Wdd imsgussmhls, stats, ali autchr prh`mkds `hr tcms puekmgatmhl at2 cttps2//www.rdsdargcjatd.ldt/puekmgatmhl/75619=1:=
Zarotc ali ghopdtdlgd2 A `domlmst khhn at phwdr ali ldjhtmatmhl
Gcaptdr
º Baluary 561:
GMYAYMHLW
5
UDAIW
1,:57
Aoemvakdlt Wdxmso ali Attmtuids thwari Jdlidr Mlghod Mldquakmty
Pmdw prhbdgtHutghod Idpdlidlgd ali tcd Lddi `hr Ghjlmtmhl aehut Edcavmhr ml Udkatmhlscmps
Pmdw prhbdgtUagcdk A. GhllhrVrmlgdthl Tlmvdrsmty
15
VTEKMGAYMHLW
15
GMYAYMHLW
WDD VUH@MKD
Akk ghltdlt `hkkhwmlj tcms pajd was upkhaidi ey Uagcdk A. Ghllhr hl 5: Idgdoedr 5613.
Ycd usdr cas rdqudstdi dlcalgdodlt h` tcd ihwlkhaidi `mkd.
Uullmlj cdai2 ZAUOYC ALI GHOVDYDLGD 1 Zarotc ali Ghopdtdlgd2 A @domlmst Khhn at Vhwdr ali Ldjhtmatmhl Uagcdk A. Ghllhr ali Wusal Y. @msnd Ml G. Yravms & B. Z. Zcmtd (dis.).
AVA Caliehhn h` tcd Vsygchkhjy h` Zhodl.
Autchr Lhtd Uagcdk A. Ghllhr, Idpartodlt h` Vsygchkhjy, Vrmlgdthl Tlmvdrsmty, Vrmlgdthl, LB. Wusal Y. @msnd, Vsygchkhjy ali Vuekmg A``amrs, Vrmlgdthl Tlmvdrsmty, Vrmlgdthl, LB.
ZAUOYC ALI GHOVDYDLGD 5
Aestragt
Agghrimlj th tcd Wtdrdhtypd Ghltdlt Ohidk (@msnd, Guiiy, Jkmgn, Su, 5665), whodl ard shodtmods stdrdhtypdi as dmtcdr waro ali mlghopdtdlt, hr as ghki ali ghopdtdlt (sdd aksh Dgnds, 5665). As a rdsukt h` tcdsd aoemvakdlt stdrdhtypds, whodl `agd al moprdssmhl oalajdodlt imkdooa2 wcdl tcdy imspkay ghopdtdlgd, tcdy rmsn edmlj imskmndi, eut wcdl tcdy imspkay warotc, tcdy rmsn edmlj imsrdspdgtdi. Ycms gcaptdr imsgussds chw aoemvakdlt stdrdhtypds sdt up ihuekd emlis `hr whodl agrhss tcrdd ndy smtds h` jdlidr mldquakmty2 tcd whrnpkagd, whrn-`aomky mltdr`agd, ali cdtdrhsdxuak rdkatmhlscmps. Ml partmgukar, tcms gcaptdr tands tcd pdrspdgtmvd
h` tcd tarjdt, `hgusmlj hl chw aoemvakdlt stdrdhtypds ml`kudlgd whodl”s sdk`
-pdrgdptmhls ali edcavmhr. A`tdr prhvmimlj eagnjrhuli hl aoemvakdlt jdlidr stdrdhtypds, wd imsguss, ml turl, chw sdts h` jdlidrdi dxpdgtatmhls phsd earrmdrs th whodl ml dagc ihoaml. Zd aksh h``dr rdghoodliatmhls `hr lavmjatmlj tcdsd earrmdrs.
ZAUOYC ALI GHOVDYDLGD 7 Ey oaly odtrmgs, jdlidr rhkds ard gcaljmlj. Zhodl ard oanmlj tcdmr ways up tcd garddr kaiidr (Dajky & Garkm, 566:), odl ard scarmlj ohrd h` tcd chusdchki iutmds (Emalgcm, Waydr, Omknmd, & Uhemlshl, 5615
), ali lhros kmomtmlj whodl”s sdxuakmty sddo th cavd wdandldi (d.j.,
Oarns & @rakdy, 5664). Ghopardi th whodl ml tcd past, ohidrl whodl sdd tcdosdkvds as cavmlj ohrd oasgukmld quakmtmds, sugc as assdrtmvdldss, eut lht `dwdr `domlmld quakmtmds (Ywdljd, 1==:> 5661), a gcaljd tcat ohst pdhpkd ghlsmidr phsmtmvd (Imdnoal & Jhhi`rmdli,
5660). @urtcdr, gcaljds ml whodl”s sdk`
-pdrgdptmhls h` assdrtmvdldss ghrrdsphli th gcaljds ml tcdmr rhkds (d.j., dltry mlth tcd kaehr `hrgd> Ywdljd, 5661). Ycdsd iata sujjdst tcat, at kdast ml shod rdspdgts, jdlidr-status imvmsmhls cavd wdandldi hvdr tmod. Chwdvdr, ml htcdr rdspdgts, tcd jdlidr cmdrargcy rdoamls dltrdlgcdi, wmtc
odl”s ali whodl”s sdparatd rhkds
odrdky rd-idoargatdi. Zhodl ard stmkk ulidrrdprdsdltdi ml cmjc-status ali kdaidrscmp phsmtmhls (Gatakyst, 5617> Gdltdr `hr Aodrmgal Zhodl ali Vhkmtmgs, 5619), ih ohst h` tcd chusdwhrn (Kagcalgd-Jrzdka & Ehugcari, 5616), ali `agd rdstrmgtmhls hl tcdmr rdprhiugtmvd gchmgds (d.j., @drlalidz & Dgnchko, 5614). Jdlidr sdjrdjatmhl ml tcd chusdchki, kaehr `hrgd, ali diugatmhl systdo pdrsmsts ali cas dvdl mlgrdasdi ml tcd ohst jdlidr djakmtarmal latmhls (Gcarkds & Eraikdy, 566=).
Idspmtd oassmvd gcaljds ml whodl”s
partmgmpatmhl ml tcd whrn`hrgd hvdr tcd kast idgaid (Ohsmsa & Cmppkd, 5660), whodl ard stmkk sddl as mkk-dqumppdi `hr gdrtaml oakd-typdi rhkds ali as laturakky sumtdi `hr ihodstmg ali gardjmvmlj iutmds. Zcmkd
whodl”s rhkds cavd gcaljdi shod, jdlidrdi imvms
mhls h` kaehr pdrsmst. Jdlidr stdrdhtypds ghltrmeutd th tcd mltragtaemkmty h` jdlidr mldquakmty. Jdlidr stdrdhtypds attrmeutd shgmakky vakudi gcaragtdrmstmgs th odl (d.j., ghopdtdlgd), ali kdss vakudi gcaragtdrmstmgs th whodl (d.j., warotc). Wtdrdhtypmgak edkmd`s aehut odl ali whodl ehtc `hkkhw `rho ali bustm`y tcd jdlidrdi imvmsmhl h` kaehr (Dajky, Zhhi, & Bhcalldsdl-Wgcomit, 5669>