e
g l a s s , g o ld e n p l a t e g l a s s , a n d a s p e c ia l d rip p in g s fro m m o is tu re a b so rb e d by f i l a m e n t s o r f o il s a r e b r o u g h t t o a
la m in a te d s a f e ty g la s s fo r u se in g lid ­ t h e D r i - A i r p o w d e r a r e c o lle c te d in h i g h l y s w o lle n c o n d i t i o n b y t r e a t m e n t
e rs a n d t r a in i n g p la n e s . O rig in a lly in ­ u s e r ’s o w n b u c k e t o r p a n . T h e o t h e r w i t h a l i q u i d s o l v e n t o r s w e lli n g a g e n t
t e n d e d f o r d e c o r a t i v e m i r r o r s , g o ld e n D r i - A i r u n i t is i d e a l f o r h o u s e h o ld , f o r t h e c e l lu lo s e a c e t a t e w h ic h h a s a
p l a t e h a d b e e n f o u n d t o s o lv e a m a j o r s t o r e o r office u s e , i t h a s d o u b le m e s h d y e s t u f f o r d y e s tu f f c o m p o n e n t in c o r ­
p r o b le m of s u b s tr a to s p h e re h y in g b a g s f o r h o ld i n g 10 lb . o f t h e p o w d e r p o r a t e d t h e r e i n . T h e f il a m e n ts o r f o il s
th r o u g h its a b ility to filte r u ltr a - v io le t a n d h a s a h a n d s o m e w a l n u t f in is h . a r e t h e n s t r e t c h e d w h ile i n t h i s s w o l­
r a y s w h ic h c a u s e s e v e r e s u n b u r n t o T h e u n i t is c o m p le te w i t h b u i l t - i n le n c o n d itio n .
p ilo ts . T h e c o m p a n y ’s c a s e - h a r d e n e d b a s in f o r c o lle c ti n g t h e d r i p p i n g s . T h is p ro c e ss r e s u lts in a u n ifo rm im ­
g l a s s k n o w n a s tu f - f le x i s b e in g u s e d E i t h e r o u t f i t is a d e q u a t e f o r r e m o v in g p r e g n a t i o n o f t h e f i l a m e n t s o r f o il s b y
e x t e n s iv e ly i n n a v a l c r a f t f o r p o r th o l e s e x c e s s m o i s t u r e f r o m 1,0 0 0 t o 1,2 0 0 t h e d y e s tu f f b y im m e r s io n f o r o n e - h a lf
a n d s c r e e n s a n d a l s o is b e in g s u b s t i ­ c u .f t . o f a i r , a n d p r o v id e s p r o t e c t i o n s e c o n d t o tw o m i n u t e s so t h a t t h e c o l­
tu te d fo r o th e r m a te r ia ls in th e d ia ls f o r a n y p la c e w h e r e e x c e s s m o i s t u r e i n o r a tio n c a n b e c a r r ie d o u t c o n tin u o u s ly
o f n a v ig a tio n a n d o th e r c o n tro l i n s t r u ­ t h e a i r is a p t t o c a u s e d a m a g e . w i t h t h e h ig h - s p e e d p r o d u c t i o n o f a r ­
m e n t s . T h e A r m y ’s 8 0 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 c a n d le - ti f i c i a l f i l a m e n t s a n d f o il s b y m o d e r n
VARNISHED SILK SUBSTITUTE
p o w e r s e a r c h l i g h t s h a v e tu f - f le x c o v e r s w e t s p i n n i n g m e th o d s .
t o p r o t e c t t h e i r r e f le c to r s a n d l i g h t V a r n i s h e d r a y o n , c o t t o n c lo th a n d
so u rc e s. T e rm o p a n e , an in s u la tin g n y lo n h a v e b e e n d e v e lo p e d b y t h e I r v ­ OIL-RESIN EMULSION WATER PAINT
g l a s s , h a s b e e n c h a n n e le d i n t o t h e i n g to n V a rn is h & In s u la to r C o.,
I r v in g to n , X . J ., fo r e le c tric a l in s u la ­ T h e id e a o f a c o n c e n t r a t e d p a s t e
s tre a m o f w a r p ro d u c tio n a s m u ltip le
t i o n f o r m e r l y p r o v id e d b y v a r n i s h e d p a i n t , t o b e t h i n n e d w i t h w a t e r , w h ic h
g la z e d u n i t s f o r m o b ile a r m y e q u ip ­
m e n t. s ilk . A ll t h e s e m a t e r i a l s p o s s e s s g o o d d rie s q u ic k ly a n d p ro d u c e s a b e a u tif u l g
d ie le c tric s tr e n g th w ith te n s ile a n d te a r d e c o r a t i v e e ffe c t o n w a lls a n d c e i lin g s
CUTTING OILS s t r e n g t h s e q u a l to o r b e t t e r t h a n v a r ­ h a s a lw a y s been a ttr a c tiv e to th e p u b ­
n is h e d s i l k a n d c a n b e p u n c h e d i n t o lic . T h e id e a c e r t a i n l y i s w o r t h e o n -
D e v e lo p m e n t o f a n e w li n e o f c u t t i n g s id e r in g a s i t m a k e s th e in te r io r p a in t- (
s p e c ia l s h a p e s . T h e y a r e a v a i l a b l e i n
o ils w h ic h w i l l h e lp s p e e d t h e A m e r i ­ in g jo b s o m u c h s i m p l e r a n d m o r e
th ic k n e s s e s f r o m 0 .0 0 3 t o 0 .0 0 8 in ., i n
c a n b a t t l e o f p r o d u c t i o n b y in c r e a s i n g c o n v e n ie n t e sp e c ia lly in th e s e d a y s o f
s t r a i g h t - c u t r o l l s o r b i a s c u t s t r i p s , in
m a c h in e p r o d u c t i v i t y i n w a r i n d u s t r i e s s h o rta g e o f s k ille d p a in te r s a n d a ll
5 1 -in . l e n g th s . E a c h b a s e m a t e r i a l is
i s a n n o u n c e d b y S t a n d a r d O il C o. o f m e c h a n ic s . B u t T r u s c o n L a b o r a t o r i e s ,
c o a t e d w i t h I r v i n g t o n s p e c ia l i n s u l a t ­
I n d i a n a , C h ic a g o . T h e n e w c u t t i n g o ils D e t r o i t , M ic h ., p r o b a b l y b e c a u s e o f
in g v a rn is h .
p e r m i t f a s t e r s p e e d s a n d n e w m e th o d s i t s “ w a t e r p r o o f i n g b a c k g r o u n d ,” fe e ls
H ig h t e n a c i t y v a r n i s h e d r a y o n i s t h e
o f t o o l i n g , c lo s e r t o l e r a n c e s i n s iz e s
m o s t s u ita b le a lte r n a te fo r v a rn is h e d t h a t su c h a p a in t th o u g h c o n v e n ie n t J
a h d f in i s h e s , a n d i n c r e a s e d u s e o f a l ­
s ilk , c o m p a rin g fa v o ra b ly w ith i t in to u s e , s h o u ld a ls o p o s s e s s a v e r y im - >
l o y s t e e l s w h ic h h a v e lo w e r m a c h in -
s t r e n g t h a n d f le x ib ili ty . I t h a s a d i ­ p o r t a n t a d d i t i o n a l p r o p e r t y , n a m e ly , J
a b i lit y r a tin g s th a n th e m e ta ls co m ­
e le c t r i c s t r e n g t h o f 1,2 0 0 V P M a n d is w a s h a b i l i t y . I n O p a lto n e , T r u s c o n h a s
m o n ly e n c o u n te re d , a c c o rd in g to
u s e d f o r w r a p p i n g le a d s , s m a l l m a g ­ p r o d u c e d a n o i l - r e s i n e m u ls io n w a ll
S t a n d a r d c h e m i s t s a n d e n g in e e r s w h o
n e to s a n d c o ils . V a r n i s h e d c o tto n c lo th c o a t y i g t h a t is r e m a r k a b l y w a s h a b le .
d e v e lo p e d t h e n e w li n e i n t e s t p l a n t s
h a s g r e a te r te n s ile s tr e n g th th a n v a r ­ C o m p a ra tiv e te s t s h a v e sh o w n th is
a n d p ro v e d t h e i r w o r th b y in c re a s in g
n i s h e d s ilk . I t s p l i a b i l i t y p e r m i t s a p ­ p r o d u c t c a p a b l e o f r e s i s t i n g n o t o n ly
p ro d u c tio n .
p lic a tio n on odd sh a p e s . D i e le c tr ic w a s h in g b u t a c t u a l s c r u b b i n g t o a
M a n y s h o p s w h ic h f o r m e r l y o p e r a t e d
s t r e n g t h is 1 ,2 0 0 V P M . V a rn is h e d v e r y u n u s u a l d e g r e e . A lo n g w i t h i t s
on a “jo b s h o p ” b a s is a re n o w s p e c ia l­
n y lo n h a s q u a l i t i e s o f f l e x i b i l i t y a n d q u a lity o f re a d y w a s h in g , i t a p p lie s ;
iz in g in w a r p ro d u c tio n a n d o p e ra te
h i g h t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h w i t h d ie l e c t r i c v e ry e a s ily , w ith a ro lle r , a b ru s h , o r
c o n t i n u o u s l y o n t h e s a m e jo b . I n s u c h
s t r e n g t h o f 1,2 0 0 V P M . A t t h i s ti m e , by sp ra y . I t h i d e s m o s t s u r f a c e s in
p l a n t s e n g in e e r s a r e n o w a b le t o p r e ­
N y lo n i s o n ly a v a i l a b l e b y g o v e r n m e n t o n e c o a t . T h e c o lo r s a r e c l e a r , b r i g h t
s c r ib e t h e g r a d e o f c u t t i n g o i l w h ic h a ll o c a t i o n . a n d m o d e rn . B e s t o f a ll, th e r e is n o j
w i l l g iv e t h e b e s t r e s u l t s o n a p a r t i c u ­
o b je c tio n a b l e p a i n t o d o r w i t h O p a l-
l a r o p e r a t i o n i n s t e a d o f a c o m p r o m is e COLORATION OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS
to n e . T w o g a l l o n s o f O p a lto n e m a k e s '
p r o d u c t t o f i t t h e m is c e lla n e o u s d e ­ AND FOILS
th re e o f p a in t, re a d y fo r a p p lic a tio n , j
m a n d s o f a w id e r a n g e o f m a c h in e o p e r ­
Two U . S. le tte r p a te n ts w e re T h e re a re e ig h t p a ste l sh a d e s a n d |
a tio n s a n d m e ta ls a s in th e p a s t, th e
g r a n t e d r e c e n t l y t o t h e C e la n e s e C o rp . p u re w h ite . I t re q u ire s n o p rim e r
c o m p a n y e x p la in e d .
o f A m e r ic a , o n e r e l a t i n g t o t h e p r e p a ­ o r s e a le r, y e t i t m a y be a p p lie d o v e r !
r a t i o n o f c o lo r e d t e x t i l e m a t e r i a l a n d a p a in te d s u rfa c e a s re a d ily a s o v e r
ELIMINATE DAMP AIR
th e o th e r to th e c o lo ra tio n o f a r tif ic ia l p o r o u s s u r f a c e s s u c h a s w a ll b o a r d ,
T o e n d d a m a g e c au se d b y h u m id ity , f il a m e n ts a n d f o il s o f c e l lu lo s e a c e t a t e c o n c r e t e b lo c k , b r i e k o r p l a s t e r . W a l l ­
c o n d e n s a t i o n , r u s t , m o ld , m ild e w , w a r p ­ o r o t h e r o r g a n i c d e r i v a t i v e s o f c e l lu ­ p a p e r c a n n o w b e p a in te d o v e r— n o
in g , a n d p r e v e n t m u s t y o d o r s , h a s lo n g lo s e . A c c o r d in g t o p a t e n t N o . 2 ,3 0 0 , n e e d t o re m o v e i t .
b e e n a n a c c o m p lis h m e n t o f T a m m s 4 7 0 , o x id e s o f a lu m i n u m a n d a n t i m o n y
S i l i c a C o ., C h ic a g o , 111., m a k e r s o f D r i- a r e m ix e d w i t h t i t a n i u m d io x id e , a l l
LIQUID DUSTPROOFS CEMENT FLOORS
A i r c h e m ic a l p o w d e r . N o w , r e g a r d l e s s i n f in e ly d iv id e d c o n d itio n , a n d th e
o f m e ta l c u r ta ilm e n ts in th e p ro d u c tio n m ix tu r e th e n a d d e d to a s p in n in g s o lu ­ A n ew tr a n s p a r e n t p e n e tr a tin g liq u id
o f D r i - A i r c o n t a i n e r s , tw o n e w u n i t s t i o n , s u c h a s c e llu lo s e a c e t a t e i n a c e ­ n o t o n ly p e r m a n e n t l y d u s t p r o o f s b u t
o f n o n - e s s e n t i a l m a t e r i a l s a r c b e in g to n e , f r o m w h ic h t h e f il a m e n ts a r e a ls o m a k e s t h e c o n c r e t e w a t e r p r o o f a n d
p la c e d o n t h e m a r k e t . O n e o f t h e s e s p u n . S u c h f il a m e n ts a r e n o t o n ly o f c r u m b le p r o o f , t h u s g r e a t l y i n c r e a s in g
k n o w n a s a c o m m e r c ia l t r i p o d u n i t is i m p r o v e d s t r e n g t h , b u t w h e n c o lo r e d i t s r e s i s t a n c e t o tr a f f ic a n d p r e v e n t i n g
d e s ig n e d f o r w a r e h o u s e , f a c t o r y , a n d w i t h d v e s tu f f s o f v a r i o u s t y p e s th e y th e f o r m a t i o n o f r u t s a n d h o le s . E v e r-

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G . JA N U A R Y 19-',3 . 129

 c re te is e a s ily a p p lie d ; w ith o u t i n t e r ­
f e r i n g w i t h t h e g e n e r a l b u s in e s s r o u ­

Uniform Pressure Obtained tin e in a n y m a n n e r, i t p e n e tr a te s im ­

m e d ia te ly a n d c a n be a p p lie d d u r in g
w o rk in g h o u rs . P u t th e liq u id in a
p a i l o r w a t e r i n g c a n , f lu s h i t o n t h e

in Inaccessible Line flo o r a n d s lo s h i t a r o u n d e v e n ly w i t h

a lo n g h a n d le d b ro o m o r b ru s h u n til
th e c o n c re te w ill n o t a b so rb a n y m o re .
I t is a n e x c e l l e n t b i n d e r to o , f o r s u r ­
fa c e s t h a t a r e to b e p a in te d i t is s a id
to k eep th e m o is tu re fro m e n te rin g
a n d lo c k s i n t h e lim e a n d a l k a l i s , p r e ­
v e n t i n g b u r n i n g o ff o r h o t s p o t s o n
p a i n t e d s u r f a c e s . I t i s s a i d t o b e im ­
p e r v i o u s t o a c i d s a n d is a b s o l u t e l y
o d o r le s s . I t is m a d e b y E v e re re te
C o r p ., N e w Y o r k C ity .

RED PIGMENT
A r e c e n t l y d e v e l o p e d c o lo r d e s i g ­
n a t e d a s R e d L a k e R E -5 1 7 - D w h ic h
fills t h e n e e d f o r a n e c o n o m ic a l r e d
Uniform pressure is obtained on the downstream side
p o s s e s s in g g o o d c o lo r p e r m a n e n c y a n d
of an R-S Butterfly V alve in an in a ccessib le lin e by e x c e l l e n t r e s i s t a n c e t o w a t e r b le e d h a s
m eans of an exten d ed reach rod and an electric been a n n o u n c e d b y K re b s P ig m e n t &
motor. The d eclu tch in g unit and hand w h eel control C o lo r C o rp . T h is p r o d u c t is s u i t ­
is u sed w hen the pow er fails. C an b e p ow ered by an a b le f o r u s e i n t h e w a l l p a p e r a n d c o a t -
e d -p a p e r in d u s tr ie s in th e p ro d u c tio n
air diaphragm motor or hydraulic cylinder.
o f t a g s t o c k a n d o t h e r p a p e r s w h e re
A s the illustration indicates, the b ev ­ r e s i s t a n c e t o w a t e r b le e d i s d e s i r a b l e .
eled vane clo ses naturally against the
body of the valve and at the correct TRANSFORMER CORES
a n g le for the w edge-tight shut-off of S e e k in g a b e t t e r m a g n e t i c m a t e r i a l
any m aterial that flows or is forced fo r t r a n s f o r m e r c o re s, a p h y s ic is t a t
through a pipe. M achined to e x c e p ­ th e W e s tin g h o u s e R e s e a rc h L a b o r a to ­
tionally clo se tolerances. r i e s i s l i n i n g u p a t o m s a s i f t h e y w e re
a sq u a d of a rm y re c ru its on th e p a ­
Stream lined construction in d u ces self­ ra d e g ro u n d . B y m e ltin g a n d th e n
clea n in g . M aintenance is no problem s lo w ly c o o lin g a n i r o n - a l u m i n u m a l ­
lo y , D r . S i d n e y S ie g e l g e t s a t o m s o f
— constructed to last for years. Sizes
t h e tw o m e t a l s t o a s s u m e o r d e r l y
to 8 4 -in ch es and pressures to 6 0 0 p o s itio n s w ith r e s p e c t to o n e a n o th e r ,
pounds. because w hen th e y a re a rra n g e d th is
w a y th e a to m s e x e r t th e ir m a g n e tic
W r it e for c a t a lo g , a p p r o x i m a t e
fo r c e t o g e t h e r . D r . S ie g e l s t a t e s t h a t
w eigh ts and detailed dim ensions. su ccess o f h is s e a rc h u ltim a te ly m a y
i n c r e a s e t h e e ffic ie n c y o f e l e c t r i c t r a n s ­
BUTTERFLY VALVE D IV IS IO N
fo rm e rs. A s a r e s u lt tra n s fo rm e rs
R - S PRODUCTS CORPORATION w i l l w e ig h le s s f o r a g iv e n c a p a c i t y .
4 5 2 3 G e r m a n t o w n Ave P h iladelphia, Pa. T h is w ill s a v e c o p p e r a n d s te e l, m a k e
i t e a s ie r to tr a n s p o r t a n d in s ta ll t r a n s ­
fo rm e rs a n d e v e n tu a lly re d u c e th e c o st
o f tr a n s m ittin g e le c tr ic ity to h o m es
a n d fa c to rie s .

CONTINUOUS BLEACHING PROCESS

P r o d u c t i o n o f m i l i t a r y t e x t i l e s is
g r e a tly sp eed ed b y a n ew c o n tin u o u s
b l e a c h i n g p r o c e s s w h ic h t u r n s c l o t h
w h i t e i n tw o h o u r s a t r a t e s u p t o
200 y a r d s p e r m in u te , E . I . d u P o n t
d e N e m o u rs & C o. a n n o u n c e d re c e n tly .
K i e r o r b a t c h b le a c h in g , a m e t h o d
w h ic h r e q u i r e s S t o 2 4 h o u r s , i s r e ­
p la c e d -b y t h i s f a s t , c o n t i n u o u s b l e a c h ­
i n g w i t h h y d r o g e n p e r o x id e . H a i l e d
by te x tile m en a s th e m o s t im p o r ta n t
PATENT APPLIED FOR
c o n tr ib u tio n to b le a c h in g in h a lf a
c e n tu r y , th is p ro c e ss n o t o n ly h a s te n s
t h e b le a c h b u t a llo w s p r e c is e c o n ­
tr o l o f a ll c o n d itio n s , sp e e d , s te a m ,
c h e m ic a l a b s o r p t i o n , a n d o t h e r f a c ­
t o r s , f r o m s t a r t t o f in i s h . I t g u a r a n ­

BUTTERFLY VALVES te e s u n i f o r m i t y i n c o lo r a n d a p p e a r ­
ance. F a b r i c s t h u s b le a c h e d t a k e on

. JA N U A R Y 1 9 ), 3 . C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G
dyes and o th e r fin is h in g m a te r ia ls
w ith ev en n ess. T h is p ro d u c tio n -lin e
m e th o d e r a s e s b o t tle n e c k s . M a te ria ls
flo w s t e a d i l y i n t o t h e b u s y c u t t i n g ,
p a c k in g a n d s h ip p in g ro o m s, e lim in a t­
i n g b o th r u s h a n d s l a c k p e r io d s . F u r ­
t h e r m o r e , i t m in im i z e s w a s t e f u l s e c ­
A NAME
o n d s a n d r e j e c t s f r o m t h e in s p e c tio n
1 EVERY ENGINEER
r o o m s , a n d e c o n o m iz e s o n c h e m ic a l,
s t e a m a n d w a t e r c o s ts . M a in t e n a n c e
SHOULD KNOW
a n d l a b o r c o s ts a r e n o h i g h e r , a n d
s u b s t a n t i a l s a v i n g s a r e fo r e s e e n .
P r o c e s s e s a r e o p e r a t i n g o r b e in g i n ­
s ta lle d in m ills in M a s s a c h u s e tts ,
R hode Is la n d , D e la w a r e , V irg in ia ,
N o r t h a n d S o u t h C a r o lin a a n d G e o r g ia .

RES IN-EMULSION PAINT FOR

INTERIOR SURFACES
I n t e r i o r w a l l s u r f a c e s m a y n o w be
tre a te d w ith S p e e d -E a sy , D u P o n t ’s
n e w r e s in - e m u ls io n f l a t p a i n t . P re­
p a re d in p a s te fo rm , i t is e a s ily r e ­
d u c e d t o p a i n t i n g c o n s is te n c y w i t h
w a t e r ; n o s p e c ia l t h i n n e r i s r e q u i r e d
a n d i t i s e c o n o m ic a l. O ne q u a r t of
p a s t e m a k e s o n e a n d o n e - h a lf q u a r t s
...protects vital
o f re a d y -to -u s e p a in t t h a t c a n be
b r u s h e d o n i n t e r i o r w a l l s a n d c e i lin g s , chemicals in shipmen
a n d e v e n o v e r f ig u r e d w a l l p a p e r —
w ith o u t b o th e rin g a b o u t a p rim e c o a t.
M ER C O A T ... the cold-applied plastic c o a tin g ...
U s u a l l y a s in g le c o a t g iv e s a m p l e c o v ­
e ra g e . I t is a p p lie d e a s ily a n d d rie s
in le s s t h a n a n h o u r . I t can be kept
A . solves the problem o f handling chemicals in avail­
able tanks and equipment which, otherwise, would not
c le a n w i t h s o a p a n d w a t e r . I t is
be suitable for this purpose.
a v a ila b le in e ig h t a ttr a c tiv e p a s te l
s h a d e s a n d w h ite . Amercoat protects tanks and equipment from corrosion
and the contents from contamination by providing an
WETTING AGENT FOR inert plastic surface which is oderless, tasteless and di­
PULP AND PAPER
electric to a high degree. Amercoat may be applied to
U s e o f N o p c o 2 2 1 1 a s a p r o c e s s in g
any metal or concrete surface.
m a t e r i a l d u r i n g t h e c o o k in g o f r a g s
a n d r a w c o t t o n f ib e r s i n p a p e r m a k ­ PROVIDED IN MANY INDUSTRIES
in g h a s r e s u lte d in m a n u f a c tu r e o f a
f in e r q u a l i t y f in is h e d p a p e r , i t h a s Amercoat has successfully solved problems o f corrosion
b e e n a n n o u n c e d b y t h e N a t i o n a l O il or contamination in the Chemical, Petroleum, Food,
P r o d u c t s C o ., H a r r i s o n , N . J . I n b o th
Maritime and many other
r o t a r y a n d v e rtic a l k ie rs , u se o f th e
p r o c e s s in g m a t e r i a l h a s a id e d m a t e ­ industries.
r i a l l y in w e t t i n g t h e r a w fib e r d u r i n g Typical exam ples o f th e effect­
FftO PO gi
t h e lo a d i n g o f t h e c o o k in g c h a m b e r , iveness o f Amercoat are show n
a n d in r e m o v in g n a t u r a l l y o c c u r r i n g 10°
in the chart on the left.
im p u ritie s s u c h a s w a x e s , p e c t in s ,
s te m p a r t i c l e s a n d o i l s w h ic h m a y A ll Am ercoat products are com ­
h a v e b e e n u s e d i n t e x t i l e p ro c e s s e s . pounded and pigm ented to best
I n a d d i t i o n , i t h a s le s s e n e d m a t e ­ m eet stipulated problem s. T ell
ria lly th e r e d d i s h s t a i n s o m e t im e s us your problem and w e ’ll an­
p r e s e n t a f t e r c o o k in g . T h e u s e o f t h i s
sw er it w ith Am ercoat to m eet
n e w p r o d u c t h a s r e s u l t e d in s u b s t a n ­
your specific needs . ..o r w e ’ll tell
t i a l l y r e d u c i n g t h e c o o k in g ti m e . In
so m e cases, th e le n g th o f th e cook you Am ercoat is not the answer.
h a s b e e n le s s e n e d b y a s m u c h a s 2 0 Amercoat is fully described and some o f
p e rc e n t w ith o u t d e tr im e n t to th e q u a ­
its many uses are illustrated in an inter­
esting, informative booklet.
l i t y o f t h e fib e r p r o d u c e d . M o re i m ­ W rite for your copy today
p o rta n t fro m a w ar c o n s e r v a tio n
s ta n d p o in t, h o w e v er, is th e s u b s ta n tia l
r e d u c t i o n in t h e a m o u n t o f c h lo r in e
n e ed e d d u r in g th e p ro c e ss. In te s t
m ill r u n s w h e re th is m a te r ia l h a s b een
u s e d , c l e a n e r s t o c k h a s b e e n d e liv e r e d DIVISION
t o t h e b le a c h i n g c e lls , c lo g g in g o f
w a s h e r s c re e n s h a s b e en e lim in a te d , AMERICAN PIPE AND
a n d t h e n u m b e r o f w a s h e s h a s b e en
r e d u c e d . I n s p i t e o f t h i s , f ib e r b r i g h t ­
n e s s h a s b e e n m a i n t a i n e d a n d b la c k
s p e c k s i n t h e f in i s h e d w e t l a p h a v e
b een e lim in a te d .

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G • JA N U A R Y 19Ą S • 131

 STAINLESS
STEEL

fo r th e P ro c e ss In d u s tr ie s

1 \ /T IS C O specializes in th e m a n u fa c tu re o f stainless
steel castin g s f o r in d u s tria l uses. M isco stainless
steel castin g s re p re se n t th e p e a k o f allo y castin g d e v e lo p ­
m en t. T h e y offer h ig h resistan ce to th e d e stru ctiv e
ac tio n o f m an y co rro siv e m a te ria ls a n d can be d ep e n d e d
u p o n fo r m a x im u m p e rfo rm a n c e .

I n h u n d re d s o f w a r p la n ts, in n u m e ro u s a n d v a rie d
p rocess in d u stries, m a n u fa c tu re rs are a v a ilin g th e m ­
selves o f M isco ’s facilities. T h e se fa c ilitie s in c lu d e th e
m o st m o d e rn fo u n d ry e q u ip m e n t a n d re p re s e n t m o re
th a n 25 years ex p erien ce in p ro d u c tio n , fa b ric a tio n an d
use o f stain less steel castings. O u r co m p lete e n g in e e r­
in g , m e ta llu rg ic a l a n d p ro d u c tio n reso u rces are a t y o u r
co m m an d , w h e n e v e r p ro b lem s arise w h ic h in v o lv e th e
use o f stain less steel castings.
BUY U. S. W AR
B O N D S a n d
STAMPS C o n se rv e S c a rc e M a te r ia ls

M ic h ig a n S te e l C a stin g C om pany
O n e o f t h e W o rld '* P io n e e r 1 9 9 9 G u o in S tr e e t
M H S ® ® P ro d u c e rs o f C hrom ium -N ickel
Heal and C o rre: A ll oy C a s t i n g s DETROIT, MICHIGAN
132 JA N U A R Y 1 9 .',3 . C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G
 FROM THE LOG OF EXPERIEN C E

E d i t o r 's N o t e : T o m a n y G h e n t. <C- th e s w itc h b o a rd . A t th e o th e r en d of

M e t. re a d e rs th e a u th o r o f th is n e w th e tu n n e l th a t te rm in a te d a t th e
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F o r th e b e n e fit o f th o s e o th e r s w h o w as w ith in e a r s h o t o f b o th e n d s b u t
h a v e n o t h a d th e fo r tu n a te e x p e rie n c e c o u ld n o t s e e th e m . H e t u r n e d t o w a r d s
o f k n o w in g h im p e r s o n a lly , o r o f r e a d ­ A1 C h a p m a n a n d h o lle r e d , “ A l, i n t e r ­
in g h is e a r lie r a r tic le s , “ D a n ” is c h ie f c h a n g e th o s e c a b l e s .” B o th A l* h e a r d
e n g i n e e r o f P e n n s y l v a n i a S u g a r C o ., a t th e o rd e r a n d o b ey ed . T h e b e ll i n d i ­
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O u lle b e n L o g . H is p r e s e n t c o m m is s io n th e W i z a r d h o lle r e d , “ C h a n g e th e m
i s t o i c r i t e w h a t, h e w i s h e s , on a n y b a c k .” B o th A ls o b e y e d t h e o r d e r
s u b je c t th a t ta k e s h is fa n c y . W e th in k a g a i n ! T h e W i z a r d c o u ld n ’t f ig u r e i t
y o u w ill lik e w h a t he has to sa y as o u t. T h a t n ig h t th e boys w e n t hom e
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B r a d l e y s t a y e d h o m e le a v i n g o n ly o n e
D IST R E SS IN G N E W S h a s j u s t a r r i v e d A l o n t h e j o b a n d t h e c a b le s w e r e
o f th e d e a th of H a rris o n H ow e. On s tr a ig h te n e d o u t. T h e m y s te ry h o w ­
l e a v i n g c o lle g e , H a r r i s o n j o i n e d o u r e v e r w a s n o t c la r if ie d t i l l t h r e e d a y s
c ro w d of s u g a r tr a m p s a s a c h e m is t l a t e r w h e n t h e tw o A ls s a t d o w n to
a t C r o s w e ll, M ic h i g a n , in ’0 2 a n d f r o m c o m p a r e n o te s .
t h is s p rin g -b o a rd h e ro se to i n t e r n a ­
t i o n a l e s te e m . T Iis f i r s t j o b w a s t h e R ECEN TLY o n e o f t h e 2 0 0 h p . m o to r s
1 2 -h o u r n ig h t s h if t in th e la b o r a to ry on th e m a in w a te r p u m p s a t th e dock
of th e s u g a r h o u se. *086 o p e r a t i n g b u rn e d u p . W h en H e rm a n g o t th e |
s e a s o n o f th o M ic h ig a n b e e t s u g a r fa c ­ r o to r to th e s h o p , h e fo u n d a r o a s t j
to rie s la s ts th re e m o n th s . D ic in g th e r a t w ith in . O v er th e w e ek -en d th e I
id le , s e a s o n . a n d b e f o r e fie ld w o r k b e ­ m o to r h a d b een s h u t d o w n a n d so th e |
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p e r i n t e n d e n t B ill H o o d le s s u s e 1 t o d r o p
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in a t lo w 12 a n d t h e t w a i n p r e w i r e d
n ic h e w a s t h e p ip e f i t t i n g g a n g u n d e r b e tw e e n t h e c o m m u t a t o r a n d t h e b r u s h i
d e le c ta b le d i s h e s o f o y s t e r s o r s c r a m ­
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b le d e g g s , t h e w h ile a ll m a n n e r o f
o f t h e P e n n s y l v a n i a S u g a r C o .) a n d la s t e d .
s u b j e c t s , te c h n i c a l a n d o t h e r w i s e w e r e
h e c o u ld g e t j u s t a s g r e a s y a s a n y o f
d is c u s s e d . O n th e o th e r h a n d th e re NOT LONG A G O w e fix e d u p t l i e ; |
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w as th e e x tr a c u r r ic u la r jo b of b a n d ­ L a u re l S tre e t W areh o u se fo r th e s to r­
g o ld - h e a d e d e a n e w h ic h lie s p o r t e d o n
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S u n d a y s . T h e r e n o w n e d , i m m a c u la te l y -
w o u n d s o f t h e b o d y h u t a ls o o f th e b o n d i n o a k b a r r e l s t h e r e is a c e r t a i n |j
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m i n d a n d h e a r t . H a r r i s o n ’s j o v i a l a n d lo s s w h ic h i n t h e v e r n a c u l a r i s s t y l e d | |
o f t h e A m e r ic a n C h e m ic a l S o c ie ty , t h u s
s y m p a th e tic d is p o s itio n m a d e h is m in ­ “ s o a k a g e .” T h e a lc o h o l t a x i s l e v i e d ; !
a c q u ire d th e “ h u m a n itie s ” a t th e g ra s s
i s t r a t i o n s s u p e r b l y e ffe c tiv e . o n t h e t o t a l w e i g h t c h e e k e d i n , m in u s ';!
r o o ts .
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IN SP IT E o f t h e f a c t t h a t t h e la b o r o f
la b o r a to r y o f a s u g a r h o u se c o o p e ra te s lo s s e s a r e a llo w e d . I f t h e r e w e r e a.¡1
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in t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e d e s i r a b l e t h e f t , w e w o u ld lo s e n o t o n l y t h e c o s t;
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e x a m p le t h e l a b o r o f a j a c k a s s , t h e r e
th e b e e ts. T h e g r o w e r s a r o u n d C ro s - g a llo n b u t a l s o t h e G o v ’t t a x a t $ 3 .0 0 ;
i s s t i l l s o m e e v id e n c e t h a t a U n io n
w e ll w e r e a c o n f u s io n o f S l a v i c i m m i­ p e r p r o o f g a l l o n ($ 5 .7 0 p e r g a l l o n of?
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g ra n ts . E v e ry on e sp o k e th e d ia le c t 2 31 c u . i n . ) . W h e n w e p la c e d th e d is-i
o f b u r d e n d o e s n o t i m p a r t in te llig e n c e .
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I n t h e p u b lic g a r a g e w h e r e I p a r k m y
g u a g e i n w h ic h h e p a i d l i i s t a x e s a n d T h a n k s g i v i n g D a y in ’2 1, w e s t a r t e d a t
e a r, a y o u n g la d y la id h e r c ig a r e tte
r e c e iv e d i n s t r u c t i o n s a s to w h a t th e o n c e t o l e a r n o f t h e in g e n io u s w ays?
b u t t o n t h e s e a t w h i l e s h e n e e d e d b o th
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s ta ll. T h e n sh e d is e m b a rk e d a n d b e a t
u n d e rs to o d th e m a ll. H a rris o n k new g i v i n g D a y , W H ( th e B o s s ) a n d I w e re
i t f o r t h e b e a u t y p a r l o r , o b liv io u s o f
G e r m a n a n d h e c o u ld m a k e s ig n s in w a lk in g a r o u n d to see w h a t w e h a d
t h e s m o l d e r i n g b u t t . D i r e c t l y t h e c o l­
s e v e r a l o t h e r la n g u a g e s . H e f o u n d o n e a c c o m p lis h e d f o r o u r 1 ,5 0 0 t h o u s a n d
o r e d h o s t l e r o b s e r v e d a c lo u d o f s m o k e
a m o n g t h e f a r m e r s w h o c o u ld t a k e h i s d o lla r e x p e n d itu re . W h e n w e e n te re d
is s u in g .o u t of th e c a r d o o r. Im p e tu ­
m e ssa g e in G e rm a n d ia le c t. Bv p e r­ t h e f e r m e n t e r ro o m , w e f o u n d n a r y a
o u s l y h e p ic k e d u p a fille d m o p b u c k e t
m u ta tio n a n d t r i a l a n d e rro r, th is m a n s o u l i n a t t e n d a n c e . I y o o h o o ’e d a n d
a n d t h r e w t h e c o n t e n t s i n t o t h e p lu s h .
l o c a te d a n o t h e r w h o c o u ld u n d e r s t a n d p r e s e n t l y J o e N o l a n ’s h e l p e r s ta g g e r e d
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h i s o ffic ia l l a n g u a g e t o g e t h e r w i t h so m e o u t f r o m b e h in d a t a n k .
e n v e lo p e d t h e e n t i r e c a r . F o r t u n a t e l y
ja r g o n t h a t m a d e sen se to a th ir d . H i s j o b w a s t o w a tc h t h e p u m p s t<j
th e g a ra g e w as s p rin k le re d . The
T h e th i r d m a n in t u r n fo u n d a f o u r th p r e v e n t o v e r h e a t i n g b e c a u s e o f t h e if
b u c k e t h a d b e e n fille d w i t h k e r o s e n e
t o w h o m h e c o u ld p a s s t h e w o rd . n ew n ess. W h e n h e s a w u s , h e g r e if
t o b e u s e d f o r c le a n in g .
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m a n ’s n o d w h ic h i s E s p e r a n t i c f o r “ O K , W E STILL e n c o u n t e r o u r d a i l y m y s t e r ­ r u n n i n g t h e w h o le w o r k s a n d , i f h i t
B o s s ” a n d t h e a c t i o n s t h a t f o llo w e d ie s a n d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e r e c o r d s in m y w a g e s w e r e n o t i m m e d i a t e l y r a is e c
in d ic a te d t h a t th e m e ss a g e h a d com e lo g , w e ’v e a l w a y s h a d th e m . P a rin g c o m m e n s u ra te w ith h is re s p o n s ib ility
d o w n c o rre c tly . t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n o f t h e m a i n c a b le s h e w o u ld q u i t . E x i t M c N a lly 1 T h
D u rin g th e o p e ra tio n of th e w o rk s, c o n n e c tin g N o . 3 g e n e r a t o r t o t h e i n t e r e s t i n g c i r c u m s t a n c e w a s h i s in
th e c h e m is t h a d m a n y a n d v a rie d s w i t c h b o a r d in 1!)10, tw o o f t h e c a b le s g e n u ity . N o t in can s o r d ip p e rs w er
d u tie s , e s p e c ia lly a t n ig h t. N ig h t S u - b ecam e c ro sse d . A1 C h a p m a n w a s a t p e r m i t t e d i n t h e p u m p ro o m . H o w ev e i

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G * JA N U A R Y 191 ,3 • 131

 in t h e s u g a r h o u s e a w i p i n g r a g i n t h e
h a n d of a n o ile r w a s s ta n d a r d a cc e s­

STEBBINS SERVICE
s o ry a n d e x c ite d n o s u s p ic io n . M c­
N a l l y h e l d h i s r a g u n d e r a lo o s e
s tu f f in g b o x a n d t h e r e b y s o a k e d u p
th e d r ip p in g s a n d th e n s q u e e z e d th e
liq u o r in to h is m o u th . S in c e t h e p o ­

COMPLETE RESPONSIBILITY for DESIGN & CORRECT t e n c y w a s 1 92 d e g ., t h e w o n d e r is t h a t

i t d i d n o t k i l l h im .
I t re q u ire d a n u m b e r o f y e a r s a n d

CHOICE OF MATERIALS n u m e ro u s d is c h a rg e s to le a r n a ll o f th e
tr i c k s t h a t w e re w o rk e d o u t a n d to
d e v is e a n t i d o t e s . T h e b o l d e s t p l a n w a s
C om plete confid ence ca n be a n a t te m p t to s te a l a c a rlo a d ! The
p la c e d in the STEBBINS organ­ lo g r e c o r d s a s u i c i d e a s t h e c o n c l u s io n
o f t h i s o n e . T h e l a s t e p is o d e i s d a t e d
ization's ab ility to correctly a b o u t 1 0 y e a r s a g o w h e n t h e s c a le -
d esign , ch oo se the correct m a ­ m a s te r , lik e a ll o f h is p re d e c e s so rs,
terials an d properly construct th o u g h t h e w a s s m a r te r th a n th e re s t.
T h e o n ly f e llo w w h o e v e r “ s u c c e e d e d ”
a n y installation requiring cor­
in o u t w i t t i n g u s w a s J o e . A bout
rosion resisting linings. We 15 y e a r s a g o h e p r e s e n t e d a s k e t c h
h a v e a w id e range of m aterials o f a 1 0 -in . c o p p e r p i p e a b o u t 5 f t .
lo n g a n d r e q u e s t e d a p p r o v a l f o r i t s
a v a ila b le , m ost of w hich are f a b r ic a tio n b y C o p p e r s m ith S a n d y . I
our ow n ex clu siv e form ulae. a ffix e d m y i n i t i a l s a t t h e b o t t o m , s e n t
Our w ell-eq uip ped research th e c h a rg e to th e a c c o u n tin g d e p a r t ­
m e n t, m a d e a re le a s e th r o u g h th e s h ip ­
departm ent is constan tly en ­ p in g p la tf o r m , a n d f o r g o t i t . Som e
g a g e d in ch eck in g n ew m a te­ y e a r s l a t e r , I h a p p e n e d t o h e i n S a n d y ’s
rials for corrosion resistan ce office s h u f f lin g t h r o u g h a b u n c h o f o b s o ­
l e t e s k e tc h e s a n d f l i p p in g t h e m i n t o t h e
an d in the d evelop m en t of w a s t e b a s k e t . L o ! h e r e w a s J o e ’s p ip e
im proved lin in g m aterials an d m a d e i n t o a 1 5 -d e c k r e c t i f y i n g c o lu m n
installation m ethods. a n d m y in itia ls w e re a t th e b o tto m !
S a n d y s a id h e h e s ita te d w h e n th e
s k e t c h c a m e i n b u t a s h e h a d o n ly r e ­

EXPERT INSTALLATION BY SKILLED WORKMEN c e n tly com e in to th e o rg a n iz a tio n , h e

fe a re d to b rin g th e m a tte r u p . H o w ­
e v e r J o e ’s s u c c e s s e n d e d w h e n t h e
STEBBINS w orkm en are e sp e ­ A lc o h o l U n i t c a u g h t u p w i t h h i m .
c ia lly trained in the installation
A T THE TIM E t h e w a r b r o k e o u t D o c
of th ese corrosion resisting lin­ [G . T . R e i c h , P e n n s y l v a n i a S u g a r 's
in g s. They are conscientious te c h n ic a l d ir e c to r ] h a d th r e e F r e n c h ­
m e n i n t h e c h e m ic a l p l a n t t o p l a c e in
craftsm en w ith m a n y y e a r s of
o p e ra tio n a n e w p ro c e ss t h a t w e a c ­
experience in this typ e of s p e ­ q u ire d in F ra n c e . T hese F ren c h m e n
cialized work and fu lly realize w e re th r i f t y to th e p o in t o f p e n u ry .
E a c h b r o u g h t tw o s h i r t s f r o m h o m e .
j-j the high quality of construction
T h e o re tic a lly th is w a s e n o u g h a s a
n e c e ssa r y for lon g life and m a n w e a rs o n ly o n e s h i r t a t a tim e .
e m axim um operating efficiency. H o w e v e r o n o n e o c c a s io n t h e p r a c t i c e
d i d n ’t c o n f o r m t o t h e t h e o r y a n d t h e
b o y s w e r e s o u s e d w i t h a n o v e rflo w o f

UNQUALIFIED GUARANTEE ON EVERY JOB s tilla g e . T h e s p a re s h ir ts w e re in th e

la u n d ry . O ne of th e th r e e F re n c h m e n
h a d a c q u i r e d s o m e s l i g h t k n o w le d g e o f
. W hether it's a n ew installation, E n g l i s h a t s c h o o l a n d h e e x p l a i n e d to
n a relining or a repair, all work th e la n d la d y t h a t th e “ s h i r t s itu a tio n
,c done b y STEBBINS carries an w as v e ry c ritic a l.” . W ith o u t s h irts
es unqualified sp ecific gu aran tee t h e y c o u ld n o t c o m e t o d i n n e r .

of com plete satisfaction w h ich T O D A Y , t h e o ld f e llo w s a r e b e i n g r e ­

in) is b ack ed b y STEBBINS envi- t u r n e d f r o m t h e s h e l f a n d d u s t e d off
lt a b le perform ance record. fo r re -u s e . A c e r ta in h o a ry , ill k e m p t
b0] T oday, y o u can't afford e x - m a c h i n i s t w h o , d u r i n g t h e jo b le s s
lro "down-time" to repair or re- e ra , w a s s u b s is tin g on th e p ro c e ed s
;ec p la ce im properly d esig n ed and fro m th e s a le o f h o k e v p o k e y to th e
k id s a t a p e n n y a s lu g , m e t H a r r y
?0£ installed linings. N ever w a s it
K lin e a t th e b u s s to p in C a m d e n .
more important to rem em ber: H a r r y re g is te re d s u r p r is e a n d to ld h im
‘SEMCO” q uality is real econom y. he w a s c h e a tin g th e g rim re a p e r.
“ W h at a re you d o in g ” in q u ire d
H a rry .
“ I ’m a m a c h i n i s t a g a i n , ” r e p l i e d t h e
Stebbins Engineering and Manufacturing Company g h o s t.
“ W h a t on e a rth c an you d o ? ”
C 367 EASTERN BLVD. • . WATERTOWN, N. Y. J “ I a i n ’t d o i n ’ n o t h i n ’, l a d , h u t I ’m
f e l l i n ’ ’e m h o w to d o i t ! ”

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“ L IG IIT N IN ” M ixers are con stan tly being im proved and redesigned to
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T h ey proved in actual service th at they cu t power consum ption, conserve M IX IN G E Q U IP M E N T C O M P A N Y , IN C .
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v ita l m aterials, increase product uniform ity and speed up production.
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E ach p roduct here illustrated is a new- d evelopm ent. Y ou can rest assured ..1..........C a ta lo g B -6 8 — T o p E n te r in g V I
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MIXING I MENT CO.
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IICALITE • By far the greatest portion of Dicalite output is to d a y being utilized

by the process industries and others vitally im portant in "Production for
V ictory." For example:

D IC A LIT E H IG H T EM P ER A T U R E IN S U L A T IO N is saving valuable coal,

oil a n d g a s in operation of boilers, furnaces, kilns and other heated
equipment. In our w arships on the high seas, in iron and steel plants,
smelters, pow er plants and like industries w orking full speed on w a r
production, time and fuel are being saved and efficiency increased by
use of Dicalite insulated construction. ,

HEAT-SAVING D IC A L IT E C A T A L Y S T C A R R IE R S, A B S O R B E N T S : In m any process plants,

INSULATION Dicalite materials are used as catalyst carriers, absorbents and fillers,
to increase production, save needed time and help speed the w a r effort.
Petroleum refining, m anufacture of m any chemicals, citric acid and
explosives are exam ples in point. Likewise, D IC A LIT E FILTERA ID S insure
fast a n d efficient filtration in producing such wartim e necessities as oils,
chemicals, food products and varnish.

D IC A L IT E E X T E N D E R S A N D F L A T T IN G A G E N T S effectively produce
CATALYTIC A N D required flatness in cam ouflage paints a n d sim ilar w a r finishes, also
BENT PROCESSES, g ivin g other desired qualities and conserving essential pigm ents and
FILTRATION, ETC. resins. D IC A LIT E M IN E R A L FILLERS also speed production and im prove
quality of paper, asphalt products, rubber, plastics, and others.

• A Dicalite Engineer will g la d ly be of service in problem s involving

insulation, absorbents, fillers, filtration and other applications w here
diatom aceous products m ay be em ployed.
rposiMOUFLAGE A N D
H ER W A R F IN IS H E S

T H E D IC A L IT E C O M PA N Y
520 N. Michigan Ave., CHICAGO* 120 Wall St., NEW YORK* 756 So. Brcadway, LOS ANGELES
 PERSONALITIES

- f A . M . C a d i g a n is n o w c h ie f c h e m i s t E n g in e e r D is tric t, N ew Y o rk , N. Y. O h io . M r. D e L o re n z o g r a d u a t e d fr o m
fo r th e P u lp a n d P a p e r P r o d u c ts D i­ th e M a s s a c h u s e tts I n s titu te o f T ech ­
v i s io n o f t h e C e llu lo s e P r o d u c t s L a b o ­ -f J . P . M . T a y l o r h a s been a p p o in te d n o lo g y i n c h e m ic a l e n g i n e e r i n g in
ra to ry , T acom a, W ash . M r. C a d ig a n v ic e p r e s i d e n t o f S h e ll O il C o. e a s t o f 1930, a n d th e n s p e n t a n a d d itio n a l
w a s f o r m e r l y w i t h S t . R e g i s K r a f t C o. th e R o c k ie s . M r. T a y lo r succeeds tw o y e a r s t h e r e i n g r a d u a t e s t u d y a n d
E . D . C u m m in g a s v ic e p r e s i d e n t in r e s e a r c h . H e j o i n e d t h e F o s t e r W h e e le r
+ D . B . K u h e is s u p e r in te n d e n t o f th e c h a rg e of m a n u fa c tu rin g . M r. C o m - C o rp . a s l a b o r a t o r y t e c h n i c i a n i n 1 9 3 2 ,
N o r t h C a r o l i n a P u l p C o ., P l y m o u t h , in in g h a s b e e n g r a n t e d a le a v e o f a b ­ w o rk in g o n s o lv e n t re fin in g o f p e tr o ­
N . C. H e w a s fo rm e rly w ith th e s e n c e to s e r v e a s d i r e c t o r o f t h e r e f in ­ le u m p r o d u c t s , a n d s in c e 1 9 3 0 h a d b e e n
U n io n B a g & P a p e r M ills . in g d iv is io n , O ffice o f P e t r o l e u m A d ­ d e s i g n e n g in e e r f o r F o s t e r W h e e le r i n ,
m in is tra to r fo r W ar, W a s h in g to n , t h e O il D iv is io n , s p e c i a l i z i n g o n h e a t
+ J o h n H . R o m a n n , c h ie f m e t a l l u r ­ D . C. t r a n s f e r a n d flo w s o f f lu id s .
g i s t o f T u b e T u r n s , L o u i s v ille , K y .,
h a s b e e n g r a n t e d a n in d e f i n i t e le a v e + C l i f t o n C. C a n d e e h a s been a p p o in t­ + W e n tw o r th B ro w n h a s been a p ­
o f a b s e n c e i n o r d e r t o d i r e c t a s p e c ia l ed te c h n i c a l s e r v ic e d i r e c t o r o f t h e p o in te d m a n a g e r o f p ro d u c tio n o f th e
n a tio n -w id e in v e s tig a tio n in in d u s tr ia l L a k e a n d P i g m e n t s D e p a r t m e n t , C a lc o B r o w n C o ., B e r l i n , N . H ., m a n u f a c t u r e r
p l a n t s c o n c e r n i n g t h e lo w t e m p e r a t u r e C h e m ic a l D iv is io n , A m e r i c a n C y a n a ­ o f p u lp , p a p e r a n d o th e r w o o d c e llu ­
p ro p e rtie s of m e ta ls . T h is re s e a rc h m id C o. M r. C a n d e e h a s b e e n i d e n ­ lo s e p r o d u c t s , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e a n ­
i s b e in g c a r r i e d o n f o r t h e W a r D e ­ tif ie d w i t h t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f t h i s d e ­ n o u n c e m e n t re c e n tly o f H . P . C u rru tli,
p a r tm e n t b y th e W a r M e ta llu r g y C om ­ p a r t m e n t s in c e j o i n i n g t h e fir m in v ic e p r e s i d e n t i n c h a r g e o f o p e r a t i o n s .
m itte e o f th e N a tio n a l R ese arch C o u n ­ 19 3 4 .
c il. + A lb e rt E . M a r s h a ll announced re ­
- f N o r m a n G . F a r q u h a r h a s j o in e d c e n tly h is re s ig n a tio n a s o n e o f th e
+ G . P . K o c h , fo r m e r ly e d u c a tio n a l t h e s t a f f o f C h e m . t£ M e t. a s A s s i s t a n t fiv e d i r e c t o r s o f G e n e r a l A n i l i n e & F i l m
i n s t r u c t o r in t h e m a r k e t i n g d e p a r t ­ E d ito r. S in c e 1 9 3 9 h e h a s b e e n e m ­ C o r p . U n d e r t h e office o f L e o T . C ro w ­
m e n t o f S h e ll O il C o ., h a s j o i n e d t h e p lo y e d a s a n e n g in e e r i n N a t i o n a l le y , A l i e n P r o p e r t y C u s t o d i a n , h e h a s
p e rs o n n e l d e p a r tm e n t a s s u p e r v is o r of A n i l i n e D iv is io n o f A llie d C h e m ic a l b e e n e le c te d c h a i r m a n o f t h e b o a r d o f
e m p lo y e e t r a i n i n g . D r. K o ch , w ho & D y e C o rp . i n t h e B u f f a lo p l a n t a n d d i r e c t o r s o f E . L e itz , I n c ., m a k e r s o f t h e
re c e iv e d h is B . S. d e g re e a t W a s h in g ­ m o r e r e c e n t l y i n t h e N e w Y o r k office. L e ic a c a m e r a a n d n o w w h o lly e n g a g e d
to n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , h i s M .S . a t M r. F a r q u h a r is a g r a d u a t e i n c h e m ­ in w a r p r o d u c t i o n . S in c e J a n u a r y 1,
M i n n e s o t a a n d h i s P h .D . a t R u t g e r s , ic a l e n g i n e e r i n g f r o m t h e M a s s a c h u ­ M r . M a r s h a l l h a s d e v o te d m o r e t i m e t o
b e g a n h i s S h e ll c a r e e r 2 0 y e a r s a g o s e tts In s titu te o f T e c h n o lo g y a n d c h e m ic a l a n d r e s e a r c h a c t i v i t i e s a t
in t h e c h e m ic a l l a b o r a t o r y a t t h e h o ld s a m e c h a n ic a l e n g in e e r in g c e r t i ­ R u m f o r d C h e m ic a l W o r k s , w h e r e h e is
M a r t i n e z , C a l if ., r e f in e r y . f ic a te f r o m L o w e ll I n s t i t u t e . p re s id e n t a n d a s u b s ta n tia l s to c k ­
h o ld e r , a n d w i t h t h e N e w E n g l a n d I n ­
+ J . L a w r e n c e H o w e r t o n is g e n e r a l -f W a l te r R. M eyer j o in e d th e d u s t r i a l R e s e a r c h F o u n d a t i o n , o f w h ic h
s u p e r in te n d e n t o f p ro d u c tio n a t th e E n t h o n e C o ., N e w H a v e n , C o n n ., a s h e w a s a n o r g a n i z e r i n 19 4 1 . A p­
L o n g h o rn O rd n a n c e W o rk s o f M on­ te c h n i c a l d i r e c t o r i n N o v e m b e r . p o i n t e d t o G e n e r a l A n i l i n e & F il m
s a n t o C h e m ic a l C o . i n T e x a s . M r. C o rp . l a s t M a r c h , M r . M a r s h a l l l i a s
H o w e r to n g r a d u a t e d f r o m W a s h i n g t o n + B . D e L o r e n z o h a s been a p p o in te d s e r v e d a s e x e c u tiv e v ic e p r e s i d e n t o f
a n d L ee U n iv e r s ity in 1915 a n d fo r m a n a g e r of th e h e a t tr a n s f e r d e p a r t­ t h a t c o m p a n y a n d a s e x e c u tiv e h e a d
m a n y y e a r s w a s w i t h S w a n n C h e m ic a l m e n t o f t h e B r o w n F i n t u b e C o., E l y r i a , o f i t s A g f a A n s c o D iv is io n .
C o. a t A n n i s t o n , A la . W hen th a t
c o m p a n y w a s t a k e n o v e r b y M o n s a n to
s o m e y e a r s a g o , M r . H o w e r to n r e ­ D r. L lo y d F . N ic k e ll (c e n te r), m a n a g in g d ire c to r of M o n s a n to C h e m ic a ls L td .,
m a in e d a t t h e A n n i s t o n p l a n t b u t w a s R u a b o n , N o rth W a l e s , c h a t s w ith D r. L. M c M a ste r, h e a d of th e d e p a r tm e n t of
l a t e r t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e E a s t S t. L o u i s c h e m is tr y , W a s h in g to n U n iv e rs ity , and D r. F. W. R u sse, v ic e p r e s id e n t,
p l a n t o f M o n s a n to . M a llin c k ro d t C h e m ic a l W o rk s , a t a d in n e r g iv e n in h is h o n o r b y E d g a r M .
Q u e e n y , p r e s id e n t of M o n sa n to , D e c e m b e r 8 a t St. L ouis
+ W i n f i e l d B . H e i n z , C a lc o C h e m ic a l
D iv is io n , A m e r i c a n C y a n a m i d C o ., r e ­
s i g n e d h i s p o s i t i o n e ffe c tiv e D e c e m b e r
4 , t o e n t e r t h e f ie ld o f c o n s u l t i n g e n ­
g in e e rin g . H i s office is i n B o u n d
B ro o k , N . J . H e w i l l s p e c ia liz e i n
d e v e lo p m e n t e n g in e e rin g in se v e ra l
d iffe re n t in d u s tr ie s . D u rin g th e y e a rs
h e s p e n t w i t h C a lc o , M r . H e in z s u p e r ­
v is e d p r o c e s s a n d p r o c e s s e q u ip m e n t
d e v e lo p m e n t re q u ire d in t h a t com ­
p a n y ’s w id e r a n g e o f c h e m ic a l m a n u ­
fa c tu re . H e o r g a n iz e d a n d m a n a g e d
t h e s e c t i o n w h ic h i s r e s p o n s ib le f o r a l l
th e ir in s tr u m e n ta tio n a n d a u to m a tic
c o n t r o l e n g in e e r in g .

+ L a w r e n c e C . B t j r m a n , f o r m e r c h ie f
o f th e R a r e M e ta ls U n it, W a r P r o ­
d u c t i o n B o a r d , h a s b e e n c o m m is s io n e d
i n t h e C o r p s o f E n g i n e e r s a n d is
a s s ig n e d to d u ty w ith th e M a n h a tta n

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G . JA N U A R Y 1 9 .’, 3 137

 4 T h o m a s A . C o l l i n s h a s b e e n e le c te d H o w e S c a le C o . a t t h e f a c t o r y i n R u t ­
v ic e p r e s i d e n t o f L i b b e y G l a s s C o ., la n d .
T o le d o , w h o lly o w n e d s u b s i d i a r y o f
O w e n s - I llin o is G l a s s C o. H e w i l l s e r v e 4 H o w a rd B. G ra v e s h a s been a p ­
u n d e r J o h n H . W rig h t, p r e s id e n t a n d p o in te d to th e p o s itio n o f g e n e r a l m a u -
g e n e r a l m a n a g e r i n c o n n e c tio n w i t h a g e r o f t h e D . W . H a e r i n g & C o ., I n c .,
m a n u f a c tu r in g , e n g in e e rin g a n d d e v e l­ C h ic a g o , 111. M r . G r a v e s j o i n e d t h e
o p in g p r o b le m s . M r . C o llin s , w h o c o m p a n y in 1934 a s s e n io r te c h n o lo g is t
jo in e d th e o rg a n iz a tio n s e v e ra l m o n th s a n d w a s fo rm e rly th e S t. L o u is d i s tr ic t
ag o , w a s fo rm e rly W e s te rn fa c to rie s m a n a g e r . H i s w id e b a c k g r o u n d i n t h e
m a n a g e r o f O w e n s - I llin o is G la s s C o. c h e m ic a l e n g i n e e r i n g f ie ld t h o r o u g h l y
q u a lifie s h im fo r th e g e n e r a l m a n a g e r ­
s h ip o f th e co m p a n y .

4 K a r l K a m m e r m e y e r is n o w d i r e c t o r
o f c h e m ic a l a n d c h e m ic a l e n g i n e e r i n g
r e s e a r c h f o r P u b l i c k e r C o m m e r c ia l A l­
c o h o l C o ., P h i l a d e l p h i a , P a . D r . K a m ­
m e rm e y e r h o ld s th e fo llo w in g d e g re e s
f r o m t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f M i c h i g a n : B .S .
i n c h e m ic a l e n g i n e e r i n g , B .S . i n m a t h e ­
m a t i c s , M .S .E . i n c h e m ic a l e n g i n e e r i n g ,
a n d D .S c . i n c h e m ic a l e n g i n e e r i n g . H e
re c e iv e d th e d o c to r a te in 1932. F o l­
lo w in g g r a d u a t i o n D r . K a m m e r m e y e r
w a s re s e a rc h a s s o c ia te in th e d e p a r t­
m e n t o f e n g in e e r in g r e s e a rc h a t M ic h i­
gan. F r o m 1933 to 1939, h e w a s e m ­
p lo y e d f o r p e r i o d s o f t h r e e y e a r s e a c h
b y tw o o f t h e l a r g e o il c o m p a n ie s i n
r e s e a r c h a n d d e v e l o p m e n t. U n t i l j o i n ­
in g th e s ta f f o f P u b lic k e r a s h o r t tim e
A lle n A b r a m s a g o , D r. K a m m e rm e y e r h a s b een a s ­
s i s t a n t p r o f e s s o r o f c h e m ic a l e n g i n e e r ­
i n g a t D r e x e l I n s t i t u t e o f T e c h n o lo g y ,
4 A l l e n A b r a m s , v ic e p r e s i d e n t in w i t h w h ic h i n s t i t u t e h e h a d b e e n a s s o ­
c h a rg e of re s e a rc h a n d d e v e lo p m e n t fo r c i a t e d s in c e 1 9 3 9 .
M a r a t h o n P a p e r M ills C o ., R o t h s c h i l d ,
W is ., o n J a n u a r y 1 b e c a m e d e p u t y
4 L . W . H u t c h i n s , p re s id e n t o f S h e l­
d i r e c t o r o f t h e r e s e a r c h a n d d e v e lo p ­
d o n , M o r s e , H u t c h i n s & E a s t o n , I n c .,
m e n t d i v i s i o n o f t h e O ffice o f S t r a t e g i c
a n d d ire c to r o f S a fe ty R e se a rc h I n s t i ­
S e r v ic e s l o c a te d in T em p o rary Q
t u t e , I n c ., o f N e w Y o r k C i t y , h a s b e e n
B u ild in g , W a s h in g to n , D. C. D r.
a p p o i n t e d c h ie f o f t h e n e w ly o r g a n i z e d
A b r a m s i s o n le a v e o f a b s e n c e f r o m
e d u c a tio n u n i t in th e F ir e D e fe n se S e c ­
M a r a th o n .
t i o n o f t h e U . S . O ffice o f C i v i l i a n
D e fe n s e .
4 P . W . F o s t e r , J r . , h a s b e e n e le c te d
v ic e p r e s i d e n t o f t h e F o s t e r W h e e le r
4 W . R . H u c k s , m a n a g e r of th e ra w
C o rp . M r. F o s te r is a g r a d u a te o f
m a t e r i a l s d i v i s i o n o f B . F . G o o d r ic h
P rin c e to n U n iv e rs ity a n d serv ed a s a n
C o ., h a s b e e n a s s i g n e d t o t h e o p e r a t i n g
a rtille ry o ffice r a b r o a d d u rin g th e
d i v i s i o n o f t h e R u b b e r R e s e r v e C o. H e
W o rld W a r . I n 1919, h e jo in e d th e
j o i n e d B . F . G o o d r ic h i n 1 9 2 6 a s a
s a le s d e p a r tm e n t o f P o w e r S p e c ia lty
c o m p o u n d e r in th e ti r e d iv is io n , w e n t
C o. a n d p ro g r e s s e d c o n s is te n tly , h a v ­
t o t h e C a l i f o r n i a p l a n t i n 1 9 2 8 a s c h ie f
i n g c h a r g e o f t h e B o s to n office f o r s o m e
c h e m i s t , l a t e r b e c o m in g t e c h n i c a l m a n ­
ti m e . L a te r h e m ov ed to N ew Y o rk
a g e r o f th e P a c ific D iv is io n . H e re ­
w h e re h e d ire c te d th e in d u s tr ia l d e ­
tu r n e d to A k ro n in 1938 to ta k e o v e r
p a r tm e n t, a n d m o re re c e n tly th e S te a m
h i s p r e s e n t w o r k . H e is a g r a d u a t e o f
10 For e v e ry s te p in th e o il in d u s try G e n e ra tio n D iv is io n . The F o s te r
G e o r g ia T e c h .
ntir, w here there is an eye protective or W h e e l e r C o r p . w a s f o r m e d i n 1927
th ro u g h c o n s o lid a tio n of P o w e r S p ec­
•ac respiratory problem , from drillin g for 4 R . G. B oyd, n ow m a n a g e r o f p la n ­
i a l t y C o . a n d W h e e l e r C o n d e n s e r is
,v e s th e crude in th e field to producing E n g i n e e r i n g C o. n in g a n d s c h e d u lin g in th e T ir e D i­
th e finished refinery product, W illson v is io n o f B . F . G o o d r ic h C o ., h a s b e e n
provides the workers with dependable 4 H . W . H em h a s jo in e d th e H o w e lo a n e d t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s G o v e r n ­
S c a le C o . a s r e s e a r c h d i r e c t o r . W ar­ m e n t. H e h a s b een a s s ig n e d to th e
safety equipm ent. There are over 3 0 0
re n H em w a s b o rn in K a n s a s C ity a n d A llo c a tio n D iv is io n o f th e W a r P r o ­
rboi d iffere n t styles o f W illson Goggles, d u c tio n B o a rd . M r. B o y d jo in e d B .
a c q u ire d h is te c h n ic a l tr a in in g th e re
-pro Respirators, Gas Masks and Helmets a t F i n d l a y C o lle g e o f E n g i n e e r i n g . H e F . G o o d r ic h i n 1927 s h o r t l y a f t e r h i s
otec th a t cover all th e requirem ents of b e g a n h is b u s in e s s c a r e e r w ith th e g ra d u a tio n fro m th e U n ite d S ta te s
r P<>s every industry. See your local W illson S t r a i t S c a le C o. o f K a n s a s C i t y i n 1 9 0 9 N a v a l A c a d e m y . A f te r s e v e ra l y e a r s in
a t t h e m a c h i n i s t ’s t r a d e . L a te r h e t h e T e c h n i c a l S e r v ic e D i v i s i o n h e w a s
Representative o r w rite direct.
w e n t to th e S t r a i t d r a f t i n g ro o m a n d a s s i g n e d t o f o r e i g n s e r v ic e b y t h e c o m ­
feg-sa GOGGLES-RE5PIRAT0RS • GAS MASKS • HELMETS e v e n tu a lly s u p e rv is e d p a tte r n , fo u n d r y p a n y , r e tu r n in g to A k ro n fro m F r a n c e
a n d m a c h i n e w o r k a s w e ll a s s c a le in Î 939.

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PRODUCTS INCORPORATËD
R E A D IN G » P A ., U .S . A . Established 187G
d e s ig n . A f t e r 11 y e a r s w i t h S t r a i t ,
M r . H e m w e n t t o t h e T o l e d o S c a le C o .’s
e n g in e e rin g d e p a r tm e n t. I n 1929, he
b e c a m e c h ie f e n g i n e e r a t T o le d o , f r o m
4 R . J . H u l l , w h o is s e r v in g o n th e
s ta f f o f th e R u b b e r A d m in is tr a to r in
W a s h in g to n , is a s s is ta n t m a n a g e r of
w h ic h p o s i t i o n h e r e s i g n e d t o j o i n t h e c o m p o u n d i n g i n t h e B . F . G o o d r ic h

. JA N U A R Y 1943 • C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G
 C o. s l i r e D iv is io n . H e cam e to th e
c o m p a n y in 1927 a f te r g r a d u a tin g fro m
P u r d u e U n iv e rs ity . A f t e r e x p e r ie n c e
i n t h e c o m p a n y ’s g e n e r a l c h e m ic a l l a b ­
o r a to r ie s h e w a s tr a n s f e r r e d to th e T ire
D i v is io n a s a c o m p o u n d e r .

4 W i l l i a m S. C a m p b e l l , v ic e -p re s id e n t
o f p la n t o p e ra tio n s , h e a d s th e n e w g e n ­
e r a l sta fT o f t h e S c o t t P a p e r C o ., C h e s ­
te r, P a . I n th e s a m e o rg a n iz a tio n ,
C h a r le s M . H o w e ll, w h o h a s b e e n p l a n t
m a n a g e r a t C h e s te r , w ill b e d i r e c t o r
o f sta fT e n g in e e r in g . H e w ill b e a s ­
s i s t e d b y R o b e r t C. A le x a n d e r , w h o h a s
b e en s u p e r in te n d e n t o f th e fin is h in g
d e p a r tm e n t. H a r r y M . O s te r ta g h a s
b een a p p o in te d to th e n e w s ta f f a s
d i r e c t o r o f m e c h a n ic a l d e v e l o p m e n t.
H i s a s s i s t a n t s w i l l b e W e s le y S . C o r ­
b in , m a n a g e r o f t h e f i n i s h i n g d e v e l o p ­
m e n t d e p a r tm e n t, and F ra n c is 0.
B o y la n , p a p e r m i l l d e v e l o p m e n t e n g i ­
n eer. H a r r y L ie b e c k a n d P . D . P a r ­
s o n s , d e s i g n e r s a n d e n g i n e e r s f o r th e
c o m p a n y w ill b e s e n i o r c o n s u l t a n t s . W H AT DO YO U
F o s te r W . B ra in a rd becom es s ta f f te c h ­
n ic a l d ire c to r, a s s is te d b y K . W . B r itt,
h e ad o f th e g e n e ra l re s e a rc h d e p a r t­ EXPECT OF A
m e n t. A n e w d e p a r tm e n t, p ro d u c ts
s t a n d a r d s , w i l l b e in c lu d e d in t h e g e n ­
e r a l s ta ff, w ith J o h n B. I ia y a s d ire c to r.
C h a n g e s in t h e m a n u f a c t u r i n g o r g a n i ­
G R IN D IN G
z a t i o n in c lu d e t h e p r o m o t io n o f H a r ­
ris o n F . D u n n in g to be a s s is ta n t to th e
v ic e -p re s id e n t in c h a rg e o f p la n t o p e r a ­
M IL L ?
tio n s . l i e h a s b e e n m a n a g e r o f th e
G le n s F a l l s , N . Y ., p l a n t . P a u l C. L 1 IRST, g rin d in g of th e d e s ir e d am ount of p ro d u c t, to th e
B a ld w in h a s b een p ro m o te d to h e a d th e fin e n e s s r e q u ir e d , h o u r a f te r h o u r, w ith o u t th e n e c e s s ity of
t e c h n i c a l D iv is io n . H e h a s b e e n m a n ­
" b a b y in g " th e m a c h in e . SE C O N D , d o in g th is w o rk w ith th e
a g e r o f p u l p t e s t i n g . R a l p h K n o ll h a s
le a s t p o s s ib le e x p e n d itu re fo r p o w e r a n d w e a r in g m e ta l a n d
b e e n p r o m o t e d t o a s s i s t a n t te c h n ic a l
d i r e c t o r in t h e C h e s t e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g m e d ia , to a c h i e v e a m in im u m u n it c o st of p ro d u c tio n . THIRD,
o rg a n iz a tio n . s tu r d y d e s ig n a n d fin e m a c h in e w o rk to w ith s ta n d th e s e v e r e
a n d c o n tin u o u s s e r v ic e to w h ic h e q u ip m e n t of th is ty p e is s u b ­
je c te d . FIN A LLY , e a s e of o p e ra tio n , to r e q u ir e a m in im u m of
a tte n tio n fro m th e a tte n d a n t. A ll of th e s e a d v a n t a g e s a r e s e c u r e d
b y p u r c h a s e r s of T r a y lo r G rin d in g M ills, a n d s o m e th in g e ls e
b e s id e s . . . THE s o m e th in g th a t h a s s e t o u r m ills a t th e h e a d
of th e p r o c e s s io n . E v e r y T r a y lo r G rin d in g M ill of e v e r y k in d ,
is e x p e r tly fitte d to th e jo b it is to d o , b y o u r E n g in e e rs . They
k n o w w h a t d u ty is r e q u ir e d . T h e y o fte n a n tic ip a t e th e n e e d s
of o p e r a to r s . T h is is e v id e n c e d b y th e d e c id e d p r e f e r e n c e for
T r a y lo r G rin d in g M ills lo n g e x h ib ite d b y p ro m in e n t e n g in e e r s in
th e c h e m ic a l a n d a llie d in d u s trie s , c e m e n t a n d lim e p la n ts a n d
th o s e e n g a g e d in th e p ro c e s s in g of p re c io u s , s e m i-p re c io u s a n d
b a s e o re s .
W h a t e v e r m a y b e y o u r g rin d in g p ro b le m , w e c a n s o lv e it to y o u r
c o m p le te s a tis fa c tio n . R ig h t n o w , d u e to e x is tin g c o n d itio n s , it
w ill n o t b e e a s y to b u y a m ill, e x c e p t w ith th e h ig h e s t p rio r ity
ra tin g . B ut w e b e lie v e th a t it is a rig h t s m a r t id e a to p l a n N O W
to m e e t p o s t- w a r c o n d itio n s , a n d if y o u c a n fin d tim e to d o so,
o u r e n g in e e r s w ill b e g la d to c o n fe r w ith y o u . W rite u s .
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D e p a r t m e n t o f C h e m ic a l E n g i n e e r i n g
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le a v e o f a b s e n c e t o e n a b l e h i m t o j o i n
th e s ta f f o f th e R u b b e r A d m in is tra to r
in W a s h i n g t o n . P r o f e s s o r E l g i n ’s w o r k
w i l l d e a l w i t h c h e m ic a l e n g in e e r in g
e q u ip m e n t fo r th e s y n th e tic ru b b e r
n ia n u fa c tu re .
ENGINEERING MANUFACTURING CO.
MAIN OFFICE AND WORKS — ALLENTOWN. PENNA.. U.S.A.
N E W Y O R K C IT Y C H IC A G O SPOKANE
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1 0 1 W e s t S e c o n d S o u th S t. 5 5 1 H o w e S t., V a n c o u v e r. B . C. 9 1 9 C h e s t e r W illia m * B id g .
a s s o c ia te d w ith th e r e s e a rc h d e p a r t- E x p o r t D e p a r t m e n t — 1 0 4 P e a r l S t . . N e w Y o rk C ity . F o r e ig n S a l e s A g e n c ie s : L o n d o n , L im a , S a o P a u lo , R io d e J a n e i r o .
B u e n o s A ir e s , S a n t i a g o . V a l p a r a i s o , O u r to . A n t o f a g a s t a , S a n J u a n , p . R.

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G • JA N U A R Y 1 9 1 ,2 . 139
 m e n t o f t h e B r o w n C o ., B e r l i n , N . H .

STURTEVANT 4- W a l t e r F . R e y n o l d s , fo r m e r ly o f
H o l l i n g s w o r t h a n d W h i t n e y , M o b ile ,
A la ., i s n o w a c h e m i s t f o r t h e D ix ie -
V o r t e x C o ., E a s t o n , P a .

4- N e i l F . R o b e r t s o n , f o r m e r l y o f t h e
S c o t t P a p e r C o ., C h e s t e r , P a . , i s n o w
a r e s e a rc h c h e m is t fo r th e C ro s s e tt
( C lo s e d - ( d ir c u it L u m b e r C o ., C r o s s e t t , A r k .

4- I r v i n g A . O b h l e r h a s b e e n a p p o i n t e d

F IN E P U L V E R IZ IN G c h ie f m e t a l l u r g i s t o f t h e A m e r i c a n
W e l d i n g a n d M a n u f a c t u r i n g C o. M r .
O e h le r h a s b e e n w i t h R e p u b l i c S te e l
C o r p . i n i t s B u f f a lo D i s t r i c t , s in c e c o m ­
W I T H RfNG-ROLL MILL p le tin g h is e d u c a tio n a t R e n s s e la e r
P o ly te c h n ic I n s t i t u t e s e v e ra l y e a r s ag o .

4- R . E . Z i m m e r m a n , v i c e - p r e s i d e n t o f
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p re s id e n t o f th e A m e ric a n S ta n d a r d s
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a n n u a l m e e tin g , w h ic h w a s h e ld o n
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fro m a s s o c ia te p ro fe s s o r to th e h e a d of
fin ely ground m aterial cannot t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f C h e m ic a l E n g i n e e r ­
b e satisfied w ith the o ld h a p ­ in g a n d a c tin g h e a d o f th e D e p a r tm e n t
hazard m ethods of grinding o / c h e m i s t r y a t R e n s s e la e r P o ly te c h n ic
a n d separatin g. N o lon ger w ill In s titu te . H e su cceed ed D r. A lb e rt
a product "som ew here-near b e ac- W a t s o n D a v is o n , w h o l e f t t h e I n s t i ­
10 cep tab le. It m ust b e of a su sta in ed and tu te J a n u a r y 1 to d ir e c t re s e a rc h fo r
d e p e n d a b le exactn ess; and right here t h e O w e n s - C o r n in g F i b r e g l a s C o rp . D r .
is w here the Sturtevant Ring-Roll Mill C o o n le y , 3 9 y e a r s o ld , w a s b o r n i n
D e lm a r a n d w a s e d u c a te d a t th e p u b lic
an d Air Separator closed-circuit unit is so lv ­
s c h o o l i n S l i n g e r l a n d s , A lb a n y H i g h
in g su ch problem s. S c h o o l, R e n s s e l a e r P o l y t e c h n i c I n s t i ­
tu te ;' a n d M a s s a c h u s e tts I n s t i t u t e of
The output, on su itab le m aterial is from T e c h n o lo g y . H e w as g ra d u a te d a s a
-4 m esh to 200 m esh. S creen s are u su a lly , c h e m ic a l e n g i n e e r a t R P I i n 1 9 2 4 ,
u sed in p la c e of Air Separators on products ran gin g from 4 m esh e a r n e d a m a s t e r ’s d e g r e e a t M I T i n
pro to 50 m esh. Air Separators from 50 m esh to 200 m esh. The feed 1 9 2 8 , a n d a d o c t o r ’s d e g r e e a t R P I in
I m a y b e from Vs" to l'/z". The ca p a cities, according to size of 1 9 3 8 . H e j o i n e d R P I ’s f a c u l t y i n 1 9 2 4 ,
im m e d ia te ly a f te r g r a d u a tin g , a n d h a s
jm ill an d fin en ess of product, are from 1 ton to 25 tons per hour.
b e e n a t t h e I n s t i t u t e s in c e , e x c e p t f o r
h is y e a r o f g r a d u a te s tu d y a t M IT .
W e w ould like to tell y o u m ore about it if y o u w ill tell u s w hat I n a d d i t i o n t o b i s t e a c h i n g , D r . C o o n le y
you r m aterial is, the fin en ess w a n ted in the product and the h a s been c o n tin u o u s ly e n g ag e d in r e ­
ca p a c ity desired. se a rc h .

STURTEVAHT MILL COMPANY BOSTON, MASS.

4 H e r a l d R . C o x , fo rm e rly p r in c ip a l
b a c te r io lo g is t of th e U . S . P u b lic H e a lth
S e r v ic e , R o c k y M o u n t a i n L a b o r a t o r y ,
h a s jo in e d t h e s t a l l o f L e d e rle L a b o ra -
HARRISON SQUARE
JA XÜ ARY 1 9 ',3 • C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G
 t o r i e s , P e a r l R i v e r , N . Y ., a s a s s o c i a t e
d ir e c to r o f re s e a rc h in c h a rg e o f v ir u s
a n d r ic k e tts ia l d is e a s e s . D r. C ox r e ­
c e iv e d t h e D o c to r o f S c ie n c e d e g r e e
f r o m t h e S c h o o l o f H y g ie n e , J o h n s H o p ­
k in s U n iv e rs ity , in 1931. T h e n e x t
y e a r h e s p e n t th e re a s a n in s tru c to r.
F ro m 1932 to 1930 h e w as a n a s s is ta n t
to D r. P e te r K . O lits k y a t th e R o c k e ­
f e l l e r I n s t i t u t e o f M e d ic a l R e s e a r c h ,
H e w Y o r k . S in c e 1 9 3 0 h e h a s b e e n a
m e m b e r o f th e s ta ff o f th e R o c k y M o u n ­
ta in L a b o ra to ry .

A lb e r t W . D a v is o n

4 A l b e r t W . D a v is o n , p ro fe sso r of
c h e m ic a l e n g in e e rin g at R e n s s e la e r
P o l y t e c h n i c I n s t i t u t e a n d h e a d o f th e
d e p a r t m e n t , h a s j o i n e d O w e n s - C o m in g
F i b e r g l a s C o rp . a s s c ie n tif ic d i r e c t o r
of its re s e a rc h la b o ra to rie s a t N e w a rk ,
O h io .

4 W i l l i a m C . C a r t e r h a s b e e n e le c te d
p r e s i d e n t o f t h e L i n k - B e l t C o. F o r 14
y e a r s h e w a s v ic e - p r e s i d e n t a n d f o r t h e
p a s t y e a r e x e c u tiv e v ic e - p r e s i d e n t. H e
su cceed s M r. A lfre d K a n ffin a n n w h o
h a s r e s i g n e d b e c a u s e o f il l h e a l t h .

4 R . W . M c F a r l a n e , w h o w a s in th e
T a r & C h e m ic a l D i v i s i o n o f K o p p e r s C R A F T S M A N S H I P
C o. i n B i r m i n g h a m , A la ., is n o w i n t h e
s u p e r v is o r y a n d o p e ra tio n d iv is io n o f
th e S y n th e tic R u b b er P r o g ra m a t th e
B . F . G o o d r ic h C o . in A k r o n , O h io .
M r. M c F a rla n e is a g r a d u a te o f th e C H A I N is o n l y a s s t r o n g a s its w e a k e s t l i n k !
C h e m ic a l D e p a r t m e n t o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y H e r e a t S tr u th e r s W e lls w e h a v e fo rg e d e a c h a n d
o f W i s c o n s in . H e c o m p le te d h i s w o r k e v e ry lin k in o u r C h a in o f P ro g re ss w ith s u c h in fin ite
a t th e U n iv e r s ity in 1929. c a r e a n d p r e c is io n as to d e fy d e s tr u c t io n .T h e s e S e v e n
V ita l L in k s c o n s titu te th e c u lm in a tio n o f y e a rs o f
p a i n s t a k i n g e f f o r t t o b u i l d o n e o f t h e c o u n t r y ’s f i n e s t
4 L e s te r 0 . W ie g e r t is a n a s s is ta n t o rg a n iz a tio n s fo r d e s ig n in g a n d f a b ric a tin g c h e m ic a l p ro c e ss
s a n i t a r y e n g in e e r a t C a m p V a n D o r n e q u ip m e n t. • R ig h t n o w , o f c o u rse , th e e n tir e S tru th e rs
i n M is s i s s i p p i . W e l l s c a p a c i t y is b e i n g d e v o t e d t o w a r p r o d u c t i o n , a n d n e w
p r o b l e m s a r e b e i n g e n c o u n t e r e d a n d s u c c e s s f u lly s o lv e d ,
4 - L e w F . P o r t e r i s c h ie f c h e m i s t w i t h th u s a d d in g to o u r s to re o f k n o w le d g e a n d a b ility to s e rv e
y o u b e tte r . R e m e m b e r , w h e n fin a l a n d c o m p le te V ic to ry
t h e A m e r i c a n S te e l F o u n d r i e s a t E a s t
is a c h i e v e d . . . a s i t s u r e l y w i l l b e . . . y o u w i l l w a n t to c a l l
C h ic a g o , I n d . M r. P o r te r g ra d u a te d u p o n S tr u th e r s W e lls s k ill a n d e x p e r ie n c e to h e lp y o u w ith
fro m th e U n iv e r s ity o f W is c o n s in in y o u r p o s t-w a r p ro c e s s in g p ro b le m s . T h e n — as b e fo re — th e
1940. S e v e n V ita l L in k s o f S -W p ro g r e s s w ill b e y o u rs to c o m m a n d .

4 A . H . B . J e f f o r d s , m a n a g e m e n t e n g i­
n e e r w i t h t h e T r u n d l e E n g i n e e r i n g C o.
f o r th e p a s t se v e ra l y e a rs , h a s been
m a d e a v ic e -p re s id e n t. H e w ill ta k e
S T R U T H E R S W E L L S C O R P O R A T IO N
WARREN, PENNSYLVANIA
o v e r v a r i o u s a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d u t i e s in
t h e C le v e la n d office, s p e c i a l i z i n g o n w a r

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G . JA N U A R Y J9.',3 . 141

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JA N U A R Y m 3 . C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G
H e is r e j o i n i n g t h e U . S . R u b b e r C o .
a f te r a n e ig h t-m o n th s a b sen ce.

+ J a m e s A . M e r r i l l of G o o d y e ar T ire
& R u b b e r C o ., A k r o n , O h io , w a s o n e o f
te n A m e ric a n P r o d u c tio n S o ld ie rs w h o
w e r e h o n o r e d b y P r e s i d e n t R o o s e v e lt
o n D e c e m b e r 10 a t t h e W h i t e H o u s e
fo r th e ir o u ts ta n d in g c o n trib u tio n s to
t h e w a r e f f o r t.

+ T hom as M id g le y , J r . , h a s been
c h o s e n p r e s i d e n t - e l e c t o f t h e A m e r ic a n
C h e m ic a l S o c ie ty . D r . M id g le y h a s
serv ed a s c h a irm a n of th e b o a rd of
d i r e c t o r s o f t h e S o c ie ty s in c e 1 9 3 4 .

+ C a r s t e n S t e f f e n s o f t h e te c h n i c a l
s t a f f o f G e n e r a l P r i n t i n g I n k C o rp .,
N e w Y o rk , N . Y . h a s re s ig n e d to a c c e p t
a p o s i t i o n w i t h t h e S o lv a y P r o c e s s
D iv is io n o f A llie d C h e m ic a l & D ie C o rp .
D r . S te f f e n s w i l l b e l o c a t e d i n t h e
L a b o ra to ry a t S y ra c u se , N . Y.

+ D o n a ld M . U t e s c i i is n o w in th e
C h e m ic a l D e p a r t m e n t o f t h e I n t e r n a ­
t i o n a l M i n e r a l s & C h e m ic a l C o rp .,
C h ic a g o , 111. H e w a s f o r m e r l y w i t h
S p e a re S u p p ly C o ., C h ic a g o , and
A r m o u r & C o . o f t h e s a m e c ity .

+ O g d e n F itz S im m o n s h a s jo in e d th e
G e n e ra l E n g in e e rin g D e p a r tm e n t of
M o n s a n t o C h e m ic a l C o. a n d w i l l be
lo c a t e d i n S t . L o u i s , M o . M r . F i t z -
S im o n s w a s f o r m e r l y w i t h t h e B a r ­
r e t t D i v i s i o n , A l l i e d C h e m ic a l a n d D y e
C o rp .
KEEP ACCURATE COSTS FOR STEAM ,
- f W . I . G a l l i i i e r h a s b e e n a p p o in te d
a s e x e c u tiv e s a le s m a n a g e r o f t h e
C o lu m b ia C h e m ic a l D iv is io n , P itts ­
W A T E R , C O M P R E S S E D A I R O R GAS
b u r g h P l a t e G la s s C o. H e f o r m e r l y
w a s d i r e c t o r o f s a le s . G et the data you need for allo­
cating costs from these direct-
OBITUARIES reading, even ly-d ivid ed charts
— recorded with exceptional ac­
+ E m e r y L . F o r d , h e a d o f M ic h ig a n
curacy at all rates of flow and
A l k a l i C o ., d ie d D e c . 2 0 a f t e r a b r ie f
TO TALIZED on the AD SC O
i lln e s s w h ic h f o llo w e d a h e a r t a t t a c k .
H is a g e w a s 06. H e s e r v e d t h e fir m
Flow Meter.
s u c c e s s iv e ly a s c h e m is t, p u r c h a s i n g D espite its high sensitivity to
a g e n t, s e c re ta rv -tre a s u re r, a n d v ic e fluctuation in flow, the A D SC O
p r e s i d e n t b e f o r e b e c o m in g p r e s i d e n t Flow M eter is so sim ple and
in 1939. A t h i s d e a t h h e a ls o w a s
rugged that it cannot be dam ­
p r e s i d e n t o f t h e J . B . F o r d C o ., a
aged by sudden overloads or ( 3 ) integrator counter to total­
s u b s i d i a r y o f t h e a l k a l i f ir m a n d t h e
H u r o n P o r t l a n d C e m e n t C o.
reverse flows— is easy to install ize the flow or other com bina­
and maintain. tions thereof. Write us regarding
-f C h a r l e s A . K ro p p , c h a irm a n of th e A vailable with ( 1 ) recording your metering problem s — also
b o a rd o f th e K ro p p F o r g e C o. a n d th e chart, ( 2 ) indicating scale and ask for Bulletin 3 5-83C M .
K r o p p F o r g e A v i a t i o n C o ., C h ic a g o ,
p a s s e d a w a y D e c . 17 a t h i s w i n t e r
h o m e a t M ia m i B e a c h , F l a . H e w as
Am e r ic a n D i s t r i c t S t e a m C o m pa n y north tonawanda.
77 y ears o ld .
M a k in g "U P -T O -D A T E ” S te a m Line E qu ipm ent fo r o v e r 6 0 y e a rs
+ A l b e r t K a h n p a s s e d a w a y a t h is
h o m e i n D e t r o i t o n D e c e m b e r 8. M r.
K a h n w i l l b e re m e m b e r e d a s t h e d e ­
s ig n e r o f m a n y o f o u r m o d e rn in d u s ­
FLOW
t r i a l p la n ts .

+ D a v i d S . Y o u n g h o l m , v ic e p r e s i ­
METER
d e n t o f th e W e s tin g h o u s e E le c tric &
M fg . C o ., i n c h a r g e o f t h e c o m p a n y 's
L am p D iv is io n , B lo o m fie ld , N . J . ,
TELL Y O U H O W M U C H
d ie d r e c e n t l y f r o m a h e a r t a t t a c k . H e
w a s 53.
. . . W H E N . . . WHERE
C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G • JAN U ARY 1 9 /,3 •
 .

The am azing thing about PORTER MIXERS, say users, is the

w ay they keep g o in g — day after day, w eek after w eek, month
in and m onth out— without th e slightest sign of a breakdown.
The reason is: They're m a d e that w ay—properly en gin eered ,
expertly d esig n ed and ru gged ly built to stand th e constant
serv ice they g et in the process industries. The sayin g is "If P O R T E R
\ ^ b e t t e r b u ilt'y
it's PORTER BUILT it's Better Built."
PORTER MIXERS are on the job everyw h ere, d oing their Equipment
patriotic b est to k eep things g o in g in the p rocess industries.
A G IT A T O R S
If you are looking for d ep en d a b le operation at minimum
M IX E R S BLENDERS
standardize on PORTER PROCESS EQUIPMENT. W rite
B A L L M IL L S
for the latest PORTER C atalog.
P E B B L E M IL L S
KETTLES
H. K. PO R TER COMPANY, In c .
PROCESS E Q U IPM ENT D IV IS IO N PITTSBURGH, PEN N A .
" W h e r e th e F a m o u s P O R T E R L O C O M O T I V E S a r e b u ilt"

PO RTER
WHIRLPOOL
AGITATOR

w ith e x p lo s io n - p r o o f m o to r.
P u r e n ic k e l sh a ft a n d d u a l
n ic k e l p r o p e lle r s .

PORTER
SIDE-ENTERING AGITATOR
PO RTER WHIRLPOOL
D e s i g n e d f o r u s e i n v e s s e ls PO RTA BLE AGITATOR
PORTEREDUCER
w h e re s m a ll h e a d -ro o m o r
AGITATOR DRIVE c le a r a n c e m a k e s v e rtic a l A p p l i c a b l e t o a ll o p e r a t i o n s
s h a f t a g i t a t o r i m p r a c tic a l. w h e r e p e r m a n e n t a g ita to r is
F o r h e a v y d u ty . P a t e n t e d
im p r a c tic a l. F u r n is h e d w ith
s y s te m o f g e a r i n g i n s u r e s
p ro p e lle r b la d e s o p p o s e d o r
s m o o th e r o p e ra tio n a t a
b o th t h r u s t i n g d o w n w a r d .
w id e r a n g e o f s p e e d s .

JA H V A R Y m S * C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G
 MEETINGS AND CONVENTIONS

T. A. P. P. I. an d A. I. M. E. MIDGLEY PRESIDENT-ELECT
OF AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
D it. T h o m a s M i d q l e y , J r . , v ic e - p r e s i­
H o ld Conventions D u rin g F e b ru a ry d e n t o f T h e E t h y l C o rp . a n d i n t e r n a ­
t i o n a l l y k n o w n f o r h i s d is c o v e r y o f
te tra e th y l le a d , has been e le c te d
STANDARDS ASSOCIATION b e s t a d v a n t a g e in s e r v ic e o f th e p r e s i d e n t o f t h e A m e r ic a n C h e m ic a l
ELECTS OFFICERS S o c ie ty f o r 19 4 4 . D r . 'M id g le y , w h o
c o m m u n ity ;
A t i t s a n n u a l m e e tin g , D e c e m b e r 11, (b ) e d u c a tio n , tr a in in g , s u p p ly a n d is a c t i v e in f u r t h e r i n g w a r t i m e r e ­
a t t h e H o te l A s t o r , N e w Y o r k , N . Y ., e m p lo y m e n t o f s c i e n t i s t s ; s e a r c h p r o j e c t s , t o o k office a s p r e s i ­
(c ) th e b e tte r u n d e rs ta n d in g o f th e d e n t - e l e c t o n J a n . 1 ,. 1 9 4 3 , w h ile D r.
t h e A m e r ic a n S t a n d a r d s A s s o c ia tio n
p la c e o f s c i e n t i s t s in t h e c o m m u ­ P e r K . F ro lic h , d ire c to r o f th e C h em ­
e le c te d R . E . Z i m m e r m a n , v ic e - p r e s i­
n ity ; ic a l D iv is io n , E s s o - L a b o r a t o r i e s o f
d e n t , U . S . S te e l C o r p ., t o s e r v e a
(d ) m a in te n a n c e o f a d e q u a te q u a lifi­ t h e S t a n d a r d O il D e v e lo p m e n t C o.,
t h ir d tim e a s p re s id e n t. G e o rg e S .
E liz a b e th , N . J ., becom es p re s id e n t,
C ase, c h a irm a n o f th e b o a rd , L a m so n c a tio n s a n d e th ic a l s ta n d a r d s a m o n g
s u c c e e d in g D r . H a r r y N . H o lm e s , h e a d
& S e s s io n s C o ., w a s e le c te d v i c e - p r e s i­ p ro fe s sio n a l s c ie n tis ts ;
of th e d e p a r tm e n t of c h e m is try a t
d e n t , w h ile I I . S . O s b o r n e , A m e r ic a n ( e ) s u p p l y o f i n f o r m a t i o n a n d a d v ic e
O b e r lin C o lle g e .
T e le p h o n e & T e le g r a p h C o ., w a s r e ­ t o t h e p u b l i c a n d o t h e r b o d ie s .
T h e n ew p re s id e n t-e le c t w a s ch o se n
e le c te d c h a i r m a n o f th e S ta n d a rd s
M e m b e rs o f t h e C o u n c il r e p r e s e n t ­ b y t h e S o c ie ty 's C o u n c il f r o m f o u r
C o u n c il. E . C. C r i t t e n d e n , o f t h e N a ­
in g t h e I n s t i t u t e o f C h e m i s t r y a r e a s n o m in e e s r e c e i v in g t h e l a r g e s t n u m ­
t i o n a l B u r e a u o f S t a n d a r d s , w a s e le c t­
f o ll o w s : D r . J . J . F o x , p r e s i d e n t , I n ­ b e r o f v o te s in a n a t i o n a l m a il b a l l o t
ed v ic e - c h a ir m a n . T h e f o ll o w i n g fiv e
s t i t u t e o f C h e m is tr y , P r o f . A le x a n d e r o f t h e S o c ie ty ’s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 2 ,0 0 0
o r g a n i z a t i o n s w e re e le c te d t o fill v a ­
F in d la y , D r. G . R o ch e L y n c h , S ir R o b ­ m e m b e rs. D r. W a lte r A . S c h m id t,
c a n c ie s o c c u r r i n g o n t h e B o a r d o f
e r t P ic k a rd , D r. H . A. T e m p a n y , a n d p r e s i d e n t o f th e W e s t e r n P r e c i p i t a t i o n
D ir e c to r s : A m e ric a n P e tro le u m I n s t i ­
R . B . P ilc h e r, R e g i s tr a r a n d S e c re ta ry , C o ., L o s A n g e le s , C a l if ., w a s e le c te d a
t u t e , A m e r i c a n G a s A s s o c ia tio n , F i r e
I n s t i t u t e o f C h e m is tr y . d i r e e t o r - a t - l a r g e to s u c c e e d D r . M id -
P ro te c tio n G ro u p , A s s o c ia tio n of
R e p re s e n tin g th e I n s t i t u t e o f P h y ­ g lc y . D r . L e a s o n H . A d a m s , t h e G eo- j
A m e r ic a n R a ilro a d s , a n d A m e r ic a n
s ic s a r e : P r o f . S i r L a w r e n c e B r a g g , p h y s ic a l L a b o r a t o r y , C a r n e g i e I n s t i t u t e
I n s t i t u t e o f E le c tric a l E n g in e e rs .
P r e s i d e n t , I n s t i t u t e o f P h y s ic s , P r o f . o f W a s h in g to n , a n d P r o f. R o b e r t E . j
J . A . C r o w th e r , E . R . D a v ie s , D r. B. S w a in , S t a m f o r d U n i v e r s i t y , w e re r e ­
A . K e e n , D r . H . L o w e r y , a n d D r . II. e le c te d r e g io n a l d i r e c t o r s .
BRITISH FORM JOINT COUNCIL
OF PROFESSIONAL SCIENTISTS R. L ang. N e w c o u c ilo rs -a t-la rg e a r c : D r. M . L . i
P r o f . IV . B r o w n r e p r e s e n t s t h e b o t ­ C r o s s le y , d i r e c t o r o f r e s e a r c h , C a lc o
A J o i n t C o u n c i l o f P r o f e s s i o n a l S c i­ C h e m ic a l D iv is io n , A m e r ic a n C y a n a m id
a n i s t s ; P r o f . D . K e i l i n , t h e z o o lo g is ts ;
e n t i s t s , r e p r e s e n t i n g o v e r 1 0 ,0 0 0 q u a l i ­ P ro f. S. C h ap m an , th e m a th e m a tic ia n s ; C o ., B o u n d B r o o k , N . J . ; P r o f . V in c e n t
fie d s c i e n t i s t s , h a s b e e n s e t u p u n d e r d u V ig n e a u d , h e a d o f t h e d e p a r t m e n t
a n d P r o f . H . I I . R e a d , t h e g e o lo g is ts .
th e c h a irm a n s h ip o f S ir R o b e r t P ic k ­ o f c h e m i s t r y , C o r n e ll M e d ic a l C o lle g e , j
T h e J o i n t C o u n c i l h a s b e en e s t a b ­
a r d , F .R .S ., b y t h e I n s t i t u t e s o f C h e m ­ lis h e d f o r t h e p e r io d o f t h e N a t i o n a l N e w Y o rk ; D r. W . A lb e rt N o y es, J r ., '
i s t r y a n d P h y s i c s in a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h p r o f e s s o r o f p h y s ic a l c h e m i s t r y , U n i- I
E m e rg e n c y , b u t i t m a y fo rm th e n u ­
re p re s e n ta tiv e s of B r itis h p ro fe s sio n a l v e rs ity o f R o c h e s te r; P r o f. R . L .
c le u s o f s o m e m o r e p e r m a n e n t o r g a n i ­
b o t a n i s t s , g e o lo g is ts , m a t h e m a t i c i a n s S h rille r, c h a irm a n o f th e d e p a r tm e n t
z a t i o n t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e c lo s e c o l l a b o r a ­
a n d z o o lo g is ts . T h e C o u n c il h a s b e e n t i o n b e tw e e n p r o f e s s i o n a l m e n a n d of c h e m is try , In d ia n a U n iv e rs ity ,
e s t a b l i s h e d to v o ic e t h e c o lle c ti v e o p in ­ w o m e n p r a c t i s i n g in a ll b r a n c h e s of B lo o m in g to n , I n d . :
io n o f q u a lif ie d s c i e n t i s t s o n m a t t e r s s c ie n c e . D r . M id g le y h a s w o n r e c o g n itio n f o r
o f p u b l i c i n t e r e s t , t o p r o v id e a l ia is o n d is c o v e r i e s w h ic h a r e o u t s t a n d i n g b o th
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b e tw e e n p r o f e s s i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s o f fro m th e s ta n d p o in t o f p io n e e rin g in
s h o u ld b e a d d r e s s e d t o D r . H . H .
s c i e n t i s t s f o r c o o r d i n a t e d a c t i o n in L a n g , H o n o ra ry S e c re ta ry , J o i n t C o u n ­ n e w f ie ld s a n d f r o m t h e s t a n d p o i n t o f
m a t t e r s o f c o m m o n i n t e r e s t , a n d in c o m m e r c ia l im p o r t a n c e . H i s d is c o v ­
c il o f P r o f e s s i o n a l S c i e n t i s t s , c / o T h e
p a r tic u la r to c o n ce rn its e lf w ith : e r y i n 1 9 2 2 o f t e t r a e t h y l le a d a s a n
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M o to r s R esearch L a b o ra to rie s had ■
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g a n ie e h lo r o f l u o n d e s w h ic h h a v e b e- i
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v e n tio n , N e w Y o rk , N . Y. c o m e w id e ly u s e d a s n o n - f la m m a b le , :
n o n - to x i c r e f r i g e r a n t s . H e h a s b e e n I
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1 5 7 th a n n u a l m e e tin g . N e w Y o rk , N . Y. ed w ith th e re c o v e ry o f b ro m in e fro m !
T e c h n ic a l A s s o c ia tio n of th e P u lp a n d P a p e r I n d u s try , sea w a te r .
FEB. 15-18
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t h e P r i e s t l e y M e d a l o f t h e A m e r ic a n ;
APRIL 7-10 T h e E le c tro c h e m ic a l S o c ie ty , 8 3 rd m e e tin g . H o te l R o o se ­ C h e m ic a l S o c ie ty , t h e W i l l i a m H . N i- !
v e lt, P itts b u r g h , P e n n a .
e h o ls M e d a l o f t h e S o c ie ty ’s N e w Y o r k !
S e c tio n , t h e P e r k i n M e d a l o f t h e S o - I
c i e t v o f C h e m ic a l I n d u s t r y , a n d t h e !

C h e m ic a l & m e t a llu r g ic a l e n g in e e r in g . Ja n u a r y r. 9/,3 . 145 i

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M id w e s t P o w e r C o n fe re n c e , h a s r e ­ d is c u s s e d c u r r e n t m is u n d e r s ta n d in g s
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t h e k e y n o t e s p e a k e r , w h i l e C o l. J . L . t e m , a n d a n a l y z e d t h e p r o b a b l e e ffe c t
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b e th e s p e a k e r a t th e “ A ll-E n g in e e r s ’ p o lic y . H e u rg e d t h a t o u r s c ie n tis ts
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t i c s , t h e S c ie n c e o f S u r v i v a l . ” l ic a s t o t h e n a t u r e a n d v a l u e o f o u r
T y p ic a l IL L C O - W A Y in s t a lla t io n D a te s fo r th e 1943 C o n fe re n ce w ill be
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m e th o d is d a ily m e e tin g t h e e x a c tin g le m s . C o m p le te a n n o u n c e m e n t o f t h e v a r i e t y o f fie ld s , h a v i n g s u c c e s s iv e ly
s ta n d a r d s o f in d u s tr ia l a n d te c h n ic a l p ro g r a m w ill b e m a d e a t a la t e r d a te . b e e n D i r e c t o r o f R e s e a r c h a t M .I .T .
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WILSON RECEIVES PERKIN MEDAL t h e C h e m ic a l W a r f a r e s e r v ic e f o r tw o
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r e s in s t o p r o d u c e a f in a l e f f lu e n t w h ic h s e n te d J a n u a r y 8 t o D r . R o b e r t E . c h a rg e of d e v e lo p m e n t a n d p a te n ts
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d is tille d w a te r . P e tro le u m an d T ra n sp o rt C om pany, d ia n a , a n d fo r th e p a s t s ix y e a r s th e
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s a v in g is o n ly o n e o f th e m a n y
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to d a y e m p lo y e d i n le a d in g w a r p la n ts SALVAGE CAMPAIGN m u s t k e e p in m in d t h a t th e s a lv a g e
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w a s t e p a p e r l y i n g a r o u n d t h e p r e m is e s .
s u p p lie d w ith e q u ip m e n t re q u ire d fo r
5,000 gallons for less than a dollar! I n s t e a d , t h e y s h o u l d g iv e t h e j o b i t s
t h e o p e r a t i o n o f t h e i r p l a n t s . I t w o u ld
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d u e im p o r ta n c e b y a s s ig n in g so m eo n e
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water supply. When the ^ w ith a u t h o r i t y a s s a lv a g e s u p e r v is o r .
water supply is low In dis- ... - c e r n s lo o k e d a t t h e s a l v a g e c a m p a i g n
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solved solids, the cost w i t h t h i s p e r s o n a l , s e m i - s e lf is h a t t i ­
to p u t i n t o t h e s c r a p h e a p s t a n d b y
may bo considerably less. tu d e .
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M anagem ent s h o u ld a ls o be re ­
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IL L IN O IS WATER TR E A T M E N T CO. b e n e f its o v e r a n d a b o v e p u t t i n g t h e
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a b le t o s h o w t h a t t h e p r o g r a m h a d
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s a v e d t h e c o m p a n y o v e r $ 9 ,0 0 0 a y e a r .
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f ir s t m a d e p o w d e r fo r th e A m e ric a n I n a ru b b e r m ill in th e s a m e s ta t e ,
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350 to n s of iro n a re s e r v in g a g a in , th is d r iv e re a c h e d a m illio n p o u n d s . It
tim e a s m u c h -n e e d e d s c ra p . in c l u d e d c a s t i r o n a n d s t e e l , l e a d , c o p -

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c o m p a n y ’s o w n p l a n t s .
1 6 FULLER R O T A R I E S
S o lv e n ts su c h a s a c e to n e , t o lu o l,
e t h y l a c e t a t e , a lc o h o l, c a r b o n t e t r a c h l o r ­
id e a r e u s e d i n p r o c e s s in g s m o k e le s s
p o w d e r, s y n th e tic re s in s , ru b b e r p ro d ­
u c t s , o ils , e tc . T h e s e s o l v e n t s a r e g e n ­
e r a lly v a p o riz e d in to th e a i r d u r in g
p r o c e s s in g . In som e cases th e y a re
u s e d fo r w a s h in g a n d a r e d is c a rd e d
w h e n t o o d i r t y . H e n c e t h e r e a r e tw o
p r o b le m s o f s a l v a g i n g s o l v e n t s : i n o n e
c a s e t h e s o l v e n t v a p o r s m u s t b e c o l­
le c te d a n d p r o c e s s e d , a n d i n t h e o t h e r
t h e d i r t y s o l v e n t m u s t b e c le a n e d a m i
re -u s e d .
O v e r o n e b i l l i o n p o u n d s o f v a p o r iz e d
s o l v e n t s w i l l b e re c o v e r e d a n n u a l l y i n
e q u ip m e n t n o w in o p e ra tio n o r to b e
p la c e d i n o p e r a t i o n w i t h i n s i x m o n th s .
A n o t h e r b i l l i o n p o u n d s a r e n o w g o in g
t o w a s t e t h a t m i g h t b e re c o v e r e d .
I n th e fa b ric a tio n of p la s tic s th e re
is a la rg e p e rc e n ta g e o f w a s te m a te r ia l.
N o t h i n g c a n b e d o n e t o s a l v a g e th e
th e r m o s e ttin g re s in s . I n th e case of
t h e r m o p l a s t i c s , w h ic h a m o u n t t o a b o u t
h a lf o f a ll p la s tic s p ro d u c e d , m e a su re s
h a v e b e e n t a k e n to r e c o v e r t h e s c r a p .
T h e th e rm o p la s tic s c a n be re m e lte d a n d
r e w o r k e d w i t h l i t t l e lo s s in q u a l i t y .
G ly c e r in e h a s lo n g b e e n a b y - p r o d u c t Just another result of the satisfactory operation of one
o f th e so ap in d u s try . H o w ev e r, n o r ­ Fuller Rotary Com pressor in stalled in 1934 b y a W est
m a l l y a s m a l l p e r c e n t a g e o f g ly c e r in e
is le f t in so a p d u e to th e f a c t t h a t i t C oast cem ent com pany. The excellent over-all perform­
i s n o t e c o n o m ic a lly f e a s ib l e t o re m o v e a n ce of this initial installation "sold" this com p an y on
it. W ith th e w a r d e m a n d in g ev er- Fuller Rotaries. Result— the installing of 16 units up to
i n c r e a s i n g a m o u n t s o f g ly c e r in e , i t h a s
n o w b eco m e e s s e n tia l to re c o v e r th e the present time. Included in this total are se v e n m achines
l a s t d r o p o f t h i s c h e m ic a l f r o m s o a p . purchased in 1940, w h en it w a s d ecided to rebuild and
A n o th e r e x a m p le o f w a s t e u t i l i z a t i o n m odernize this plant, three of w hich are show n in the
is t h e s e w a g e t r e a t i n g p l a n t s w h ic h a r e
s a l v a g i n g l a r g e v o lu m e s o f f e r t i l i z e r
ab o v e illustration.
m a t e r i a l s a n d g a s f o r d r i v i n g e n g in e s .
As time g o e s on, more and m ore plant superintendents
J a m e s A . Lee, M a n a g in g E d ito r , C hem .
a nd M e t. E n g ., New Y ork, b e fo re th e an d engineers are sp ecifyin g and installing Fullers. They're
N a tio n a l C o n fe re n ce o f B u sin e ss P a p e rs
E d ito rs , N ew Y ork, D ec. 11, 1942. the id ea l unit for gen eral industrial u se for cap acities to
1800 C.F.M. actual free-air delivery, pressures to 125-lb.,
LAMINAR FLOW OF OIL-COAL
SUSPENSIONS vacuum s to 29.90-in. (referred to 30-in. barometer).
S u s p e n s i o n s , s u c h a s p u lv e r iz e d c o a l
i n f u e l o il, m a y e x h i b i t e i t h e r v is c o u s
Write for a copy of our new Bulletin C-5, illustrating and
o r p l a s t i c flo w p r o p e r t i e s d e p e n d i n g describing these m achines.
u p o n th e c o n c e n tra tio n of s u sp e n d e d
m a te r ia l. I f th e c o n c e n tr a tio n is b e ­
lo w a c e r t a i n d e f in ite v a lu e , v is c o u s
flo w w i l l b e e n c o u n t e r e d . FULLER COM PANY
M e th o d s a r e p r e s e n t e d f o r p r e d i c t ­ CATASAUQUA, P EN N S Y LV A N IA
i n g t h e c r i t i c a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n w h ic h C h ic a g o : 1144 M a r q u e tte B ldg .
d e m a r c a t e s t h e v is c o u s s u s p e n s i o n fr o m
th e p la s tic ty p e . T h is c r itic a l co n cen ­ San F ra n c is c o : 421 C h a n c e ry B d lg .

tr a tio n is p ra c tic a lly id e n tic a l w ith th e

C -68
c o n c e n t r a t i o n a t w h ic h z e r o - f lu i d ity
o c cu rs on a flu id ity -c o n c e n tra tio n c h a r t.
T h e f o ll o w i n g m o d if ic a tio n o f t h e
H a g e n -P o is e u ille L a w h a s b een f o r ­
m u la te d :
H_ V y. K,
h Z>2 p . K . - C.
W h e re K 0 is a n e m p iric a l c o n s ta n t
c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o c o n c e n t r a t i o n a t z e ro -

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G . JA N U A R Y 1 9 J ,$ 147
 f l u i d i t y , a n d C T is p e r c e n t a g e s u s p e n d e d
m a t e r i a l b y v o lu m e .
T h e e q u a tio n h a s b een c o rro b o ra te d
f o r s u s p e n s i o n s o f c o a l - in - o il u p t o 4 0
p e rc e n t b y w e ig h t of co al c o n c e n tr a ­
tio n , a n d e n a b le s o n e to p r e d ic t fr ic tio n
lo s s e s i n p i p e i n l a m i n a r flo w o f s u s ­
p e n s io n s f r o m s u c h d a t a a s c o n c e n t r a ­
t i o n a n d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f c o m p o n e n ts
m a k in g u p a s u s p e n s io n , v e lo c ity o f
flo w , a n d p i p e d im e n s io n s .

F . J . G r a d i s h a r , W e s tv a c o C h lo rin e
P r o d u c t s C o., S o u th C h a r le s to n , W . V a „
W . L . F a i t h a n d J . E . H e d r ic k , S h e ll O il
C o., M a r tin e z , C a lif., b e f o r e th e A m e r i­
c a n I n s t i t u t e o f C h e m ic a l E n g i n e e r s , C in ­
c in n a t i , O h io , N o v . 16—IS , 1942.

ION-EXCHANGE RESINS
I t w a s f i r s t i n 1 9 3 5 t l i a t tw o E n g l i s h
c h e m is ts , A d a m s and H o lm e s , a n ­
n o u n c e d t h a t s y n t h e t i c r e s i n s c o u ld be
u tiliz e d in a n a p p lic a tio n b a s e d p r i ­
m a r i l y u p o n t h e i r c h e m ic a l i n s t e a d o f
th e ir p h y s ic a l p r o p e r tie s . T h ey d is ­
c o v e r e d t h a t c e r t a i n p o l y h y d r i c p h e n o l-
f o r m a l d e h y d e r e s i n s , w h e n p o ly m e r iz e d
t o t h e in s o l u b l e “ C ” s t a g e , w o u ld e x ­
h ib it th e p h en o m en o n k n o w n a s b ase-
exchange. U s e o f t h e s e io n - c x c lia n g e
re s in s h a s p re s e n te d a s ig n ific a n t a d ­
v a n c e in t h e fie ld o f w a t e r p u r i f i c a t i o n .
F o r t h e f i r s t t i m e i t i s p o s s ib le t o
r e m o v e a l l d is s o lv e d s a l t s f r o m w a t e r
b y c h e m ic a l r e a c t i o n a l o n e t o g iv e a
p r o d u c t c o m p a r a b l e in q u a l i t y w i t h
la b o r a to r y d is tille d w a te r .
D u r in g th e e a r ly s ta g e s o f d e v e lo p ­
m e n t, m a n y p e rs o n s f a m ilia r w ith e x ­
c h a n g e m a te r ia ls s u g g e s te d t h a t a l ­
th o u g h th e re s in o u s c o m p o u n d s d id
e x h ib it e x tre m e ly h ig h i n itia l c a p a c ity ,
P ro d u ctio n of a llo y steel castin g s is a fu ssy jo b ...re q u ir in g
th e y m ig h t b e h a v e a s d o th e g e l z eo ­
extrem ely clo se control over ea c h step in the p rocess. R aw m aterials l i t e s t o g iv e a g r a d u a l d e c r e a s e i n
are checked aga in st rigid sp ecifica tio n s. . . m oisture content of san d c a p a c i t y a s t h e n u m b e r o f c y c le s i n ­
is precisely con trolled . . . pouring tem peratures are c lo se ly regulated. c r e a s e d . E x p e r i m e n t a l w o r k li a s p r o v e d
c o n c l u s iv e ly t h a t t h e h i g h o r i g i n a l
Result? Sound c a s tin g s ...fr e e of cracks, surface defects, cold shuts
c a p a c ity is c o n s ta n t d e s p ite th e n u m ­
or seam s. b e r o f c y c le s . F u r t h e r e x p e r i m e n t s i n
w h ic h e x c h a n g e r s w h ic h h a d u n d e r g o n e
Since 1922 The C ooper A llo y Foundry Co. h a s sp ecia lized in the 1 5 0 c y c le s w e r e • o p e r a t e d u n d e r v a r y ­
production of stain less steel, m onel. nickel, chrome-iron, chrome- i n g s a l t v a l u e s p r o v e t h a t t h e c h e m ic a l
nickel a n d other a llo y castin gs. W e offer u sers of ca stin gs resistant r e a c t i v i t y a n d e ffic ie n c y a r e u n i m p a i r e d .
T h e f o ll o w i n g i s a n e x a m p l e o f a
to corrosion, h eat an d abrasion, a com p lete a llo y castin g s e r v ic e ...
b o ile r fe e d w a te r s u p p ly s y s te m t h a t
production "know-how" plus practical a ssista n c e in the selection of h a s b e e n o p e r a t i n g o n a c o m m e r c ia l
proper a llo y s. Y ou can g et soun d castin g s from C ooper that are u n i t . A 12 e u .f t . I R - 4 u n i t o p e r a t i n g
"right" for your application. in c o n ju n c tio n w ith a h y d ro g e n e x ­
c h a n g e r h a s b e e n in c o n s ta n t o p e ra tio n
f o r a l m o s t a y e a r , a n d i s g i v i n g e x c e l­
l e n t r e s u l t s a s s h o w n b y t h e f o ll o w i n g
c o m p a ris o n :
R aw T r e a te d
r t u THVSK m u *« » » -— W a te r W a te r
G ra in s p e r U. S. g a l.
. A LLU I r v v i in c lu d in g Lustra^ C alciu m B ic a r b o n a te . . . 19.0 0.0
. Im p ro v ed c le a n in g • • • le a v e s a l M ag n e siu m B ic a rb o n a te 0 .2 0.0
S o d iu m B ic a r b o n a te ----- 0.0 tra c e
M a g n e siu m S u l p h a t e . . . 7.4 0 .0
S o d iu m S u lp h a te ............. 8 .5 0.0
S o d iu m C h lo rid e ............. 1.6
iu lly m a c h in e d • • • —
T o ta l ............................. 37.0
. D ev elo p m en t o f P
- » « • » ” ■“ u n u s u a l re q u ire m e n ts . I n t h e s e o p e r a t i o n s , 2 5 lb . X a -C O , ( a s
in size. . s p e c ia lly e q u ip p o d _ T cc h n ic a i c o n su ltin g s e rv ie . 4 p e r c e n t s o lu tio n ) is u s e d p e r c u .it.
o f a n i o n e x c h a n g e r a n d 3 lb . GO R e
j o i fin is h in g
H jS O , ( a s 5 p e r c e n t s o l u t i o n ) i s u s e d
p e r c u .f t. f o r r e g e n e r a tio n o f th e c a tio n
e x c h a n g e r. T h e u n i t o p e ra te s a t a
THE V O O p W ALLOY FOUNDRY CO. r a t e o f 5 g a l . p e r s q .f t . p e r m i n . , a n d
th e av erag e 'f .D . S . of th e w a te i
170 BLOY STREET H IL LSID E , NEW JERSEY t h r o u g h o u t t h e e n t i r e r u n i s G p .p .m .

JA N U A R Y 1943 • C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G
 T h e p r o d u c t is a t l e a s t e q u a l i n q u a l i t y
to th e c o n d e n s a te u s e d p re v io u s ly .
F i g u r i n g H 2S 0 4 a t tw o c e n t s p e r lb .,
a n d N a 3 C 0 3 a t o n e c e n t p e r lb ., t h e
c h e m ic a l o p e r a t i n g c o s t is a p p r o x i ­
m a t e l y 2 7 c e n t s p e r 1 ,0 0 0 g a l . w a t e r .
I t s h o u ld b e p o i n t e d o u t t h a t lo w
c a p a c itie s w e re o b ta in e d fo r th e IR -1
u n it a t firs t. A c o n s id e ra tio n o f th e
Your Conversion—Assembly—Production
v a rio u s fa c to rs sh o w e d t h a t th e r a te
o f r e g e n e r a t i o n w a s to o h i g h , a n d w h e n with
th is w a s c o rre c te d , c a p a c itie s r a n g in g
f r o m 4 5 ,0 0 0 -0 0 ,0 0 0 g r a i n s ( a s C a C 0 3)
p e r e u .f t . w e r e o b t a i n e d . T h e im p o r­
t a n c e o f c o n t r o l l i n g flo w r a t e d u r i n g
r e g e n e r a t i o n c a n n o t b e o v e r e m p h a s iz e d .
— REX-W ELD—
T h e c a s e o f a c e r t a i n b o i l e r fe e d s u p ­
p ly is v e r y in te r e s tin g . T h is u n i t h a s
b e e n i n o p e r a t i o n f o r o v e r n i n e m o n th s .
I d e n t i c a l 3 2 c u .f t . ( 4 f t . d i a . ) u n i t s
Flexible Metal Hose
R ex -W eld H o se A n n u la r C o rru g a tio n ] R ex-W cld H o se H e lic a l C o rru g a tio n ]
w e r e o b t a i n e d a n d o n e f ille d w i t h A m -
b c r lite IR -1 , th e o th e r w ith a c a r b o n ­
a c e o u s e x c h a n g e r. Id e n tic a l c o n d itio n s
w e re m a in ta in e d b y s t r i c t c o n tro l. I t
w a s p la n n e d to o b ta in a c o m p a ra tiv e
e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e s e tw o p r o d u c t s u n d e r
RW-80 U n b ra id e d - -RW -81 B ra id e d RW-90 U n b ra id e d - -R W -9 I B ra id e d
u s u a l i n d u s t r i a l o p e r a t i n g c o n d itio n s .
T h e f o ll o w i n g t a b l e s h o w s t h e s u m ­
m a r i z e d o p e r a t i n g d a t a o v e r t h e n in e
m o n t h p e r io d . — General D ata—
C a rb o n a c e o u s E x c h a n g e r STEEL BRONZE
A v e ra g e
R uns S a lt V a lu e C a p a c ity C a p a c ity Sizes To 4" I.D. To 4" I.D.
1 -2 5 0 .5 5 -1 .0 4 3 ,0 9 0 -5 ,5 7 0 4,6 0 0
2 6 -5 3 0 .4 1 -0 .6 7 5 ,4 5 0 -8 .4 0 0 7,200
5 4 -1 0 0 0 .5 3 -1 .1 0 3 ,9 8 0 -7 ,0 5 0 6,500 Pressures To 14,500 p.s.i. To 14,500 p.s.i.
A m b e rlite IR -1
A v e ra g e
Temperatures To 1000° f To 450° F.
R uns S a l t V alu e C a p a c ity C a p a c ity
1 -2 5 0 .3 8 -0 .7 4 4 ,4 6 0 - 9,500 7.500 Lengths To 50' To 50' ,
2 6 -4 5 0 .3 0 -0 .6 0 7 ,2 0 0 -1 3 ,4 0 0 10 ,10 0
4 0 -8 3 0 .4 5 -1 .2 0 5 ,9 0 0 -1 3 .6 0 0 0.500

I t m i g h t b e a s s u m e d f r o m t h e s e fig ­
— Use Chart—
u r e s t h a t c o n s t a n t v a r i a t i o n in c a p a c i t y
o c c u r r e d a n d t h a t t h e o p e r a t i o n o f b o th
‘STEEL BRONZE
e x ch a n g e rs w e re d e c i d e d ly e rra tic .
S u c h w a s n o t th e case , a n d th e c o m ­
Saturated Steam v'
p l e t e d a t a s h o w t h a t t h e r e w e r e p e r io d s
o f v e r y c o n s t a n t o p e r a t i o n f o r b o th
Superheated Steam a/
p ro d u c ts . H o w e v e r, d u r in g th e s e p e r i ­
o d s in w h ic h c o n s t a n t s a l t v a l u e s w e r e
Sulphur Bearing Oil v/
m a i n t a i n e d , t h e c a p a c i t y o f IR -1 w a s
a l w a y s a p p r o x i m a t e l y d o u b le t h a t o f
Oxygen V ' I
th e c arb o n ac e o u s e x ch a n g e r o p e ra tin g
u n d e r i d e n t i c a l c o n d itio n s .
Ammonia \/
T h i s c a s e is c ite d b e c a u s e i t p r o v e s
Carbon Dioxide V
a v e ry im p o r ta n t p o in t w ith re s p e c t to
A m b e rlite IR -1 . D u e to a b re a k d o w n
in th e p r e f iltr a tio n e q u ip m e n t, la rg e
Sulphur Bearing G rease V/
q u a n t i t i e s o f m u d a n d a l u m flo e p a s s e d
in to th e b ed s. In s p e c tio n o f th e u n its
Critical Vibration V
s h o w e d t h a t a l a y e r o f s e d i m e n t 3 -6 in .
d e ep h a d b een d e p o s ite d o n th e s u rfa c e ,
Non-Sparking V"
a n d t h a t th e b e d s w e re c o n ta m in a te d
* P r o t e c t iv e C o a tin g s C a n B e A p p lie d fo r C o r r o s io n P ro te c t io n
th ro u g h o u t. B e c a u s e o f in s u f f ic ie n t
h e a d r o o m , t h e b e d s c o u ld n o t b e c le a n e d (T o C o n s e r v e C r it ic a l C o p p e r B e a rin g A llo y s ).
b y b a c k w a s h a n d th e c a p a c ity ( a t th e
s a m e s a l t v a l u e ) d r o p p e d 50 p e r c e n t .
T he beds w e re th e re fo re p a rtia lly
Couplings: R E X - T IT E Mechanical (Re-attachable) Couplings;
e m p tie d , th e e x c h a n g e rs w a s h e d b y de- Solder Couplings; Brazed and Welded Couplings and
c a n ta tio n , a n d n o rm a l o p e ra tin g te c h ­
n iq u e r e s u m e d . T h e c a p a c i t i e s r e t u r n e d Flange Assemblies for Rex-Weld Flexible Metal Hose.
to th e i r p re v io u s v a lu e s , p ro v in g c o n ­ A s k f o r E n g i n e e r in g R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s
c lu s i v e l y t h a t th e v e ry u n s u ita b le
o p e r a tin g c o n d itio n s h a d n o t c a u se d
a n y p e rm a n e n t in ju r y .
W h e n i t is r e a l i z e d t h a t p a s s a g e o f
CHICAGO METAL HOSE CORPORATION
a n a q u e o u s s o lu tio n th ro u g h beds of G e n e r a l O ffic e s: M A Y W O O D , I L L I N O I S
I R - 1 ( h y d r o g e n c y c le ) a n d I R - 4 r e s u l t s Facto rie s: Maywood a n d Elgin, III.
i n c o m p l e t e r e m o v a l o f s o lu b le s a l t s ,

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G . JA N U A R Y j n . ’, 3 . 149
 t h e p o s s ib le f ie ld s o f a p p l i c a t i o n b e c o m e
a p p a re n t. J u d g in g fro m re s p o n s e to
t h i s n e w d e v e l o p m e n t, t h e r e is s c a r c e ly
a m a j o r i n d u s t r y i n w h ic h t h e r e a r e
n o t a p p l i c a t i o n s f o r t h e A m b e r lite a . U n ­
fo r tu n a te ly , h o w ev er, th is w o rk is s till
in th e d e v e lo p m e n t s ta g e , a n d a n y
s p e c if ic i n f o r m a t i o n r e l e a s e d a t t h i s
t i m e w o u ld u n d o u b t e d l y b e p r e m a t u r e .
M u c h te s t in g is b e in g u n d e r ta k e n
a n d s o m e o f t h e d e v e l o p m e n ts h a v e
a l r e a d y r e a c h e d t h e s e m i - p l a n t s c a le .
T y p ic a l o f th e s e a p p lic a tio n s is th e
“ d e s a ltin g ” of a q u e o u s s o lu tio n s of c a r ­
b o h y d r a t e s , f o r m a l d e h y d e , g e l a t i n , e tc .
I n th e s e c a se s, d ia ly s is is o fte n th e o n ly
a lte rn a tiv e . T h e lo w c o s t a n d h i g h
e ffic ie n c y a n d t h r o u g h o u t o f io n e x ­
c h a n g e p r o c e s s e s e m p lo y in g s y n t h e t i c
re s in s h a v e m a d e th e m o f r e a l in te r e s t.

It J . M y ers, R e s in o u s P r o d u c ts &.
C h em ica l Co., P h ila d e lp h ia , P a ., b e fo re th e
B uffalo S e c tio n of th e A m e ric a n c h e m ic a l
OnMotv \'n v 17. 1942.

SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION O F

SYNTHETIC RESINS
C e l l u l o s e acetate p la s tic s a re n o w
c o n tro lle d b y m a n d a to r y o rd e r N o .
M -1 5 4 , w h ic h h a s b e e n s a t i s f a c t o r y . I t
h a s b een re p o rte d t h a t th is m a te r ia l
is in r e la tiv e ly fre e s u p p ly , a n d t h a t
C la s s I I I u s e s c a n b e s u p p l i e d i n f u l l .
P r o d u c t i o n o f c e l lu lo s e a c e t a t e b u t y r a t e
h a s in c r e a s e d d u r i n g t h e l a s t fe w
m o n th s . I t is e s t i m a t e d t h a t s u p p l i e s
a r e s u f f ic ie n t t o m e e t a l l m i l i t a r y a n d
c iv ilia n u s e s n o w a llo te d u n d e r th e
e x is tin g o rd e r.
H o w e v e r, th e s h o r ta g e o f a m m o n ia
fo r n itr ic a c id , th e a llo c a tio n o f n itr o ­

T h e h i g h -i r o n , low -alkaline nature of Baldwin-Hill rock c e l lu lo s e ( b e c a u s e o f t h e a c u t e s h o r t

s u p p ly s itu a tio n ) a n d th e in c re a s in g ly
w o o l is undisturbed b y tem peratures a s high a s 1400°. l a r g e d e m a n d s f o r s o l v e n t s a n d p la s -
tic iz e r s w ill te n d to d e c re a s e th e p r o ­
Exposures w hich com p letely rem ove the resilien cy and d u c t i o n o f le s s e s s e n t i a l i t e m s i n c e l­
l u lo s e n i t r a t e p l a s t i c s .
strength from ordinary rock w ool, flam es w hich eat right
M e th a c r y la te R e s in s — T h e m o n o m e r
through w hite w ools, don't touch the strength or insu­ is c u r r e n t l y p r o d u c e d b y tw o c h e m ic a l
c o m p a n ie s a n d t h e b u l k o f t h e p r o d u c ­
lating pow er of Baldwin-H ill products. A dd to that their t i o n i s u s e d f o r m i l i t a r y a i r c r a f t in
b o m b e r n o ses, t u r r e t to p s , d o m e s, a n d
stability in the p resen ce of m oisture, and y o u h a v e two
o th e r s p e c ia l e q u ip m e n t. A lim ite d
vital rea so n s for investig a tin g Baldwin-Hill w ools, felts, a m o u n t i s b e in g u s e d f o r m o ld in g
p o w d e r, w a te r-p ro o fin g o f c e r ta in m ili­
blocks, an d cem en ts— at once. t a r y j a c k e t s , a n d s p e c i a l c h e m ic a l w a r ­
f a r e i t e m s . P l a n s a r e g o in g f o r w a r d
fo r a n e x p a n s io n o f m o n o m e r c a p a c ity
t o a b o u t 141 p e r c e n t o f p r e s e n t p r o d u c ­
t i o n a n d f o r c a s t s h e e t c a p a c i t y t o 180
p e rc e n t o f p r e s e n t p ro d u c tio n .
L im ita tio n s o n e x p a n s io n o f m e th y l
FREE TO CHEMICAL PRODUCERS m e th a c r y la te r e s in s a r e m a in ly in th e
A g e n e ro u s sam p le s q u a r e of B aldw in-H ill e q u i p m e n t f ie ld , s in c e l a r g e a m o u n t s
Mono-Block, th e one b lo ck for a ll te m p e ra ­ o f s ta in le s s s te e l a r e re q u ire d . S u p p ly
tu re s u p to 1600°, to g e th e r w ith a s a m p le of o f th is re s in fo r a ll c iv ilia n u ses, w ith
B-H Bond-Tite, th e e a s y a d h e s iv e w h ic h m a k e s t h e p o s s ib le e x c e p t i o n o f d e n t u r e s , h a s
w irin g u n n e c e s s a ry . Test for y o u rse lf th e d is a p p e a re d e n tire ly . E x p a n s io n s no w
h e a t-re sista n c e , th e e x tra o rd in a rily lo w co n ­
u n d e r w a y w ill n o t b e i n p r o d u c t i o n
d u c tiv ity , th e q u ick a d h esio n , a n d e a s e of
c u ttin g of th is u n iv e rs a l in su la tio n . lu s t w rite b e f o r e S e p te m b e r , 1 9 4 3 . T h e r e f o r e n o
u s on y o u r le tte rh e a d . r e l i e f i s e x p e c te d d u r i n g t h e n e x t y e a r .
V i n y l P o ly m e r s — P o ly v in y l c h lo rid e
a n d v i n y l c h l o r i d e c o - p o ly m e r s a r e t h e
m o s t im p o r ta n t o f th e v in y l g ro u p in
t h e w a r e f f o r t. L a rg e q u a n titie s of

B A L D W IN - H I I I th e s e r e s in s a re u se d to re p la c e ru b b e r
a n d e v en in m a n y p ro d u c ts w h e re r u b ­
TRENTON, N. J . b e r is n o t s a tis f a c to r y . A p p ro x im a te ly
KALAMAZOO 1 2 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 lb . o f t h e s e r e s i n s w e r e u s e d

« JAN U ARY 1 9 /,S • C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G

a s ru b b e r s u b s titu te s d u rin g th e fir s t
s ix m o n th s of t h i s y e a r , a n d th e r e ­
s u l t i n g s a v i n g i n r u b b e r m i g h t be
c o n s e r v a t i v e l y e s t i m a t e d a t 1 8 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
lb . P r o d u c t i o n o f t h e s e r e s i n s in 't h e
U n i t e d S t a t e s c a n b e d iv id e d i n t o t h o s e
c o n t a i n i n g 9 2 p e r c e n t a n d m o r e v in y l
c h lo r id e , a n d t h o s e w i t h le s s t h a n 9 2
p e rc e n t v in y l c h lo r id e . P ro d u c tio n
c a p a c i t y o f th o s e o v e r 9 2 p e r c e n t v in y l
c h lo rid e w ill so o n re a c h a n a n n u a l r a t e
i n e x c e s s o f 2 5 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 lb . p e r y e a r .
P r in c ip a l d ire c t w a r u se s fo r th is
g r a d e o f r e s i n a r e f o r w i r e i n c a b le
i n s u l a t i o n f o r s h i p b o a r d u s e , s p e c ia l
s h e e t i n g s f o r a i r c r a f t a c c e s s o r ie s , a n d
c e r t a i n t a n k l i n i n g s w h e r e t h e lo w e r
m o le c u la r w e ig h t re s in m a te r ia l is n o t
s a tis fa c to ry .
P r i n c i p a l u s e s o f t h e lo w m o l e c u l a r
w e i g h t r e s i n s a r e f o r t h e c o n v e n t io n a l
r i g i d s h e e t i n g s f o r a i r c r a f t w in d s h i e l d
a n d c o c k p it co v ers, p lo tte r s a n d com ­
p u te r s ; p ro o fe d g o o d s, in c lu d in g A rm y
r a i n c o a t s , s p e c i a l p l a n e p a u l i n s , e n g in e
c o v e r s , f ie ld b a g s , e tc . T h e m a t e r i a l is
a l s o b e i n g u s e d i n c e r t a i n c h e m ic a l
t a n k l i n i n g s , s p e c ia l p r o t e c t i v e p a i n t s
a n d p a p e r c o a t i n g s . O n ly t h e m o s t
e s s e n t i a l c i v i l i a n p r o d u c t s a r e b e in g
a llo w e d , a n d i t is t h e o p in i o n t h a t
w a r p r o d u c t s w i l l r e q u i r e in c r e a s i n g
a m o u n t s i n t h e n e x t s e v e r a l m o h tlis .
T h e re a r e d e fin ite lim it a tio n s on th e
e x p a n s io n t h a t c a n b e m a d e in m a n u ­
f a c tu r in g c a p a c ity fo r v in y l re s in s , a s
l a r g e a m o u n t s o f a c e t y l e n e a n d c h lo r in e
a r e re q u ire d a s ra w m a te r ia ls a n d th e
r e a c t i o n s m u s t b e h a n d le d i n s t a i n l e s s
s te e l e q u ip m e n t. L ik e w is e , an in ­
c r e a s e d t o n n a g e o f r e s i n w ill r e q u i r e
a c o rre s p o n d in g in c re a s e o f p la s tic iz e r
in o r d e r t o m a k e t h e r e s i n u s e f u l a s
a ru b b e r s u b s titu te .
V in y l A c e ta te — T h e se m a te r ia ls a re
u s e d n o t o n l y in a n i n t e r m e d i a t e s t a g e
f o r m a n u f a c t u r e o f p o ly v in y l a lc o h o l,
p o ly v in y l a e e t a l s . a n d v i n y l c h l o r i d e c o ­
p o ly m e r s , b u t h a s r e c e n t l y b e c o m e a
c o m m e r c ia l r e s i n , w h e r e i t i s g e n e r a l l y
u s e d i n t h e f o r m o f p o ly v i n y l a c e t a t e
w a t e r e m u ls io n s o r a lc o h o l s o l u tio n s . H e re a re som e q u e s tio n s th a t a re fr e q u e n t ly ask ed our e n g in e e rs by
C u r r e n t p r o d u c t i o n w i l l n o t b e g in t o b u y e rs o f W a rre n P u m p s ,
ta k e c a re o f th e im p o r ta n t w a r u ses,
w h ic h in c lu d e t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f s u l f a Q U E S T IO N : W ill th e W arre n Pum p you re c o m m e n d m eet th e exact
d r u g s , a s w e ll a s t h e p o ly m e r s a l r e a d y r e q u ir e m e n ts o f th e jo b it h a s to d o ?
m e n tio n e d . I t i s e s t i m a t e d t h a t a p ­ A N S W E R : Y es. E v e r y W a r r e n P u m p is “ b u i l t t o f i t t h e j o b . ” T h at has
p ro x im a te ly 7 p e rc e n t o f th e c u r r e n t a lw a y s b e e n th e W a r r e n P o lic y .
p ro d u c tio n m u s t be d iv e rte d to m a n u ­
fa c tu re of s u lfa d ru g s . Q U E S T I O N : W i l l t h e p u m p s t a n d u p u n d e r t o d a y ’s g r u e l l i n g s c h e d u l e s —
T h e re a r e fo u r m a jo r p ro d u c e rs of w o rk 2 4 h o u rs a d a y , 7 d a y s a w e e k ?
p o ly v in y l a c e t a t e , w h e t h e r i n e m u ls io n A N SW ER: Y es. A ll W a r r e n P u m p s a r e d e s ig n e d , e n g in e e r e d and b u ilt
o r a lc o h o l s o l u t i o n . T h e s e a r e b e in g to g iv e e c o n o m ic a l, u n i n l e r r u p l c d p e r f o r m a n c e . T h e y h a v e g o o d d e ta ils .
u s e d f o r a d h e s i v e s i n t h e b o n d in g o f
t e x t i l e s , p a p e r , c o r k , l e a t h e r , e tc ., u s ­ Q U E S T IO N : W h at a re so m e of th e s e g o o d d e ta ils ?
u a l l y b y h e a t s c a l i n g ; t h e y a r e a ls o A N SW ER: L ib e ra l c le a ra n c e s th a t a ssu re h ig h e s t p ra c tic a l e ffic ie n c ie s
u sed in th e m a n u fa c tu re o f p r in tin g a n d lo w p o w e r c o s t s , y e a r i n a n d y e a r o u t . . . e x tra h e a v y s h a fts th a t
in k s , t e x t i l e s iz in g a d h e s iv e s , and
m in im iz e in te rn a l w e a r . . . o v e r-s iz e h e a r in g s . . . b ro a d -fa c e d case
s p e c ia l c o a t i n g s . R e c e n t l a r g e d e m a n d s
rin g s . . . p r o p e r ly p r o p o r tio n e d liq u id p a ss a g e s .
h a v e c o m e in f o r u s e o f t h e s e r e s i n s
f o r s e a l i n g c o m p o u n d s , fo o d p a c k a g e s , We w ill be g la d to an sw er any o th e r q u e s tio n s th a t you m ig h t h a v e
sh o e c e m e n t a n d im p r e g n a tin g co m ­ c o n c e rn in g W arre n P u m p s . W rite .
p o u n d s , a n d a m m u n itio n b o x es. T h e re
i s n o t e n o u g h r a w m a t e r i a l f o r th e
p r o d u c e r s t o r u n t o c a p a c i t y , t h u s o n ly
d i r e c t w a r p r o d u c t s c a n b e s u p p lie d .
P o l y v i n y l a lc o h o l, a l a r g e c o n s u m e r
WARREN STEAM PUMP COMPANY, INC.
o f v in y l a c e ta te , e n te rs in to p ro d u c tio n
W ARREN, M A SSA C H U SE T T S
o f d i r e c t w a r p r o d u c t s , s u c h a s s p e c ia l

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G . JA N U A R Y 1 9 1 ,3
 lin in g s , s o lv e n t- r e s is tin g tu b in g , te x tile
f in i s h , p a p e r s p e c ia ltie s , and film .
T h e re a r e s e v e ra l p o te n tia l w a r ite m s
w h ic h m a y r e q u i r e a l a r g e v o lu m e o f
th is re s in . T h e re is n o in d ic a tio n t h a t
th e m a te r ia l c a n be m a d e a v a ila b le
fo r c iv ilia n ite m s in th e im m e d ia te fu ­
tu re .
V in y l a c e t a t e i s a p r i n c i p a l r a w
m a te ria l u sed fo r th e m a n u fa c tu re of
a c e ta l re s in s such as “ F o r m v a r ,”
“ B u tv a r ,” “ B u ta c ite ,” a n d “ V in y lite
X .” T h e b u l k o f v i n y l b u t y r a l w a s
fo rm e rly u se d a s a p la s tic in s a f e ty
g la s s m a n u fa c tu re . E v en th o u g h th is
u se h a s b een g r e a tly re d u c e d b e ca u se
o f t h e d e c l in e i n c i v i l i a n a u t o m o t i v e
p ro d u c tio n , th e r e is n o w a la r g e d e ­
m a n d fo r th is re s in fo r th e m a n u fa c ­
t u r e o f s e v e ra l w a r p ro d u c ts .
T h e tw o m o s t w id e ly p r o d u c e d r e s i n s
a r e p o l y v i n y l f o r m a l a n d p o ly v i n y l
b u ty r a l. T h e l a t t e r re s in is p la s tic iz e d
a n d c o m p o u n d e d o n c o n v e n tio n a l r u b ­
b e r e q u ip m e n t fo r fa b r ic a tio n o f r a i n ­
TMRHDfí,
c o a ts a n d s im ila r p ro d u c ts . S o m e o f
th e o th e r m a jo r u ses fo r th e a c e ta ls
a r e s p e c i a l w o o d i m p r e g n a t o r s , w ir e
in s u la tio n , fu e l ta n k lin e rs , a rm y fa b ­
ric s o f a ll ty p e s , g a s m a s k s , s h a t t e r ­
p ro o f g la s s , p ro te c tiv e c o v er, and
l a m i n a t i n g c e m e n t f o r s e a l i n g s p e c ia l
W ELDO LET THREDO LET e n v e lo p e s a n d p a c k a g e s. A p p ro x im a te ly
Socket-End 4 3 p e rc e n t o f th e p re s e n t v in y l a c e ta te
p r o d u c t i o n i s b e in g d i v e r t e d t o p r o ­
B ECAUSE 90° welded, right-angle branch pipe outlets are made WFl DOLET
with WeldOlets, ThredOlets and/or Socket-End WeldOlets d u c tio n o f a c e ta l re s in s .
without any threading, forming and fitting of the main pipe, installation of branch lines is M a in r e s tr ic tio n o n la r g e r p ro d u c ­
speeded up and cost of installation reduced. Because of their design and ease of application, t i o n is t h e s u p p l y o f a c e t a t e m o n o m e r .
their installation on existing lines is in many cases possible without even removing a section P r e s e n t re q u ire m e n ts f o r t h i s m o n o m e r
of the main pipe. a r e a b o u t 131 p e r c e n t o f t h e p r o d u c ­
They provide leakproof junctions of full pipe strength, thatreduce turbulence and friction t i o n c a p a c i t y , a n d t h i s w ill r i s e t o 2 0 0
to a minimum. Available from stock of drop forged steel for all standard pipe sizes to 12" p e rc e n t b y M arch , 1943, b ecau se of
x 12"—and on special order up to 24" x 24". For special applications they can be furnished d ir e c t w a r re q u ire m e n ts . A s a lre a d y
in Monel, Everdur, Toncan Iron, wrought iron, etc.
in d i c a t e d , a n e x p a n s i o n i n m o n o m e r
c a p a c ity is u n d e r w a y . I t a p p e a rs t h a t
They are easily installed w e w ill h a v e fa c ilitie s a v a ila b le b y th e
m id d le o f 1943 in a n a m o u n t e q u a l to
1 80 p e r c e n t o f t h e p r e s e n t p r o d u c t i o n .
P o ly s ty r e n e — T h e s y n th e tic ru b b e r
p ro g r a m c a lls fo r c o n s id e ra b le e x p a n ­
s io n i n t h e s t y r e n e p r o d u c t i o n f a c i l i ­
Removal of the button Then attach the branch tie s fo r th e m a n u f a c tu r e o f B u n a S . I t
Mark center lines. Tack
the fitting into place. The permits Inspection of the pipe. A trim, leakproof has been announced t h a t a p p ro x i­
fitting is the templet. Inside of the joint, im- junction of full pipe strength
possible with any other results, m a te ly 2 0 0 ,0 0 0 to n s o f m o n o m e r
fittings. s ty r e n e w ill b e p ro d u c e d in seven
p l a n t s . T h e o n ly f u t u r e u s e s o f p o ly ­
s t y r e n e t h a t c a n b e a llo w e d w i l l b e
it tells in detail: their purpose,- what they are; how to make s i m i l a r e s s e n t i a l i t e m s , i n c l u d i n g e le c ­
welded, right-angle branch pipe outlets stronger, better and at t r i c a l i n s u l a t i o n , s p e c ia l c o a t i n g r e ­
S less cost; how they reduce turbulence and friction; how to make a q u ire m e n ts , a n d in s ta n c e s w h e re th e
right-angle outlet in six easy steps; how they fill every piping m a t e r i a l is a s u b s t i t u t e f o r r u b b e r .
need for new construction or maintenance; their adaptability to
shop fabrication, as well as complete tables of , _ U re a F o r m a ld e h y d e — D is tr ib u tio n of
u r e a fo rm a ld e h y d e a n d m e la m in e fo r ­
m a ld e h y d e m a t e r i a l s is c o n t r o l l e d b y
G . P . O r d e r M -2 5 . B o t h a r e a d e q u a t e
in s u p p ly to ta k e c a r e o f m i l i t a r y a n d
e s s e n tia l c iv ilia n needs. H o w ev e r,
If you use or expecMo^use^pip^fittin^s for g ro w in g d e m a n d s o f a m m o n ia fo r o th e r
m ilita r y p ro d u c ts m ig h t c au se a f u r ­
th e r re d u c tio n in a v a ila b ility of u r e a
f o r le s s e s s e n t i a l c i v i l i a n a p p l i c a t i o n s .
BONNEY FORGE & TOOL WORKS, Allentown, Pa. T h e re is a g ro w in g d e m a n d fo r th e
m e l a m i n e r e s i n s w h ic h i n d i c a t e s t h i s
TRAD E M A R K S
g r a d e m i g h t p o s s ib ly b e r e s t r i c t e d t o
n e c e s s a r y m i l i t a r y ite m s .
F r a n k C a r m e n , C h ie f, P l a s t i c s & S y n ­
t h e t i c R u b b e r S e c tio n , W a r P r o d u c ti o n
B o a r d , b e f o r e th e S o c ie ty o f T h e P l a s ­
tic s I n d u s t r i e s , f a l l m e e tin g :, R y e , N . Y-,
O c t. 13, 1942.

JA N U A R Y 1 9 1 ,3 • C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G
 S K I L L E D ME
B E H I N D TH
P RI NT E D PAC

Acid P lant M eets Problem o f

Continuous Checking—U ses Bristo
M etavane T ransm ission o f Remof
Data, Plus Free-Vane Control
s o \u " ° °
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v a r i o u s p a r t s o f t h e p l a n t is m a d e e a s y
M e ta v a n e tr a n s m itte r s , w h ic h p n e u m a t i c ; !
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f o r m i t y . R e m o t e , u n v a r y i n g c o n t r o l o f h e a t-
lack o' **
a z e b fr o p ic c o lu m n s a n d re fin in g c o lu m n s
ShotlaS®
s o l v e d a d i f f ic u lt m a n p o w e r p r o b l e m f o r j |
w a rtim e p la n t.

B risto l's B u lle tin s — Clear, Concise, FREE B ulletins From B ristol’s
C om plete — S u m Up Latest A d v a n ce s Library o f E n gineering D ata — fcl
of W artim e Instrum ent-E ngin eerin g E very E xecutive R esponsible fo j
W artim e Production
F o r instance, th e Free-V ane system of control,
originally developed b y th e B ristol C om pany in TH E B R IS T O L CO M PA N Y
1932, is now av ailable in a convertible design, 109 B ris to l R o a d , W a te r b u r y , C o n n .
enabling y o u to a d a p t y o u r in stru m e n ts to changing P le a s e s e n d m e B u lle tin A 112.
processes b y following sim ple instru ctio n s in your
B u lle tin 5 12 — A n i n t r o d u c t i o n t o B ris
own p la n t. T h is featu re is add ed to th e exceptionally S y s te m o f C o o r d i n a t e d P r o c e s s C orl
p ro m p t u n d isto rte d response of F ree-V ane C on­ d e s c r ib in g t h e t y p e o f p r o b le m solved!
a u t o m a t i c c o n tr o l, t h e t y p e o f o p e ra t|
trollers, arising from th e p a te n te d , free-floating c o n tr o lle d , a n d s e v e r a l i n s t a l l a t i o n s in m o
actio n of th e control m echanism . p r o c e s s in g p l a n t s .

B u l l e t i n 103 — A u t o m a t i c c o n tr o l o f
B u lletin A 112 describes in 8 concise pages th e
t h e t i c r u b b e r p r o c e s s e s w i t h B r is to l in:
new convenience a n d flexibility of Free-V ane C o n ­ m e n t s d e s c r ib e s w o r k d o n e f r o m p i l o t p i
t o c o m p le te d in s t a l l a t i o n s , c o m p le te j
trollers. W rite for it, to g e th e r w ith o th e r bulletins d ia g r a m s s h o w in g c o n tr o ls a p p lie d t o va:J
for y o u r in d u stry , addressing th e B ristol C om pany, p ro c e s s e s .
109 B ristol R oad, W a te rb u ry , C onnecticut. B u l l e t i n 5 1 3 — B r i s t o l ’s M e t a v a n e S y l
o f tr a n s m ittin g re m o te d a ta b y p n e u r l
t e le m e t e r in g is d e s c r ib e d in t h i s f o ld e r .I
e v e r y e x e c u tiv e in t e r e s t e d i n d i s t a n t m e a l
m e n t o f t e m p e r a t u r e , flo w , p r e s s u r e j
li q u i d le v e l.

N A M E .............
B R IS T O L
A U TO M A TIC C O N TR O LLIN G
C O M P A N Y ..
AND R ECO R D IN G IN S T R U M E N T S
A D D R E S S ...

T H E B R I S T O L C O M P A N Y , W a te rb u ry , C o n n e c tic u t

T h e B r is to l C o. o f C a n a d a , L t d . B r is to l’s I n s t r u m e n t C o., L t d .
. JA N U A R Y 1 9 ',3 • C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G
 1

The fab ricatio n of high-temperature, high- In the course of this developm ent, B & W

pressure process equipm ent is no sideline engineers have created new m anufactur­

at B & W . Here, new problems encountered ing techniques that save steel and save time,

b y producers of butadiene, toluol, and without sacrificing safety. Let The Babcock

other “ ingredients of V icto ry“ are con­ & W ilco x Co. a p p ly this new know ledge

stantly being solved. to your process equipm ent requirements.

B A B C O C K & W ILCO X
THE BABCOCK & WILCOX COMPANY
85 L IB E R T Y STREET, NEW YORK, N . Y.

t
These B&W Tube Support Castings fo r
an oil heater furnace are part o f an
eleven-thousand-pound order, all o f
2 5 % chrome, 1 2 % nickel allo y. More
than two million pounds of tube sup­
port castings have been furnished by
B&W for service at tem peratures as
high a s 2000 F. No service failures
2 6 ' 3 " long, with a IV2 " shell, this
have been reported. B&W also fur­
35-ton rotating vessel Is designed for
nished all related links, bolts, nuts, etc.
15 0 lb. per sq. In. at 650 F. Made by
of firebox steel, x-rayed and
stress-relieved, it w a s delivered with
2 Vi" internal pipe and fittings a t­ This 17"-d iam eter Streamlined Open­
tached. Note center section providing
Integral reinforcement fo r trunnions. t ing, m ade by the B&W Pushout Meth­
od from 6 'U " plate, Is w elded into a
66"-diam et^r shell, designed fo r a
working pressure of 14 7 5 lb. per sq.
in. B&W Streamlined Openings reduce
stress concentrations, permit lighter
weight with safe ty . S-34-T

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G . JAN U ARY 1 9 //3 • 1*55

 PROCESSING
EQUIPMENT N EW S FROM ABROAD
FOR WAR INDUSTRIES!
E ob im o n Engineers are o l yo u r servicol Avail yourself
of their experience a n d of the facilities of our modern WARTIME CHANGES IN BRITISH CHEMICAL TRADE OPEN
testing laboratory. Illustrated c o la lo g s on request fo r
a n y "U n iq u e " equipment. NEW PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE
S p e c ia l C o rre sp o n d en c e

f t e r m o re th a n th r e e y e a r s o f w a r L t d ., re c e n tly o u tlin e d th e c o n se q u e n ce s

“ U nique” Sow Toolh

A th e s itu a tio n of th e B r itis h c h em ­
ic a l i n d u s t r y h a s , o f c o u r s e , a l t e r e d
o f th e s e c h a n g e s fo r S c o tla n d .

C ru ih e r. S pecial g ra d e Heel
to w i, m ounted In r o lle r b e o rln p *.
H y d ro -E le c tric C h e m ic a ls
H e a v y -d u ty ba lon ce w heel g o m e *
g r e a t l y in c o m p a r i s o n w i t h p r e - w a r
Interm ittent »hock lo o d .
c o n d itio n s . T h e re c e n t r e p o r t of th e C h e a p c a rb id e , p ro d u c e d w ith h y d r o ­
A s s o c i a t i o n o f B r i t i s h C h e m ic a l M a n u ­ e l e c t r i c p o w e r ,— w h ic h is o n e o f t h e o u t ­
"U n iq u e ” Jr. Disc G rin d e r. R « llt-in
d ire c t-d riv e m otor. Shown e q uip pe d f a c t u r e r s d e a l s o n ly w i t h a fe w o f t h e s t a n d i n g w a r t i m e d e v e l o p m e n ts o f B r i t ­
w ilh jacket (or ho» o r cold w o te r o r
»team and m ounted on *tee! b o ie . m a jo r p r o b le m s c re a te d by th e se i s h c h e m ic a l i n d u s t r y — w i l l i n L o r d
changes. T h e la b o r q u e s tio n h a s a s ­ M c G o w a n ’s v ie w a l m o s t ■a u t o m a t i c a l l y
s u m e d a d i f f e r e n t a s p e c t s in c e t h e o p e n u p a w i d e n e d fie ld o f p l a s t i c s a n d
c h e m ic a l i n d u s t r y w a s s c h e d u le d a s a s o lv e n ts in S c o tla n d . O th e r p o s s ib ili­
v i t a l m u n i t i o n s i n d u s t r y i n D e c e m b e r, tie s a r e p h a r m a c e u tic a ls a n d f e r r o ­
1 9 4 1 , a m e a s u r e w h ic h p la c e s r e s t r i c ­ a llo y s , a n d g iv e n a n a d e q u a t e d e v e l o p ­
t i o n s 011 t h e e m p lo y e r s ’ a n d e m p lo y e e s ’ m e n t o f h y d r o - e l e c t r i c p o w e r t h e r e is
r i g h t t o e n d t h e i r e m p lo y m e n t. W i t h no re a so n w h y s u b s ta n tia l p la n ts fo r
th e g ro w in g la b o r s h o rta g e , s p e c ia l a t ­ th e ir m a n u fa c tu re s h o u ld not be
te n tio n h a s b e en d ire c te d to th e p a r t- lo c a t e d i n S c o t l a n d . S c o t l a n d 's m a i n
t i m e e m p lo y m e n t o f w o m e n a s t h e m a i n w e a k n e s s i n d u s t r i a l l y is d i s t a n c e f r o m
re m a in in g s o u rc e o f la b o r. M e m b e rs o f th e m a in c o n s u m in g m a r k e t in E n g ­
t h e A .B .C .M . h a v e b e e n e n c o u r a g e d t o la n d ; h u t a g a i n s t t h a t a r e m a n y a s s e ts ,
k e ep th e ir a s s o c ia tio n in fo rm e d o f th e ir su c h a s g o o d p o r ts , re a s o n a b le h e a v y
d e v e l o p m e n t p l a n s in o r d e r t o a v o id r a i n f a l l i n t h e W e s t , w h ic h c a n b e h a r ­
d u p l i c a t i o n o f p r o d u c t i o n e f f o r t, p a r ­ n e s s e d t o g iv e m u c h in c r e a s e d h y d r o ­
t i c u l a r l y i n t h e h e a v y a n d fin e c h e m ic a l e le c tr ic p o w e r, e x te n s iv e c o a l s u p p lie s
s e c t i o n s o f t h e i n d u s t r y . T h e fin e c h e m ­ a n d g o o d c o m m u n ic a tio n s . I t m a y he
i c a l i n d u s t r y h a s b e e n a b le t o s u p p l y a d d e d t h a t G re a t B r ita in h a s so fa r
th e n eed s of th e c o u n try to su ch a n la g g e d b e h i n d o t h e r c o u n t r i e s i n t h e
e x t e n t t h a t v e r y fe w p r o d u c t s in d e e d e le c t r o - c h e m i c a l in d u s trie s because
h a v e b e e n r e f e r r e d to t h e s c h e m e f o r h y d ro - e le c tric p o w e r is n o t a v a ila b le
p r o d u c t i o n in u n i v e r s i t y l a b o r a t o r i e s , n e a r th e p r in c ip a l in d u s tr ia l c e n tre s.
e tc ., o n t h e g r o u n d s t h a t t h e y w e r e I t is t h e g r e a t a d v a n t a g e o f S c o t l a n d
"U n iq u e " T um bling Prism M ix ­
e s s e n tia l a n d y e t n o t m a d e in G r e a t t h a t i t c a n r e l y 0 11 a c h e a p p r o d u c t i o n
er. D riven b y ae orh eo d m olor.
For h a nd ling <fry p o w d e r* lha l
connol »land much o o ila lio n . B rita in . o f h y d ro -e le c tric e n erg y .
A l l • * l e c l w e ld e d I fo m e . Of p o te n tia l r a th e r th a n a c tu a l in ­
T h e o rg a n iz a tio n of th e t a r in d u s tr y
i n r e s p e c t o f i t s a b i l i t y e f fic ie n tly to te r e s t is th e a n n o u n c e m e n t t h a t a n e w
m e e t p o s t - w a r p r o b le m s is r e c e i v in g In te r n a tio n a l T in A g re e m e n t h a s b een
s p e c i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n , a n d a s u r v e y is s i g n e d b y t h e B r i t i s h , D u t c h , B e l g ia n
" U n iq u e " G y ro -S iflo r. M o ­
to r d riv e n . W ilh leIe *c o pic
b e i n g m a d e w i t h a v ie w t o c o - o r d i n a t ­ a n d B o liv ia n G o v e rn m e n ts . O f th e s ig ­
h o p p e r (o r efficie nt, con tin-
vou * fe e d in g o l d ry p o w d e r*,
i n g p o lic y t h r o u g h o u t t h e i n d u s t r y . n a to r ie s of th e o h l a g re e m e n t, F ra n c e
T h is s u rv e y , th o u g h a t p re s e n t lim ite d a n d S ia m a r e m is s in g , b u t t h i s is of
UNIQUE
SirTí* t o t h e t a r i n d u s t r y , i s in li n e w i t h t h e l i t t l e i m p o r t a n c e a s t h e r e is n o i n t e n ­
g e n e r a l tr e n d of th o u g h t in th e B r itis h tio n to e n fo rc e r e s tr ic tio n a t p re s e n t
c h e m ic a l i n d u s t r i e s . I t i s b e in g r e a l i z e d a n d a t le a s t o n e o f th e m e m b e rs o f th e
t h a t t h e w h o le s t r u c t u r e o f t h e c h e m ­ n e w I n te r n a tio n a l T in C o m m itte e —
ic a l i n d u s t r y n e e d s re c o n s id e ra tio n . H o lla n d — d o es n o t d is p o s e o f a n o u tp u t
T h e q u e s tio n is w h e th e r i t is o rg a n iz e d a t p re s e n t. C o m p a r e d w i t h t h e o ld
t o o p e r a t e o n a b a s i s w h ic h w i l l g iv e , a g r e e m e n t , t h e m a i n d if f e r e n c e s e e m s
a f t e r t h e w a r , t h e m o s t e ffic ie n t s e r v ic e to b e a n a d j u s t m e n t i n s t a n d a r d q u o t a s
to th e c o m m u n ity a t h o m e a n d , th e to b rin g th e s e in lin e w ith re c e n t p e a k
A s s o c ia tio n r e p o r t c o n tin u e s , a s a t i s ­ o u t p u t s a n d a n i n c r e a s e in t h e n u m b e r
f a c to r y c o n tr ib u tio n to th e e x p o r t tr a d e o f c o n su m e rs’ re p re s e n ta tiv e . T h e p a r ­
of th e c o u n try . O th e r im p o rta n t t i c i p a t i n g p r o d u c i n g c o u n t r i e s s e n d 17
c h a n g e s in th e s ta t u s of th e B r itis h d e l e g a t e s , a n d t h e c o n s u m e r s 3. O ne
"U n iq u e " M ix- c h e m ic a l i n d u s t r y r e s u l t f r o m geo­ of th e m is a p p o in te d b y th e U . S. G o v ­
e r. A ll-s te e l w e ld ­
g r a p h i c a l c h a n g e s . T h e p o lic y o f d i s ­ e rn m e n t, a n o th e r b y U . S . c o n su m e rs ,
ed . . . ex tra la rg e .
E q u ip p e d w ith c o ld
p e rs a l of p ro d u c tio n a n d th e p re fe re n c e a n d a t h i r d o n e w ill r e p r e s e n t c o n s u m ­
■water Jacket, m ixing in le t
o n d tw o in ip e c tio n d o o r*. g iv e n t o s o m e p r e v i o u s l y n e g l e c t e d e r s o u t s i d e t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . T \ b ile
S o lid stainless steel constructio n.
a r e a s h a s g e n e r a lly r e s u lte d in a le n g th ­ t h e n e w r e s t r i c t i o n s c h e m e i s o f 110
Firms with war contracts hat« immediate priority on p r a c t i c a l s ig n if ic a n c e i n p r e s e n t c o n d i ­
our complete engineering and manufacturing facilities. e n in g o f tr a n s p o r t r o u te s a n d o th e r
p r o b le m s , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e s u p p l y o f ti o n s , i t i n d i c a t e s t h e i n t e n t i o n o f t h e

ROBINSON MANUFACTURINGCOMPANY la b o r, b u t i t h a s a ls o h e lp e d to o p e n B r itis h a n d D u tc h a u th o r itie s to c o n ­

u p c e r ta in n ew so u rc e s of p o w er a n d t i n u e w i t h t h i s f o r m o f c o m m o d ity
_______________________________W O R K S : M U N C Y , PA .--------- ra w m a te ria ls . L o rd M cG ow an, c h a ir­ c o n tro l, a n d if th e U . S . G o v e rn m e n t
m a n o f I m p e r i a l C h e m ic a l I n d u s t r i e s , sen d s a d e le g a te to s it on th e n ew com -
30 CHURCH STREET, N E W Y O R K

JAX VARY 1 9 !, 3 • C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G

 m i l t c e , i t w o u ld s e e m t h a t W a s h i n g t o n
d o e s n o t d is a p p ro v e o f r e s tr ic tio n in
p rin c ip le .

O ils a n d F a ts P u r c h a s e s
A n o t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t i n t h e fie ld o f
c h e m ic a l ra w m a t e r i a l s w h ic h h a s
a r o u s e d ;s o m e .in te r e s t in G re a t B r ita in
i s t h e a r r a n g e m e n t u n d e r w h ic h G r e a t u r f u r a l
B r it a in a n d th e U n ite d S ta te s h a v e b e ­
c o m e e x c l u s iv e b u y e r s o f a l l o ils a n d
f a ts a v a ila b le to th e U n ite d N a tio n s .
T h e B r i t i s h a u t h o r i t i e s w i l l b e t h e o n ly
b u y e r s o f a n i m a l f a t s in A r g e n t i n a a n d h a s b e e n
U r u g u a y , o f o ils e e d s , o i l s a n d f a t s i n
c o u n trie s b e lo n g in g to th e B r itis h
C o m m o n w e a lth , a n d i n F i g h t i n g F r e n c h
A fric a a n d th e B e lg ia n C ongo.
m a lly G r e a t B r i ta i n depends upon
im p o r t s f o r a b o u t 9 5 . p e r c e n t o f t h e
N o r­
d r a f t e d /
o ils a n d f a t s s u p p l y . A n o t h e r fie ld
o f c o o p e r a t i o n b e tw e e n G r e a t B r i t a i n
a n d t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s i s p r o v id e d b y K USE for Furfural has been
L e a se -L e n d s h ip m e n ts o f p h a r m a c e u ­
tic a l p ro d u c ts . T h e B r i t i s h C h e m ic a l found that is very close to
and D y e s tu f f s T r a d e r s ’ A s s o c ia tio n
w h ic h w a s a p p o i n t e d a s a g e n t f o r t h e
the w ar effort an d a s a result
M in is try o f S u p p ly fo r th e d is tr ib u ­
tio n o f A m e ric a n L e a se -L e n d p h a r m a ­
there has developed a tem­
c e u t i c a l s w ill s h o r t l y d i s t r i b u t e t h e f o l ­ porary shortage.
lo w in g p ro d u c ts at th e m e n tio n e d
p r i c e s : A m i d o p y r i n e a t 2 5 -2 9 s ., b a r -
b ito n e a t 4 0 -4 0 s ., b e n z o c a in e a t 3 2 s.
0 d .-3 7 s. 3 d ., p a n c r e a t i n a t 2 5 -2 9 s .,
p e p t o n e ( U .S .P . I X ) a t 12 s .- 14 s.
0 d ., p h e n a z o n e a t 14 s .-1 7 s . 3 d .,
p h e n o b a r b i t o n e a t 4 4 s . 5 0 s . G d ., p o t. f u r f u r a l
g u a i a c o l s u l p h o n a t e a t 1 1 s.-1 3 s . 6 d .,
t h e o p h y l i n c a t 5 0 -5 7 s ., u r e t h a n e a t 5 w ill not be p le n tifu l for a num ber of months,
s . 0 d .-7 s. 3 d ., c a r b r o m a l a t 4 5 -5 1 s.,
a n d p e p s in ( 1 / 1 0 , 0 0 0 ) a t 4 8 -5 4 s ., a l l but attention is c a lle d to the sm all order
i n i m p o r t e d c o n t a i n e r s f o r 2 8 Jb .-7 lb. exem ption clause of O rd e r M-224. A m p le
p a rc e ls.
T h e s u p p o rte rs o f a s y n th e tic ru b b e r f/ifju x a s u quantities m a y be o btain ed fo r research.
i n d u s t r y in G r e a t B r i t a i n c o n t i n u e
tlie ir c a m p a ig n , b u t th e G o v e rn m e n t
lia s n o t a l t e r e d i t s n e g a t i v e a t t i t u d e
FURFURAL TYPICAL PROPERTIES
w ith r e g a r d t o s y n t h e t i c r u b b e r s o f t h e
B u n a , B u t y l a n d N e o p r e n e t y p e s w h ic h , C o lo r ............................. Straw y e llo w to am ber
i t w as s ta t e d , a r e to be le f t to th e
FURFURYL ALCOHOL
U n i t e d S t a t e s f o r p r o d u c t i o n th e r e . Boiling p oin t........................... 157-167° C. (99%)
F r o m th e q u e s tio n s in th e H o u se o f
TETRAHYDROFURFURYL
Specific gravity (20/20)..............................1.161
C o m m o n s i t w o u ld , h o w e v e r , a p p e a r ALCOHOL
t h a t t h e r e is o n e t y p e o f s y n t h e t i c Freezing p oin t -3 7 ° C.
r u b b e r w h ic h i s t o b e m a d e i n G r e a t HYDROFURAMIDE
B r i t a i n , p o s s ib ly a p r o d u c t r e s e m b l i n g
Flash p o in t..................................................... 56° C.
T h io k o l, a n d t h e a u t h o r i t i e s h a v e a ls o Refractive index (20/D )..............................1.5261
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s a g y z s e e d s o f w h ic h h a v e b e e n p l a n t e d O thers h a v e found it p ro fitable to use this
i n v a r i o u s p a r t s o f E n g l a n d a n d S c o t­
la n d a n d s e n t t o E m p i r e c o u n t r i e s . a ld e h y d e in S olvent Refining, Resin m an u fac­
A s f a r a s s y n th e tic s u b s tit u te s fo r ture an d as a Solvent, Plasticizer, an d W e ttin g
q u in in e in th e tr e a tm e n t o f m a la r ia a re W r i t e f o r this
c o n c e rn e d , a c tiv e s te p s a r e s a id to h a v e Fre e Booklet A gen t. W h y not in vestig ate its versatile pro­
been ta k e n fo r th e ir m a n u fa c tu re . A c ­
perties to d a y for y o u r p eacetim e econom y
tu a lly th e p ro d u c tiv e c a p a c ity o f th e
B r i t i s h c h e m ic a l i n d u s t r y f o r s y n t h e t i c tomorrow?
a n t i - m a l a r i a l s lia s i n c r e a s e d im m e n s e ly
in t h e y e a r s l e a d i n g u p t o 1 9 4 2 , b u t
a n e v en g r e a te r e ffo rt is re q u ire d . A n ­
o t h e r s u b s t i t u t e p r o d u c t w h ic h h a s
g r o w n g r e a t l y i n i m p o r t a n c e is s a c ­ The Quaker Qafs (pmpany
c h a r i n . I t s p r o d u c t i o n n o w i s 2 5 ti m e s
w h a t i t w a s b e fo re th e w a r, a n d y e t T e ch n ica l D ivision S -l C h ic a g o , Illin ois
t h e r e is s t i l l a n u n s a t i s f i e d d e m a n d ,
b u t th e G o v e rn m e n t h a s b e e n u n a b le to
h o ld o u t a n y p r o s p e c t o f a f u r t h e r i n ­
c r e a s e b e c a u s e tiie r a w m a t e r i a l s a r e
F U R F U R A L -F U R F U R Y L ALCOHOL - HYDROFURAMIDE
re q u ire d fo r m o re e s s e n tia l p u rp o s e s. ...T E T R A H Y D R O F U R F U R Y L A L C O H O L . . .

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G . JA N U A R Y 1 9 /,3 157

 P r o d u c tio n of B a r y te s
T h e p ro d u c tio n o f b a ry te s in G r e a t

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re c la im in g w a s te o il; fo r sew ag e n ew
a s b e s to s p ro d u c ts h a v e b e en u s e d , a n d
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s tre n g th .
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th e a d d itio n o f a tr a c e of c h lo rin e g a s
to th e c ir c u la tin g w a te r o f s te a m c o n ­
d e n s e rs in p o w e r s ta tio n s . A n e x p e r i­
m e n t o f tliis k in d w a s c a r r ie d o u t w ith
su cce ss in o rd e r to p re v e n t o rg a n ic
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a t 2 5 0 ,0 0 0 to n s . T h is is j u s t o ne
o f m a n y n ew m e a su re s ta k e n w ith a
v ie w t o e c o n o m ie s i n t h e c o n s u m p t i o n
o f c o a l. T h e r e i s n o d o u b t t l i a t c h e m ­
i c a l e n g in e e r s c a n m a k e a v e r y u s e f u l
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p l a n t s b y u s e o f s u i t a b l e c h e m ic a l p r o d ­
u c ts s u c h a s w a te r s o fte n e r s , fo o d p r e ­
s e r v a tiv e s ( to s h o rte n d r y in g tim e ) ,
e tc . T h e s e e f f o r t s , t h o u g h d i r e c t l y a t ­
tr ib u ta b le to w a rtim e n e ed s, a r e b o u n d
to h a v e a v e ry im p o r ta n t h e a rin g on
CHURCH S T R E E T , N EW Y Q R K - W o t k s : C LIFTO N {A LLW O O D ), HEW JE R S E Y p o s t - w a r d e v e l o p m e n t.

JA N U A R Y l^ S * C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G
 GERMANY SEEKS DUTCH CAPITAL FOR DEVELOPMENT OF
INDUSTRIES IN EASTERN EUROPE
S p e c ia l C o r re s p o n d e n c e

E d i t o r ' s N o t e : C u t o ff f r o m d i r e c t c o r ­ B a r b e t , w h ic h m a k e s c h e m ic a l a p ­
re s p o n d e n c e w ith a ll e x c e p t a fe w fo r ­ p a r a tu s a n d o p e ra te s s e v e ra l d is tilla ­
e ig n s o u r c e s i n n e u t r a l c o u n t r i e s , th e s e tio n p la n ts .
n o te s i n t e r p r e t r e c e n t d e v e l o p m e n t s i n F r a n c e 's r a w m a t e r i a l p o s i t i o n in
c o n t i n e n t a l E u r o p e a s r e p o r te d i n p u b ­ o il i s s i m i l a r to t h a t o f B e lg iu m a n d
li c a t i o n s a n d o ffic ia l d o c u m e n t s r e ­ H o lla n d in o t h e r m a t e r i a l s . E asy
c e i v e d i n th e U n ite d S t a l e s . These a c c e s s t o p e tr o le u m i m p o r t s a n d l a r g e
m o n th It/ l e t te r s , p r e p a r e d i n t h i s c o u n ­ d o m e s t ic r e f in i n g c a p a c i t y p u t F r a n c e
t r y , tc ill be c o n t i n u e d o n ly so lo n g a s in a b e t t e r o il p o s i t i o n t h a n m o s t
p e r t i n e n t m a t e r i a l o f i n t e r e s t to A m e r ­ E u ro p e a n c o u n tr ie s b e fo re th e o u tb r e a k
ic a n c h e m ic a l i n d u s t r y i s a v a ila b le f o r o f w a r, T o be s u re , p la n s fo r m a k in g
o u r c o m m e n t a n d in te r p r e ta tio n . s y n t h e t i c o il f r o m l i g n i t e , s h a l e , a n d
o il r e s i d u e s , h a d b e e n m a d e , b u t t h e
INCE t h e N e t h e r l a n d s a r e c u t o ff m o tiv a tio n fo r p u ttin g th e m in to e ffe c t
S fro m o v e rsea s p o s s e s s io n s
so u rc es o f ra w m a te r ia ls , G e rm a n y h a s
and w a s la c k in g . N o w t h a t m o s t o f th e
F r e n c h o i l r e f in e r i e s a r e e i t h e r c lo s e d
b e e n t r y i n g to e n l i s t D u t c h i n t e r e s t a n d d o w n o r w o r k in g o n ly p a r t - t i m e o n
c a p ita l in th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f E a s te r n d o m e s t ic s u b s titu te s , s y n th e tic o il
E u ro p e. T h e G e rm a n s h a v e been a d ­ p l a n s a r e b e in g c a r r i e d o u t. A new
v e r t i s i n g t h e n e w ly f o r m e d N e d e r - 2 5 ,0 0 0 t o n s y n t h e t i c g a s o li n e p l a n t ,
la n d s c h e O o s t C o m p a g n ie , c a p i t a l i z e d u s i n g a F r e n c h m o d if ic a tio n o f t h e
a t 2 .5 m i l l i o n G u ld e n , a n d s u b s c r ib e d F is c h e r-T ro p sc h p ro c e ss a n d t r e a tin g
p a r t l y b y th e N e d e rla n d s c h e B a n k a n d l i g n i t e , is b e in g b u i l t n e a r t h e .M edi­
g u a r a n te e d b y th e p ro v is io n a l g o v e rn ­ t e r r a n e a n . T h i s lo c a tio n s h o u ld m a k e
m e n t. a s s i m i l a r to t h e h i s t o r i c a l D u tc h u t i l i z a t i o n o f m in e r a l o il r e s id u e s a n d
L a s t a n d \ \ e s t I n d i e s C o m p a n ie s . L a s t
su m m e r th e h e a d s of th e n ew co m p an y
i t s p r e s i d e n t is a ls o p r e s i d e n t o f t h e
d i s t i l l i n g o f im p o r t e d n a t u r a l o ils p o s ­
s ib le a f t e r t h e w a r . BATES-SRATES
R a w M a te r ia ls in F r a n c e
N e d e rla n d s c h e B a n k — w e re in v ite d b y FOR YOUR OPEN STEEL
E a s t e r n C o m m is s a r A l f r e d R o s e n b e r g G e r m a n o c c u p a tio n o f t h e w h o le o f
to m a k e a s t u d y t r i p to e a s t e r n o c c u ­ F r a n c e w ill p r o b a b ly r e s u l t i n f u r t h e r
p ie d a r e a s t o s e e w h e r e id le D u tc h e f f o r ts t o d e v e lo p p r o j e c t s f o r u t i l i z i n g
FLOORING AND YOUR
c a p i t a l m i g h t b e in v e s t e d to d e v e lo p d o m e s t ic ra w m a te ria ls , e s p e c ia lly
re so u rc e s of th a t p a r t of E u ro p e. s in c e F r a n c e is n o w c u t o ff f r o m i t s FLOORS, TOO, WILL BE
In p e a c e tim e m a n y N e th e r la n d s i n ­ N o r th A fric a n s o u rc e s o f p h o s p h a te
d u s tr ie s w e re e n tir e ly d e p e n d e n t o n r o c k , v e g e t a b le o ils , l e a t h e r s , e tc . E x ­ CLEANER AND SAFER
r a w m a t e r i a l s i m p o r t e d f r o m c o lo n ia l p a n s i o n o f t h e F r e n c h e le c tr o c h e m ic a l
a r e a s a n d p ro c e sse d in th e m o th e rla n d . i n d u s t r y , b a s e d o n h y d r o e l e c t r i c .p o w e r ,
Q u in in e , f o r m e r D u tc h m o n o p o ly , w a s w a s one o f th e m a in p o in ts o f th e Q S ee th a t s c r a p e r tr e a d — a n d
a s t r i k i n g e x a m p le , w i t h m o s t o f t h e F r e n c h 1 0 -Y e a r P l a n s t a r t e d a y e a r
c in c h o n a b a r k c o m in g f r o m t h e D u tc h ago. S y n t h e t i c f ib e r p r o d u c t i o n is — —- t he c ris p lin e s o f th e H ex
E a s t I n d i e s b e in g p r o c e s s e d i n t o f in ­ b e in g p u s h e d b y t h e n e w F r a n c o - G e r ­ c r o s s b a r? T h a t g iv e s a s a fe r
is h e d q u i n i n e p r o d u c t s in a fe w fa c - m a n s y n d ic a te , a n d ev en fu lly s y n th e tic
to i ie s i n t h e N e t h e r l a n d s a n d w e s te r n a n d c le a n e r tr e a d a n d a t th e b o tto m o f
n y lo n is n o w b e in g m a n u f a c t u r e d o n a
E u ro p e . O th e r b ra n c h e s o f th e D u tc h s m a l l s c a le b y t h e S o v ie te d e s U s i n e s th o s e c r o s s b a r s y o u fin d c le a n , w e ll­
p h a r m a c e u t i c a l i n d u s t r y w e r e lik e w is e C h im iq u e s R h o n e - P o u le n e i n a p l a n t
s h a p e d fille ts m a d e b y th e m e ta l d is ­
d e p e n d e n t o n W e s t a n d E a s t In d ie s n e a r L yons.
ra w m a te ria ls a n d d ru g s . F o r th e p a s t O n th e o t h e r h a n d , t h e p o s s i b i l i t y p la c e d in th e B a te s p a te n te d p r o c e s s
tw o y e a r s th e y h a v e b e e n a t t e m p t i n g , o f A llie d in v a s i o n o f F r a n c e f r o m — n o m e ta l is lo s t. T h e w e ld is c le a n e r
n o t to o s a t i s f a c t o r i l y , t o s h i f t o v e r t o A f r i c a m a y d is c o u r a g e f u r t h e r p l a n s
s u b s titu te s a n d ra w m a te ria ls a v a il­ t o d e v e lo p F r e n c h i n d u s t r i e s . R e c e n tly a n d s tr o n g e r . T h e flo o r is c le a n e r a n d
a b le in E u r o p e . N . V . K o n in k lijk e s o m e s m a l l a n d m e d iu m - s iz e d F r e n c h s tr o n g e r . Y e t, o p e n s te e lf lo o r in g m a d e
P h a r m a e e u t i s c h e F a b r i e k e n v .h . B ro - p la n ts w e re re p o rte d to h a v e been d is ­
c a d e s - S th e e m a n & P h a r m a c i a r e p o r t s m a n t l e d a n d s e t u p in e a s t e r n G e r m a n y . u n d e r B a te s p a te n ts c o s ts no m o re .
t h a t a lth o u g h its f a c to ry a t M ep p e l Í3 The c u rre n t p o s itio n of d iffe re n t
o p e r a tin g f a ir l y n o rm a lly , it s p la n t a t b r a n c h e s o f t h e F r e n c h c h e m ic a l i n d u s ­
N im w e g e n h a s b e e n e x p e r ie n c in g c o n ­ t r y v a r i e s c o n s id e r a b ly i n a c c o r d a n c e
s i d e r a b l e d if f ic u ltie s w i t h r a w m a t e r i a l w ith e a s y a v a i l a b i l i t y , o f r a w m a t e r i a l s
s u p p lie s a n d s u b s titu te s . a n d th e c o r r e l a t i o n o f a g iv e n p l a n t ’s W r ite f o r
B e l g ia n i n d u s t r i e s , e s p e c i a l l y c o p p e r p ro d u c tio n p ro g ra m w ith G e rm a n m ili­ b o o k le t t h a t e x ­
r e f in e r i e s , n o w c u t o ff f r o m r a w m a ­ ta r y needs. W h e r e F r e n c h c h e m ic a l
te r ia l s fro m th e B e lg ia n C o n g o a n d p la in s a l l d e ta ils
p la n ts h a v e been s h u t d o w n , G e rm a n y
o v e r s e a s , a r e s u f f e r i n g s i m i l a r d iff ic u l­ has a tte m p te d to tra n s fe r s k ille d a n d show s m a n y
t i e s . A d i f f e r e n t p r o b le m i s p r e s e n t e d F r e n c h w o r k e r s e n m a s s e to G e r m a n J itie in s ta lla ­
in s o m e c a s e s w h e r e s u b s i d i a r i e s in p la n ts . I . G . F a r b e n , f o r in s t a n c e ,
tio n s.
o c c u p ie d t e r r i t o r i e s h a v e b e e n s e iz e d r e p o r t s t h a t i t p l a n s to e m p lo y 7 ,0 0 0
o r p u rc h a s e d fro m w e s te rn E u ro p e a n s k ille d F r e n c h w o r k m e n i n i t s p l a n t s .
p a r e n t c o m p a n ie s . T h u s , S c h n e id e r - L o r r a i n e c o k e r ie s a n d t h r e e o t h e r
C r e u s o t , F r e n c h a r m a m e n t c o m b in e , F r e n c h c o k in g p l a n t s u n d e r t h e a d m in
w h ic h l o s t i t s h o ld in g s i n e a s t e r n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e G e r m a n C o m m is s a r ar-*
E u r o p e a n d t h e B a l k a n s , h a s in v e s t e d m a r k e t i n g t h e i r o u t p u t o f a m m o n iu m W ALTER BATES COM PANY, IN C .
id le f u n d s i n d o m e s t ic F r e n c h i n d u s ­ s u l p h a t e t h r e u g h t h e G e r m a n a m m o n ia 208 S. LA SALLE STREET • CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
try . R e c e n tly i t o b t a i n e d c o n t r o l o f s a le s s y n d ic a te . S in c e a l l o c a t i o n s o f OPEN STEEL FLOORING • STAIR TREADS
th e 1 0 m illio n f r a n c E ta b lis s e m e n ts s u lp h u ric a c id h a v e been lim ite d , th e y

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G . JA N U A R Y l b . ',3
159
 a r e t r y i n g to p r o d u c e a s m u c h a m ­
m o n iu m s u l p h a t e i n t h e e o k e r ie s a s
p o s s ib le w i t h a m i n i m u m o f s u l p h u r i c
a c id .
C a r te ls and S y n d ic a te s
I n c o n n e c tio n w i t h s a l e s s y n d i c a t e s
a n d c a r t e l a r r a n g e m e n t s , w h ic h a r e
v e ry n u m e ro u s w ith in th e R e ic h c h e m ­
ic a l i n d u s t r y , t h e d e c r e e o f t h e G e r m a n
P r i c e C o m m is s a r o f J u l y 2 7 , 1 9 4 2 , is
roduction P n o w b e in g p u t i n t o e ffe c t. I t r e q u i r e d
t h a t a l l c a r t e l i z e d p r i c e s b e e x a m in e d
f o r r e d u c t i o n , t h e e x t e n t o f w h ic h
w o u ld b e d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e G o v e r n ­
m e n t. D if f ic u l tie s i n s e t t i n g p r i c e s in
th e c h e m ic a l i n d u s t r y a r i s e f r o m t h e
f a c t t h a t s o m e i t e m m a y b e t h e c h ie f
p r o d u c t i n o n e p l a n t a n d o n ly a b y ­
p ro d u c t in a n o t h e r a n d w o u ld b e
a s s e s s e d a d i f f e r e n t p r o d u c t i o n c o s t.
S o m e r e a d y e x a m p le s a r e s o d a a s h ,
h y d ro c h lo ric a c id , s o d iu m s u lp h a te ,
a m m o n i u m s u l p h a t e , e tc . In g e n e ra l,
•This b atte ry o f 18 cran e s is visible p ro o f that it a c o m m itte e r e p r e s e n tin g c a r te l m e m ­
b e r s a n d t h e p r i c e c o m m is s io n e r i s
p a y s to s t a n d a r d i z e on R e a d in g T ra v e lin g C ra n e s!
d e t e r m i n i n g c o s ts o f t h e m o s t e ffic ie n t
H ere's U s e fu l D a ta • T y p ic a l o f m an y a t w ork in alm ost e ve ry industry,
p l a n t s , g i v i n g s o m e c o n s i d e r a t i o n to
. . . to help yo u so lve yo u r these 5-ton R e a d in g T ra v e lin g C ra n e s stay on the
h a n d lin g problem s. This t h e d o m e s t i c r a w m a t e r i a l s i t u a t i o n in
new 1 6 - p a g e b oo kle t c on ­ job th rou gh m a n y shifts. T h e y are e n g i n e e r e d to th e c a s e of s y n th e tic s o r re c o v e re d
tains inform ation a b o u t
trolleys, e n d trucks, g e a r kee p prod u ctio n up, m a in ten a n ce dow n. • W h e n w a s te p ro d u c ts , o r new p ro c e sse s, a n d
c a se s a n d lo w er blocks. you h a v e a to u gh m aterials h a n d lin g problem to a ls o to th e r e la tiv e im p o r ta n c e o f
O n -th e -jo b p ho tos sh o w
h ow R e a d in g C r a n e s a re solve, rem em ber that it p a y s to rely on R e a d in g s o th e r p ro d u c ts p ro d u c e d b y th e sam e
b o o stin g output, sa v in g
h ou rs in m a ny plants. e n gin e e rin g ability. com pany.
W i t h i n t h e l i m i t s o f p o s s ib le c o m ­
R e a d in g C h a in & B lock C o rp o ra tio n , 2 1 0 5 A d a m s St., R e a d in g , Pa. p l a i n t in th e R e ic h , s p o k e s m e n lo r th e
c h e m ic a l i n d u s t r y a r e w a r n i n g i n t e c h ­
CHAIN HOISTS" ELECTRIC HOISTS n ic a l jo u r n a ls a g a i n s t th e d a n g e r of
OVERHEAD TRAVELING CRAN ES to o a r b i t r a r y p ric e s e ttin g . T h e g o v ­
e r n m e n t ’s a n s w e r i s t h e s a m e a s i t
w a s a fe w y e a r s a g o w h e n i t c u t f e r ­
tiliz e r p ric e s to s tim u la te a g r ic u ltu r a l
p ro d u c tio n . A t t h a t tim e i t s ta t e d t h a t
t h e i n c r e a s e d t u r n o v e r — w h ic h , a s a
U nusual
m a tte r o f fa c t, a c tu a lly d id re s u lt—
w o u ld o f f s e t t h e e f f e c t o f lo w e r i n g
e ffic ie n c y p ric e s . J u d g in g fro m th e re p o rte d
e a r n in g s , w ith a llo w a n c e b e in g m a d e
f o r c o m p le x b o o k k e e p i n g t r a n s a c t i o n s
a n d econom y
to c o v er ta x e s , u n p ro f ita b le n e w p r o d ­
u c ts , n e w u n c e r ta in in v e s tm e n ts in
IN CRUSHING o c c u p i e d t e r r i t o r y , e tc ., a t l e a s t t h e
l a r g e r c h e m ic a l c o n c e r n s s e e m b e t t e r
CHEMICAL RAW o ff t h a n m a n y o t h e r G e r m a n i n d u s t r i e s .
I n th e p a s t y e a r n u m e ro u s s m a lle r
MATERIALS c h e m ic a l p l a n t s h a v e b e e n s h u t d o w n
in th e c o u rs e o f r a tio n a liz in g a n d c o n ­
c e n tra tin g p ro d u c tio n fo r la c k of

A M E R IC A N
t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , la b o r , r a w m a t e r i a l s ,
o r in d ir e c tn e s s o f w a r c o n trib u tio n .
C o s m e tic s p r o d u c e r s , f o r e x a m p le , h a v e
g o n e o u t o f b u s i n e s s in l a r g e n u m b e r s .

R O L L IN G R IN G C R U S H E R S W h e r e a s 1 ,0 0 0 f ir m s w e r e e n g a g e d in
th e m a n u f a c tu r e o f c o s m e tic s in th e
R e ic h b e fo re th e w a r, th e n u m b e r o f
Extrem e flexibility, sim ple c o n ­ p e n d a b ility so th a t th e y will stay
f ir m s n o w o f f ic ia lly e n t r u s t e d b y t h e
struction, low p ow er consum ption, on the job, d a y afte r day, d elive r­
R e i c h O ffice f o r C h e m i s t r y t o m a n u f a c ­
and low m aintenance are the re a­ in g la rg e to n n a g e s o f q u ality p ro d ­ t u r e t o i l e t p r e p a r a t i o n s is l e s s t h a n
sons w hy le a d in g engine ers and uct. W e m aintain a te stin g plant 100. S im ila rly , th e r e a r e n o w 300
o p e ra to rs in well-known p rocess in­ fo r p ro sp e c tive custom ers w hich G e rm a n fa c to rie s p ro d u c in g la c q u e rs a s
dustries en do rse A m e ric a n C ru s h ­ we invite y o u to m ake use of. Tell a g a i n s t 900 a t th e b e g in n in g o f th e
us w h at y o u w ant to g rin d and our w a r. M a n y of th e s m a lle r p la n ts now
ers. Each unit is in divid ua lly built
e n gin e ers will m ake re c o m m e n d a ­ b e in g s h u t d o w n m a y n e v e r re o p e n
to g iv e m ost eco nom ical crushing
b e c a u s e i n s o m e c a s e s w h o le p l a n t s h a v e
and g rin d in g results— each p art is tions. Se n d fo r literature w hich
b e en s c ra p p e d fo r iro n a n d m e ta ls
tested fo r wear, quality, and d e- giv e s co m p le te facts. u n d e r th e in te n s iv e d riv e c a r r ie d o u t
la s t su m m e r a n d a u tu m n u n d e r th e
d i r e c t i o n o f t h e n e w R e ic lis M u n i t i o n s
219 M A C K L IN D AVE.
AMERICAN PULVERIZER CO. 1 ST. L O U IS . MO.
M in is te r S p e e r.
S u c h r u th le s s e lim in a tio n o f s m a ll,

ic o * JA N U A R Y m 3 • C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G
IsLu
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p l a n t s m a y h a v e a tw o f o ld e ffe c t
W h ile i t o b v io u s ly p u t s m a n y s m a l le i
f u n i s o u t o f b u s in e s s , i t s o m e tim e ;
s t r e n g t h e n s t h e r e m a i n i n g p l a n t s . T h is
w a s t o s o m e e x t e n t t i l e c a s e i n th e
RYEHS N ¿e«$W ST E E L S 0
l a s t w a r , w h e n , a f t e r tw o p r e l i m i n a r y
lo o s e r a g r e e m e n t s , t h e m o d e r n I.G .
PROMPT SHIPMENT FROM 10 PLANTS
O v e r 40 k in d s o f a llo y s te e ls — b o th s t a n d a r d S .A .E . a n a ly s is Principal Products Include:t
F a r b e n i n d u s t r i e e m e r g e d t h r o u g h th e
a n d s p e c ia l h e a t t r e a t e d R y e r s o n a llo y s — a r e i n c l u d e d in th e B a r s, S h a p e s , S tru ctu ral«,
f u s io n o f t h e r e m a i n i n g l a r g e G e r m a n
w id e r a n g e o f C e r tif ie d S te e l p r o d u c ts c a r r i e d in R y e r s o n
c h e m ic a l c o n c e r n s w i t h t h e B a d is e lie P la te s , S h e e ts , F 1o • r
s to c k f o r P r o m p t S h ip m e n t.
A n iiin -u n d S o d a -F a b rik o f L u d w ig - P la te s , A llo y an d T o o l
A s p e c ia l q u a l i t y c o n t r o l p la n o n a llo y s te e ls g iv e s th e h e a t
s lia f e n . I.G . p o lic y in p o s t - w a r y e a r s S te e ls , A lle g h e n y S ta in le s s ,
t r e a t e r e x a c t d a ta o n e v e r y b a r to g u id e h im in s e c u r in g
S crew S to c k , C . F . S h a ft-
a l s o a im e d b v c a r e f u l s t u d y o f c o s ts b e l t e r r e s u lts in le s s tim e . W r ite f o r c o m p le te in f o r m a t i o n .
I f y o u d o n o t h a v e th e b l u e a n d g re y R y e r s o n S to c k L is t in g , M e ch a n ic a l T u b in g ,
t o c o n c e n t r a t e p r o d u c t i o n o f a n y g iv e n
w e w i l l g la d ly s e n d a c o p y . J o s e p h T . R y e r s o n & S o n , In c . R e in fo r c in g S te e l, W eld in g
p r o d u c t in t i l e m o s t e ffic ie n t o f t h e
P la n ts a t : C h ic a g o , M ilw a u k e e , S t. L o u is , D e t r o i t , C in c in n a ti , B o d , N u ts , B o lts . H iv eU ,
I .G . p l a n t s , a n d e i t h e r t o c o n v e r t t h e
C le v e la n d , B u ffa lo , B o s to n , P h i l a d e l p h i a , J e r s e y C ity . e tc .
re m a in in g p la n ts to tu r n in g o u t o th e r
p r o d u c t s in w h ic h t h e y h a d a n a d v a n ­
t a g e o r if t h e y w e r e t o o in e f f ic ie n t t o
s h u t th e m d o w n c o m p le te l y . In c i­
d e n ta lly , a n u m b e r of s m a lle r co m ­
p e t i t o r s w e r e b o u g h t u p o n ly t o s h u t
d o w n th e ir p ro d u c tio n .
NOW!
I n t h e c a s e o f t h e c h ie f L G . e l e c t r o ­ ENGINEERED FANS
c h e m ic a l u n i t , G r ie s h e iin E l e k t r o n , t h e
W ith These Features . . .
m a j o r p a r t o f t h e p l a n t ’s p r o d u c tio n
w a s s h i f t e d a s e a r l y a s 1926 f r o m • A C ID R E S IS T A N T a ll- w e ld e d a llo y s te e l;
F r a n k f u rt-G rie s h e im to c e n tra l G e r­ 6 P R E C IS IO N - B A L A N C E D f o r s m o o th o p e r a ­
t io n ;
m an B itte rfe ld , s tra te g ic a lly b e tte r
• H E A V Y D U T Y c o n s t r u c tio n . R ugged.
lo c a t e d a n d n e a r e r t o c h e a p p o w e r f r o m
a b u n d a n t lig n ite d e p o s its . T h e sam e T e s te d 1 6 0 0 °F . f a n s o f e n g in e e r e d d e s ig n
w a s t r u e o f d y e p r o d u c tio n , w i t h e a c h a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n . V e r y e f f i c i e n t . 11 s i z e s .
C a p a c i t i e s t o 2 0 ,0 0 0 C F M ; 1 0 " S .P .
o f tile l a r g e r I.G . p l a n t s s p e c ia liz in g in
s o m e d y e b r a n c h . S u c h s p e c ia liz a t io n W R I T E T O D A Y fo r p r o m p t s e r v ic e .
a n d e ffic ie n c ie s , a u g m e n t e d b y p a t e n t

DESPATCH -
a n d c a r t e l m o n o p o lie s , g a v e I.G . a
c o m p e t i t i v e a d v a n t a g e in w o r ld tr a d e .
H o w t h e G e r m a n c h e m ic a l i n d u s t r y
w ill f a r e a f t e r t h i s w a r w ill d e p e n d
a g r e a t d e al on th e n a tu r e o f p o s t w a r
s e ttle m e n ts .

Long R ange S tu d ie s
T h a t I.G . F a r b e n a n d i t s e c o n o m is ts
rtiODGMAN For the PERM ANENT
— w h o w e r e in n o s m a l l p a r t r e ­
s p o n s ib le f o r d e v e l o p in g t h e t r a d e o f
REPLACEMENT of
t h e c o n c e r n — a r e a t t h i s t i m e s e c r e tly '
m a k i n g lo n g r a n g e s t u d i e s a n t i c i p a t i n g
STRATEGIC M AT ERIALS
th e e f f e c ts e v e n o f a b r e a k d o w n o f t h e
R e ic h ’s p o l i t i c a l a n d e c o n o m ic p r o g r a m
in E a s t e r n E u r o p e s e e m s q u i t e p o s s ib le .
D r. A n t o n R e i t h i n g e r , c h ie f I.G . e c o n ­
o m is t, i n a r e c e n t a r t i c l e s o u n d s a
s l i g h t l y p e s s i m i s t i c n o t e in d is c u s s in g
t h e i n e v i t a b i l i t y o f a d e c lin e o f t h e
s t a n d a r d o f liv i n g in E u r o p e . He
p o i n t s o u t t h a t o f t h e 3 0 0 m illio n
p e o p le in c o n t i n e n t a l E u r o p e , 1 4 0 m i l ­
lio n d e p e n d f o r a liv e lih o o d o n a g r i c u l ­ SARAN b y HODG-
t u r e , 5 0 m illi o n o il m in in g a n d i n d u s t r y , MAN is a lough thermo-plastic
specially m ade to replace stra­
4 0 m illi o n o n h a n d i c r a f t s , a n d 4 0 m i l ­ tegic m aterials. It is a d ap tab le
lio n o n t r a d e a n d t r a n s p o r t . T h i s w a s for use under high working
u n b a la n c e d , h e s a y 's , in t h e l i g h t o f an d bursting pressures an d is
p o s t W o r l d W a r I d e v e l o p m e n ts . T h r e e resistant to most chemicals. Its
ease of handling m akes it ex­
n e w in d u s tr ia l a re a s , th e U n ite d S ta te s ,
tremely valuable in installa­ *Pat. No.
J a p a n , a n d R u s s ia h a d w re s te d in d u s ­ tions requiring the transport of 2160931
t r i a l l e a d e r s h i p f r o m o ld e r E u r o p e a n oil, gas a n d corrosive chemi-
c o u n trie s lik e E n g la n d , G e rm a n y ,
S w i t z e r l a n d , a n d B e lg iu m . W h ile t h e
la t t e r c o u n trie s ’ s h a r e o f w o rld in d u s ­
PLASTIC PIPE TUBING AND FITTINGS
t r i a l p r o d u c t i o n d e c lin e d , o v e r s e a s a g r i ­
F O R C O M P L E T E I N F O R M A T IO N
c u ltu r a l a n d r a w m a te r ia l c o u n trie s
SHEET A ND FREE S A M P L E
g a in e d . E u ro p e th u s d ro p p e d r e la ­
t i v e l y b e h in d o v e r s e a s n a t i o n s a n d
S o v ie t R u s s i a , w h o s e i n d u s t r i a l p r o d u c ­ HODGMAN RUBBER CO.
tio n in c re a se d b y 4 00 to 5 00 p e rc e n t, F R A M IN G H A M . M A S S .
a n d t h i s d e v e l o p m e n t, a c c o r d i n g t o NEW YORK C H ICAGO SAN FRANCISCO
R e i t h i n g e r , m a d e a d e c lin e o f t h e 261 Fifth Avenue 4 1 2 South Well» St. 1 2 1 Second St.
E u r o p e a n s t a n d a r d o f l i v i n g in e v i t a b l e .

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G . JA N U A R Y 194$ •
 UNUSUAL
N e w APPLICATIONS
of AIR TABLES

The Latest
N o t a laim
C , New Uses for the

b u t a G U A R A N T E E
A I R FLOAT
SEPARATOR
W h en w e s a y that MORRIS ST-P STOCK • F o r in s ta n c e r u n n in g % "
PUMPS are non-air-binding, this isn't a p a rtic le s o f fe r r o -a llo y slag to
claim , but a GUARANTEE. This g u a ra n te e se p a ra te th e m e ta llic p rills . . .
o r d e d u s lin g c e ra m ic d r y
is b a se d on service records . . . the a ctu a l m ix e s .
perform ance of th e se pum ps w h en h a n ­
The fact is, the A ir Float
d lin g raw w a ste stock, rag stock or lo n g S eparator w ill tre a t m aterials
fibre stock. th a t no wet process can touch.
T h at’s because it is fa r m ore
sensitive to differences in densi­
W e con sistently re ce iv e the m ost enthusi5 ties. H andles chemicals, ores,
any dry m aterial or m ixtures of
astic reports from p a p er m ill su perin ten d ­ different weights. I t speeds
ents ab out the op eration of th ese pum ps processing; handles larger sizes;
reduces slime tonnage; needs no
. . . their uniform d eliv ery . . . reserve w ater; thus, can be located any­
w h e r e , n e e d in g n o s p e c ia l
ca p a c ity . . . n o iseless op eration . . . piping.
ab ility to h a n d le h e a v y stock w ithout air-
• L a b o r a to r y s a m p le s te ste d
binding, d eh yd ratin g, or clo g g in g . Bul­ a n d r e c o m m e n d a tio n s m ade
letin 176 tells the w h o le story . . . your o n r e q u e st.
cop y sent on request.
SUTTON, STEELE & STEELE, INC.
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SALES AGENTS

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MORRIS
WORKS
MACHINE
o m is
ESTABLISHED 1864
BALD W IN SV ILLE
NEW YORK
/ B N
110 E. 4 2 n d STREET
NEW Y O R K , N . Y .
I ^ o ' » ! 1 C liB K EtO G PIT T S B U R G H PA

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS WE V n n r V ë ë « T W * M O B U C I I- F A J I E I

• JA N U A R Y 194S • C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G
 SELECTIONS FROM FOREIGN LITERATURE
PLASTICS AS SUBSTITUTES a n d ..the t h e r m a l in f lu e n c e o f t h e n e a r b y
S y n t h e t i c p r o d u c t s r e p l a c e m e t a l s in w a ll i n t e s t i n g p h a s e b o u n d a r y la y e r s
m a n y u ses, b u t fo r s y s te m a tic a d a p t a ­ is u n c e r ta in . I n a n e w c a lib ra tio n
t i o n o f p l a s t i c s t o s p e c ific r e q u i r e m e n t s m e th o d t h e c u s t o m a r y a p p r o a c h i s r e ­
t h e s e r v ic e c o n d itio n s m u s t b e d e fin e d v e rsed ; th e c u rre n t is c a lib ra te d
a s a c c u r a t e l y a s p o s s ib le . F o r e x a m p le , a g a in s t a c o n s ta n t ( n o t n e c e s s a rily
t h e r m a l e x p a n s io n is f u l l y r e v e r s i b l e k n o w n ) g a s v e lo c ity i n s t e a d o f c a l i b r a t ­
in m e t a l s w h e r e a s h e a t i n g a n d c o o lin g i n g v e lo c itie s a g a i n s t a c o n s t a n t c u r ­
o f p la s tic s c a u s e so m e s h rin k a g e . W ith re n t. T h e w i r e is b e t t e r t h a n f o u r
p ro p e r a tte n tio n to th e r e q u ire d p ro p ­ tim e s m o re s e n s itiv e to c u r r e n t c h a n g e s
e rtie s th e re a re m a n y o p p o rtu n itie s t h a n to v e lo c ity c h a n g e s . T h e c a l i b r a ­
t h r o u g h w h ic h m e t a l s c o u ld b e r e le a s e d t i o n i s t h e r e f o r e m o r e a c c u r a t e in a d d i ­
fo r o t h e r u s e s . S om e p ro p e rtie s of t i o n t o b e in g m u c h q u i c k e r a n d e a s ie r .
m e t a l s a n d p l a s t i c s a r e c o m p a r e d in S e c o n d a r y e ffe c ts d o n o t i n t e r f e r e a n d
t h e ta b le . n o s p e c ia l c a l i b r a t i o n s e t u p is r e q u i r e d .
A s a n a d d i t i o n a l i m p r o v e m e n t in
D ig e st fro m “ P la s tic s a s S u b s titu te s ,” m e a s u rin g tu rb u le n c e in g a s c o n d u its a
by II. V iew eg, S c ln o e izc r A r c h i v fu r
a n g e ic a n d le W is s e n s c h a ft u n d T c c h n ik 8, s e t u p h a s b e e n d e v is e d w h ic h e lim i­
2 9 1 -8 , 19-12. (P u b lis h e d in S w itz e rla n d .) n a t e s e r r o r s d u e t o p u l s a t i o n s w h ic h
r e s e m b le t u r b u l e n c e i n t h e i r e ffe c ts o n
INCOMPLETE AND IMPERFECT th e in s tr u m e n t. T h i s is a c c o m p lis h e d
COMBUSTION b y u s i n g tw o p l a t i n u m w i r e s i n s t e a d
I n c o m p l e t e c o m b u s t io n , c o m m o n ly e m ­ o f one. T h ey a re spaced a p a r t by a
p lo y e d w h e n a r e d u c i n g a t m o s p h e r e is d is ta n c e s e v e ra l tim e s la r g e r th a n th e
w a n t e d , is v e r y d i f f e r e n t f r o m im p e r ­ tu rb u le n c e u n it. T h e tw o w ir e s a r e
f e c t c o m b u s t io n w h ic h i s n e v e r d e s i r ­ c o n n e c te d so t h a t t h e i r s i g n a l v o lta g e s
a b le b e c a u s e i t p e r m i t s o x y g e n a s w e ll o p p o s e e a c h o t h e r a n d o n ly t h e d i f f e r ­
a s u n b u r n e d g a s t o p a s s i n t o t h e flu e e n c e is a c t u a l l y m e a s u r e d . P u ls a tio n
g a s . D e s i g n a t i n g t h e s e n s ib le h e a t in
t h e c o m b u s t io n g a s a s I a n d t e m p e r a ­
t u r e a s T , t h e I - T d i a g r a m f o r a g iv e n
e ffe c ts a r e t h u s e li m i n a t e d .

D ig e st fro m “T w o C o n trib u tio n s to

CONTINENTAL
H o t W ire A n e m o m e ter T e c h n iq u e ,” by G.
flu e g a s c a n b e u s e d t o g o o d a d v a n t a g e D n tw y lc r. H e lv e tic a P h y s ic a A c ta IB ,
in a d j u s t i n g c o m b u s t io n c o n d itio n s .
2 06-72, 1942. (P u b lish e d in S w itz e rla n d .) BELT CONVEYOR IDLERS
W h e t h e r t h e d e s i r e is to a c h ie v e a
DEW POINT OF FLUE GASES
s p e c ifie d d e g r e e o f in c o m p le te c o m b u s ­
t i o n o r m e r e l y to . p r e v e n t i m p e r f e c t T n P d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n o b s e r v e d a n d S p eed is the order of the
c o m b u s t io n t b e r e l a t i o n o f s e n s ib le c a l c u l a t e d d e w p o i n t s o f flu e g a s e s is
h e a t t o t e m p e r a t u r e in t h e fin e g a s is c o m m o n ly a t t r i b u t e d t o s u l p h u r d io x ­
d ay. And there's no better
s i g n i f i c a n t . C a l c u l a t i o n s a r e p r e s e n te d , id e i n t h e g a s . A c t u a l l y , h o w e v e r , s u l ­ w a y to sp eed up your pro­
b a s e d o n s t a n d a r d v a l u e s f o r c o m p le te p h u r t r i o x i d e ( s u l p h u r i c a c i d ) i s th e
c o m b u s t io n o f s o lid , li q u i d a n d g a s e o u s o n l y r e a d i l y c o n d e n s a b le g a s p r e s e n t duction than b y installing
f u e ls , t o s h o w h o w I - T d i a g r a m s c a n b e ( o t h e r t h a n w a t e r v a p o r ) a n d i t s in f l u ­ Continental Belt C onvey­
u s e d . T h e e r r o r in v o lv e d i n s i m p l i f y i n g e n c e o n d e w p o i n t is l a r g e e v e n t h o u g h
th e c a lc u la tio n s b y t r e a tin g h y d ro g e n i t s c o n c e n t r a t i o n i s lo w . T h u s , in w e t ors. M any vital w ar plants
a s s o m u c h c a r b o n m o n o x id e is d i s ­ flu e g a s (5 .1 p e r c e n t w a t e r v a p o r b y
have chosen Continental
c u s s e d . A s a n e x a m p le t h e c o n d itio n s v o lu m e ) t h e d e w p o i n t r is e s f r o m 92
o f c o a l f ir in g a n d g a s f i r i n g a r e c o m ­ d eg. F . to 324 d eg. F . w h e n th e s u l­ Belt C onveyors to sp eed
p a r e d f o r a p o r c e la in f u r n a c e . p h u r i c a c i d c o n t e n t o f t h e flu e g a s r is e s
their bulk m aterials. They
f r o m 0 t o 0 .0 0 7 v o lu m e p e r c e n t . A g a in ,
D ig e st fro m " /i'- D ia g r a in fo r In c o m ­ w i t h 2 5 .2 p e r c e n t w a t e r v a p o r t h e d e w are d esign ed to do the job
p le te a n d Im p e rfe c t C o m b u stio n ,” by P .-O .
Ito sin a n d H . It. E e h lln g , J o u r n a l o j th e p o i n t i s 150 d e g . F . i n a b s e n c e o f s u l ­
I n s t i t u t e o f F u e l IS , Xo. 80. 2 0 -5 , 1942. p h u r i c a c i d , 2 21 d e g . F . w i t h 0.0 0 1
efficiently at a lo w cost per
(P u b lis h e d in E n g la n d .)
p e r c e n t s u l p h u r i c a c i d a n d 371 d e g . F . ton. They h a v e w hat it
w ith 0 .0 2 p e rc e n t s u lp h u ric a c id . W ith
HOT WIRE ANEMOMETER takes!
su c h h ig h dew p o in ts a s m a y be re a c h e d
H o t w i r e a n e m o m e te r s f o r m e a s u r i n g i n flu e g a s e s f r o m c o a ls w h ic h y ie ld
t u r b u l e n c e in g a s s t r e a m s h a v e h i t h e r t o tra c e s o f s u lp h u ric a c id on b u rn in g , i t You, too, can S p eed th e
b e e n c a l i b r a t e d b y a t e d i o u s m e th o d r e ­ becom es im p r a c tic a b le to k e e p th e m e ta l
q u irin g e n o u g h m e a s u re m e n ts to p lo t
A m m u n itio n b y u sing Con­
s u r f a c e s o f t h e b o i l e r h o t e n o u g h to
s e n s i t i v i t y c u r v e s o v e r a w id e v e lo c ity p r e v e n t c o n d e n s a tio n . T h e c o n d e n s a te tinental Belt C onveyors.
r a n g e f o r v a r i o u s v o lta g e s . B u t s e n s i ­ w h ic h s e t t l e s o n t h e m e t a l s a t h ig h d e w
t i v i t y is s u b j e c t t o s e v e r a l v a r i a b l e s , p o i n t s i s s t r o n g l y a c i d a n d h i g h l y c o r-
Write today for inform a­
tion and Bulletin ID-103,
C o m p ariso n of Some P ro p ertie s oí M etals a n d P lastics which sh ow s the superior
P roperty M etals Plastics P a tio
Electrical conductivity, ohm -Jcm .-1 Very high Very low 10“ : 1 to
f e a t u r e s of Continental
10 30: 1 Belt Conveyor Idlers.
T herm al conductivity, kcal. m .-1 h r.“ H igh 30 to 300 Low 0.1 to 0.7 1 0 0 :1 to
deg.*1 1000 : 1
Linear therm al expansion 9 to 30 10 to 100
T exture C rystal lattice Chain molecules
M ixed crystals Vitreous
Compounds am orphous resins
Appearance M etallic color and All colors: sometimes
luster transparent
W orkability INDUSTRIAL Diyif/O#
Can be cast, rolled, C an be extruded, cast,
draw n, stam ped, molded, draw n,
extruded, wrought, welded, p recipitated, ć v n £ łt e łiZ a £ m
r I H « I I S I 4 l ,
company
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welded extracted

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G . JAN U ARY 19Ą S

163
 r o s iv e . I t a l s o a t t r a c t s flu e d u s t , f o r m ­
in g h y g r o s c o p ic s u b s t a n c e s a n d i n t e n s i ­ ( ¡ .j - H t- T C - ff
f y i n g c o r r o s io n w h i l e t h e p r o d u c t s
a c c u m u l a t e a n d c lo g g a s p a s s a g e s . T h e
r e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n d e w p o i n t a n d s u l ­
p h u ric a c id c o n c e n tra tio n , e s ta b lis h e d M a n H o u r s
b y t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n , s h o u ld b e h e l p f u l
in r e s e a r c h o n p r e v e n t i o n o f s u c h
c o r r o s io n .

D ig e st fro m " R e la tio n B etw e e n D ew

P o in t a n d th e C o n c e n tr a tio n of S u lp h u ric
A cid in F lu e G a se s.” by A . A la n T a y lo r ,
J o u r n a l o i th e I n s t i t u t e o f F u e l 10, No.
80, 2 5 -8 , 10 4 2 . (P u b lis h e d in E n g la n d .)

SYNERESIS IN SILICA GELS

T i m e o f s e t h a s b e e n m e a s u r e d in s i l i c a
TAKE A TIP O N g e ls t o w h ic h a n o r g a n i c a g e n t h a d b e e n
a d d e d . A lc o h o ls w e r e u s e d a s t h e o r ­
g a n ic a g e n ts , n a m e ly m e th a n o l, e th a n o l,
e t h y l e n e g ly c o l, g ly c e r o l a n d e r y t h r i t o l .

DUST I n a l k a l i n e g e ls t h e e ffe c ts o f th e s e
a d j u v a n t s v a r i e d w i d e l y b u t i n a c i d ic
g e is t h e y a l l r e t a r d e d g e l a t i o n . W h e n
th e m e d iu m w a s n e u t r a l th e a d ju v a n ts

CDnTROL
h a d a p p ro x im a te ly th e s a m e r e ta r d in g
e ffe c t t h r o u g h o u t t h e s e r ie s . T h i s e l i m ­ W IT H
in a te s th e d ie le c tr ic c o n s ta n t a s a fa c ­
t o r in g e l a t i o n v e lo c ity . W h e n t h e

• "Pardon, sir, just look

m e d iu m p a s s e d f r o m n e u t r a l i t y t o a l ­
k a l i n i t y g ly c e r o l a n d e r y t h r i t o l l o s t HOM»-MIXER'S
at the dust coining out of th e ir p o w er to r e ta r d g e la tio n . C om ­ A D V A N C E D P R I N C I P L E
p a r a t i v e t e s t s w i t h a l l t h e a lc o h o ls d id
your plant. If I'm not too STATOR T U R B IN E t IH i
n o t s h o w a n y c l e a r r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n
forward, sir. I'v e b een tlic c o m p o s i tio n o f t h e s y n e r e t i c l i q u i d
re a d in g a b o u t D ust a n d th e s y n e re s is b e h a v io r o f th e gel
C ontrol in some of your a f t e r s e t t i n g . T h e r e w a s n o s e le c tiv e
m a g a z in e s . T h e y sa y a d s o r p t i o n o f t h e a lc o h o ls . G e ls o n t h e
a l k a l i n e s id e w e r e t e s t e d a t p H 9.7 a n d
PANGBORN d o es an
a t e m p e r a t u r e o f 2 5 d e g . C. The
excellent job, sir.” a m o u n t of a d ju v a n t w a s a b o u t 0 g. of
ROTOR
t h e s e le c te d a lc o h o l t o 1 0 0 cc. o f th e
• Follow that tip, mister,
s y n c r e t i c l i q u id .
becau se P angborn d o e s
a n e x c e lle n t d u s t c o n ­ D ig e s t fro m “ S y n e re s is of S ilic a G els
C o n ta in in g A d d itio n A g e n ts.” by L . .A.
tr o l j o b ! For m ore than Mu n r o a n d G. E. M o n te ith O ana d ta n
J o u r n a l o j R e s e a r c h 2flB , 2 1 2 -2 0 , 1942. i N D U S T R Y m u s t w in th e r a c e
thirty years both larg e and (P u b lis h e d In C a n a d a .) a g a i n s t tim e ! B u t m o re t h a n *
small industries h ave en ded g r e a t tim e -s a v e r is th e E p p e n b a c h
their dust problem s by BENZOLE SCRUBBERS
H O M O - M IX E R . I t ’s a lso e n g i­
n e e r e d fo r fin e r d iffu sio n .
using P angborn all steel, E m u l s i f i c a t i o n t r o u b l e s in g a s s c r u b ­ Its p r in c ip le is w h o lly d if f e r ­
cloth screen Dust C ollec­ b e r s a n d d e b e n z o liz in g p l a n t s a r e p r o b ­ e n t. T h e r e is n o v o r te x , n o a ir
tors. a b ly d u e m a i n l y t o r é s i n i f i c a t i o n o f to a ffe c t th e m ix tu r e . O n ly a
u n s a t u r a t e s in t h e s c r u b b i n g o il. W a t e r fr a c tio n o f th e m a s s is w o rk e d a t
• If you want your dust o n e tim e , c r e a t in g m o re u n ifo r m
a n d th e re s in p a r tic le s fo rm s tu b b o rn
d is p e r s io n . T h e m a te r ia l is r a ­
trap p ed at its source an d e m u ls io n s . R e s i n c o m p o n e n ts w h ic h p id ly fo r c e d u p fro m th e a ir-f re e
deposited in hoppers ready a r e n o t f u l l y o il- s o lu b le a l s o f o r m b o tto m b y th e s ta t io n a r y tu r b i n e
s lu d g e s o r s lim e s in p r e h e a t e r a n d fins. W ith tre m e n d o u s p r e s s u r e
for final disposal, if you a n d tu r b u l e n c e , th e flow s u rg e s
c o o le r t u b e s . T o a v o id e m u ls io n s t h e
wish to salvage valuable s c ru b b in g o ils s h o u ld he re n e w e d a t u p w a rd , o u tw a r d a n d d o w n . T h e
raw products now being i n t e r v a l s , w a t e r o r s lu d g e s h o u l d b e e n tir e b a tc h c o m p le te s th is c y c le
in j u s t a m in u te o r tw o . N o
lost in the atm osphere as d r a i n e d o ff f r o m r o t a r y s c r u b b e r s a n d
c la m p in g to ta n k , n o s e tt in g a t
dust, or if you w ant to im­ o il e n te r in g th e s c ru b b e r s h o u ld be
a n g le , n o v ib ra tio n .
s l i g h t l y w a r m e r t h a n t h e i n c o m in g g a s
prove working conditions H O M O - M I X E R S a re d o in g
so t h a t w a t e r v a p o r w i l l n o t c o n d e n s e
fo r y o u r e m p lo y e e s — i n t h e o il. A q u e o u s s lu d g e a c c u m u l a t ­ a b ig jo b i n p r o c e s s p la n ts
COM E TO PANGBORN! i n g i n t h e o il flo w s y s t e m o f a b e n z o le to d a y — b a tte r ie s u p to a
This tip is w orth acting p l a n t is s l i g h t l y a c i d ic , h e n c e c o r r o s iv e . h u n d r e d ! W r ite u s !

upon at o n c e . W rite or w ire. S te e l t u b e s a r e m o r e c o r r o d i b l e t h a n

w r o u g h t i r o n . P l a n t e x p e r ie n c e i n d i ­
c a t e s t h a t p r e h e a t i n g t h e b e n z o l iz e d o il
a t le a s t to 130 d e g . C . m a k e s i t p o s ­
s ib le t o d e b e n z o liz e i t t h o r o u g h l y w i t h
0 .5 2 lb . o f l iv e s t e a m p e r g a l . o f o il.
T h e r m o s ta tic c o n tro l im p ro v e s th e u n i­
TH l WORLD'S LARGEST MANUFACTURER OF DUST. fo r m ity o f th e p r o d u c t b u t is n o t n e c ­
e s s a r i l y a n e c o n o m y . F o r e x a m p le , a u ­
CONTROL AN D BLAST C L E A N IN G EQ UIPM EN T
to m a tic c o n tro l sa v e s la b o r, b u t th e
PANGBORN CORPORATION * HAGERSTOWN. M D. in s ta lla tio n co st m a y u se u p sev e ra l

. J iA N Ü A R X 1 9 /,S • C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G
 y e a r s o f t h e s a v in g . A g a in , c o n s u m p ­
WANTED: t i o n o f s te a m a n d c o o lin g w a t e r te n d s
t o in c r e a s e r a t h e r t h a n d e c r e a s e o n Cure fat Your Pump
c h a n g i n g t o a u t o m a t i c c o n tr o l.

YOUR D ig e st from “ B enzole R eco v ery by G as

O il,” by B. R ic h a rd so n , Oaa J o u r n a l ¡¡40,
2 4 8 -9 , 1942. (P u b lish e d in E n g la n d .)
for your Country
K E E P 'E M F L O W IN G . Your Peerless
TOUGHEST FLUORESCENT LAMPS
Pum p is a precision product. Though it
is built ru g g e d ly for ye ars of hard serv­
ice, re gardle ss of usage, it will last
SPRAY
D e v e l o p m e n t o f f lu o r e s c e n t l a m p s r e ­
q u i r e d p a t i e n t s t u d y o f c a t h o d e d e s ig n , longer, run better, deliver you r water
c h a r a c t e r o f e le c t r i c d i s c h a r g e s i n m e r ­ su p p ly more faithfully if it has the atten­
c u r y v a p o r a n d c o m p o s i tio n s o f s t a b l e tion it deserves. D o your part. C are for
PROBLEM! p o w d e r s w ith h ig h f lu o r e s c e n c e i n t e n ­
s ity . T h e s e la m p s a c h i e v e d s u c c e s s
t h r o u g h v e r s a t i l i t y o f c o lo r e ffe c ts a n d
you r pum p for your country.
R e a dy to serve you in case you should
th r o u g h h ig h e ffic ie n c y i n c o n v e r t i n g need pum p parts or pum p service is the
p o w e r t o l i g h t e n e r g y . A 2 0 0 -2 5 0 -v ., w hole Peerless organization, m anufac­
8 0 - w a t t l a m p a n d i t s a u x i l i a r i e s w e re turer a n d dealers. These dealers know
d e v e lo p e d i n E n g l a n d i n 1940 t o l i g h t your pump, know how to keep it pum p­
f a c t o r i e s u n d e r b la c k o u t c o n d itio n s .
ing. Feel free to call on them for service.
T h i s u n i t is 00 in . lo n g , w i t h 57 i n . o f
f lu o r e s c e n t c o a t in g . T h e la m p v o lta g e
That's one of the important parts they're
i s 1 1 5 f r o m a 2 0 0 -2 5 0 -v . a .c . s u p p ly . p la yin g in the w ar program . If possible,
T h e la m p u s e s 80 w a t t s , o p e r a t i n g a t anticipate you r needs for repairs. This
0 .8 a m p . I t s n o m i n a l lu m i n o u s effi­ kind of cooperation, plus proper care,
c ie n c y i s 3 5 l u m e n s / w a t t . I n c a n d e s c e n t plus nationw ide service, will protect
la m p s r a d ia te m o re th a n h a lf o f th e ir the perform ance of your Peerless.
h e a t , f lu o r e s c e n t la m p s le s s t h a n h a l f .
S in c e t h e t o t a l h e a t g e n e r a t e d b y flu ­
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W R I T E — W h i l e y o u t h in k V a rn is h V o lts p e r Cm PEERLESS PUMP DIV.— Food M a c h 'y . Corp.
of it! B a k e lite b a k in g 4 .9 0 0 .0 0 0
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J o u r n a l o f th e I n s t i t u t i o n o f E le c tr ic a l
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C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G . JA N U A R Y 1 9 1 ,$ . 165'
 How to increase production
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3. B y d e te rm in in g the proper len gth o f the

I F your filter station is a production filter cycle a n d the p ro p er a p p lic a tio n of
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h a d f e e t o f c la y . B u t o th e rs h av e t e r i a l s a n d p r o b le m s . H e becam e a
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c o n c e p t o f r e la tiv e e le c tr o n e g a tiv ity in c h e m is ts i s t o g e t a l o n g i n t h e w o r ld .
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p lie d i t s u c c e s s f u lly t o t h e p r o b le m s o f
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f e l d e r m o le c u la r m o d e ls . D e g e r in g h a s I s a t b e s id e P a s t - C h a i r m a n E i s e n s c h im l ic a l p r o f e s s i o n . T h e c h a p t e r h e t i t l e d
d o n e a th o r o u g h j o b o f o r g a n i z i n g a n d o f t h e C h ic a g o S e c tio n . W e t a l k e d a “ A S e r v a n t L e a v e s t h e K i t c h e n ” is i n
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g en eral im p o r t a n c e , n o m e n c la tu re , c o ln ’s D e a t h . ” H e s p o k e o f t h e flo o d g e t o u t o f .” H is a rg u m e n ts a r e p e r­
m e th o d s o f c o m m e r c ia l p r e p a r a t i o n , of p ro fe s sio n a l a u to b io g ra p h ie s t h a t s u a s iv e b u t I th in k h e h a s fa ile d to
la b o ra to ry and s p e c ia l s y n th e s e s , h a d f o llo w e d V i c t o r I l e i s e r ’s “ D o c to r ’s m a k e h i s p o i n t . H e is to o m u c h o f a
p h y s ic a l p ro p e rtie s ( t a b u l a te d ) , g e n ­ O d y s s e y ,” B e l la m y P a r t r i d g e ’s “ C o u n ­ S on of M a r th a to becom e a S on of
e r a l c h e m ic a l r e a c t i o n s , a n d s p e c ific o r t r y L a w y e r ,” a n d H a r t z e l l S p e n c e 's M a ry b y m e re ly s h u tt in g u p h is la b ­
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I n s t e a d o f b e in g s e t in ty p e , t h i s a n y o n e w o u ld b e s i m i l a r l y i n t e r e s t e d c li e n t s . I k n o w t h i s t o b e t r u e b e c a u s e
te x tb o o k h a s b e e n r e p r o d u c e d b y p h o t o ­ i n t h e li f e o f a c h e m i s t a n d t h e v a r i e d t h e C o o r d i n a t o r o f C i v i l i a n D e fe n s e h a s
o ff s e t a n d p l a n o g r a p h e d . P o s s i b l y a s a e x p e r ie n c e s o f a c o n s u l t a n t ? F r a n k l y , j u s t s e le c te d D r . O tto E is e n s c h im l
r e s u l t , s o m e o f t h e f o o tn o t e s a n d t a b l e s I m u s t co n fe ss t h a t I w a s a h i t sk ep to t a lk to th e p u b lic o n p ro te c tio n
o f p h y s ic a l p r o p e r t i e s a r e n o t a s r e a d ­ tie a l. T h e c u r r e n t p o p u la rity of su ch a g a in s t g a s a n d in c e n d ia rie s . R ead
a b le a s w o u ld b e d e s ir e d . H o w e v e r , b o o k s w a s p ro b a b ly j u s t a p a s s in g fa d . t h i s b o o k a n d y o u w ill u n d e r s t a n d w h y .
a s a r u le , b o th t e x t m a t e r i a l a n d i l l u s ­ B e s id e s , c h e m i s t s w e r e p r o v e r b i a l l y
tr a tio n s h a v e been re p ro d u c e d s a tis ­ p o o r b u y e r s o f n o n te c h n i c a l b o o k s a n d
fa c to rily . w h o e ls e c o u ld p o s s ib ly b e i n t e r e s t e d in N E W IN O R G A N IC TEXTBOOK
t h e i r h u m d r u m e x is t e n c e ? H o w w r o n g GENERAL IN O R G A N IC C H E M IS ­
I w as! H o w s h o rts ig h te d in p a s s in g T R Y . B y M . C. S n e e d a n d J . L .
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t h i s t i p a lo n g t o m y b o o k p u b l i s h i n g M a y n a r d . P u b lis h e d b y D . V a n N o s­
W I T H O U T F A M E . B y O tto E i s e n - c o lle a g u e s w i t h o n ly a lu k e - w a r m r e c ­ t r a n d C o ., N e w Y o r k , N . Y . 1,1 6 6
s c h im l. P u b l i s h e d b y A llia n c e B o o k o m m e n d a tio n . p a g e s . P r i c e $ 4 .5 0 .
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A s a b o y i n I l l i n o i s I w o r s h ip p e d a t g rip p in g h u m a n in te r e s t th a n I ’ve tw o U n iv e rs ity o f M in n e s o ta p ro ­
t h e f e e t o f m a n y o f C h ic a g o ’s c h e m ic a l f o u n d in a n y s in g le b o o k i n m a n y fe sso rs. O rd e r of p re s e n ta tio n o f th e
c e l e b r i t i e s . M e n l i k e U n c le B i l l y H o s ­ y e ars. H e re a r e a ll th e a m u s in g a n d s u b j e c t m a t t e r i n i t s 1 ,1 6 6 p a g e s f o l­
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m id - w e s te r n c h e m i s t s , P r o f e s s o r s J u l i u s b o r n a n d r a i s e d i n O ld V ie n n a w h o m e n ts and th e ir c o m p o u n d s. The
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MT VERNON Extra fabrics are specified. The high d eg ree of p ro c e d u re s a re u sed th ro u g h o u t w h e r­
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uniformity found in MT. VERNON Extra fabrics insures a uniform m e n t s in c l u d e d — a r a t h e r l a r g e n u m b e r
penetration of c h e m ic a ls . . . a m axim um and uniform bond b etw een w h ic h w i l l a l l o w i n s t r u c t o r s s o m e l a t i ­
fabrics an d ch em ica ls used. This superior quality in MT. VERNON tu d e in a s s ig n in g w o rk .
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m e n t o f L a b o r is is s u in g a s e r ie s o f i L a y n e - N o r t h e r n C o m p a n y .................M i s h a w a k a , I n d .
B a r g a in in g :. .L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s B u r e a u , j L a y n e - L o u J s ia n a C o m p a n y ...........L a k e C h a r l e s , L a .
B u lle tin 717. P r i c e 5 c e n ts . d o c u m e n ts in te n d e d to a s s i s t i n d u s t r i a l 1 I L o u i s i a n a W e ll C o m p a n y ........................ M o n r o e . L a .
C o p y r ig h t L a vr o f th e U n ite d S ta te s e x e c u tiv e s in e n lis tin g a n d d ir e c tin g . ■
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L a y n e - N o r t h w e s t C o m p a n y ...........M i l w a u k e e , W I s .
o f A m e r ic a B eing: th e A c t o f M a r c h 4. w o m e n e n g a g e d in w a r jo b s t h a t a r e B L a y n e - O h io C o m p a n y ................... ........ C o l u m b u s , O h io
1009, a s a m e n d e d t o g e t h e r w ith r u le s o f n o t o f th e c u s to m a r y ty p e . P e rso n n e l B J - a y n e - T e x a s C o m p a n y .......................H o u s t o n , T e x a s .
HL L a y n e - W e s t e r n C o m p a n y ................. K a n s a s C ity . M o .
p r a c t i c e a n d p r o c e d u re . L ib ra ry of o ffice rs i n te r e s te d s h o u ld a d d r e s s th e m L a y n e - W e s t e r n C o . o f M in n ......... M i n n e a p o l i s , M in n .
C o n g re s s . U n n u m b e r e d . P r i c e 15 c e n ts . D e p a r t m e n t f o r s a m p le s o f th e d o c u ­ I n t e r n a t i o n a l W a t e r S u p p l y , L t d .. .L o n d o n , O n t. j
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R e c ip r o c a l T r a d e - A g r e e m e n t B e tw e e n e i t h e r s in g le c o p ie s o r q u a n t i t i e s f o r d i s ­
th e U n ite d S t a t e s o f A m e r ic a a n d th e t r i b u tio n to e m p lo y e e s . , WORLD’S LA R G EST W A TE R D EVELO PERS^

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G . JAN U ARY 1 9 1 ,5

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P u b l i c a t i o n s l i s t e d h e r e a r e a v a i l a b l e fr o m , t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r s th e m s e l v e s , w i t h ­
o u t c o s t u n l e s s a p r i c e is s p e c ific a lly m e n t i o n e d . T o l i m i t t h e c i r c u l a t i o n o f
t h e i r l i t e r a t u r e t o r e s p o n s i b l e e n g in e e r s , p r o d u c t i o n m e n a n d i n d u s t r i a l e x e c u ­
t i v e s , m a n u f a c t u r e r s u s u a l l y s p e c i f y t h a t r e q u e s t s b e m a d e o n b u s in e s s l e t t e r h e a d .

A llo y s . T h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l N ic k e l C o. ite L u b r i c a t i o n H a n d b o o k .” E x p la in s
In c ., D e v e lo p m e n t a n d R e s e a r c h D iv i­ t h e w o r k w h ic h g r a p h i t e p e r f o r m s in
s io n , 67 W a i l S t., N e w Y o rk , N . Y .— lu b r i c a t i o n a n d l i s t s t h e v a r i o u s p r o d u c ts
B u lle tin T -9 — 1 6 -p a g e te c h n ic a l i n f o r ­ s u p p lie d . A ls o In c lu d e s a n in d e x e d l i s t
m a tio n b o o k le t g iv in g e n g in e e r in g p r o p ­ o f a p p lic a ti o n s , b r ie f d e s c r ip t io n s o f
e r t i e s o f “ K " M o n e l a llo y . G iv e s c o m ­ s to c k ite m s o f s t a n d a r d C o g r a p h c o n ­
p o s itio n , p h y s ic a l c o n s ta n ts , p r o p e r ti e s , c e n t r a t e s , a n d a p r ic e li s t o f C o g r a p h
w o r k in g i n s tr u c tio n s , t h e r m a l t r e a t m e n t , p r o d u c ts m a d e w i t h n a t u r a l c o llo id a l
c o r r o s io n r e s is ta n c e , a n d a p p lic a ti o n s . g r a p h ite .
C o n ta in s e x te n s iv e e n g in e e r in g d a t a in
c h a r t , g r a p h , ta b le , a n d d r a w i n g fo r m s . H e a t-T re a tin g . D e s p a tc h O v e n C o.,
M in n e a p o lis , M in n .— B u lle tin S I— 16-
A llo y S te e ls . C lim a x M o ly b d e n u m p a g e b u lle tin d e a l i n g w i t h th i s c o n c e r n ’s
Co., 500 F i f t h A v e ., N e w Y o rk . N . Y .— re c irc u la tin g fu rn a c e s fo r h e a t- tr e a tin g
S e c tio n 2— 33 p a g e s o f n o te b o o k s h e e ts f e r r o u s a n d n o n - f e r r o u s m e ta ls . Con­
d e a lin g w ith c h ro m iu m - m o ly b d e n u m t a i n s i n f o r m a tio n o n s u g g e s te d u s e s ,
s te e ls . R e p r e s e n t s a r e v is e d v e r s io n o f c o m p le te r a n g e o f s iz e s , c o n s tr u c t io n
S e c tio n 2 o f t h e " M o ly b d e n u m in S te e l” s p e c if ic a tio n s , m a te ria l-h a n d lin g sys­
s e r ie s is s u e d b y th is c o n c e rn . C o n ta in s te m s , e tc . E x t e n s iv e ly i l l u s t r a t e d b y
e x te n s iv e e n g in e e r in g i n f o r m a tio n in th e p h o to g r a p h ic r e p r o d u c tio n s .
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In t e x t fo r m . W e ll o r g a n iz e d . H eavy E q u i p m e n t. W h itin g C o rp .,
H a r v e y , 111.— B o o k le t 236— 2 0 -p a g e b o o k ­
C h e m ic a l P o r c e l a i n . I ll in o is E l e c t r i c l e t d e a l i n g w i t h th i s c o n c e r n ’s e q u ip ­
P o r c e la in C o rp ., M a c o m b , 111.— C a t a ­ m e n t a n d p r o d u c ts f o r i n d u s t r y . I n c lu d e s
lo g C - l — 1 5 -p a g e c a t a l o g i l l u s t r a t i n g tra v e lin g c ra n es, m e c h a n ic a l ch arg ­
a n d d e s c r ib i n g v e r y b r ie f ly t h i s c o n ­ e rs , f o u n d r y e q u ip m e n t, e v a p o r a t o r s ,
c e r n ’s lin e o f c h e m ic a l p o r c e la in . In ­ r o t a r y d r u m v a c u u m f ilte r s , c r y s t a l -
c lu d e s d a t a o n p ip e s , f it tin g s , v a lv e s , liz e r s , c la r if le r s , e tc . E a c h u n i t is
fla n g e s a n d s p a c e r s . C o n ta in s c r o s s - b r ie f ly d e s c r ib e d . E x t e n s i v e l y i l l u s t r a t e d
s e c tio n a l d r a w i n g s a n d t a b l e s o f s p e c ifi­ w ith i n s t a l l a t i o n p h o to g r a p h ic r e p r o d u c ­
c a tio n s . tio n s .
C la m p B in g J o i n t s . A m e r ic a n L o c o ­ H u m id if ie r s . A rm s tro n g M a c h in e
m o tiv e Co., A lc o P r o d u c t s D iv ., 30 W o r k s , T h r e e R iv e r s , M ich .— E i g h t- p a g e
C h u r c h S t., N e w Y o rk , N . Y .— B u lle tin f o r m d e a l in g w i t h th e u s e o f th i s c o n ­
1032— 6 -p a g e f o r m d e a l in g w ith th is c e r n ’s h u m id if ie r s in in d u s t r y . E ach
c o n c e r n ’s lin e o f c la m p r i n g j o in ts , w ith u s e is d is c u s s e d b rie fly . Illu s tr a te d by
c r o s s - s e c t io n a l d ra w in g s and p h o to ­ p h o to g r a p h ic r e p r o d u c tio n s .
g r a p h i c r e p r o d u c tio n s . D is c u s s e s p r i n ­
c ip le s o f th e c la m p r i n g j o in ts , a d v a n ­ H y d ra u lic P resse s. The H j 'd r a u l l c
ta g e s , d e t a i l s o f c o n s tr u c t io n , a n d u s e s P r e s s M fg . C o., M t. G ile a d , O h io — B u lle ­
in I n d u s tr y . t i n 34— 29 p a g e s d e a l i n g w i t h th e h y ­
d r a u l i c p r e s s e s o f th i s c o n c e rn . E x t e n ­
C o m p re s s o rs . B u r y C o m p r e s s o r C o., s iv e ly illu s tra te d w ith d ia g ra m m a tic
E r ie , P a . — B u lle tin E — 4 -p a g e fo rm d r a w i n g s , p h o to g r a p h ic r e p r o d u c tio n s ,
w h ic h d e s c r ib e s v e r y b rie fly a n d i llu s ­ a n d c h a r t s . I n c lu d e s d a t a o n s p e c if ic a ­
t r a t e s t h e lin e o f c o m p r e s s o r s p u t o u t b y tio n s .
th i s c o n c e rn . L i s t s b r ie f ly a d v a n t a g e s
o f t h e v a r i o u s ty p e s . L a b o r a t o r y E q u i p m e n t. U . S. S to n e ­
w a r e C o., GO E . 4 2 n d S tr e e t, N e w Y o rk ,
C o n v e y o r s . T h e L a m s o n C o rp ., S y r a ­ N . Y .— B u lle tin 498— 1 2 -p a g e fo r m , i llu s ­
c u s e , N . Y .— 1 4 -p a g e c a t a l o g d e a l in g t r a t i n g a n d d e s c r ib i n g b r ie f ly th e lin e
w ith t h e lin e o f r o l l e r g r a v i t y c o n v e y o r s o f l a b o r a t o r y s in k s , p ip e s, a n d o t h e r
p u t o u t b y th is c o n c e rn . C o n ta in s d a t a e q u ip m e n t p u t o u t b y th i s c o n c e r n . I n ­
o n s p e c if ic a tio n s , a c c e s s o r ie s , a n d a p p l i ­ c lu d e s ta b le s on d im e n s io n s , c r o s s -
c a t io n in in d u s t r y . E x t e n s i v e l y illu s ­ s e c tio n a l d r a w in g s , a n d o t h e r te c h n i­
t r a t e d b y p h o to g r a p h ic r e p r o d u c tio n s . c al d a ta .
E q u i p m e n t. H a v e g C o rp ., N e w a r k , M e ta lliz in g . M e ta lliz in g C o. o f A m e r ­
D e l.— B u lle tin F - 3 — 3 6 -p a g e c a ta lo g ic a , 1330 W . C o n g r e s s S t., C h ic a g o , 111.
d e a l i n g w ith t h i s c o n c e r n ’s c o r r o s io n - — 20- p a g e c a ta lo g d e a l in g w ith th e
r e s i s t a n t e q u ip m e n t s u c h a s a g i t a t o r s , “ M o g u l" m e ta l l i z i n g p r o c e s s a n d e q u ip ­
c o n d e n s e r s , f ilte r p l a t e s a n d fr a m e s , m e n t. D is c u s s e s p r in c ip le s o f m e t a l l i z ­
h o o d s , p u m p s , t a n k s , e tc . E a c h p ie c e in g , u s e in a i r p l a n e c o n s tr u c t io n , f o r
o f e q u ip m e n t m a d e f r o m H a v e g is d e ­ b u s e s a n d tr u c k s , in f o u n d r ie s , m in e
s c r ib e d a n d i l l u s t r a t e d . I n c lu d e s e x ­ m a in te n a n c e , e tc . E x t e n s i v e l y i l l u s t r a t e d .
te n s i v e d a t a o n s p e c if ic a tio n s a n d s iz e s ,
as w e ll a s d i a g r a m m a t i c d r a w in g s . M ix in g T a n k s . G r a v e r T a n k & M fg .
W e ll i l l u s t r a t e d . C o n ta in s e x te n s iv e e n ­ C o., I n c ., E a s t C h ic a g o , 111.— B u lle tin
g in e e r in g i n f o r m a tio n . 312— f o u r - p a g e b u lle tin d e a l i n g w ith th e
v e r t i c a l a n d h o r i z o n t a l c h e m ic a l m ix in g
F e e d W a te r T re a tm e n t. C o ch ran e t a n k s a n d p r o p o r tio n in g e q u ip m e n t p u t
■ W hen y o u w a n t ' C o rp ., 1 7 th a n d A lle g h e n y A v e ., P h i l a ­ o u t b y t h i s c o rfc e rn . E a c h u n i t is illu s ­
a c c u ra te a n d d e p e n d ­ d e lp h ia , P a . — C a t a l o g 23— 8 -p a g e r e ­ t r a t e d a n d d e s c r ib e d b rie fly . C o n ta in s
p r i n t e n t i t l e d " C o n d itio n in g F e e d W a t e r ta b le s o f d im e n s io n s a n d s p e c ific a tio n s .
a b le a u to m a tic t e m p e r a t u r e 1 f o r H i g h - P r e s s u r e B o ile r s ,” w h ic h g iv e s
o r h u m i d i ty c o n tr o l f o r I n d u s t r i - 1 r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r h i g h - p r e s s u r e b o ile r s Panel In s tru m e n ts . R o lle r - S m lth
a n d m o d e r n fe e d w a t e r c o n d itio n in g C o., B e t h l e h e m , P a . — C a t a l o g 4120— 12-
n l P r o c e s s e s ,H e a tin g o r A ir C o n d ­ e q u ip m e n t. D is c u s s e s h o t p r o c e s s s o f t ­ p a g e p u b lic a tio n d e s c rib in g th is co n ­
e n e r , Z e o lite , a n d o t h e r m e th o d s o f c o n ­ c e r n ’s l i n e o f 3 -in . a n d 4 -in . p a n e l
itio n in g S y s te m s , c a ll in a P o w e rs d itio n in g . I l l u s t r a t e d b y d r a w in g s a n d in s tr u m e n ts , w ith a c o m p le te lis tin g
e n g in e e r . W ith o v e r 50 y e a r s o f ex ­ c h a rts . a n d p r i c e s t o g e t h e r w i t h d i m e n s io n s ,
p e rie n c e a n d a v e ry c o m p lc te lin e o f illu s tr a tio n s o f v a r io u s ty p e s o f .c a s e s ,
F o u n d ry R e fra c to rie s . T h e I r o n to n e tc . C o n t a i n s a n u m b e r o f d i m e n s i o n s
s e lf -o p e ra tin g a n d a i r o p e ra te d F i r e B r ic k C o., I r o n t o n , O h io — i- p a g e d ra w in g s .
fo r m i l l u s t r a t i n g a n d d e s c r ib i n g b r ie f ly
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b lo c k s , la d le p o u r in g b r ic k a n d la d le P e t r o l e u m T e s tin g . P r e c is io n S c ie n ­
fill y o u r r e q u ir e m e n ts . tif ic C o., 1750 N . S p r in g f ie ld A v e .,
b o tto m tile p u t o u t b y t h i s c o n c e rn .
W rite to r Circular 2 5 2 0 I n c lu d e s d a t a o n d im e n s io n s . C h ic a g o , 111. — C a t a l o g 700 — 9 6 - p a g e
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c lu d e s d a t a o n s p e c if ic a tio n s , p r in c ip a l t i o n s o f A .S .T .M ., F e d e r a l S p e c if ic a tio n
d im e n s io n s , e tc . Illu s tra te d . B o a r d a n d o t h e r s . A ls o i n c l u d e s d a t a
o n la b o r a to r y u tilitie s , p lu s a re c e n t
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to rie s , I n c ., H a c k e n s a c k , N . J .— 2 8 -p a g e , u s e d f o r p e tro le u m in s p e c tio n . Illu s ­
s e c o n d e d itio n o f t h i s c o n c e r n ’s “ G r a p h ­ tra te d . In c lu d e s p ric e s c h e d u le s .

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a n d m o n e y . I n c lu d e s c o n d e n s e d d ir e c ­ turers are recognizing the
tio n s f o r i n s t a l l a t i o n f o r n e w h e a r t h
c o n s tr u c t io n o r m a j o r b o tto m r e p a ir s . v a lu e of H am m er M ills in
R e c tif ie r s — G e n e r a l E l e c t r i c C o., S c h e ­ their m aterial reduction
n e c t a d y , N . Y .— B u lle tin G E A -3 S 2 7 —
2 4 - p a g e b o o k le t d e a l in g w ith th is c o n ­ jobs. The fact that W il­
c e r n ’s i g n itr ó n m e r c u r y - a r c r e c tif ie r s in
th e s te e l in d u s t r y . O u tlin e s v a r io u s S e c to r a l v ie w of liam s h a s pion eered the
c o n v e r s io n - e q u i p m e n t p r o b le m s in th is ty p e H am m er Mill used
i n d u s tr y , d is c u s s e s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d sione, steel-tu rn in g s, Ham m er M ill and h a s
a p p lic a ti o n s of ig n itio n m e rc u ry -a rc g a rb a g e , e x p e lle r c a k e , etc.
r e c tif ie r s , d is c u s s e s ty p e s o f c o n v e r s io n b e en forem ost in its d e ­
u n i t s c o m m e r c ia lly a v a i l a b l e to s u p p ly
p o w e r to la r g e d - c s y s te m s , e tc . D i a ­ velopm ent sp e a k s for it­
g r a m s s h o w c r o s s s e c tio n s o f th e r e c t i ­
fie r, c o m p a r a tiv e e ffic ie n c ie s o f th e self. The m ach in es show n
t h r e e ty p e s o f p o w e r - c o n v e r s io n u n its ,
e ffe c t o f p h a s e c o n tr o l o n o u t p u t- v o lta g e , here represent the a ccu ­
a n d a flo o r p l a n i l l u s t r a t i n g a tj'p ic a l
in s t a l l a t i o n .
n e e r in g d a t a .
C o n ta in s e x te n s iv e e n g i­ m ulated exp erien ce and
en gin eerin g skill g a in ed
R e s is ta n c e T h e r m o m e te r s — D e e d s &
N o r t h r u p C o., 4007 S te n to n A v e ., P h i l a ­ over a period of m a n y
d e lp h ia , P a .— C a ta lo g N 3 3 C — 4 5 -p a g e
c a t a l o g d e a l in g w ith th i s c o n c e r n ’s “M i­ years. W e particularly
c r o m a x ” r e s i s t a n c e t h e r m o m e te r s f o r
m e a s u r e m e n t a n d c o n tr o l o f a i r - c o n d i ­ w ish to em p h asize that no
t io n in g s y s te m s , c h e m ic a l p ro c e s s e s , r e ­
f r i g e r a t i n g s y s te m s , o il r e f in e r ie s , e tc . attempt h a s b een m ad e to
E x t e n s iv e ly ill u s t r a t e d .
build m ach in es ch ea p in
_ S o le n o id s — D e a n W . D a v is & C o., In c ., S e c tio n a l v iew sh o w in g W illiam s
«>49 W F u l t o n S t., C h ic a g o . 111.— 2 -p a g e R ing ty p e C oat C ru sh er tor m a k in g first cost, in stead sp ec ia l
f o r m i l l u s t r a t i n g a n d d e s c r ib i n g b rie fly sto k e r coal, dom estic sizes, etc.
th i s c o n c e r n ’s n e w ty p e o f l a m in a te d care h a s b e e n g iv e n to d e ­
s o le n o id s d e s ig n e d f o r h y d r a u l i c v a lv e s
a n d g e n e r a l i n d u s t r i a l p u rp o s e s . U n its pen d ab ility an d final cost.
o f b o th th e p u ll ty p e a n d th e p u s h - p u ll
t y p e a r e il l u s t r a t e d . C o n ta in s d i a g r a m ­
m a t i c d r a w in g s .
T h e re a re s ta n d a rd W illia m s
T r u c k I m b r ic a lit«. S t a n d a r d O il C o., m a c h in e s fo r th e r e d u c tio n of
S a le s T e c h n ic a l S e rv ic e D e p a r tm e n t, 910
S. M ic h ig a n A v e ., C h ic a g o , 111.— F o r m p ra c tic a lly e v e ry m a te r ia l,
r B 9 2 — 1 1 2 -p a g e e n g in e e r in g b u lle tin f o r w h e t h e r a n im a l, m in e r a l o r v e g ­
i n s t r u c t i o n o f i n d u s t r i a l s a le s m e n o n
f u e ls a n d lu b r i c a n t s f o r t r u c k s a n d e t a b l e — c a p a c itie s r a n g e fro m 50
b u s e s . C o n ta in s d a t a o n t r u c k a n d b u s
e n g in e s , p o w e r d r iv e s a n d a x le s u s p e n ­ pounds to 300 to n s per h o u r,
s io n , b r a k e a n d b r a k i n g s y s te m s , m o to r
f u e ls , c h a s s is a n d g e a r l u b r i c a n ts , p r e ­ p e r m ittin g s e le c tio n of e x a c tly
v e n tiv e m a in te n a n c e , e tc . E x t e n s iv e ly th e p r o p e r s iz e to r y o u r w o rk .
i l l u s t r a t e d b y p h o to g r a p h ic r e p r o d u c ­
tio n s , c r o s s - s e c t io n a l d r a w in g s , and W h e th e r you w is h to g r in d
c h a r ts a n d g ra p h s . C o n ta in s e x te n s iv e
a n d e x c e lle n t e n g in e e r in g d a t a . c h e m ic a ls to 400 m e s h , c r u s h 4
f e e t c u b e s of ro c k o r s h r e d s te e l
V a lv e s — T h e F a i r b a n k s C o ., 39 3 L a ­ Sectio n al v ie w of W illiam s "No-
f a y e t t e S t., N e w Y o rk , N . Y .— C a t a lo g N ife" Hog ty p e S h re d d e r u sed tor t u r n in g s , you can p ro fit by
w iT h 17t l ' i a g e b o u n .d c a ta lo g d e a l in g w o o d re iu s e , ta n b a rk , chips, etc. W illia m s ' e x p e r ie n c e .
w ith th i s c o m p a n y ’s b r o n z e a n d iro n
v a lv e s a n d d a r t u n io n s . C o n ta in s o v e r
2 o0 ill u s t r a t i o n s . S h o w s s e c tio n a l v ie w s
o f v a lv e s , i l l u s t r a t i o n s o f v a r io u s p a r t s The Williams Patent Crusher & Pulverizer Co.
' vy t h P ric e s . C o n ta in s e x te n s iv e ta b le s
o f d im e n s io n s a n d o t h e r d a t a . A ls o 2 7 0 6 N o r th N in th S t. 5 , . LouJti M o _
c o n ta in s ta b le s o n c h e m ic a l a n a l y s i s S a le s A g e n c ie s In c l u d e
p h y s ic a l p r o p e r t i e s o f m e ta ls , a n d d i ­ . . . C h ica g o N e w Y o rk O a k la n d . C a lif
m e n s io n s o f v a r io u s ty p e t h r e a d s a n d 3 7 W . Van Suren S t. IS P a rk R o w 162 » T e le g ra p h A v e .
f la n g e s .

W a t e r A n a ly s is — W . H . & D. D . B e tz
F r a n k f o r d , P h il a d e lp h ia , P a . — 1T e c h n ic a l
p a p e r 81— 4- p a g e r e p r i n t e n title d “ D e -
tc rm in a ^ tio n o f C a lc iu m in th e P r e s e n c e
t ° L a P t > siuJ^ b y S t a n d a r d S o a p S o lu ­ 11 ¥ 7 ^
lU S li;
tio n — A R a p i d N itr a tio n M e th o d .” C o n ­
t a i n s ta b l e s o f a n a l y t i c a l r e s u l t s u s in g ‘ | f w m m m m m i m i h
J tf *
c o n c e rn " * m e « io d d e v e lo p e d b y t h i s
PAIENT CRUSHERS GRINDERS SHREDDERS

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G . JAN U ARY 11)!,3

171
 For nearly a century Pow ell has been
m aking valves to satisfy every need of
Am erican Industry. T hus through the
years, as each new process requiring valve
control has been introduced, th e Powell
Engineering sta ff has been ready w ith
valves designed to satisfy all dem ands o f
the job to be done.

In 1925, anticipating th e requirem ents

o f th e rapidly expanding Chem ical and
Process Industries, Pow ell pioneered in
th e m anufacture o f an entirely new ty p e
o f v a lv e— th e C orrosion-R esistant V alve.

T oday Pow ell has th e m ost com plete line

o f valves designed to give long, unfailing
T h i s d i s t i l l a t i o n s y s t e m , i n t h e p l a n t o f a la r g e m a n u f a c t u r e r , service in t i e exacting control o f th e in­
is e q u i p p e d w i t h P o w e ll F l a n g e d E n d “ Y ” V a lv e s .
num erable corrosive media.

N aturally th e Pow ell Line has been sim ­

plified an^ standardized as m uch as pos­
sible but a c o n s id e r a b le d iv e r s it y o f
design „ necessitated b y the lim itations
o f ti. m aterials from which th e various
valves "can b e produced. H ow ever, each
v a lv e i s designed to m eet th e require­
m ents o f a num ber o f different services.

Shown here are a few exam ples o f the

Pow ell C orrosion-R esistant Line.

The Win. Powell Co.

D e p e n d a b le V a lv e s S in c e 1846

P o w e ll V a lv e s o n t h i s d i s t i l l a t i o n a p p a r a t u s a s s u r e d e p e n d a b l e
C IN C IN N A T I, O H IO
flo w c o n t r o l i n a n a t i o n a l l y - k n o w n p r o c e s s p l a n t .

JA N U A R Y 10.'¡8 • C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G
 ? o w c iL m w
‘p w a i

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G . JA N U A R Y 19Ą 3 .
B E C K M A N su p p lie s three im p o rta n t instrum ents corporate un ique o p e ra tin g fe a tu re s th a t m a k e

th a t control k e y o p e ratio n s in the production th em the m ost a d v a n c e d e q u ip m e n t a v a ila b le , th e y

o f Synthetic Rubber, Toluene, a n d A v ia tio n G a s o ­ are b e in g specified fo r p ra c tic a lly a ll Synthetic R u b ­

line. A n d because these Beckm an instrum ents in- b e r p la n ts . . . fo r m ost o f the Toluene p la n ts . . .
a n d as r a p id ly a s e q u ip m e n t is a v a ila b le , a re t a k ­
IN in g o v e r critical control o p e ra tio n s in A v ia tio n G a s-
th ro u g h o u t the w orld .

Key Control Instruments!

S Y N T H E T IC RUBBER: Three im portant ph ase s of photom eter op erators can determ ine toluene content with an

the synthetic rubber process a re controlled b y Beckm an instru­ accu racy within 1 % o f the toluene present over a concentra­

ments . . . (1) determ ining the b utadiene a n d styrene content tion ra n g e of 0.01 to 1 0 0 % . The total determ ination takes only

of the ga se s . . . (2) controlling the refinery processes for m axi­ a few minutes in contrast to the several hours required b y other

mum recovery of these products . . . a n d (3) controlling pH methods. In a ddition to toluene determinations, this instrument

during polym erization, co a gu la tio n, a n d stabilization o p e ra ­ is a lso b e in g used extensively on butadiene, styrene, benzene,

tions prior to the final w a sh in g a n d d ryin g of the rubber. For a n d sim ilar products. Here a g a in , time for a n a lysis is cut from

this last-m entioned critical control operation, Beckm an A u t o ­ hours to minutes, perm itting precise control heretofore u n o b ­

matic pH instruments have been specified for m aintaining con ­ ta in a b le in refinery operations.

tinuous p H m easurem ent a n d accurate p H control in every

one of the synthetic ru b be r plants thus fa r contracted for under
A V IA T IO N G A S O L I N E S : For controlling refinery
the governm ent rubber p ro g ra m s— h igh testimony to the out­
operations in the production of aviation ga so lin e a s well a s
standing superiority a n d all-aroun d d ep en d ability of B eck­ butadiene, m odern refineries are installing the Beckm an In­
m an equipment! fra re d Spectrophotom eter. This instrument, built b y Beckm an,
is b a se d upon a n origin a l d esign d eve lop e d b y on e of the

T O L U E N E i ^ J W y f f For efficient production of toluene from, le a d in g petroleum research laboratories. It is particularly

petroleum, it is essential that toluene determ inations be m ade a d a p te d fo r routine a n a lysis of h yd ro c a rb o n g a se s a n d em ­

q u ickly a n d accurately. W ith the Beckm an Q u a rtz Sp e ctro­ bod ies m a n y unique tim e-saving a d va n ta ge s.

GET FULL DETAILS O N THESE BECKMAN INSTRUMENTS

O u r trained en g in e erin g staff will b e g la d to w o rk w ith yo u in a d a p tin g Beckm an control

instruments to y o u r p articular operations . . . a n d will g la d ly sup p ly further details on the
construction a n d op eration of these outstanding instruments.
(Left) The Beckm an Autom atic p H In d icato r is the most a d v a n c e d p H instrument a v a ila b le today.
It operates directly from 115 V . m ains a n d incorporates im portant advancem ents a va ila b le in no
other m a ke or type o f p H equipment. (For full details, ask for Bulletin 161). (Center) The Beckm an
Q u a rtz Spectrophotom eter spe ed s a ll types of research a n d control w ork. C ov e rs the full Sp ectral
ra n g e o f intere st in spectrophotom etry— 2 2 0 mmu in the ultraviolet to 1 000 mmu in the infra red .
S im p/e to operate, extrem ely accurate, a n d ru g g e d ly built fo r lo n g life, su sta in ed p erfo rm a n c e .
(Right) The Beckman In frare d Spectrophotom eter w as specially d e v e lo p e d for controlling refinery
op e ra tion s b y a le a d in g petroleum research laboratory. Sim plifies process control a n d insures
m axim um recovery in the production o f m odern aviation gasolines.

NATIONAL TECHNICAL LABORATORIES * SOUTH PASADENA, CALIFORNIA

174 . JA N U A R Y 1943 • C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G
 ECONOMICS AND M A R K E T S

INDUSTRIAL CONSUMPTION OF CHEMICALS TURNED to 8 7 5 ,6 0 2 e a r s . N e w E n g l a n d ’s d e ­

UPWARD IN FINAL QUARTER OF YEAR c lin e i s e s t i m a t e d a t 14.3 p e r c e n t , fr o m
1 9 9 ,4 1 8 c a r s t o 1 7 0 ,9 3 7 c a r s .
o n s u m p t i o n o f c h e m ic a ls i n t h e O n a n o v e r - a ll b a s is , a n in c r e a s e
C f in a l q u a r t e r o f l a s t y e a r w a s o n
a n u p w a r d p l a n e b a s e d o n a r e v ie w o f
t h a t f r e i g h t c a r l o a d in g s i n t h a t p e r io d
w ill r u n a b o u t 3 .4 p e r c e n t a b o v e t h e
a c t u a l lo a d in g s i n t h e c o m p a r a b le 1942
is p re d ic te d in s h ip p in g o f te n co m ­
m o d itie s , w i t h a d e c r e a s e i n e ig h te e n .
o p e ra tio n s w ith in th e p rin c ip a l c o n ­ p e r io d . C o tto n s e e d a n d p r o d u c t s , e x c e p t o il,
s u m i n g lin e s . T h e m o v e m e n t, h o w ­ A c c o r d in g t o t h e s u r v e y f r e i g h t c a r a r e e x p e c te d t o i n c r e a s e 2 2 .2 p e r c e n t,
ev er, w as by no m e a n s g e n e ra l a s d if ­ l o a d in g s o f t w e n t y - e i g h t p r i n c i p a l c o m ­ m a n u f a c t u r e s a n d m i s c e lla n e o u s 1 8 . 4
f e r e n t in f lu e n c e s a re a f f e c tin g th e m o d itie s w ill b e 7 ,7 1 2 ,2 9 0 c a r s i n t h e p e r c e p t , l iv e s to c k 14.0 p e r c e n t , g r a i n
in d iv id u a l in d u s trie s . F e rtiliz e r q u a rte r, c o m p a rin g w ith 7 ,4 0 1 ,6 0 3 10.9 p e r c e n t , f e r t i l i z e r s 8 .3 p e r c e n t a n d
p la n ts a re so m ew h a t c u rta ile d by in ­ a c t u a l l o a d in g s in t h e 1 9 4 2 p e r io d . A ll c o a l a n d c o k e 5.7 p e r c e n t .
s u ff ic ie n t s u p p l i e s o f s o m e o f t h e n i t r o ­ s e c tio n s e x c e p t t h e P a c if ic N o r t h w e s t , F a r m i m p le m e n ts a n d v e h ic le s o t h e r
g e n - b e a r in g m a t e r i a l s b u t o u t p u t s o f t h e T r a n s - J l i s s o u r i - K a n s a s , th e S o u t h ­ t h a n a u to m o b ile s a r e e x p e c te d t o d e ­
s u p e r p h o s p h a t e h a v e b e e n in c r e a s e d . e a s t, th e A tla n tic S ta te s a n d th e N ew c lin e 4 5 .4 p e r c e n t , s y r u p a n d m o la s s e s
P u l p a n d p a p e r m i l l s w ill o b s e r v e E n g la n d a r e a e x p e c t in c re a se s w ith th e 18.4 p e rc e n t, p a p e r, p a p e rb o a rd a n d
r e g u l a t o r y m e a s u r e s w h ic h w ill h o ld l a t t e r a r e a m o s t a f f e c te d . p r e p a r e d r o o f in g 10.7 p e r c e n t , lim e
p r o d u c t i o n b e lo w th e t o t a l s r e a c h e d T h e .M id w e s t e x p e c ts a n i n c r e a s e o f a n d p l a s t e r 10.4 p e r c e n t , c e m e n t S .8
la s t y ear. A c tiv itie s a t g la s s p la n ts 14.7 p e r c e n t , f r o m 1 ,0 0 0 ,8 3 4 c a r s to p c i c e n t, p o u ltr y a n d d a ir y p ro d u c ts
a r e f a v o r a b le f r o m a n o v e r - a ll v ie w ­ 1 ,2 1 6 ,7 5 4 e a r s , a n d t h e A lle g h e n y b o a r d 7.9 p e r c e n t , c i t r u s f r u i t s 7 .6 p e r c e n t ,
p o i n t b u t n o t s o f a v o r a b l e in s o m e o f e x p e c ts a g a i n o f 0 .3 p e r c e n t , f r o m l u m b e r a n d f o r e s t p r o d u c t s 6.5 p e r ­
t h e f l a t g l a s s d iv i s i o n s a n d t h e o u tlo o k 1 ,1 1 9 ,7 9 9 c a r s t o 1 ,1 2 3 ,0 0 4 c a r s . T h e c e n t , s a n d a n d s t o n e 5.7 p e r c e n t , b r ic k
f o r t h e p r e s e n t y e a r is f o r a c o n t i n u ­ O h io V a lle y , i n t h i r d p la c e , e x p e c ts a a n d e la v p r o d u c t s 5 .5 p e r c e n t , p e t r o ­
a n c e o f t h a t c o n d itio n w h ic h m e a n s a 3.4 p e r c e n t g a i n fr o m 8 8 9 ,1 9 9 c a r s to le u m a n d p e t r o l e u m p r o d u c t s 4 .8 p e r ­
la r g e r p ro d u c tio n o f c o n ta in e r s a n d a 9 1 9 ,8 5 9 c a r s . c e n t, a n d ir o n a n d s te e l 4,6 p e r c e n t .
s m a l l e r o u t p u t o f w in d o w a n d p l a t e . T h e A tla n tic S ta te s p re d ic t a d e­ N o e s t i m a t e w a s g iv e n r e g a r d i n g s h i p ­
I n th e l a s t th re e m o n th s o f th e y e a r c lin e o f 4.1 p e r c e n t , f r o m 8 7 1 ,0 3 4 c a r s m e n t s o f c h e m ic a ls a n d e x p lo s iv e s .
t h e in f lu e n c e o f e n l a r g e d a c t i v i t i e s in to 8 3 5 ,4 8 9 c a r s , a n d t h e S o u t h e a s t a B y p ro d u c t co k e p la n ts w o rk e d a t
th e f e r tiliz e r, p u lp a n d p a p e r, p e tro ­ d r o p o f 0 .3 p e r c e n t f r o m 8 7 7 ,8 5 4 c a r s r e c o r d le v e ls l a s t y e a r . A c t u a l f ig u r e s
le u m r e f in i n g , a n d i r o n a n d s te e l lin e s a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r s o m e o f th e p r o d u c t s
C h e m . & M e t. In d e x fo r In d u s tr ia l f o r t h e f i r s t e le v e n m o n th s . T h e y s h o w
m o r e t h a n m a d e u p f o r s o m e r e c e s s io n s
C o n s u m p tio n o f C h e m ic a ls p r o d u c t i o n o f 7 0 3 ,0 0 8 t o n s o f s u l p h a t e
in a c t i v i t i e s a t p a i n t a n d v a r n i s h , t e x ­
t i l e , a n d l e a t h e r p l a n t s . D e f in ite d a t a 1935 = 100 o f a m m o n ia a s a g a i n s t 6 7 9 ,5 9 5 to n s
fo r o p e ra tio n s a t so a p p la n ts a r e la c k ­ O ctober f o r lik e p e r io d o f 19 4 1 . F o r t h e s a m e
in g b u t in d ic a tio n s a r e t h a t o u tp u ts re v ise d X ovem be p e l io d s o t h e r o u t p u t s w e r e : a m m o n ia
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w e re r e d u c e d i n t h e l a t t e r p a r t o f th e
P u lp a n d p a p e r .......... . 20.55 2 0.0 1
y e a r d u e t o t h e l i m i t a t i o n s im p o s e d P e tro le u m r e f in i n g .. lb .; c o a l-ta r, 0 7 5 ,6 0 2 ,4 2 9 g a l. and
. 15.21 14.61
b y th e ra w m a te r ia l s u p p ly . In c id e n ­ G la ss .............................. . 15.00 15.20 0 3 9 ,2 2 9 ,5 9 6 g a l . ; c r e o s o te o il, 3 7 ,5 2 3 ,-
t a l l y l a r g e a m o u n t s o f s o a p w i l l be P a i n t a n d v a r n is li. , . . 14.32 12.38 317 g a l. and 3 3 ,0 8 9 ,1 2 8 g a l. re ­
. 13.81 13.28 s p e c tiv e ly . P y r o x y lin sp re a d , o n th e
n eed ed in th e p re s e n t y e a r in th e R ay o n ............................. . 15.20 14.91
m a n u fa c tu re o f s y n th e tic ru b b e r. T e x tile s ......................... . 12.32 o t h e r h a n d w a s o n e o f t h e c o m m o d itie s
11.61
T h e C h e m . & M e t. in d e x f o r c o n ­ C oal p r o d u c ts .............. 9.08 9.38 w h ic h w a s a d v e r s e l y a f f e c te d b y c o n ­
L e a th e r ...................... 4.95 4.75 tro l o v e r ra w m a te r ia l a llo c a tio n s .
s u m p t i o n o f c h e m ic a ls f o r N o v e m b e r is
In d u s tr ia l e x p lo s iv e s . 6.04 6.05 T h e o u t p u t f o r t h e f i r s t e le v e n m o n th s
1 6 9 .6 0 c o m p a r e d w i t h a r e v is e d in d e x R u b b er ........................... 3.00 3.00
o f 1 7 4 .0 8 f o r O c to b e r . I n 1941 t h e P la s tic s ......................... 4 .GO 4.40 o f 1942 w a s 5 4 ,3 8 4 ,7 1 3 lb . c o m p a r e d
n u m b e r s w e r e 1 0 2 .8 3 a n d 1 7 1 .4 8 fo i w i t h 7 5 ,6 9 3 ,3 0 3 lb . f o r t h e c o m p a r a b le
174.08 169.69 m o n t h s o f 1941.
N o v e m b e r a n d O c to b e r r e s p e c tiv e ly .
F o r t h e tw e lv e - m o n th p e r io d , t h e i n ­
c r e a s e i n c o n s u m p t io n o v e r 1941 w a s
a p p ro x im a te ly 5 p e rc e n t. T h is is th e
s m a l l e s t r a t e o f a n n u a l in c r e a s e in
r e c e n t y e a r s b u t in s o m e i n d u s t r i e s a c ­
C hem . â M et. In d e x t— -----
t u a l r e d u c t i o n s w e r e r e p o r t e d a n d i t is ih r C h em ica l C onsum ption
p r o b a b le t h a t s o m e f u r t h e r r e d u c t i o n s - Chem. £ M e t./2 -m o n th -
M oving A verage fb r
in d e m a n d f o r r a w m a t e r i a l s w ill b e Chem ical Consum ption
m e t in t h e p r e s e n t y e a r . B a s e d o n th e
in d e x o f t h e F e d e r a l R e s e r v e B o a r d ,
p r o d u c t i o n o f c h e m ic a ls l a s t y e a r w a s
a b o u t 23 p e r c e n t l a r g e r t h a n i n 1941
w ith d ir e c t w a r re q u ire m e n ts p u s h in g Business W eek in d e x
A ctivity
th e o u tp u t to re c o rd h e ig h ts . The
B o a r d ’s in d e x f o r a l l i n d u s t r y s h o w s
F e d e ra l Reserve B o a rd
a g a i n o f o n l y a b o u t 18 p e r c e n t f o r t h e In d e x o f a ll Production
y e a r , b o th t h e s e c o m p a r is o n s b e in g o n
a b a s i s o f u n a d j u s t e d in d e x e s .
W h a t m a y b e e x p e c te d i n t h e m o v e ­
m e n t o f m a te ria ls in th e f ir s t q u a rte r
o f t h i s y e a r m a y b e s u r m i s e d fr o m
r e p o r t s m a d e b y t h e t h i r t e e n S h i p p e r ’s
J A 5 0 N D J F M A
A d v i s o r y B o a r d s u d io h a v e e s t i m a t e d 1940

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G . -T A X C A R Y 1 0 1 ,3 . 175
 Production and Consum ption Trends

LCO TTO N CONSUM ED -- INDUSTRIAL EXP LO SIV ES PETROLEUM REFINED

! I ! I i- J 1— — —
Jan. Feb, Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. Dec.

— P ^ P A P E R N R R O B tttff iO N -f— — P A P E R B O A R D ^ R O O U G T ÍC W
—Excluding N ew sprint and | P aperboard — WOODPULP PRODUCTION
Jon. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

AMMONIUM SULPHATE PRODUÇTION- SUPERPHOSPHATE PRODUCTION

AMMONIA, LIQUOR PRODUCTION -
i ‘ i l l I I I ! I 1-----
Jan Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
1940
for

GLASS CONTAINER PRODUCTION- -W INDOW

RAYON PRODUCTION
Average

i i i i i i i i I I___ I—
Jan Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
100 ■ Monthly

PAIN T, VARNISH AND LA C Q U E R S A L E S -

CELLULOSE, PLASTICS PRODUCTION
WOOL CONSUMED
i . i i i i !___ !— I— 1----- 1—
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec

CRU DE C O TTO N SEED O IL 'RODUCTION R EFIN ED COTTONSEED O liTP R O D U C Tip N - PLATE

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

1 9 Í3 • C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G
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itatives;
ltqtives: Su d d Iv Co.,
Bethlehem Supply Co.. Tulsa, H o u sto n . Los Angeles
T u ls a . Houston, An ae fe t Fnville-Levntlv Corp.,
Foville-Levqlly C o r n Chicago.
Chi m n n

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G • JA N U A R Y 19Jß *
 ACTIVE DEMAND FO R CHEMICALS CAUSES STEADY
M OVEM ENTS FROM PRODUCING PLANTS

SIMPLIFY«... u b c n E .u ic A i. i n d u s t r y e n t e r e d t h e o f t h e c h e m ic a l i n d u s t r y a r e f in d i n g i t
VALVE CONTROL INSTALLATIONS T y e a r w ith a n a c tiv e c a ll fo r p r a c ­
tic a lly a ll p ro d u c ts a n d w ith a s te a d y
d if f ic u lt t o d e t e r m i n e c o s ts o f p r o d u c ­
t i o n a n d s e t i n d i v i d u a l p r i c e c e i lin g s .
w it h G E N E R A L C O N TR O LS m ovem ent fro m p ro d u c tio n p o in ts C o s t s tu d ie s a re s a id to he u n d e rw a y
w h ic h i n d i c a t e s t h e c lo s e c o n n e c tio n b e ­ o n s u lp h u r ic a c id , a c e tic a n h y d rid e ,
HYDRAM OTOR VALVES! tw e e n r a te s o f p ro d u c tio n a n d c o n ­ a n d a m m o n ia w i t h t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t
Series G Hydramotor Valves are av a il­ s u m p t i o n . H e r e a n d t h e r e a fe w c h e m ­ th e y m a y h e e x t e n d e d t o c h l o r i n e , c a u s ­
ab le in industrial and commercial sizes i c a l s a r e f o u n d to h e in a m p l e s u p p l y t i c s o d a , s o d a a s h , a n d s o d i u m b ic a r b o -
from Va" to 6 " I.P.S. or more, for all h u t t h i s is t h e e x c e p t i o n a n d f o r t h e n a te .
vapors, gases and fluids. Have two-wire, m o s t p a r t o f f e r in g s a r e l i m i t e d a n d I n t h e f ie ld o f p i g m e n t s , p r o d u c e r s
current-failure, hydraulic external op­ f r e q u e n t l y a r e in s u f f ic ie n t t o m e e t a l l h a v e b e e n s t u d y i n g w i t h a v ie w t o d e ­
erators. Operator parts sealed in oil; d em an d s. M o re a n d m o r e f in is h e d t e r m i n i n g t h e f ilia l e n d u s e o f p i g m e n t s
no annual maintenance. All voltages, p r o d u c t s a r e c o m in g c o n s t a n t l y u n d e r s o a s- to l i n e th e m u p o n a b a s i s o f
ail frequencies. Single seated, semi­ d is tr i b u t io n c o n tro l d u e to th e f a c t e s s e n t i a l i t y w h ic h in t u r n w o u ld h e
balanced, normally closed or normally t h a t ra w m a te r ia ls a r e n o t a v a ila b le a b a s is o f th e ty p e s o f p ig m e n ts a n d
open types. Described in C atalog No. 5 1 . in s u f f ic ie n t v o lu m e t o a d m i t o f u n r e ­ c o lo r s w h ic h m i g h t b e s c h e d u le d f o r
s tric te d tr a d in g a n d e s s e n tia l n eed s p ro d u c tio n . I n th e c ase of tita n iu m
m u s t b e g iv e n p r e f e r e n c e . d i o x id e , t h e r e s t r i c t i o n s w h ic h p r e ­
W i t h a l a r g e p a r t o f c h e m ic a l o u t ­ v io u s ly w e re in e ffe c t h a v e b e e n r e ­
Typ« G - l- 1, commercial
p u t u n d e r a l l o c a t i o n a n d w i t h p r ic e m oved. T h is a c tio n w as ta k e n w h en
*ixe. O p«r. prei. V b"—
300 lb*.; 1 V i ' ' —1 10 lb*.; c e i l i n g s i n e f f e c t f o r m a n y o f t h e im ­ th e s u p p ly o f ilin e n itc w a s fo u n d to
h ig h e r p r e n u r e t an d p o r t a n t c o m m o d itie s , t h e m a r k e t is b e a m p le w i t l i c o n s i d e r a b l e s to c k s o n
l a r g e r I.P.S. *ize * in h a n d a n d d o m e s tic p r o d u c tio n o f th e
G -3 a n d G -4 S e rie * . p r a c t i c a l l y d e v o id o f t h e f e a t u r e s w h ic h
a r e fo u n d w h e n tr a d in g is u n r e s tr ic te d o re re a c h in g a p o in t w h e re i t so o n
a n d w h e n c o m p e t i t i v e in f lu e n c e s a r e i m ­ w o u ld a m o u n t t o 2 0 , 0 0 0 t o n s a m o n t h
p o rta n t. T h e m a i n d e v e l o p m e n ts o f w h ic h w o u ld i n s u r e a s u p p l y o f t i t a n ­
m a r k e t s ig n if ic a n c e s t i l l a r e c e n t e r e d i n i u m d io x i d e e q u a l to a n y c o n s u m i n g
t h e a c t i o n w h ic h is t a k e n b y g o v e r n ­ d e m a n d w h ic h m i g h t a r i s e .
m e n t a u t h o r i t i e s a n d t h i s in t u r n m e a n s I n t h e i n s e c t i c i d e fie ld , s t r o n g d e ­
W R ITE FOR
t h a t a s w a r n e e d s d e v e lo p , a c t i o n is m a n d h a s been re p o rte d fo r c o p p er
CATALOG
ta k e n to s a f e g u a rd su ch needs. I t s u l p h a t e b o th f r o m d o m e s t i c a n d f o r ­
h a s been a n n o u n c e d t h a t p ro d u c tio n e i g n b u y e r s . A rsenical.** a l s o h a v e b e e n
G E N E R A L C O N T R O L S
o f w a r g o o d s t h is y e a r w ill he s h a r p ly o f in te r e s t a n d p ro d u c e rs h a v e been
801 ALLEN AVENUE L ® > j J GLENDALE, CALIF.
h i g h e r t h a n t h e y w e r e in 10 4 2 . T h i s e n c o u ra g e d to m a k e d e liv e rie s in lim ­
Branch Offices: Boston • New York • Philadelphia
m e a n s a c u r t a i l m e n t o f s o n ie c i v i l i a n i t e d a m o u n t s b u t r e t a i n i n g s u f f ic ie n t
C leveland-Detroit-Chicago-Dallas* San Franicsco
l i n e s a n d m e a n s t h a t t h e flo w o f c h e m i­ s to c k to ta k e c a re o f e m e rg e n c y b u y ­
c a ls m a y h e a lte r e d c o n s id e ra b ly fro m i n g s h o u l d i t l a t e r d e v e lo p . A rs e n ic
t h e p a t t e r n f o llo w e d l a s t y e a r . The f o r i n s e c t i c i d e s i s m a d e a v a i l a b l e so
n e t r e s u lt, h o w e v e r, w ill he a la r g e r t h a t p r o d u c t i o n w i l l he b e t t e r t h a n t h e

«¿5D UNCLE SAM c o n s u m p t i o n o f c h e m ic a ls w h ic h w i l l h e

m e t p a r t l y b y in c re a s e d p ro d u c tio n f a ­
a v e r a g e a m o u n t c o n s u m e d i n 1 9 4 1 -4 2 .
N i c o t i n e s u l p h a t e is s c a r c e a n d t h e
a c tiv e c a ll fo r n ic o tin e fro m d iff e r e n t
J 1 & - N E E D S US c ilitie s a n d p a r tly b y lim itin g th e u se
o f c h e m ic a ls i n s o m e fie ld s . q u a rte rs h a s s ta r te d a s e a rc h fo r a
T h e s i t u a t i o n i n o ils a n d f a t s is s u b s titu te m a te ria l.
■A /O I V - s im ila r fro m a s u p p ly s ta n d p o in t. W e T h e o r d e r p l a c i n g z in c d u s t u n d e r
h a v e ra is e d la rg e r c ro p s o f o il-b e a rin g c o m p le te a l l o c a t i o n h a s a d i r e c t s i g ­
In th e a ll-o u t w ar m a te r ia ls b u t th e c a ll fo r in d u s tr ia l, n if ic a n c e o n p r o d u c t i o n o f c h e m ic a ls
e f f o r t w e ’r e b u s y d o ­ g o v e r n m e n t , a n d L e n d - L e a s e u s e i s so b e c a u s e i t is p r o b a b le t h a t le s s z in c
la rg e t h a t a n e s tim a te d s h o rta g e of d u s t w ill h e a v a i l a b l e f o r th e m a n u ­
in g our p a rt, but
c lo s e t o 1 .0 0 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 , lb . o f o i l s a n d f a c t u r e o f s o d iu m h y d r o s u l p h i t e f o r
w e ’r e s till m a k in g pum ps th a t a re
f a ts is in d ic a te d fo r th e y e a r . The te x tile d y es. L i k e w is e , c e r t a i n p r o ­
needed in your t e c t i v e c o a t i n g s a n d p a i n t s w h e r e z in c
m a r g a r in e tr a d e h a s b e en g iv e n p e rm is ­
re g u la r p ro d u c - d u s t s e rv e s a s a p ig m e n t a r c lik e ly
s io n t o i n c r e a s e i t s c o n s u m p t i o n o f o ils
a n d f a t s b y a b o u t 2 3 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 lb . a n d to h e a f f e c te d b y t h e a l l o c a t i o n o r d e r .
so ap m a k e rs h a v e to ta k e a f u r th e r Z in c d u s t is m a d e fro m th e d ro s s
I n t h e m e a n tim e a c c u m u la te d in th e g a lv a n iz in g p ro c ­
c u t in t h e i r a l l o t m e n t s s o t h a t t h e y
g et a ll y ou can a r e n ow p e r m itte d o n ly 84 p e rc e n t of ess. B e c a u s e o f s h o r t a g e o f z in c , t h e
o u t of y o u r pum p th e a v e r a g e a m o u n t u s e d in th e b a se
e q u ip m e n t. p e rio d . U p to th e e n d of th e y e a r
i t h a d b e e n SS p e r c e n t , h u t t h e y s t i l l
CHEM. & MET.
m a y u s e f o o ts u p t o 1 50 p e r c e n t o f
th e b a s e p e rio d a m o u n ts . W eight Index of
A nd, if you need A d v is o ry c o m m itte e s re p re s e n tin g
pum ps to h a n d le
d iffe re n t b ra n c h e s o f th e in d u s tr y h a v e CHEM ICAL PRICES
h e l d m e e t i n g s i n W a s h i n g t o n in w h ic h
your p r o d u c tio n fo r V ita l B a s e = 100 f o r 1037
th e ra w m a te r ia l s itu a tio n w a s d is ­
p r o d u c ts , s e n d u s y o u r s p e c ific a tio n s . T h is m o n th ............................. 108.1)2
cu ssed . F o r in s ta n c e , p ro d u c e rs of
B um p Pum ps a re p o s itiv e a c t io n — L a s t m o n th ..................................... 10S.M2
v i n y l l-e s iu c o a t e d p a p e r s a n d f a b r i c s J a n u a r y 1!)42 ................... 109.01
m a d e in s iz e s to m e e t m a n y r e q u i r e ­ w e r e in f o r m e d t h a t b e c a u s e o f m i l i t a r y J a n u a r y 1941 ...................................... 100.00
m e n ts . re q u ire m e n ts , a c r itic a l s h o rta g e e x is ts B o th c o n tr a c t a n d s p o t q u o ta tio n s
i n r a w m a t e r i a l s u s e d in t h e p r o d u c ­ a r e h o ld in g : a t e s ta b lis h e d le v e ls a n d
a s ta b iliz e d p ric e p o s itio n m a y b e e x ­
tio n o f v in y l r e s in a n d p y r o x y lin p e c te d f o r th e im m e d ia te f u tu r e . O c­

¿4BUMPPUMPC0- c o a t e d f a b r i c s a n d t h e i r u s e in c i v i l i a n c a s io n a l flu c tu a tio n s a r e fo u n d f o r

ite m s w h ic h a r e n o t u n d e r c e ilin g s .
p ro d u c tio n m u s t he c u rta ile d .
LA C R O S S E * W I S C O N S I N T h e re a re re p o rts t h a t som e b ra n c h e s

178 . JA N U A R Y 1 9 .',3 • C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G

 a m o u n t o f g a l v a n i z i n g i s o n ly a b o u t 40
p e rc e n t o f a y e a r ago. T h is n a tu r a lly
o u ts d o w n t h e s u p p l y o f d r o s s a n d c u t s
p r o d u c t i o n o f z in c d u s t .
G um ro s in a n d tu r p e n tin e a re in ­
c lu d e d a m o n g th e m a t e r i a l s w h ic h a r e
n o t c o n t r o l l e d in p r i c e a n d w h ile flu c ­
tu a tio n s a r e r e p o rte d a lm o s t d a ily ,
t h e n e t c h a n g e o v e r t h e l a s t fe w w e e k s
in is b e e n s m a l l. T h e b ig d e v e l o p m e n t
in t h e m a r k e t i s f o u n d i n t h e a n ­
n o u n c e m e n t o f t h e lo a n p l a n f o r th e
p re sen t y ear. L o a n s w ill he m a d e
a v a ila b le th ro u g h th e A m e ric a n T u r ­
p e n tin e F a r m e r s A s s o c ia tio n C o o p e r­
a t i v e t o p r o d u c e r s w h o c o m p ly w ith
th e c o n s e rv a tio n p ro g ra m .
N a v a l s t o r e s p u t u n d e r l o a n m a y he
re d e e m e d u p to A p ril 1 , 1944, b y p a y ­
m e n t o f th e lo a n v a lu e p lu s a c c ru e d
c h a rg e s a n d in te r e s t a t 3 p e rc e n t, b u t
n a v a l s t o r e s so re d e e m e d m a y n o t
s u b s e q u e n tly b e o ff e r e d f o r p u r c h a s e
b y C C C . N a v a l s t o r e s w h ic h a r e p u r ­
c h a s e d b e c o m e th e p r o p e r t y o f C C C .
L o a n s w ill b e m a d e a t r a t e s e q u a l
t o 90 p e r c e n t o f t h e N o v e m b e r 15 p a r ­
i t y p r ic e . F o r t u r p e n t i n e th i s i s 0 4 c.
p e r g a l l o n b u lk , a n d f o r r o s i n th e
lo a n r a t e s w ill r a n g e f r o m $ 3 .7 0 p e r
1 0 0 p o u n d s n e t f o r X g r a d e d o w n to
$ 3 .2 5 f o r G g r a d e , w i t h a n a v e r a g e o f
$ 3 .5 0 . T h e p u r c h a s e r a t e s , a t 9 5 p e r ­
c e n t o f p a r i t y p r ic e s , a r e 0 8 c. p e r g a l ­
lo n o f t u r p e n t i n e a n d $ 3 .9 0 t o $ 3 .4 5
p e r 1 0 0 p o u n d s o f ro s in , w ith a n a v e r­
a g e o f $ 3 .7 0 .
T h e lo a n a n d p u r c h a s e p r o g r a m w ill
b e a v a i l a b l e f r o m J a n u a r y 1, 1 9 4 3 ,
th r o u g h D e c e m b e r 3 1 , 1 9 4 3 . T u rp en ­
t i n e i n b a r r e l s i s n o t e lig ib le f o r lo a n
o r p u r c h a s e , n o r is r o s i n w h ic h g r a d e s
b e lo w G . A ll n a v a l s t o r e s a c c e p te d
u n d e r t h e p r o g r a m m u s t b e s t o r e d by
ap p ro v e d w a re h o u se m e n at d e s ig ­
n a te d in te r io r a n d p o r t p o in ts . The
tu r p e n tin e a n d ro s in c o n te n t o f e lig i­
b le o le o r o s ih ( c r u d e g u m ) s t o r e d a t
a p p ro v e d c e n tra l d is tilla tio n p la n ts
a l s o m a y b e o ffe re d f o r lo a n o r p u r ­
ch ase.
L o a n s o n n a v a l s to r e s h a v e b e e n ^ H E h an d lin g of ch em ica ls is a n ex p en se that
a v a i l a b l e e a c h s e a s o n s in c e 1 9 3 8 . T h e
n a v a l s to re s p u rc h a s e p ro g r a m f ir s t
is with you d a y after d a y a n d y ea r after year,
b e c a m e e ffe c tiv e i n J u n e , 1 9 4 2 . L o a n a n d for that reason it w ill p a y to redu ce h an d lin g
a n d o w n e d s to c k s n o w t o t a l 8 1 5 ,6 0 2
b a r r e l s a n d d r u m s o f r o s i n a n d 140,- costs to the irreducible minimum. DRACCO En­
320 b a rre ls of tu r p e n tin e a s c o m p a re d
w i t h 8 0 0 ,2 9 5 b a r r e l s a n d d r u m s o f gin eers h a v e d esig n ed system s for m a n y C hem ­
ro s in a n d n o tu r p e n tin e o n J a n u a r y
1, 1942.
ica l Plants, la rg e an d sm all, that h a v e efficiently
m et every co n ceiv a b le co n v ey in g problem . The
CHEM. & MET. sa v in g of m an-pow er is on e of the im portant a d ­
W eighted Index of Prices for v a n ta g e s on every installation, but there are also
OILS & FATS m an y others.
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fe c t. lim ite d s to r k s of so m e o ils a re
DRACCO CORPORATION
c re atin g - a stro n g - p ric e o u tlo o k . I n ­
d u s t r i a l u s e s a re c u r ta ile d b y g r e a te r 4071 E. 116th St., C leveland , O h io • N e w Y ork O ffice, 130 W . 4 2 n d Sf.
d e m a n d fo r e d ib le p r o d u c ts . A d v a n ce
in flax m a r k e t b r o u g h t u p w a rd r e ­
v is io n f o r lin s e e d oil.

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ALLOCATIONS OF CHEMICALS FOR CIVILIAN USE
T IIF t h i r d o f i t s s e r i e s o f m o n t h l y r e p o r t s o n a l l o c a t i o n s o f i n d i v i d u a l
I c h e m i c a l s , t h e C h e m ic a ls D i v i s i o n o f t h e W a r P r o d u c t i o n B o a r d ^ s g iv e n
th e m o s t c o m p re h e n s iv e p ic tu r e o f s c a rc e c h e m ic a ls y e t r e l e a s r ^ °
c o v e rs a llo c a tio n s fo r D e c e m b e r a n d is v a lu a b le in a s m u c h a s i t e n a b le s u s e r s
o f c r itic a l c h e m ic a ls fo r a ll ty p e s o f p r o d u c ts t o d e te r m in e a p p r o x u n a t y
t h e a m o u n t o f e a c h c h e m ic a l t h e y m a y e x p e c t t o b e a l l o c a t e d . _
T h e r e p o r t r e f e r s o n ly t o th e c h e m ic a ls a llo c a te d to c iv ilia n in d u s t r y a n d
d o f a T o t in c lu d e v h i« h g . fa r d ir e c t m i l i t e r , ; « e e d ,. T h . p u rp » of
a llo c a tio n s is to in s u r e t h a t e s s e n tia l n e e d s a r e m e t. R e q u e s ts a r e g r a n te d
i n f u l l , g r a n t e d i n p a r t , o r d e n ie d c o m p l e t e l y . W h e re re d u c tio n w a s m a d e
th e p e r c e n ta g e fig u re s h o w s th e r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n th e a m o n n t g r a n te d a n d
th e a m o u n t re q u e s te d . W h e re v e r lim it a ti o n o rd e rs g o v e rn c o n s u m p tio n ,
a l l o c a t i o n s a r e g r a n t e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f e a c h c h e m ic a
p e r m itte d to b e u s e d b y s u c h o rd e r. A llo c a tio n s w e re a s fo llo w s :

t r e a t m e n t , t u n g s t e n w ir e , w a t e r p u r i ­
A c e tic A n h y d r id e — G r a n t e d in p a r t f ic a tio n . a n d r e f r i g e r a t i o n .
f o r c e llu lo s e a c e t a t e y a r n f o r c iv i l i a n r e ­ D e n ie d f o r u s e in f e r t i l i z e r , c a r a m e l
q u i r e m e n t s (SO p e r c e n t ) , P 'a s t i c s a n d c o lo r in g , h o u s e h o ld a m m o n ia , o th e r
film s f o r c iv ilia n r e q u i r e m e n t s (9 0 p e r ­ c le a n in g p u rp o se s, C ham ber p ro c e ss
c e n t ) ; g r a n t e d in f u ll f o r o t h e r u s e s . s u l p h u r i c a c id .
A c id , N a p h t h o n i c a n d N a p l i t l i c n a t c s —- A m m o n iu m C o m p o u n d s— G ra n te d in
G r a n t e d in f u ll f o r u s e in r u b b e r p la s - fu ll f o r u s e in c h e m ic a l m a n u f a c t u i e .
tic i z e r s a n d s o f t e n e r s , r o t o g r a v u r e p r i n t ­ G r a n t e d in p a r t f o r f e r t i l i z e r — o n b a s i s
in g , m e t a l c l e a n i n g c o m p o u n d s , l u b r i c a t - o f o v e r a ll n i t r o g e n q u o t a a s e s t a b l i s h e d
iner g r e a s e s a n d o ils , n o n - s u b s t i t u t a b l e b y th e D e p a r tm e n t o f A g ric u ltu re .
p a in t d rie rs , p ig m e n t m a n u fa c tu re
THANKS FOR THE p ro c e ss in g :. . . .
G r a n t e d in p a r t f o r u s e in s e m i - im p o r -
t a n t p a i n t d r i e r s (5 0 p e r c e n t o r l e s s ) ,
A n ilin e — A ll r e q u e s t s g r a n t e d in fu ll.
A r o m a t i c P e t r o l e u m S o lv e n ts — G r a n t ­
e d i n f u l l f o r u s e in r e a g e n t s , h o s p ita l,
t e x t i l e f in i s h in g (5 0 P e r c e n t o r l e s s ) , a n d in d u s tr ia l la b o r a to r y w o rk , d y e -
TIP...WE’LL USE r u s t in h i b i t i n g c o m p o u n d s (oO p e r c e n t
o r le s s ). D e n ie d f o r a ll n o n - e s s e n t i a i
p r o t e c t i v e c o a t in g s .
s tu f f s , e s s e n t i a l m e d ic in a l p r e p a r a t i o n s ,
r u b b e r p r e s e r v a t i v e c o m p o u n d , e n g in e
a n d f u e l t e s t i n g , w o o l s c o u r in g , r o t o ­
g r a v u r e p r i n t i n g , s a n i t a r y la c q u e r s , tu b
PA LM ETT O A c r y l o n l t r l l c — A llo c a te d a lm o s t
t i r e l y f o r u s e in s y n t h e t i c r u b b e r .
en­
0 llG r a n te d SlinS p a r t f o r u s e in t e x t i l e fin -
A lc o h o l, C a p r y l— G r a n t e d in f u ll f o r
^ ^ P ^ s^ ^ fe fe ^ e ^ fo u ^ ^ n ^
P A C K IN G m a n u fa c tu re o f d ic a p ry i p h th a la te , a n d
f o r o il a d d itiv e s . G r a n t e d in s m a l l q u a n ­
titie s fo r re s e a rc h a n d e x p e rim e n ta tio n .
(5 0 p e r c e n t o n o v e r a l l b a s i s ) , s o a p
(50' p e r c e n t o n o v e r a l l b a s i s ) .
D e n ie d Tor a l l o t h e r u s e s . D e n ie d f o r u s e in f u r n i t u r e a n d c a b ­
i n e t fin is h in g , i n d u s t r i a l l a c q u e r s , i n ­
A lc o h o l, I s o b u t y l a n d I s o p r o p y l— A ll d u s tr ia l s y n th e tic u se s, n o n -e s s e n tia l
A sk a n y u ser w h y h e prefers r e q u e s t s fille d in fu ll. p a in ts , c iv ilia n d e g re a s in g .
A lc o h o l, N o r m a l l i u t y l — C iv ilia n r e ­ B e n z e n e — G r a n t e d in f u ll f o r u s e in
Palm etto P acking. q u e s ts w e r e a ll g r a n t e d in p a r t a s f o l ­ t h e m a n u f a c t u r e o f p h e n o l, c u m e n e ,
lo w s : d i b u t y l p h t h a l a t e ( 3 d p e r c e n t ) , r u b b e r a d h e s i v e s a n d r u b b e r s o lv e n t s .
b u t y l a c e t a t e (4 2 p e r c e n t ) , h y d r a u l i c G r a n t e d in p a r t f o r u s e in m a n u f a c t u r e
H e'll s a y som eth in g lik e this: b r a k e f lu id s (3 7 p e r c e n t ) , o t h e r b u t y l o f a n ilin e ( 75 p e rc e n t), la c q u e r th in ­
d e r i v a t i v e s (5 4 p e r c e n t ) , c e llu lo s e a c e to n e r s a n d w o o d s t a i n s (3 0 p e r c e n t ) , a n d
"I've tried a lot of p a ck in g s b u t y r a t e (2 5 p e r c e n t ) , p h o t o g r a p h i c a n d f o r i n s u l a t o r a n d c o ld m o ld e d c o m p o u n d s
r e p r o d u c tio n (8 2 p e r c e n t ) , in d u s tria l (5 0 p e r c e n t ) . D e n ie d f o r u s e i n p a i n t
a n d I fin d P a lm e tto la s t s c o a t i n g s (5 0 p e r c e n t ) , m e d ic in a l a n d a n d v a r n i s h r e m o v e r , In p r i n t i n g a n d
p h a r m a c e u t i c a l (8 0 p e r c e n t ) , r e s i n s a n d ty p e w a s h . I n v e n t o r y r e d u c t i o n o f a ll
longer, sta y s soft a n d n ev er p l a s t i c s (2 8 p e r c e n t ) , t e x t i l e s a n d c o a t e d a n ilin e p ro d u c e rs r e s u lte d fro m 2 d p e r ­
f a b r i c s (SO p e r c e n t ) , r e s e a r c h ( d 0 p e r ­ c e n t in b e n z e n e a l l o c a t e d f o r a n ilin e .
scores a sh a ft" c e n t ) , r e s a l e (S S p e r c e n t ) .
B u t a d i e n e — A lm o s t e n t i r e l y f o r u s e in
A lc o h o l, S e c o n d a r y B u t y l — G r a n t e d in
p a r t f o r l a c q u e r s a n d t h i n n e r s (92 p e r ­ s y n th e tic ru b b e r.
Y es, a sk a u ser . . . o r better c e n t ) : f o r r e s i n m o ld in g c o m p o u n d s ( , 4 C a ffe in e — G r a n t e d in f u ll f o r u s e in
p e r c e n t ) . G r a n t e d in f u l l f o r o t h e r u s e s . m e d ic in á i s . G r a n t e d In p a r t f o r u s e In
y e t try Palm etto yourself. b e v e r a g e s (3 0 p e r c e n t ) .
A lc o h o l, T e r t i a r y B u t y l — A ll r e q u e s t s
g r a n t e d In fu ll. C a lc iu m H y p o c h lo r ite ( h ig h t e s t )
WRITE FOR LITERATURE G r a n t e d in f u ll f o r u s e in s u g a r r e f in ­
A m m o n ia , A n h y d ro u s — G ra n te d in in g , a n d in p o ta b le w a t e r t r e a t m e n t .
f u ll f o r a c t i v a t e d c a r b o n , a m in e s , a m ­ O t h e r e s s e n t i a l c iv ilia n u s e s fille d in
GREENE, TWEED & COMPANY m o n iu m s u l p h a t e , c e r a m ic s , c o r r o s io n
sm a ll q u a n titie s .
c o n tr o l, d e t i n n i n g , d r y c e ll b a t t e r i e s , d y e
B ro n x B lv d . a t 2 3 8 th St., N o w Y o rk . N . Y. in te rm e d ia te s a n d d y e s tu fts a n d C a r b o n B la c k , F u r n a c e T y p e — R e ­
m e n ts , f e r m e n t a t i o n , film s a n d p h o to q u e s ts fo r m a te r ia l fo r ru b b e r co m ­
c h e m ic a ls , fire r e t a r d i n g s a l t s , flo u r p o u n d in g w e r e g r a n t e d in f u ll. lo r
TWISTED m a n u f a c t u r e a n d b a k in g , flu x , m a g n e ­ u s e In in k s a n d p a i n t s , m i n o r q u a n t i ­
ti e s w e r e a l l o c a t e d to s p e c ific u s e r s to
s iu m c a s t i n g s , fo o d p r o c e s s in g , g l a s s ,
For v a lv e ste m s; each h e a t tr e a tin g s a lts , h e x a m e th y le n e te tra - g iv e t h e m a c h a n c e to m a k e n e c e s s a r y
s tra n d a p e rfe c t p iece m in e , i n o r g a n i c n i t r a t e s , in s e c tic id e s , a d j u s t m e n t s to a n o t h e r ty p e o f b l a c k in
o f lu b ric a te d p a c k in g . la u n d r i e s , m e a t c u r i n g , m e t a l t r e a t i n g t h e i r o p e r a tio n s .
n itrid in g , m o ly b d e n u m , n itr o c e llu lo s e , C a s t o r O il— G r a n t e d in f u l l f o r u s e in
n i t r o - o r g a n i c s , n i t r o u s o x id e , p a p e r , p e ­ p r o t e c t i v e c o a t i n g s f o r i n s u l a t i o n fin is h
b r a id e d t r o l e u m r e f in in g , p h a r m a c e u t i c a l , p h o to a n d fo o d c o n ta in e rs , a d h e s iv e ta p e s ,
e n g ra v in g , p la s tic s , r a y o n m a n u fa c tu re , b i n d i n g c o m p o u n d s , h y d r a u l i c flu id , l u ­
Far ro d s a n d s h a fts ,’ t ^ - 7'ifZ re fr ig e r a tio n , ru b b e r, s o d a a sh , ta n n e rs b r i c a n t s a n d m e t a l w o r k in g , d ie le c tr ic s ,
la y e r o v e r la y e r b a t e a n d ta n n i n g , te x t i l e s , w a t e r t r e a t - b o ile r fe e d w a te r , p e tro le u m tr e a tin g ,
c o n s tru c tio n Insures c o n c r e t e c u r in g , fly p a p e r , p y r o te c h n ic s ,
meG ia n te d d ir in p a r t f o r n itr o c e llu lo s e , c a p r v l a lc o h o l.
u n ifo r m ly e v e n s u lp h u ric a c id , a d ju s te d to e ffe c t a G r a n t e d in p a r t f o r a d h e s iv e s , p y r o x y ­
b e a r i n g s u r fa c e s . g r a d u a l s h i f t to s o d iu m n i t r a t e in s p e ­ l in a n d v e g e t a b l e (5 5 p e r c e n t ) , c o a t e d
c ific t y p e s o f o p e r a t i o n w h e r e e q u ip - f a b r i c s — w e a r i n g a p p a r e l — (5 0 p e r c e n t ) ,
c o a te d fa b ric s — h e a lth s u p p lie s — (o 4

im T T T T Q
m D e n ie d " 'f o r u s e in f e r t i l i z e r , c a r a m e l p e r c e n t ) , c o s m e tic s (2 5 p e r c e n t ) , m e d ic ­
c o lo r in g , h o u s e h o ld a m m o n i a a n d o t h e r i n a l (8 0 p e r c e n t ) , p l a s t i c i z e r s — m is c e l­
c le a n in g p u r p o s e s . la n e o u s p u r p o s e s — (4 0 p e r c e n t ) , p r i n t ­
A m m o n ia , A q u a — G r a n t e d in Cull f o r in g in k s a n d p a p e r s (9 2 p e r c e n t ) , l e a t h e r
a m m o n iu m p i c r a t e , a m m o n iu m s u lp h id e , a n d t e x t i l e s — n o n - s u l p h o n a t e d (5 4 p e r ­
for steam, hot water, air. P A L C O for w afer., c e n t ) , d a i r y p r o d u c t s (5 0 p e r c e n t ) , a n t i ­
a n ilin e , c a u s t i c s o d a , c o r r o s io n c o n t i o l ,
P E L R O fo r .o ils. C U T N O fo r alkalis. c o p p e r e x tra c tio n , d e tin n in g , d y e .in te r ­ f r e e z e (7 2 p e r c e n t ) , f o o d s ( d 0 p e r c e n t ) ,
5 U P E R C U T N O (blue asbestos) for acids'. m e d ia te s , e l e c t r o l y t i c m a n g a n e s e , i n d u s ­ r e s i n s a n d o p a l w a x <90 p e r c e n t ) . S u l-
t r i a l e x p lo s iv e s , f e r m e n t a t i o n , f r o s t i n g p h o n a t o r s w e r e g r a n t e d 50 p e r c e n t o t
. KLERO for foods. b u lb s , h e x a m c t h y l e n e t e t r a m m e , i n s u l a ­ th e a m o u n t s r e q u e s te d .
tio n , l a b o r a t o r y r e a g e n t s , a n d p h a r m a ­ D e n ie d f o r u s e in a ll o t h e r p r o t e c t i v e
c e u t ic a ls , m e t a l r e f in in g , m ild e w p n o o l- c o a t i n g s , c o a t e d f a b r i c s f o r h o u s e h o ld
in g , m o ly b d e n u m , p ap er, p e tro le u m b o o k s a n d u p h o l s t e r y , c o r e o ils , b e l t
r e f in in g , p l a s t i c s a n d r e s i n s , p y r i d i n e r e ­ d re s s in g , s o a p s.
c o v e r y , r a v o n m a n u f a c t u r e , s lim e c o n ­ C h e m ic a l C o tto n F u l p — A ll r e q u e s t s
tr o l , s o d a ' p o ta s h , p o t a s h s a l t s , t e x t i l e

JAN U ARY 19Ą S • C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G

180
 IMAURICE A.KNIGHTi

K night-W are acid proof chem i­

cal pipe is being effectively used
in a great variety of places w here
resistance to acids, alkalies, gases
and fumes is vital.
T he small bore, liquid carrying
pipe is extensively used in chemi­
cal industries for carrying p ro ­
cessing acids and waste liquids
c o n ta in in g co rro siv e elem ents.
Larger sizes of K night-W are pipe,
used for carrying chemical vapors
and gases are frequently tailor-
made to fit an existing laboratory
or industrial layout. O f timely in ­
terest is the fact that K night-W are
bell and spigot piping requires no
metal for the joints.
K night-W are piping is one of
c o u n tle ss ch em ical sto n e w a re
items made for laboratories and
industrial plants. T ell us your
needs and our engineers w ill try
to give you a practical solution
MAURICE A. K N I G H T
101 Kelly A ve., A kron , Ohio

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G • JA N U A R Y 19J,3
 „ r a n t e d in fu ll w i t h t h e e x c e p tio n o f
c e r ta in c a s e s w h e re in v e n to ry re d u c tio n s
w e r e e ffe c te d .
C h lo r a te C h e m ic a ls — G ra n te d I in f u l l
f o r u s e in h a r e s , to r p e d o e s , p lia r m a c e u
tip g ls te x t i l e s , d r y c o lo rs , w e e d k illin g ,
m e ta l tr e a t i n g G r a n t e d in p a r t f o r u s e
in m a t c h e s (9 0 p e r c e n t ) , f u r d j e i n g
(5 0 p e r c e n t ) .
C h lo r id e o f L i m e — G r a n t e d in p a r t f o r
c iv ilia n p u r p o s e s (7 3 p e r c e n t ) .
C h l o r i n a t e d r n r n f U n — G r a n t e d in fu ll.
C h lo r in e — G r a n t e d in fu ll f o r
c h e m ic a l m a n u f a c t u r e , w a t e r P u r m c a
tirm d r v c le a n in g . G r a n t e d m p a i t 1 01
S t f U P S t p u ff S S L K S f i S -
.are
an d p ap er.
<»'»
D lc lilo r e tliv l E t h e r — G r a n t e d in . f u ll
f o r u s e in s y n t h e t i c r u b b e r . D e n ie d f o r
u s e in i n s e c tic id e s a n d c l e a n i n g c o m -
pounds.
D ip h e n y l.« m in e — A ll r e q u e s t s fille d in
f u ll.
E t h y l C e llu lo s e — G r a n t e d in f u ll f o r
a n i n -e n c r a v i n g s trip p in g com pound,
fe n d l a b e T a d h e s iv e — s p e c ia l ty p e . G r a n t ­
e d In i m r t f o r p r i n t i n g in k — t e m p o r a r y
(3 0 p y c e n t ) , fo o d p a c k a g e h e a -
s p e c ia l ty p e (7 5 p e r c e n t ) .
F u r f u r a l — G r a n t e d in p a r t f o r u s e in
* .o i 'l l p e rc e n t) a b ra s iv e w heel

c e n t ) , h y d r o g e n a t i o n (29 p e r c e n t ) , a n d .
o t h e r u s e s (8 0 p e r c e n t ) .
G ly c e r in e — G r a n t e d i n f u ll f o r ^ f o l­
lo w in g u s e s o n o r d e r s c a t t y mgr r a t i n g s
n f a a - 4 a n d h ig h e r , a n d A - l - a t n r o u t u
A - l - i t ’ d ru g s a n d p h a rm a c e u tic a ls , ex -
p l o s iv e s , ;ilk y d r e s i n s e s t e r g a im s r u b -

PRO C ESS G A SES e r a g e s f fla v o rin g e x tra c ts , c a n d y a n d

frn m c h e m ic a l m a n u f a c t u r e , o th e r p i o a .

KEMP SIEXCA GEE DEHYDRATORS Pe^ e d in p a r t f o r A - 2. t h r o u g h A - 1 0

. gua.ran.tee the e x a c t degree of dryness you need
f . e i ( 7 0 p e r c e n t ) , v a r n i s h (4 0 p e r c e n t ) ,
in y o u r process gases. Designed by gas equipm ent p l a s t i c s ( 1 0 p e r c e n t ) , t r a n s p a r e n t w iA p -
n in g s (9 0 p e r c e n t ) , g r e a s e p i o o f a n d
engineers and proven by an impressive record of d e­ g lS s s in e (9 0 p e r c e n t ) , m p P W
t lia n t r a n s p a r e n t ( o0 p e r c e n t , 1
, e

pendable and econom ical operation in plants dem and­ le a th e ^ p ro d u c ts W ^ t ) ,

ing constant and exact drying of their process gases.

For additional information write T h e C. M . K e m p C° G r a n i n 3 p a r i f a t h e r r a t i n g s , o n

th e b a s is o f a v e ra g e m o n th ly c o n su m p ­
M a n u f a c t u r i n g C o m p a n y , 405 E. O liv e r S tr e e t, tio n in 1940 f o r : d r u g s a n d p h a r m a ­
c e u tic a ls (GO p e r c e n t ) , a l k y d w sin s
r 2*5 n e r c e n t ) , e s t e r g u m s (2 5 p e i c e n w ,
B a ltim o r e , M a r y l a n d - a s k f o r D r y e r B u lle tin . r u b b e r p r o d u c t s (6 0 p e r c e n t ) , 'J 'a rn is l
(2 5 p e rc e n t), Pl a ? tic s (-5 S e ic e n t)
tra n s p a re n t w ra p p in g s (8 0 p e rc e n t;,
g r e a s e p r o o f a n d g l a s s i n e (SO P e r c e n t )
w r a p p i n g s o t h e r t h a n t r a n s p a r e n t (4 0
p e r c e n t ) f p r i n t i n g (7 0 P e r c e n t ) , t e x t i l e s
S T A N D A R D U N IT S BU ILT T O GIVE: (4 0 p e r c e n t ) , l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s (4 0 p e r
I a d h e s iv e s in c l u d i n g b o o k b in d in g
(5 0 p e r c e n t ) , p a p e r (5 0 p e r c e n t ) , B a s ­
CAPACITIES: 1 0 to 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 c . f. m . k e ts (7 0 p e r c e n t ) , b e v e r a g e s , f l a v o r i n g
e x t r a c t s , c a n d y a n d g u m (4 0 p e r c e n t ) ,
PRESSURES: A tm o s p h e r ic to 2500 o t h e r e d ib le p r o d u c t s ( 5 0 p e r c e n t ) . t o ­
lb s . p e r s q u a r e in c h . b a c c o ( 4 5 p e r c e n t ) , c o s m e tic s a n d t o i l e t
The A rm y -N a v y "E " p re p a ra tio n s (3 5 p e r c e n t ) . c h e m ic a l
ADSORBENT: S ilic a G e l, h ig h - c a p a ­ m a n u f a c t u r e (5 0 p e r c e n t ) , o t b e r p r o d -
c ity , l o n g li f e . fla g , a w ard ed "fo r u c t s (4 0 p e r c e n t ) , c o r k p r o d u c t s ( »0
p e r c e n t . G r a n t e d in f u l l f o r e x p lo s iv e s .
ACTIVATION: B y g a s, e le c tr ic ity , o r h ig h a c h ie v e m e n t in
G ly c o l D ie th y le n e — G r a n t e d in f u ll f o r
s te a m a s d e s ir e d . th e p r o d u c tio n of m a ­ u s e 'in m o ld in g s a n d , g a s d e h l d i a t i o n
TYPES: S in g le o r tw in to w e rs t e r ia ls of w a r " , p r o u d l y a n d c u t t i n g o ils . G ra n te d m p a i t fo t
fo r in te rm itte n t or u s e in g e n e r a l p l a s t i c i z e r s (8 1 p e r c e n t ) ,
file s at The C. M. to b a c c o (4 2 p e r c e n t ) , g e n e r a l t e x t i l e
c o n tin u o u s o p e ra tio n . (SO p e r c e n t ) , r a y o n y a r n CS1 p e r c e n t ) ,
K e m p M fg . C o. c h e m ic a l m a n u f a c t u r e (8 1 p e r c e n t ) .
G ly c o l E t h y l e n e — G r a n t e d in f u l l f o r
u s e in c e l lo p h a n e — e x c e p t f o r L - - 0 h m
i t a t i o n s — h y d r a u l i c b r a k e flu id , „ e n e i a l
te x t i l e s , c u t t i n g a n d d r u g s . G r a n t e d m
p a r t f o r u s e in c iv i l i a n a n t i - f r e e z e (0 9

KEM P of BALTIMORE p e r c e n t ) , d y n a m i t e (5 6 p e r c e n t ) , c h e m ­
ic a l m a n u f a c t u r e ( S I p e r c e n t ) , g e n e i a l
p l a s t i c i z e r (69 p e r c e n t ) .
G ly c o l, M ix e d — G r a n t e d in f u l l f o r

JA N U A R Y 1 9 / ,3 • C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G
 m o ld in g s a n d , g a s d e h y d r a t i o n , c h e m ­
ic a l m a n u f a c t u r e , g e n e r a l te x tile , g e n ­
e r a l p l a s t i c i z e r s a n d c u t t i n g oil. D e n ie d
f o r b r a k e flu id .
G ly c o l, P r o p y le n e — G r a n te d in fu ll
to r to b a c c o ,
d ru g s,
c h e m ic a l
g en eral
m a n u fa c tu re ,
b r a k e a n d h y d r a u l i c H u id , fo o d s a n d
f la v o r s p la s t lc iz e r .
R E E V E S -d r iv e n P u lv e r iz e r
G r a n t e d in p a r t f o r c o s m e tic s (99 p e r ­
c e n t ) , a n d m is c e lla n e o u s u s e s (8 9 p e r ­
c e n t). g i v e s Low-Cost, D u stless Grinding
G ly c o l, T r i e th y le n e — G r a n t e d in p a r t
f o r c h e m ic a l m a n u f a c t u r e (81 p e r c e n t )
fo r g e n e ra l p la s tic iz e rs ( 1 1 p e rc e n t).
G r a n t e d in f u ll f o r o t h e r u s e s .
L i t h i u m C o m p o u n d s — G r a n t e d in p a r t
f o r u s e in a i r c o n d itio n in g (5 p e r c e n t ) ,
s t o r a g e b a t t e r i e s (35 p e r c e n t ) , g l a s s a n d
e n a m e l (7 0 p e r c e n t ) , m e d ic in á i s (3 p e r ­
c e n t ) , w e ld in g flu x e s (8 4 p e r c e n t ) , o t h e r
uses ( 13 p e rc e n t).
-M ethyl E t h y l K e to n e — G r a n t e d i n p a r t
f o r u s e m la c q u e r s , th i n n e r s , to lu o l s u b ­
s t i t u t e s (65 p e r c e n t ) , c l e a n e r s a n d r e ­
m o v e r s (7 8 p e r c e n t ) , p r i n t i n g in k s (50
p e r c e n t ) , r e s a l é in s m a l l q u a n t i t i e s (41
p e rc e n t). D e n ie d f o r s o a p s a n d c o s-
m e tic s . G r a n t e d in f u ll f o r o t h e r u s e s .
N a p h t h a l e n e — G r a n t e d in p a r t f o r u s e
m m o th p r e v e n tio n a n d in s e c tic id e s (GO
p e rc e n t). O th e r u s e s fille d in fu ll.
N i t r a t e o f S o d a — G r a n t e d in f u ll f o r
in d u s tria l re q u ire m e n ts . G ra n te d in
p a r t f o r a g r i c u l t u r e , th e a llo c a ti o n s b e ­
i n g in a c c o r d a n c e w ith o v e r a ll n itr o g e n
q u o t a s e s ta b l i s h e d b y th e D e p a r t m e n t
o t A g ric u ltu re . D e n ie d f o r th e u s e in
m a n u f a c t u r e o f g l a s s c o n ta in e r s .
N itr o c e llu lo s e — B o th s c r a p a n d p r im e
g r a n t e d in f u ll f o r r a i n c o a t s , m e t a l b u t ­
to n la c q u e r , m o i s t u r e p r o o f c o a t in g s f o r
f o o d s , b o t t l e c lo s u r e lin in g s , fo o d la b e ls ,
sau sag e c a s in g s , m e d ic a l e q u ip m e n t,
c o llo d io n , h o s p i t a l e q u ip m e n t, i n s t r u ­
m e n t c a s e s , a u t o r e f in i s h in g , u p h o ls te r y ,
r a d io , te le p h o n e , m a c h in e s a n d m a c h in e
to o ls , p o w e r b e ltin g , e le c tr ic a l e q u ip ­
m e n t, a n d s u p p lie s , ta p e , c a s t i n g s e a le r ,
C O U R T E S Y P U L V E R IZ IN G M A C H IN E R Y C O ., R O S E L L E P A R K . N . J .
r o t o g r a v u r e in k s , t r a c i n g c lo th s , s t e n ­
c ils , d ra w in g in s tru m e n ts , m a r itim e ,
m o d e l a i r p l a n e s , o il c o n ta in e r s .
P r i m e g r a d e g r a n t e d in fu ll f o r u s e in C o m p le te S p e e d A d ju s t a b ility In su re s A cc u ra te
p l a s t i c s ( c l a s s 1 ), c e llo p h a n e c o a t in g
a n d p h o t o g r a p h i c film , b o th o f th e l a t ­
t e r s u b j e c t to Li o r d e r s . G r a n te d in
Uniform Results - N o Time O ut for Sp e e d Changes
p a r t f o r u s e in s h o e c e m e n t (7 5 p e r c e n t ) ,
h e e l la c q u e r s (7 5 p e r c e n t ) , s h o e lin in g • T h is p u lv e riz in g m a c h in e , show n
(;>0 p e r c e n t ) , w a t e r p r o o f s h e e t i n g (5 0
p e r c e n t ) , b a b y p a n t s (5 0 p e r c e n t ) , d r e s s g r in d i n g s h e lla c in a n E a s te rn p la n t, is s ta n d ­
s h ie l d s (5 0 p e r c e n t ) , b o o k c lo th (5 0
p e r c e n t ) , f o u n t a i n p e n s (5 0 p e r c e n t ) . a rd ly e q u ip p e d w ith a R eeves V a ri-S p e e d
S c r a p g r a d e g r a n t e d in f u ll f o r s h o e
c e m e n t, heel la c q u e r s , shoe lin in g , M o to r P u lle y to p r o v id e c o m p le te s p e e d a d ­
w a t e r p r o o f s h e e tin g * b a b y p a n ts , d r e s s ju s ta b ility . P u lv e r iz in g in v o lv e s m o r e th a n
s h ie ld s , b o o k c lo th . G r a n te d in p a r t f o r VARIABLE SPEED TRANSMISSION
u s e In f u r n i t u r e (5 0 p e r c e n t ) , u p h o l­ m e re ly g rin d in g to a s p e c ifie d fin e n e s s . for infinite speed control over
s t e r y , e x c e p t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , (50 p e r ­ wide range— 2:1 through 16:1.
c e n t ) , w in d o w shades (5 0 p e r c e n t ) , P ro p er p a rtic le s iz in g is e x c e e d in g ly im ­ Fractional to 87 h.p.
flo o r c o v e r in g (5 0 p e r c e n t ) .
B o th p r im e a n d s c r a p g r a d e s d e n ie d p o r t a n t , in t h a t i t a ffe c ts c h e m ic a l r e a c t i o n s ,
t o r u s e in h a n d b a g s , b e lts , a n d lu g g a g e ,
s o lu b ility , w e ig h t, c o lo r , s tr e n g th , v o lu m e ,
’ f in g e r n a i l p o lis h , d e c o r a t iv e la c ­
q u e r f o r fo o d , o ilc lo th , t r a n s c r i p t i o n e x ­ e tc . By g iv in g th e s e p u lv e riz e rs c o m p le te
cep t c e n tra l s ta tio n , re c re a tin g a n d
a m u s e m e n t p u r p o s e s , a n d c a s k e t liq u o r. s p e e d fle x ib ility , R e e v e s S p e e d C o n tro l in ­
O ltic ic a O il— G r a n t e d in f u ll f o r u s e
m to o d c o n t a i n e r s , c h e m ic a l r e s i s t a n t s u re s lo w -c o s t, d u s tle s s g r in d in g to any
f in is h e s , i n s u l a t i o n , s p e c ia l p r i n t i n g in k s . s p e c ifie d d e g re e o f fin e n e s s ; a ls o u n ifo r m
J J e n ie a f o r u s e in i n d u s t r i a l e q u ip m e n t, VARI-SPEED MOTOR PULLEY
w r in k le fin is h , f u r n i t u r e , w o o d p r o d u c ts , s iz in g and c o m p le te b le n d in g — o n a w id e fo r application to shaft exten­
w in d o w e n v e lo p e s a n d m is c e lla n e o u s sion of any standard constant
uses. v a rie ty o f p r o d u c ts . S p e e d c h a n g e s a re ac­
speed motor; 3:1 range. To
P h t h a l l c A n h y d r i d e — G r a n t e d in p a r t c u ra te ly m a d e b y tu r n i n g R e e v e s h a n d w h e e l 15 h.p.
t o r u s e in r e s i n s (6 5 p e r c e n t ) , e s t e r s
; I r Pe r c e n t ) i d y e s a n d in t e r m e d i a t e s — w ith o u t s to p p in g m a c h in e . . . . S ta n d a rd
( 4 o p e r c e n t ) , d r u g s a n d fo o d (84 p e r ­
c e n t ) , m is c e lla n e o u s — r u b b e r o il d e m u ls i- e q u ip m e n t o n h u n d re d s o f d iffe re n t m a k e s
p i n g a g e n t s a n d m is c e lla n e o u s c h e m i­
c a ls . o f m a c h in e s u s e d in c h e m ic a l a n d p ro c e ss
r h t h a l i © P l a s t i c i z e r s — D ia m y l p h t h a l - in d u s trie s , R e e v e s d riv e s a r e a ls o e a s ily i n ­
C lv il*an u s e s d e n ie d . D ib u ty l
P h th a la te — g ra n te d in f u ll f o r h e a t - s ta lle d on m a c h in e s in s e rv ic e . W rite fo r
2 S2 i i lacci u e r s f o r fo o d c o n ta in e r s ,
f a f t. i a c c iu e r s > s h o e a d h e s iv e s , h o s p i- in fo rm a tiv e new b o o k le t, C M -4 2 3 , “ M o re
s h e e tin g , c e l lo p h a n e . G r a n t e d in f u ll MOTODRIVE— combines motor,
O u tp u t f o r V ic to ry .” variable speed drive and gear
uJL V*a?S 1 p la s t ic s . D e n ie d f o r
- r - p las,s 1 1 1 P l a s t i c s a n d a ll o th e r s . reducer (if needed). To 10 h.p.;
tt in f o r u s e in C la s s I a n d REEVES PULLEY C O M P A N Y, C olu m b us, In d ia n a speed range 2:1 through 6:1.
P la s tic s a n d d e n ie d f o r C la s s I I I a n d
d i i t w i e r? , w e re d im e th y l p h th a la te ,

REEVES
nhtv! i * P f if h a la te , d i m e t h j 'l c e llo s o lv e
b,u t ,y l P h t h a l y l b u ty l g ly c o l-
m e th v i Í e t h y l g ly c o lla te , a n d A ccu ra te
Thao w I 5 e t h y> B ly c o lla te .
n h th o i . a s in t h e c a s e o f d ic a p r v l
cellosnV vT P h th a la te , d ie th y l V a ria b le
P h th a îa te p tlla la te ’ a n d c a s t o r o il
g r a n t o i i 5 - Ç e llo s o lv e P h th a la te w as
io r c an ■> -i! f o r ru b b e ! ' s u b s t i t u t e s
fo r m i o+v.n b ° t t l e lin in g s a n d d e n ie d
oil n h t h í i eT u s e " H y d r o g e n a t e d c a s t o r
c e llo p h a n e W a s g r a n t e d in fu ll f o r S P E E D C O N T R O L
h e n o l- P h e n o l and c re so i fo r tri-

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G • JA N U A R Y 1 9 /,3 •
 c r e s y l p h o s p h a t e w e r e a llo w e d to c o v e r
a l l o c a t i o n s o f t h e s e c o m m o d itie s . P h e n o l
w a s g r a n t e d in p a r t f o r m e d ic in á i s ( 1 0
p e r c e n t o f 1941 m o n th ly a v e r a g e ) , d i s ­
i n f e c t a n t s a n d p r e s e r v a t i v e s (GO p e r c e n t
— a l t h o u g h n o d o m e s t ic c r e s o ls o r c r e s y -
lic a c i d w e r e a l l o c a t e d f o r t h i s p u r p o s e
— im p o r te d c r e s y li c a c i d w a s s u b s t i t u t e d
w h e r e p o s s ib le ) , d y e s , p ig m e n ts a n d
i n k s (5 0 p e r c e n t ) , c h e m ic a l m a n u f a c ­
t u r i n g (8 0 p e r c e n t ) . C h lo rin a te d p h e ­
n o ls w e r e g r a n t e d f o r 40 p e r c e n t o f
e s s e n tia l c iv ilia n re q u ire m e n ts . O re
f lo t a tio n m in im u m o p e ra tin g re q u ire ­
m e n t s w e r e fille d in f u ll a n d m is c e lla n e ­
o u s u s e s f o r p h e n o l w e r e fille d 50
p e rc e n t.
P h e n o lic R e s in s — S p e c ia ltie s — R e ­
q u e s t s f o r t h e f o ll o w i n g u s e s w e r e fille d
in f u ll : b o n d in g and i m p r e g n a tio n ,
r e s i n f o r u s e w ith r u b b e r , s y n t h e t i c
r u b b e r , p i t c h o r a s p h a l t in m o ld e d a r t i ­
c le s, a n d t h r e a d s e a l i n g c o m p o u n d s . T h e
f o llo w in g u s e s w e r e g r a n t e d in p a r t :
a b r a s i v e (8 0 p e r c e n t ) , f r i c t i o n m a t e r i a l
(8 4 p e r c e n t ) , la m p a n d t u b e b a s i n g (» 7
p e r c e n t ) , p a i n t a n d la c q u e r b r i s t l e s e t ­
tin g (99 p e rc e n t), in p r e g n a t i o n of
s o le n o id s a n d o t h e r e l e c t r i c a l w in d in g s
(7 0 p e r c e n t ) , c a s t i n g i m p r e g n a t i o n (95
p e r c e n t ) , b in d in g o f , c o m p o s itio n c o r k
(7 1 p e r c e n t ) . ’
M o ld in g c o m p o u n d s — F o ll o w i n g u s e s

V A L V E S . . . that operate g r a n t e d in f u l l : fo o d c lo s u r e s a n d p r i n t ­
i n g p l a t e s . G r a n t e d in p a r t : i n d u s t r i a
p o w e r a n d l i g h t (8 4 p e r c e n t ) , m e d ic a l
e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s , s c ie n tif ic i n s t r u ­

instantly . . . unfailingly m e n t p a r t s (69 p e r c e n t ) , c iv i l i a n e le c ­

t r i c a l a p p a r a t u s , c lo s u r e s o t h e r t h a n
fo o d , w in e a n d li q u o r (8 5 p e r c e n t ) , i n ­
d u s t r i a l e q u ip m e n t (7 0 p e r c e n t ) , a g r i ­

FOR FIRE P R O T E C T I O N
c u l t u r a l e q u ip m e n t (6 1 p e r c e n t ) , h e a l t h
a n d s a n i t a t i o n (2 9 p e r c e n t ) , r e p l a c e ­
m e n t f o r c iv ilia n a p p l i a n c e s (7 2 p e r ­
c e n t ) , t e x t i l e s , r a y o n e q u ip m e n t a n d
p a r t s (68 p e r c e n t ) , r e p la c e m e n t p a r t s
E verlasting V a lv e s, w eigh t-op erated w ith f o r a u t o m o t i v e u s e (8 9 p e r c e n t ) . D e­
n ie d w e r e r e q u e s t s f o r m a t e r i a l f o r
p end ulu m stop; a re e x p r e ssly suited to a m u s e m e n t a rtic le s , a s h tr a y s , a n d fo r
w in e a n d li q u o r c lo s u r e s . P h e n o lic
fire protection serv ice. T hese positive- re s in a lr e a d y h a d b e e n re m o v e d fro m
c iv ilia n b u t t o n s a n d n o n e w a s g r a n t e d
actin g, thorou ghly relia b le v a lv e s are fo r t h a t p u rp o se .
L a m in a te s — R e q u e s ts fo r m a te r ia l fo r
w id e ly u sed on foam sy ste m s, sprinkler s a f e t v h e lm e ts w e r e g r a n t e d in fu ll.
U se fo r e le c tr ic a l in s u la tin g p a r t s w e re
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C lO S tN O TYPE
d isch a rg e, e n a m e llin g tank d isch arge, s t r u c t u r a l u s e s (5 7 p e r c e n t ) , p h e n o lic
g e a r s , g e a r b la n k s , s h e e t m a t e r i a l f o r
electric gen erator protection, a n d sim ilar u s e in g e a r s (5 5 p e r c e n t ) , c o r r o s io n
r e s i s t a n t p a r t s (4 9 p e r c e n t ) , a n d h e a t
CLOSING TYPE se r v ic e s. i n s u l a t i o n (53 p e r c e n t ) . R e q u e s ts fo r
d e c o ra tiv e p u rp o s e s h a d a lr e a d y b een
F o r e m e rg e n c y shut-off of th e flow d e n ie d a n d n o s u c h r e q u e s t s w e r e m a d e
of in fla m m a b le liq u id s o r to c o n ­
c e n tra te w a te r o r s te a m on fire FEATURES f o r t h e m o n th .
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li n e r s f o r f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e , m e d ic in a l
w h ic h w i l l n o t c o r r o d e u n d e r w o r k in g c o n d itio n s a n d c h e m ic a l c o n t a i n e r s ( 4o p e r c e n t ) ,
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p l a n t s , b r id g e s , w a t e r s y s te m s a n d r a i l ­
s tu f f in g box t h a t m ig h t be im p r o p e r ly packed r o a d s , e l e c t r i c a l e q u ip m e n t, in s u l a t i o n
in s tru m e n ts , s u rv e y in g , fla s h lig h ts ( 2 a
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d e s ig n p e r m its fu ll, u n im p e d e d flo w in a g r i c u l t u r e a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n e q u ip ­
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d e lu g e or w a te r c u rta in s y ste m s or P ly w o o d a d h e s i v e s — A ll c iv i l i a n r e ­
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point of s a f e ty . Sizes 1-in. to 8-in. P a r a P h e n y l P h e n o l R e s in s — F o l l o w ­
i n g c iv i l i a n r e q u e s t s w e r e fille d in p a r t :
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EVERLASTING VALVE COMPANY e le c tric a l e q u ip m e n t, s w i tc h b o a rd s,
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c a lly , or m anually from any p a p e r li n e r s f o r b o t t l e c a p s ( 1 p e r c e n t ) ,
or m a ny sources.
49 FISK STREET JERSEY CITY, N. J . and c o a te d a b ra s iv e s (10 p e rc e n t).
D e n ie d w e r e : r o a d b u i l d i n g e q u ip m e n t,

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F A I R B A N K S - M O R S E
D IE S EL ENGINES WATER SYSTEM S
PUMPS FARM EQUIPMENT
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IN D U ST R IA L C H E M IC A L S

C u rren t Price L ast M onth L a st Ye

C u rre n t Price L a st M onth L ast Year

Acetone, drum s, l b . . . .................. S0.0S5-S0.109 S0.085-S0.109

Acid, acetic, 2S% , bbl., c w t.. . . . ! 3 .3 8 - 3 .6 3 S0.16S-S0.173 Lead:
3.3 8 - 3.63 3 .3 8 - 3.63 W hite, basic carbonate, dry
G lacial 99.5% , d ru m s .................. 9 .1 5 - 9 .4 0 9.1 5 - 9 .4 0 9.15 - 9.40
u . S. P X 1, 99.5% , d r ............. 10.95 -1 1 .2 0 10.95 - 1 1 . 2 0 10.95 casks, lb ................. .0 8 } - . 0 8 } - . ..
- 1 1 . 2 0 W hite, basic sulphate, sck., lb • 0 7 } -...........
Boric, bbl., to n .............................. 109.00-113.00 109.00-113.00 -07}- . 0 7 } - . .. .0 6 } -...........
C itric, kegs, l b ............................. 106.00-111.00 R ed, dry, sck., l b .......................... .0 9 } - .09}
.20 - .23 .20 - .23 .20 - .23 0 9 } - .. .OS}-...........
Form ic, coys, lb .................. . 1 0 }- .11 Lead acetate, w hite crys., bid., lb, . 12 } - .13 . 1 2} -
. 10 } - . 1 1 . 1 0 }- . 1 1 Lead arsenate, powd., bag, l b . .. .12 - .13
G allic, tccH., bbl., l b . ......... 1 . 1 0 - 1.15 1 . 1 0 - 1.15 .11 - .12 .1 1 - .0 9 } - . 1 1
H ydrofluoric 30% drum s, l b * .’ 1 . 1 0 - 1.15 Lime, chem., bulk, t o n . . . . . ___ 8 .5 0 - .
.OS - .OS} .08 - .08} .08 - .08} 8 .5 0 - . . 8 .5 0 - ...........
Lactic, 4 4% , tech., light, bbl., lb. .0 7 3 - . o r - Litharge, powd., csk., lb ............... .OS}-. . 0S}-
.0 7 3 - .075 . 073- .075 Lithopone, bags, l b .......................... .0 7 3 5 -...........
M u riatic IS 0, tanks, c w t.......... 1.0 5 - . 1.05 - •04}- .04} .0 4 }- .04 .0 4 }- .04}
N itric, 36°, carboys, l b ............. 1.05 - M agnesium carb., tech., bags, lb.! .0 6 } - .06}
.05 - .051 .05 - .0 6 }- .0 6 } - .06}
Oleum, tanks, wks.. t o n . I S .50 -2 0 .0 0 18.50 -2 0*..005} 0
.05 - . 05} M ethanol, 95% , tanks, g al............ .60 - . .60 - ,
Oxalic, crystals, bbl., l b ' 1S.50 - 20.00 97 %, tanks, g a l........................ .60 - . .60
11 } - .13 . 1 1 } - .13 .5 5 } -.
Phosphoric, tech., c’bys., l b . .. . .0 7 } - .081 . H i ­ .13 Synthetic, tanks, g a l. ............. .28 .28 - .
.0 7 } - .OS} lé ­ .OS} Nickel salt, double, bbl., l b ........... .28 - .
Sulphuric, 60°, tanks, to n .......... 13.00 13.00 - . .1 3 } - .13} } - .13 .1 3 }- .13}
Sulphuric, 66°, tanks, to n .......... 16.50 - . i s . 00 - . Orange mineral, csk., l b ................. . 1 2 } -.
Tannic, tech., bbl., l b ..................
16.50 - 16.50 - . Phosphorous, red, cases, lb ............ .40 - .42
. 1 2 i: - ......... . 1 1 } -.
.71 - .73 .71 - .73 .71 - ‘ .‘73* 40 .42 .40 - .*42*
T artaric, powd., bbl., lb ............. .70 - . Yellow, cases, lb ............................ .18 - .25 .18 - .25 .18 - .25
.70 - .70 Potassium bichrom ate, casks, l b . .
Tungstic, bbl., lb .......................... nom . nom • 093- .1 0 .0 9 3 - .1 0 .093- .1 0
Alcohol, a m y l..................................... n o m ........... C arbonate, S0-85% ,calc.csk.,lb. .0 6 }- .07 .0 6 }- .07 .0 6 } - .07
From P en tan c, tanks, lb ............. .’ Í 3 Í - ! *; í 3 í - C hlorate, powd., l b ...................... .1 0 - .1 2 .1 0 - .12 . 1 0 - .1 2
*! ¿¿i-.* ; .*.*; ; Hydroxide (c’stic potash) dr., lb.
Alcohol, B utyl, tanks, l b ................ . 1 2 }- • 141 . 1 2 }- .14} .1 5 8 -...........
.07 - .07} .07 - .07} .07 - .07}
Alcohol, E th y l, 190 p’f., bbl., gal. S . 19 - í M uriate, 60% bags, u n it........... .5 3 } -. .5 3 } -. .5 3 } -..
S. 19 - 8.2 5 S . 19 - 8.25 N itrate, bbl., l b ..........................
D enatured, 190 p ro o f.................. .0 5 } - .06 .0 5 }- :ó6 .0 5 } - • 06
No. 1 special, dr., gal. w k s ... ! é ó ‘- ! ! Perm anganate, drum s, lb ......... .1 9 } - .20 .1 9 } - .20
"é ó -: .60 - . .2 0
Alum, am m onia, lum p, bbl., l b . .. .0 3 }- .04 .0 3 }- .04 .0 3 } - .04
Prussiate, yellow, casks, lb ___ .17 - .18 .17 - .18 •{2*: .IS
P otash , lum p, bbl., l b ................. .04 - .04} Sal am m oniac, white, casks, l b . . .0515- .06 .0515- ..06 ..
.04 - .04} .04 - .04} Salsoda, bbl., cw t............................ .*0515 06
A lum inum sulphate, com. bags, 1.00 - 1.05 1.00 - 1.05 1. 0 0 1.05
c w t............................................ Salt cake, bulk, to n ................... 17.00 17.00 - .........
1.15 - 1.40 1.15 - 1.40 1.15 - 1.40 Soda ash, light, 58% , bags, con-| 17.00 ■
Iro n free, bg., c w t........................ 1.85 - 2.10 1.85 - 2.10 1.85 - 2.10 tra c t, c w t.................................... 1.05 - ........... 1.05 - ...........
A qua am m onia, 26°, drum s, l b . . . . 0 2 }- .03 . 0 2 }- .03 . 02}- 03 D ense, bags, c w t...................... .! 1.05 - ...........
tanks, l b . . . . .02 - .0 2 ; .02 - . 0 2 } .02 - 1 . 1 0 - ................. 1 . 1 0 - ................. 1 . 1 0 - ...........
02} Soda, caustic, 76% , solid, drum s,
A m m onia, anhydrous, cyl., l b . . . . .16 - . .16 - .16 - . cw t.......................................
tanks, lb . . . .0 4 }-. .0 4 1 -. .0 4 }-. 2.3 0 - 3.00 2 .3 0 - 3 .0 0 2 .3 0 - 3 .0 0
A m m onium carbonate,pow d.tech., A cetate, del., bbl., lb .......... . 0 5 - .06 .05 - .06
Bicarbonate, bbl., c w t........ .05 - .06
casks, lb ....................................... .0 9 } - . 1 2 .0 9 } - . 1 2 1.70 - 2.00 1.70 - 2 .0 0 1.70 - 2 .0 0
.0 9 }- . 1 2 B ichrom ate, casks, l b .................. .0 7 1 - .08
S ulphate, wks., t o n ...................... 29.20 - 29 .2 0 - . 29.00 - .0 7 1 - .08 .072- .08
A m ylacetate tech., from pentane, B isulphate, bulk, to n ................ .. 16.00 -1 7 .0 0 16.00 -1 7 .0 0 16.00 -1 7 .0 0
tanks, l b .......................................... B isulphite, bbl., lb ............... .03 - .04 .03 - .04
.1 4 5 - ........... .145- .1 4 5 -........... Chlorate, kegs, lb ................. ■03 - .04
A ntim ony Oxide, bbl., l b ! .15 - ........... .15 - .0 6 } - .06} .0 6 } - .06} .0 6 } - .06}
.15 - ........... Cyanide, cases, dom., l b . .. .14 - .15
Arsenic, w hite, powd., bbl., l b ___ .04 - .04} .04 - .04} .04 - .04} .14 - .15 .14 - .15
R ed, pow d., kegs, l b .................... Fluoride, bbl., l b .................. .OS - .09 .08 - .09
nom ........... nom n o m ........... H yposulphite, bbl., c w t. . . .08 - .09
B arium carbonate, bbl., to n .......... 60.00 -6 5 .0 0 60.00 -6 5 .0 0 60.00 -6 5 .0 0 2 .4 0 - 2 .5 0 2 .4 0 - 2 .5 0 2 .4 0 - 2.50
Chloride, bbl., to n ........................ 79.00 - S I . 00 '9 .0 0 -8 1 .0 0 79.00 -8 1 .0 0 M etasilicate, bbl., cw t. . . . 2 .5 0 - 2.65 2 .5 0 - 2 .6 5 2 .5 0 - 2.65
N itrate, bulk, c w t............... 1.35 - ......... 1.35 -
N itra te , casks, l b .......................... .1 1 - .12 . 1 1 - .12 . 1 1 - .12 N itrite, casks, l b ........................... .0 6 } - .07 .0 6 J - .07
1.35 - ............
B lanc fix, d ry , bbl., lb ___ .0 3 } - .04 .0 3 }- .04 .0 3 }- .04 Phosphate, tribasic, bags, l b . . . 2 .7 0 - ........... 2 .7 0 - .0 6 J - .07
Bleaching pow der, f.o.b wks. Prussiate, yel. drum s, lb ___ 2 .7 0 - . .
drum s, c w t...................................... 2 .2 5 - 2 .3 5 . 1 0 }- .11 . 1 0 }- ! i i ' . 1 0 }- . 11
2 .2 5 - 2-.35 2.25 - 2.35 Silicate (40° dr.), wks., cw t.
Borax, gran., bags, to n .................... 44 .0 0 - ......... 44.00 - 44.00 - ...........
.80 - .85 .S 0 - • S5 .80 - .85
B rom ine, cs., l b ................................. Sulphide, fused, 60-62% , dr. lb. .03 - .03} .03 - .03} .03 -
.30 - .32 .30 - .32 30 - .32 Sulphite, crys., bbl., lb . .. .03}
C alcium acetate, b ag s...................... 3 .0 0 - ......... . 02} - . 0 2 } . 02} - . 02} . 02} - . 0 2 }
3.0 0 - 3-00 - ........... Sulphur, crude a t mine, bulk, ton. 16.00 - . 16.00 - .
A rsenate, dr., lb ............................ .07 - .OS .07 - .08 .0 6 }- .07 Chloride, dr., lb ............ 16.00 - .
C arbide drum s, l b ........................ .03 - .04 .03 - ’ . 04 .03 - .04
.0 4 } - .05 .0 4 }- .05 .0 4 }- .05 Dioxide, cyl., l b ............................. .07 - .OS
C hloride, fused, dr., del., t o n . . . 1 5 .00 -2 4 .0 0 1 5 .00 -2 4 .0 0 18.00 -2 4 .0 0 .07 - .OS .07 - .08
Flour, bag, cw t......................... 1.90 - 2 .4 0 1.90 - 2 .4 0
flake, bags., del., to n . I S .50 -2 5 .0 0 I S .50 -2 5 .0 0 18.50 -2 5 .0 0 Tin Oxide, bbl., lb ........................... 1.90 - 2 .4 0
Pho sp h ate, bbl., l b ....................... .5 5 —.......... .55 - . .55 - ...........
.0 7 1 - .OS .0 7 } - .OS .0 7 } - . OS
. 07}- C rystals, bbl., l b ............................! .3 9 } - ...........
•Carbon bisulphide, drum s, lb ........ .0 5 }- .05} ......... .0 5 } -........... .3 9 } -. .3 9 } -.
Zinc, chloride, gran., bbl., lb......... .0 5 } - .06 .05 - .06 .05 -
T etrachloride drum s, g a l............ .73 - .80 .73 - .SO .73 - .80 C arbonate, bbl., l b ....................... .06
. 1 4 - .15 .14 - .15 .14 .15
C hlorine,liquid,tanks, wks., 100 lb. 2.00 - 2 .0 0 -, 2 .0 0 - ................. Cyanide, dr., l b ............................. .3 3 - .35 .33 - .35 .33
C y lin d ers......................................... .0 5 } - .06 .0 5 }- ‘ .'06‘ .0 5 }- .06 D ust, bbl., l b ................................. .35
C obalt oxide, cans, l b . .................. •1 0 } - . . . . . . . 1 0 }-. .09}
.0 9 } -.
1.S4 - 1.S7 1.S4 - 1. 1.S4 - 1.87 Zinc oxide, lead free, bag, l b ......... •0 7 } -...........
C opperas, bgs., f.o.b., wks., ton.. 15.00 -1 9 .0 0 1 5 .00 -1 9 .0 0 IS .00 -1 9 .0 0 •0 7 } -......... .0 7 } -.
C opper carbonate, bbl., l b ........... . 1 8 - . 20 .IS- .20 •IS - .20
5% leaded, bags, l b ...................... •0 7 3 -........... •0 7 } - ..... .0 7 } -.
Sulphate, bbl., c w t....................... 3 .8 5 - 4 .0 0 3.8 5 - 4.00 3.40
S ulphate, bbl., c w t..................... 5 .1 5 - 5.4 0 5.1 5 - 5.4 0 5 .1 5 - 5.40 3 .5 0
C ream of ta rta r, bbl., l b ............... • .57 - ........... .57 - ......... .57 - ...........
D iethylene glycol, d r.. l b ............. .14 - .15} . 1 4 - .15} . 1 4 - .15}
E psom salt, dom., tech., bbl., cwt. 1.9 0 - 2 .0 0 1.90 - 2 .0 0 1.90 - 2.00 OILS AND FA TS
E th y l acetate, drum s, lb ................. . 1 2 - .............. .1 2 - .............. .1 2 - ..................
Form aldehyde, 40% , bbl., l b ......... .0 5 1 - .06 .0 5 }- .06} .05}- .06
F u rfu ral, tanks, l b ............................ .09 - ........... .09 - ......... .09 -
Fusel oil, drum s, l b ...................... . I S - .19 . I S - .19 .IS - *í 6 ’
G laubers salt, bags, c w t.................. 1.05 - 1.10 1.05 - 1.10 1.05 - 1.10
G lycerine, c.p., drum s, ex tra, l b . . • IS } -........... • IS } -......... .1 8 } -.
C astor oil, No. 3 bbl., l b ................
C hina wood oil, bbl., l b ....................
C oconut oil, Ceylon, tank, N. Y.,
l b .......................................................
C orn oil crude, tanks (f.o.b, mill).
l b ....................................................... . 12 3- . 1 2 } -. . 1 2 }-.
C ottonseed oil, crude (f.o.b. mill),
tanks, l b . . ................................... 123- • 1 2 } - ......... . 1 2 } -.
Linseed oil, raw car lots, bbl., lb .. :i3 4 - :::::; .1 2 8 -......... . 1 1 1 -.
The a cco m p a n y in g p rices refer to round Palm , casks, lb ................................... .09 - ........... .09 - ......... .09 - .
P e a n u t oil, crude, tanks (m ill), lb. .13 - ........... .13 - ......... .13
lots in the N ew York m arket. W here it R apeseed oil, refined, bbl., l b . . . . n o m ........... n o m ......... nom .
Soya bean, tank, l b ............... .......... . 1 1 } - ...........
is the trade custom to sell f.o.b. works, S ulphur (olive foots), b b l , lb . . . . nom ...........
■ U l - .........
nom _
. 1 1 } -.
.19 - .
quotations are g iv en on that b a sis and Cod, N ew foundland, b! . ¿ a l. . . . nom ........... n o m ......... nom .
M enhaden, lig h t presse ', bbl., lb. .1 1 7 -........... .1 1 7 -......... . 1 1 2 -,
a re so d esign ated . Prices are corrected Crude, ta n k s (f.o.b. factory) lb. .0 8 8 - ........... .08.8-......... .08
Grease, yellow, loose, l b .................. .O S}-........... .0 8 } -.........
to January 14 Oleo stearin e, l b .......................... .0 9 } - ...... .0 9 } - .........
-093-.
.0 9 } -.
Oleo oil, No. 1 .................. • 1 1 } - ........... • 1 1 } - ......... . 1 1 } -.
R ed oil, distilled, dp.p. bbl,, l b . . . . 11 } - ........... .12
T allow ex tra, loose, lb ...................... :osj:;:;::; .0 8 } -......... .0 9 } -.

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G . JA N U A R Y 1 9 A3
187
 Ghem. & M et's W eighted Price Indexes
O IL S AND FA TS

' |j FM AM J J A S O N d |J F M A M J J A S 0 N d j î=M Â M J j A S 0 Nd |J F M AH J J A S O Ń tí J F M A M J J A S O N O ll F MAM J J A S O N D J FM AHJ J A SO N D J F M A M J J A S ON D

h 1939------ -ä-t-------1 9 4 0 - 1 9 4 1 ------ > f * ------ 1 9 4 2 ------ H 193 9 --------------- 1 9 4 0 -- H * - ------ 1 941-------------- — 1 9 4 2 -------H

100 5 "° 1
-a -. ■ ■« ■ Y 105 c. _ i
vO — -z A L L C O M M O D IT IE S N ON-FERROUS METAL
o 95 BU 1FAU OF LABOR STATISTIC s '6/NEE/-

. 1
¿100
è 1942 S 95
o
90 ^1941
I 90
19414 \ ----
1942'
JO 8S _ § 85 _ ___ ______ — ■ — 1
.K -------- r r ~
,8 0 —— ---- - 1940 y
—■-=■ -- -
CO
o

E
2 — £ 75
X
71 "Ñ194 u I 70
73 70 * 65
C
-S 6 0
65 -£ 55
Dec. Jan. Feb. M ar Apn May J u n e J u ly Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Dec. Ja n . Feb. M ar Apr. M a y Ju n e July Aug. Sep t Oct. Nov. Dec.

C o a l-T a r P r o d u c ts M i s c e l l a n e o u s

L a st M o n th L a st Y ear C u rre n t Price L a st M onth L a s t Y ear

C u rre n t Price

A lpha-napthol, crude bbl.. lb ........ SO.5 2 - SO.55 SO.5 2 - SO.55 SO.52 -SO 55 B arytes, grd., w hite, bbl., t o n . . . . S22.00-S25.00 S22.00-S25.00 S22.00-S25.00
.34 .32 - 34 .32 - 34 C asein, tech., bbl., l b ....................... .19 - .20 .19 - .20 .2 9 1 - -30
A lpha-naphthylam ine, bbl., lb ----- .32 -
A niline oil, drum s, ex tra, lb ........... .15 - .16 .15 - 16 .15 - 16 C hina clay, dom ., f.o.b. mine, ton. 5 . 00 -2 0 .0 0 8 .0 0 - 20 .0 0 8 .0 0 - 2 0 .0 0
A niline, salts, bbl., l b ....................... . 2 2 - .24 . 22 - 24 . 22 - 24 D ry colors
.95 .85 - 95 .85 - 95 C arbon gas, black (w ks,), l b . .. .0 3 3 5 - .30 .0335- .30 .0 3 3 5 - .30
B enzalaehvde, U .S .P.. dr., lb ........ .85 - .37 .36 - .37
.70 - .7 5 .70 - 75 .70 - 75 Prussian blue, bbl., l b .................. .36 - .37 .36 -
B enzidine base, bbl., l b ................... .11 .26 .11 - .26
Benzoic acid, U .S.P., kgs., lb ......... .54 - .56 .54 - 56 .54 - 56 U ltram arin e blue, bbl., l b .......... .11 - .26 -

.25 .2 3 - 25 .23 - 25 C hrom e green, bbl., l b ................ .2 1 1 - .30 . 211 - .30 .2 1 1 - .30
B enzyl chloride, tech., d r., l b . . . . .23 - 4 .7 5 4 .6 0 - 4 .7 5
.15 .15 . .14 . C arm ine, red, tins, l b .................. 4 .6 0 - 4 .7 5 4 .6 0 -
Benzol, 90%, ta n k s, works, g a l ... .75 - .80 .75 - .SO
B eta-naphthol, tech., drum s, lb ... .23 - .2 3 - 24" .23 - .2 4 ’ P a ra toner, lb ................................. .75 - .80
.11 - .11 . 101- . 11 Vermilion, E nglish, bbl., lb . — 3 .0 5 - 3 .1 0 3 .0 5 - 3 .1 0 3 .2 0 - 3 .2 5
Cresol, U .S.P., dr., l b ...................... .11 .1 4 1 - -151
Cresylic acid, dr., w ks., g a l............ .81 - ■; ś 3 ‘ .S I - .S3 .81 - .83 C hrom e yellow, C .P ., bbl., l b . . . .1 4 1 - . 151 .1 4 1 - .151
.45 .40 - .45 .40 - .45 Feldspar, N o. 1 (f.o.b.N .C .), to n . 6 .5 0 - 7 .5 0 6 .5 0 - 7 .5 0 6 .5 0 - 7 .5 0
D iethylaniline, dr., l b ...................... .4 0 - .10
D initrophenol, bbl., l b ..................... .23 - .25 .2 3 - .25 .23 - .25 G raphite, C eylon,-lum p, bbl., l b . . .08 - .10 .OS - .10 .OS -
.1 8 - .19 .18 - .19 G um copal Congo, bags, l b ............ .09 - .30 .09 - .30 .09 - .30
D initrotoluol, bbl., l b ...................... .18 - .19 .09 - .15
.23 - .2 5 .2 3 - .25 .23 - .25 M anila, bags, lb ............................. .09 - .15 .09 - .14
D ip oil, 15% , dr.. g a l....................... .2 2 .20 .10 - .2 2
D iphenylam ine, a r. f.o.b. wks., lb, .60 - .60 .7 0 . D em ar, B atav ia , cases, l b .......... .1 0 - .1 0 -
H -acid, bbl., l b ................................... .4 5 - ! 50 .4 5 - '.bo .45 - '.ho K auri, cases, l b .............................. .18 - .60 .17 - .60 .1 8 - ‘.60
.071 .07 - .071 .07 - .071 K ieselguhr (f.o.b. m ines), to n . . . , 7 .0 0 -4 0 .0 0 7 .0 0 -4 0 .0 0 7 .0 0 -4 0 .0 0
N aphthalene, flake, bbl., l b ........... .07 - 65.00
N itrobenzene, d r., lb ............... .0 8 - .09 .OS - .09 .o s - .09 M agnesite, calc, t o n ....................... 64 .0 0 - 6 4 .0 0 - ...........
.47 - .49 .47 - .49 .47 - .49 Pum ice stone, lum p, bbl., l b . ----- .05 - .07 .05 - .OS .05 • .07
P ara-n itran ilin e, bbl., l b ......... nom nom ........... nom ...........
Phenol, U .S .P., drum s, lb ----- .13 - .13 .1 3 - . Im ported, casks, l b ....................
Picric acid, bbl., l b .................. .3 5 - ’ ‘
. 46’ .3 5 - :46‘ .3 5 - .40* R osin, H ., 100 l b ............................. 4 .1 0 ■
.70 ■
3 .9 7 - ........... 3.7*) - ...........
.6 9 1 - ........... .7 9 1 -...........
Pyridine, d r., g a l............................... 1 .7 0 - 1.80 1 .7 0 - 1 .80 1.70 - .80 T urp en tin e, g a l................................
.SO .7 5 - .SO .75 - .80 Shellac, orange, fine, bags, l b . . . . .39 • .39 - ........... .43 - ...........
R esorcinoi, tech., kegs., l b ............. .7 5 - .40 - ...........
Salicylic acid, tech., bbl., lb ......... .3 3 - .40 .3 3 - .40 .3 3 - .40 B leached, bonedry, bags, l b . .. .39 .39 . . . . . .
.27 .27 T . N . bags, lb ............................... .31 .31 - ......... .32 - ...........
Solvent n a p h th a , w.w., ta n k s, gal .27 - 10.00
Tolidine. bbl., l b ............................. . 86 - . 86 - ;ś ś ‘ . 86 - !às’j Soapstone (f.o.b. V t.), bags, ton. 10.00 12.00 1 0 . 0 0 - 1 2 . 0 0 -1 2 .0 0
.33 - .33 - . . .32 - . Talc. 200 m esh (f.o.b. V t-), to n .. 8.00 S .50 8 .0 0 - 8 .5 0 5 . 00 - S .50
Toluol, drum s, works, g a l............. 6 .0 0 - 8 .0 0 6 .0 0 - 8 .0 0
X ylol, com., ta n k s, g a l.................. .26 - .26 - . . .26 200 m esh (f.o.b. G a.), to n . . .. 6 .0 0 8 .0 0
I

I n d u s t r i a l N o te s

W h e e l c o I n s t r u m e n t s C o ., C h ic ag o , h a s M. G. H u n tin g to n m a n a g e r o f i t s n a tio n a l tr a n s f e r r e d F r a n k A . H a a g , f o r m e r e a s te r n
a p p o in te d R o g e r W. A lle n s o u th e a s te r n d is ­ s a le s a n d s e r v ic e d iv is io n in th e W a s h in g to n m a n a g e r , to th e m a in office ■where h e s u c ­
t r i c t m a n a g e r w ith h e a d q u a r t e r s a t 3 0 5 T e c h - office. H e su c c e e d s K . D . S m ith w h o h a s b e en cee d s P a u l R. P o r t t e u s a s s a le s m a n a g e r .
w o o d D riv e , A t l a n t a , G a. t r a n s f e r r e d t o D e tr o it.
C h a in B e l t Co., M ilw a u k e e , h a s p r o ­
B l a c k m e r P u m p C o ., G ra n d R a p id s, M ich., L u k e n s S t e e l C o ., C o a te s v ille , P a ., h a s m o te d G. D . G ilb e r t s a le s m a n a g e r o f th e
is n o w re p r e s e n te d in O k la h o m a a n d w e s te r n a n n o u n c e d th e a p p o in tm e n t o f C h a r le s L. B a ld w in -D u e k w o r th d iv is io n , S p rin g fie ld .
A r k a n s a s by th e P o w e r M a c h in e ry C o rp ., 2 1 5 H u s to n , J r ., a s a s s i s t a n t to th e p r e s id e n t. M ass., to th e p o s itio n o f g e n e r a l m a n a g e r of
N o r th D e tr o it S t., T u ls a , O k la. t h a t d iv is io n a n d a ls o e le c te d h im s e c r e ta r y
P h il l ip s P etro leum C o ., B a r tle s v ille , of th e c o m p a n y to s u c c e e d A. R . A b e lt w h o
O k la ., h a s m o v e d th e g e n e r a l offices o f th e h a s b e en m a d e v ic e -p re s id e n t a n d d ir e c to r .
R eynolds M eta ls C o ., a i r c r a f t p a r t s d iv i­ P h ilg a s d iv is io n f r o m D e tr o it to th e m a in
s io n , L o u isv ille , h a s n a m e d H a r r y G . S m ith offices o f th e c o m p a n y .
o p e r a tio n s m a n a g e r . M r. S m ith w ill s u p e r D e t r o it R e x P r o d u c t s C o ., D e tr o it, h a s
in te n d th e o p e r a tio n o f five a d d itio n a l p la n t m o v e d its offices in L o s A n g e le s to 1 5 0 6 S a n ta
E. L e it z , I n c ., N ew Y o rk , h a s a p p o in te d F e A ve. S. B. C ro o k s h a s b e e n tr a n s f e r r e d
b u ild in g s w h ic h h a v e j u s t b e en le a s e d by th e C h a r le s E . K id n e r g e n e r a l m a n a g e r . M r.
com pany. fr o m th e m id w e s te r n re g io n to m a n a g e th e
K id n e r w ill c o n tin u e a s v ic e -p re s id e n t o f th e L o s A n g e le s office. W . A. V e n se l fo r m e r ly
K a l a r t C o., S ta m f o r d , C onn. P a c ific re g io n m a n a g e r w ill s u p e r v is e s a le s
C r o c k b r -W h e b l e r E l e c t r ic M f g . C o .,
A m p e re , N . J ., h a s a p p o in te d W . L . B u c h a n a n T h e D ayton R u b b e r M f g . C o ., D a y to n , a n d s e r v ic e in th e s o u th e r n s ta t e s .
field m a n a g e r o f re n e w a l p a r t s s a le s w ith h a s n a m e d C. D . B u c h e r d ir e c to r o f p u r ­
h e a d q u a r t e r s in th e C h ic ag o office o f th e c h a s e s to s u c c e e d J . C. C u n n in g h a m r e ­ A t l a s P o w d e r C o ., W ilm in g to n , h a s n a m e d
com pany. F r a n k G . P o llo c k a s g e n e r a l m a n a g e r o f th e
s ig n e d . e x p lo siv e s d e p a r tm e n t to s u c c e e d th e la te
T h e B . F . G o o d r ic h C o ., A k ro n , h a s m a d e K old -H o ld M f g . C o ., L a n s in g , M ich ., h a s W . T . P e n n im a n .

18S • JA N U A R Y I W • C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G
 M a g n e tic S e p a r a to r . . .

...with B roa d Application A P P L IC A T IO N S O F

DINGS CR O C K ET T
Possibilities SEPA RA TO RS:
• The Dings Crockett S eparator is a w et type
1, C o n c e n tr a tin g m a g n e t i t e ,
m achine, h av in g a high capacity a n d c a p a ­
ilm e n ite and s im ila r m in ­
ble of producing am azingly clean cut sep­
erals. j
arations. A w et feed enters the m achine a n d
H ^ rr^e(^ ky a n endless belt u n d er a series 2 , C le a n in g fe rro -s ilic o n m e ­
of High Intensity selective pickup sections. dium in s i n k a n d f l o a t
Dings is actively seeking new applications process.
for this m achine a n d will w elcom e your in­ 3 , C o n c e n t r a t i n g b la s t f u r ­
quiries if you feel that it m ay fit your picture. naces flu e dusts to o v e r ­
Com plete inform ation supplied on request com e d ilu tio n o f c h a r g e w hen
w ithout an y obligation on your part.
t h e y a re r e c o v e r e d a n d r e ­
DINGS M A G N E T IC SEPARA TO R CO. t u r n e d to s m elting process.
5 0 5 E . S m it h St. • M ilw a u k e e , W is.
W o r l d s Largest Exclusive Builder of M a g n e tic Equipm ent
S E P A R A T IO N - C O N C E N T R A T IO N
C R U S H E R A N D G R IN D E R P R O T E C T IO N

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G . JA N U A R Y 1 9 /,S .
 N EW CONSTRUCTION

-C u rre n t Projecbs- -C u m u la tiv e 1942-

PR O PO SED W ORK Proposed
Proposed
Work- C ontracts W ork C o n tracts
$40.000 $40,000 $2,710,000 $ 4 ,555,000
C alif., Los A ngeles—The U nited S ta te s Gyp­ New E n g la n d ......................
12 0 ,0 0 0 195,000 7 ,2 7 1 ,0 0 0 109.581.000
sum Co., 8430.; Q uartz Ave., South Gate, M iddle A tla n tic ..................
m a n u fa c tu re r of w all board products, in ­ 11.640.000 9 8 ,373,000
S o u th .....................................
su latin g board, etc ., plans th e construction 3 .2 5 0 .0 0 0 2 .7 2 0 .0 0 0 109.185.000 195.245.000
of an addition to its storage and d is trib u t­ M iddle W est. . ................
1.080.000 2 .7 8 5 .0 0 0 189.857.000 4 0 9.008.000
ing building. W est of M ississippi...........
240.000 40,000 21.080.000 148.862.000
F a r W e s t . . . . ; ..................
190.000 3 .2 9 0 .0 0 0 26,773,000 9 ,2 4 5 ,0 0 0
Ind., Kokomo— Kokomo S an itary P o ttery Co., C a n a d a .............................
C. Leo W illiam s, Plant Mgr., N orth W ash­
ington S t., plans to rebuild ils p lan t here $4 ,920,000 $0 ,0 7 6 ,0 0 0 $368,516,000 $974,869,000
which was recently destroyed by lire. E s ti­
m ated cost including equipm ent $150,000.

L ouisiana—D efense P lan t Corp., W ashington,

I). C.f has entered into a contract w ith the
R ubber R eserve Corp. to construct a syn­ Ont., M erritto n —A lliance P a p e r Mills, M errit- Texas—Goodrich R ubber Co. and Goodrich
th e tic rubber p la n t to be operated by the ton, are receiving bids for the construction T ire & R ubber Co.. Akron, O., has aw arded
Copolymer Corp. The o p eratin g company of a 2 story, 28x60 ft. plant, L ybster Div. th e c o n tra c t for the construction of p la n ts
lias been formed by th e A rm strong R ubber E stim a te d cost $50,000. to O. W . Collins, Port A rthur. E stim ated
Co.. D ayton R ubber M an u factu rin g Co., cost $07,000 and $70,000 respectively.
G ates R ubber Co.. Lake Shore Tiro & R ub­
b e r Co., Mansfteld T ire & R ubber Co., Penn­ Rue., M ontreal — Dominion T a r & Chemical
Co., 3547 A llard S t., plans the construc­ Texas—Lake Creek R ecycling P la n t, c /o
sylvania Rubber Co. and Sears, Roebuck Co. Superior Oil Co., Lake Creek, lias aw arded
tion of a 40x120 f t. brick addition to its
p la n t. E stim a te d cost $40,000. the c o n tra c t for the construction of a 1
M inn., St. P au l—Tw in City T estin g & E n g i­ story laboratory to Fluor Corp., L td.,
neering L aboratory, 0 . W . B ritzin s, Pros. Mellie Esperson Bldg., H ouston. E stim ated
2482 U niversity A ve., is having plans p re ­ Que., St. Jero m e—Dominion R ubber Co., L td ., cost $73,200.
pared by Toltz, K ing & Day, A rch ts., 150!) 550 Papineau Ave., M ontreal, Que., plans
P ioneer B ldg., for the construction of a to co n stru ct an addition to its p la n t here.
E stim ated cost $40,000. T exas— U. S. G overnm ent, W ashington, D. C.,
1-story, 40x120 ft. brick and tile laboratory h a s aw arded the co n tra c t fo r the construc­
building a t F ran k lin and Cromwell Aves. tion of a p la n t to be operated by the
E stim a te d cost $40,000. E a ste rn S ta te s Petroleum Co., 624 Shell
B ldg., H ouston, to Foster-W lioeler Corp.,
M inn., South St. P au l— F arm ers Union Cen­ Shell B ldg.. H ouston, and 165 B w ay, New
CONTRACTS AW ARDED York, X. Y. E stim a te d cost $2.500,000.
tra l E xchange. E. A. S y festad , Mgr., 1200
N orth Concord St., contem plates th e con­
stru c tio n of an oil refinery. E stim ated Texas—U. S. Governm ent, W ashington. D. C.,
cost $1,000,000. C alif., Los A ngeles—The Angolus Paper Box has aw arded the co n tra c t for the construc­
Co., 747-51 South B w ay., has aw arded the tion of a plant to Chemical C onstruction
N. J ., Camden—The A rm stro n g Cork Co.. co n tra c t for the construction of a lte ra tio n s Co., Fort W orth N atl. Bank Bldg., Fort
foot of Jefferson S t., L an caster. P a ., m an u ­ to its p lan t to P a u l A. Stein, 2009 W est W orth. E stim a te d cost $55.000.
fa c tu re r of cork board and in su latin g hoard 39th S t., Tvos A ngeles. The Company maim-
products, contem plates rebuilding p art of fact »res co rrugated and other paper boxes W is.. Mellen.—Penokee V eneer Co., Mellen.
itk plant here which w as recently destroyed and containers. w ill construct a 1 story, 90x298 ft. and
by lire. 40x120 ft. m ill building. W ork w ill be
Md., B altim o re—The B altim ore P a p e r Box done by day lalior.
N. J ., R ahw ay—W oodbridge M etallurgical & Co.. 1200 Covington S t., m a n u fa c tu re r of
C hem ical Corp., Leesville Ave., plans th e corru g ated boxes and containers, has W is., R hinelander—The R hinelander P a p e r
construction of a 2 sto ry m e ta l chem ical •awarded the c o n tra c t for rebuilding th a t Co., m a n u fa c tu re r of glasslne, greaseproof
p lan t. E stim ated cost $40,000. p a rt of its p la n t which was recently dam ­ and o ther paper products, is building an
aged by fire to th e C onsolidated E ngineering addition to its plant. W ork w ill be done
Co., 20* E a s t F ran k lin St., B altim ore.
N. Y ., Jam estow n—M atth ew s T ire & Tread by day labor.
Co., 1005 W ashington S t., plans to rebuild
its p lan t. E stim ated cost $40,000. M ich., D etro it— D etroit Aluminum & B rass W is., W isconsin R apids—Consolidated W ater
Corp., 3975 C hristopher St., lias aw arded Pow er & Paper Co.. W isconsin R apids, w ill
th e c o n tract for the construction of an c onstruct a 1 % story, 83x102 ft. brick
Ohio— U. S. G overnm ent, W ashington, I). ad d itio n to its plant io Jam e s A. Moynes, 901
plans to co n stru ct a plant to be operated M ilw aukee Ave. E stim a te d cost $100,000. press building addition to its factory. W ork
by the Sun Oil Co., 1008 W alnut St.. w ill be done w itli own forces.
P hiladelphia, Pa. E stim ated cost w ill ex­
ceed $8,000,000. N. J ., N ew ark—E. I. du P ont de Nemours,
Je rse y A ve., New B runw ick, has aw arded A lta ., H a rte ll—Gas & Oil Products. L td .,
th e co n tract for the construction of a 3 301 L an c a ste r Bldg., C algary, plans th e
0 ., Cleveland—The G reat Lakes Box Co., s to ry ad d itio n to its chem ical m a n u fa c tu r­ construction of an addition to its p lan t.
7275 W entw orth Ave.. m an u factu rer of fold­ ing p lan t to R ogers & Sons C onstruction W ork w ill be done w ith own forces. E s­
ing paper carto n s and o th e r paper products, Co., 71 John S t.. New B runsw ick. E s ti­ tim a te d cost $45.000.
contem plates the reconstruction of its 4 m ated cost $40,000.
sto ry plant which w as recen tly destroyed O nt., Deloro— Deloro Sm elting & Refining Co..
by iire w ith a loss e stim ate d a t $100,000. L td., 11. A. E llio tt. Gen. M gr.. Deloro, w ill
Ohio— N atio n al Carbide Co. has aw arded the
c o n tract for the construction of a p la n t c onstruct an 18x27x57 f t. fram e furnace
R hode Island —U. S. R ubber Co., 255 Valley hero to R u st Engineering Co.. C lark Bldg.. building, also a 11x15x20 ft. building. W ork
S t., Providence, plans to construct an a d d i­ P ittsb u rg h . Pa. E stim a te d cost w ill exceed w ill be done by own forces. E stim a te d cost
tion to its plant. $2,500,000. $46.542.

T ex., B ay City—H um ble Oil & Refining Co.. P a ., Knox—Knox G lass B o ttle Co., R. R. O nt., O akville—B arringham R ubber Co., O ak­
B ay City, plans to d ism an tle and remove its Underwood, Pres., w ill con stru ct a 1 story ville. w ill con stru ct solvent recovery p lants
oil refinery from n e ar P alestin e and recon­ w archouse. W ork w ill be done w ith own for key tone and gasoline. W ork w ill lie
stru c t sam e a t B ay C ity. E stim a te d cost done w ith own forces. E stim a te d cost
forces.
$40,000. $150,000.
P a .. New B rig h to n—B righton Clay Products
W ash,, Colfax—R. H . Sunderland, Colfax, Co.. W . H. Schw artz. P res., Pinney^ St., O nt., Toronto— Aluminum Co. of C anada, L td.,
plans the construction of a sta rc h p lan t. R ochester, w ill construct a 3 story, 40x50 ft. 15S S terlin g R d „ has aw arded the contract
E stim a te d cost $200,000. facto ry , a 1 sto ry. 40x75 ft. m achine shop for th e construction of an addition to its
and re p a ir o th e r buildings. W ork w ill be p lan t and office building in Etobicoke
done by ow ner. E stim a te d cost $75,000. Tow nship, to A. W . R obertson, L td .. 57
N. B ., St. John—Canada Veneer, L td ., 7 W all Bloor S t., W .. Toronto. E stim a te d cost
S t., is having plans prepared by G. A. $ 100 ,000 .
W ilson, Arelit., 50 Prin cess St., for the R. I., Cumberland— Owens Corning F iberglass
construction of a facto ry . E stim ated cost Co.. R ailroad S t., h a s aw arded the contract
$ 100 ,000 . fo r' a lte ra tio n s to its binder building also Que.. T hree R ivers—Aluminum Co. of Canada,
c o n stru ctin g 1 sto ry , 70x100 f t. model m an­ L td ., Sun L ife B ldg., M ontreal, has aw arded
u fa c tu rin g p la n t w ith b a tc h storage and th e co n tra c t for the construction of a p la n t
O nt., Long B ranch—Beacon Chem icals of to F raser-B race E ngineering Co., L td., 360
C anada, L td., Long Branch, plans the con­ m ixing fa c ilitie s to C entral Engineering &
C onstruction Co., 210 M ain S t., P a w tu c k et, St. Jam es S t., W ., M ontreal. E stim ated
stru c tio n o f a p la n t here. E stim ated cost cost $3.000,000.
$40,000. R. . 1.

190 . JA N U A R Y 1943 • C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G

 f flc r té á o v k . ■ m CARBIDE A N D C A R B O N CHEM IC ALS C O R P O R A T I O N

',nlhet<c

WAR
BONOS
S tam ps

P R O D U C E R S OF S Y N T H E T I C

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R ! XG
Guard against Corrosion and
Contamination...Cover with
R U B B E R . . .
CORROSION of the m etals in th e flow lin e of your
p ro ce sses— contam ination of th e products that pass
th ro u g h your equipm ent d uring those p ro cesses—
b oth of these can b e g u ard ed against w ith ru b b e r or
synthetics.
R ubber resists the ravages of hot or cold acids, alkaline
an d other corrosive chem ical solutions or th eir fumes.

Since 1892
D uring the past 5 0 years we have w orked w ith ru b ­
ber. In that tim e we have specialized in the ru b b er
covering of large rolls for the textile, paper, tanning
and steel industries. We have also covered and lin ed
tanks, vats, pipe, propellers, textile agers, etc., etc. If
you have any corrosion or contam ination
problem s, w rite us. We will gladly give
you th e benefit of our experience.

A m e r ic a n W r in g e r C o ., inc.
R u b b e r S p e c ia lis ts fo r 5 0 Y e a r s
W OONSOCKET, R. I.
FARNHAM , QUE., Canada

192 JA N U A R Y 1 9 .',S • C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G

S E R V IN G A M E R IC A N IN D USTRY FOR HALF A CENTURY

C H E M IC A L S IN D IS P E N S A B L E
T O IN D U S T R Y A N D V IC T O R Y
 , nvamufac- \yn
production

W E HAVE MARKETED for about tw o an d one-half y ea r s, a w ater tubing

n am ed TUBE-LOY. This product, extruded from a n a llo y , p rin cip ally le a d
p lu s sm a ll qu antities of calciu m , m a g n esiu m an d tin, w a s sp e c ific a lly en g i­
n eered for u se a s underground w ater se rv ic e pipe.
For that purpose, Tube-Loy h a s esta b lish ed an excellen t record throughout
A m erica. The product is a v a ila b le for prompt shipm ent, and through the co op era­
tion of the G rinnell C om pany, fittings for its in stallation, produced from g a l­
van ized m a lle a b le iron are a lso read ily ob tain ab le.
Our C om pan y p rod uces Tube-Loy in d iam eters from W up to 1". S p ec ia l size s
of Tube-Loy are produced in d iam eters from W i ” up to 2", but no fittings h a v e
b een d e v e lo p e d a s y et fcjr siz e s over 1"
Qur product h a s the follo w in g characteristics; (a) It is recom m en d ed to w ith­
stand ste a d y cold w ater pressure up to 125 p ou n d s in siz es from % to 1 . (b)
The tubing retains le a d 's ductility, but is p o sse sse d of con sid era b ly greater
strength than lea d , (c) Tube-Loy is extrem ely resistant to corrosive conditions,
a s is lea d , (d) Tube-Loy, u nlik e lea d , is light in w eig h t an d e a s y to h an d le.

T u b e - L o y a n d G r i n n e l l fittin gs, a s b r i e f l y d e s c r i b e d a b o v e , s h o u l d a l s o h a v e
i m p o r t a n t u t i l i t y in m a n u f a c t u r i n g o p e r a t i o n s w h e r e it is n e c e s s a r y t o c o n ­

d u c t w a t e r t h r o u g h p l a n t s f o r use in v a r i o u s p r o c e s s e s .

So that w e m a y in tellig en tly subm it this product for such u sa g e , w e invite

plant m a n a g ers, en g in eers, or a n y p arties interested, to d isc u ss w ith u s the
com p lete tech n ical inform ation on th ese products, for the em p loym en t d escribed.
Our m en w ill b e g la d to attend a n y co n feren ce during w h ich this d ata m a y b e
subm itted.

AMERICAN SM ELTING AND REFINING COMPANY

LEAD PRODUCTS D IV IS IO N 120 BROADW AY, NEW YORK

194 • JA N U A R Y 1 9 .',3 • C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G

 E Q U IP M E N T F O R T H E
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

R ota ry pum ps, fo r non-

a b ra siv e viscou s chemicals

A c o m p l e t e c o v e r a g e fo r e v e r y
important ch emical p la n t function
 P ip e o f S E c i/ i/ i c€ / im n ic c ( l& c / ic c la M t is

Q u ick ly Installed . . . Ć M iw iM tcite b ^ Q cifr/tet

t y w u m e We’ ve h eard a ll sorts o f tales o f woe ab o u t corro sio n -free
p ip in g, jo in ts o f w h ich could be m ad e to se a l on ly w ith
th ick s o ft gask ets, d raw n tig h t. A fu n d a m e n ta l ad v an tag e o f L ap p C h em ical
P o rcelain as a m a te ria l o f in d u stria l processin g is th e ease an d a c c u racy w ith
w h ich i t m a y be m ach in ed an d gro u n d . I n L a p p C h em ical P o rcelain , pip e ends
arc fine grou n d to a sm o o th flat su rface. I n in sta lla tio n , w e recom m en d h ard
th in g a sk e ts; b y m in im izin g th e g a sk et su rface exposed to corro sio n , m u ch
p o ssib ility o f tro u b le is e lim in ated a t its source. F o r special ap p licatio n s,

I
I
w here no g a sk et m a te ria l can be to lerated , pipe an d valve ends are polished and
lapped to a p erfect m a tc h in g fit, m a k in g possible in sta lla tio n w ith o u t gaskets.
O ur ab ility to grin d an d p o lish L ap p P o rcelain to fin e precision
| lim its also acco u n ts fo r th e re m a rk ab le efficien cy o f th e L ap p V alve, in w h ich
L a p p R a s c h ig R in g s b r in g
t o to ic e r p a c k i n g a ll th e
a d v a n ta g e s o f L a p p C h e m i­
c a l P o r c e la in — i r o n - f r e e
,
p u r i t y h ig h s t r e n g t h , n o n ­
c r u m b li n g lo n g s e r v ic e .
< porcelain o n ly is exposed to th e corrosive liq u id s, an d w h ich m a in ta in s a tig h t M o s t s iz e s a re a v a ila b le
seal, even u n d er v ib ratio n an d tem p eratu re chan ge. f r o m s to c k .

F o r com plete te c h n ic al d a ta an d a su rp risin g sto ry on delivery

sched ules, w rite L ap p In su la to r C o., In c ., C h em ical D ivision , L e R o y , N . Y .
 They’re in the Fight
Synthetic Rubber
Production

These Lectrodrycrs, p a rt of a constant parade to

various war industries, were halted only long
enough to have their picture taken. Then on to
the job; in this case, a vital D R Y ing operation in
s p e e d o f p ro d u c tio n , m o re u n ifo r m ity in q u a lity .
a rubber synthesizing process.
E m p lo y in g L e c tro d ry e rs , m a n u fa c tu re rs h a v e m e t
Lectrodrycrs are DRYing M A C H IN ES for air,
th e s e dem ands by w o rk in g in a tm o s p h e re s of
gases and m any of the organic liquids so im portant
k n o w n h u m id ity , w ith m a te r ia ls o f d e fin ite d ry n e s s .
today. Working with A ctivated Alumina as their
In your postw ar planning, be thinking of the
drying agent, they remove m oisture efficiently and
m anufacturing economies and im proved quality of
surely to dew points of -110°F. They dry air and
products possible only with adsorbent drying.
gases a t atmospheric pressures or compressed to
Lectrodryers perm it the standardization of proc­
as high as 3,000 pounds per square inch.
esses and elimination of hit-or-miss methods,
l o r years, Lectrodryers have been becoming a
helping to achieve these results. P itts b u r g h
m ore and more im portant tool of processers every­
L e c tro d ry e r C o r p o r a tio n , 303 32nd Street,
where. Then came the war, dem anding greater Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

L E C T R O D R Y E R S DRY W IT H A C TIV A TE D A L U M IN A S

P I T T S B U R G H

LECTRODRYER n n r> * m T „

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G . JA N U A R Y J 0 J ,3
 G U ARD Y O U R VA LV ES G IV E THEM PROPER SU P PO R T!
PROVIDE E X P A N SIO N BENDS OR JO IN T S

D o n ’t so in stall valv es th a t th ey carry th e D o n ’t Use Gate V a lv e s or Cocks

w eigh t, sag or expansion o f th e line. V alves are for Throttling . . .
G a te Valves and Cocks should be opened
n o t designed to carry th a t ty p e o f load. D isto r ­
wide and closed tight. W h en operated
tion w ill result in inefficient operation, j am m ing, otherwise they are soon ruined, giving un­
satisfactory service in the meantime. Use
and need for early m aintenance. M ainten an ce
G lo b e and A n gle Valves for throttling.
' m aterials, you m u st remember, also are on th e
W r i t e to R e a d i n g , P a . , g e n e r a l o ffic e , f o r c o p y o f " V A L V C D O N ’T S ”
i critical list. - a p o s t e r f o r p l a n t u s e t h a t t e l l s t h i n g s N O T to d o to v a lv e s .

I t m igh t be a good idea to approach in sp ec­

tion o f every v a lv e w ith one thou ght, W hat s
wrorijS w it h t h is ? ” Guard your v a lv es. T h ey
m anufacturers of

w ill la st longer. READING CAST STEEL VALVES A N D FITTINGS

PRÀTT & C AD Y BRASS A N D IRON VALVES
D'ESTE VALVE A N D ENGINEERING SPECIALTIES

Ü l t R ea d in g , PC., A tlan ta, Boston, C h icago , Houston, Los A n g e le s , N e w York, P h ila d e lp h ia, Pittsburgh, San Francisco

A d iv is io n o f H® AMERICAN CHAIN & CABLE C O M PA N Y, Inc., B r id g e p o r t . C o n n e c t ic u t

19 8 . JAN U AR Y m 3 • C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G
 STOP FIRE IN ITS TRACKS - AVOID DAMAGE AND SHUT DOWNS
M a n y fire s c a n b e e a s tly a n d q u tc k ly c o n tr o lle d w ith m o d e r n e x tin g u is h in g e q u i p m e n t If you
h a v e d a n g e r s p o ts m y o u r p la n t w h e r e f la m m a b le liq u id s a r e s to r e d o r a r e u s e d In c o 2 n g
e ttle s , m ix e rs , p ro c e s s ro o m s , d ip ta n k s , s p r a y b o o th s o r d r y in g o v e n s , C - O - T W O fire e x tin
g u is h in g e q u ip m e n t w ill g iv e y o u m o d e r n fire p r o te c tio n .

C -O -T W O c a r b o n d io x id e e q u ip m e n t s to p s fire in its tr a c k s . G a s , o il, p a i n t , l a c q u e r h ig h lv

f l a m m a b l e c h e m i c a l a n d e l e c t r i c a l f i r e s a r e p u t o u t i n s e c o n d s - f i r e is s n u f f e d o u t u n d e r a f r e e z i n g

t o T e t ea t° fi T , °K IeSS n ° n - d a m a ^ ’ n 0 n 'C o n d u c t i n g g a s . I t p e n e t r a t e s a n d k i l l s h a r d -
to - g e t - a t fire s t h a t c a n n o t b e r e a c h e d w it h o t h e r e x tin g u is h in g a g e n t s .

IT ’S S A F E R b e c a u se IT ’S F A ST E R

SMOTHERS FIRE
Fixed hose reel type w ith FOR FAST K N O C K O U T
25 feet of fast uncoiling, non­
kinking hose, will p u t out In laboratory or bench fires, these
fires in electrical machinery, small, fast acting 4, 10 and 15
dip-tanks or storage vaults. pound cylinders of C-O -TW O c a r­
bon dioxide gas kill fire in seconds.

IN S T A N T A C T IO N
P erm anently installed a u to ­ Q U IC K AS THE W IN D
m atic or m anual system may W ith C -O -TW O hand and wheeled
be engineered to protect one type portables, carbon dioxide is d i­
or more spaces from the one rected a t the base of the fire, i t ’s out
C-O-TW O installation. —w ithout dam age—in seconds.

C-O-TWO is a registered trademark. To be safe, specify C-O-TWO and this company s name

C-O-TWO FIRE EQUIPMENT CO. N E W A R K , N E W JE R SE Y

v^ J r is ;
Sales and Service in the Principal Ciiies of United States and C anada

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G . JAN U ARY IM S . ln n

 Every Lunkeiiheiiner valve is regu­
larly tested on both sides at low and
high pressure for seat lightness, and
then given a shell test. The slightest
leak causes rejection. Test pressures
far exceed rated pressures.

The Final Test of a Valve

. . . is Performance
How does it hold up in service? Does valve u se rs are profiting from their
it stan d the gaff of hard usage? Is it foresight in buying L unkenheim er.
dependable? Is it econom ical to use?
Rigid testing procedure is bu t one of
How does it stack up in lasting quali­
th e m any precise ste p s in m an u fa c ­
ties? The answ ers to th ese questions
tu re by which L unkenheim er has
are the final and only convincing te s t
m aintained valve quality through th e
of a valve. Ask any production m an.
years. T hese step s are your a s s u r­
Now, when perform ance is m ore im ­ a n c e t h a t L u n k e n h e i m e r Valves
portant th an ever, when unnecessary will give you m ore in u n interrupted
tim e o u t for rep a irs is w aste, and perform ance for today’s no n -sto p
new valves a re n ’t so easy to replace, production schedules.
E S T A B L IS H E D 1862
S i n c e v i r t u a l l y a ll m a t e r i a l s u s e d in t h e m a n u f a c t u r e
. o f v a lv e s a r e 011 t h e lis t o f c r i t i c a l m a t e r i a l s , v a l v e LUNKENHEIMER
—“ ”-—
£2 qu a lity
u s e r s a r e u r g e d to f u r n i s h t h e h i g h e s t p o s s ib le p r e f e r ­ CINCINNATI, OHIO. U.S.A.
NEW YORK C H IC A G O
e n c e ra tin g s a n d p r o p e r “ e n d u s e ” in fo r m a tio n o n th e ir BOSTON P H IL A D E L P H IA

o rd e rs. T h i s w ill b e o f m u t u a l h e l p f u l n e s s . E X P O R T D E P T . 3 1 8 - 3 2 2 H U D S O N ST.. N E W Y O R K

r3 -1 0 5 A -7

LUNKENHEIMER VALVES
200 JAN U ARY 1 9 J ,3 • C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G
 © W ith pride, the entire organization of the Buffalo
Forge C om pan y w e lco m es this n e w banner w hich
n o w joins O ld G lory over its plant!

The A rm y-N avy Production A w ard "for high a c h ie v e ­

m ent in w ar production" m e a n s to the w orkers at Buf­
falo Forge the recognition of their determ ination to se e
production's job through— efficien tly a n d sw iftly. The
"E" F lag fly in g over their plan t a n d the "E" em blem s
proudly d isp la y e d on their la p e ls sh a ll serve a s an
un failin g inspiration to carry on w ith ever intensified
effort a n d cooperation— to h a sten the ultim ate Victory
of our arm ed forces.

To the A rm y and
the N a v y , the Buffalo
F o r g e organization
takes this opportu­
nity to exp ress pub­
lic ly its d eep appre­
ciation of this sig n a l
aw ard!

BUFFALO FORGE COMPANY

501 B roadw ay Buffalo, N. Y.
B ra n ch Ofiicij.*, in P rin c ip a l C ities
C a n a d ia n B low er & v o rg e Co., Ltd., K itchener, O nt.

C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G • JA N U A R Y 1 0 J ,3 •
 Active Agents
Spans JTweens
New and Unusual Demands
A tla s S p an s a n d A tla s T w een s a re p re se n t
p ro p erties, They' 'o i L 'i m p r o v e th o se new c o m b in a tio n s
o f o ilT a n d w a te r th a t y o u a re w o rk in g o u t fo r th e fu tu re .
Y ou sh ould in vestigate th e m . Here is w h y .
New Effects A tlas Spans and Atlas
emulsifying agents. T hey are a series of both.&a ? j trolytes. They

^ f e ^ i ^ r r C ^ i ^ e s o f a p p l i c a t i o ^

W ide A p p .lc a tio n - A .la s 2 « l2

L i c e in viscosity, w ater holding p o w e^and com pat ^

B etter E m u A tlas Spans a
l s i o n s — com binations can be
unlim ited num ber o f p ro p erties can be so closely
tailor-m ade to d o .sPec,hV band the! often give more satisfactory
„ f

finished e tT lsio n s1th an lire possible’ w ith older, less complex emuls,fiers.

A tla s S p a n s a n d A tla s T w e e n s are u sed

in n e a r ly every fi e l d o f A m e r ic a n in d u s ­
t r y w h e r e o i l a n d w a t e r a r e m a d e to m i x .
I f y o u h a v e é m u ls ific a tio n p r o b le m s ij
y o u f e e l th a t y o u r p r e s e n t r e s u lts m ig h t
be im p r o v e d , a r e q u e s t w i l l b r in g p r o m p t
a s s is ta n c e a n d s a m p le s . S e n d f o r b o o k .

L'Aise

SPAN AN D TW EEN—
R eg. U . S. P a t. Off.

INDUSTRIAL

ATLAS , Del. • Offices in principal c itie s - C a b l e Address

ATLAS POWDER COMPANY, W ilm in g to n ,
CHEM ICALS
DEPARTMENT

A tp o w c o

. C H E M IC A L & M E T A L L U R G IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G
• JAN U ARY J9Ą 3