Unit - I - Tpde
Unit - I - Tpde
Unit - I - Tpde
UNIT I
FOURIER SERIES
of p and every value of x . The smallest value of p for which this equation is
true for every value of x will be called the period of the function f (x ) .
1.2. EXAMPLE:
VSCET
1.2 UNIT I
1.3. DEFINITION:
The Fourier series for the function f (x ) in the interval 0 < x < 2π is given by
a0 ∞ ∞
f (x ) =
2
+ ∑ an cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx
n =1 n =1
2π
1
Where a0 =
π ∫ f (x ) dx
0
2π
1
an =
π ∫ f (x ) cos nx dx
0
2π
1
bn =
π ∫ f (x ) sin nx dx .
0
The Fourier series for the function f (x ) in the interval −π < x < π is given by
a0 ∞ ∞
f (x ) =
2
+ ∑ an cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx
n =1 n =1
π
1
Where a0 =
π ∫ f (x ) dx
−π
π
1
an =
π ∫ f (x ) cos nx dx
−π
π
1
bn =
π ∫ f (x ) sin nx dx .
−π
1.4. NOTE:
sin nπ = 0
cos nπ = ( −1)n .
Bernoulli’s formulae:
∫ u v dx = uv1 − u v2 + u v3 − ⋯
' ''
du
Where u' = v1 = ∫ v dx
dx
d 2u
u '' = v2 = ∫ v1 dx
dx 2
⋮ ⋮
⋮ ⋮
( 0, 2π ) :
1.5.1. EXAMPLE:
SOLUTION:
The Fourier series for the function f (x ) in the interval 0 < x < 2π is given by
a0 ∞ ∞
f (x ) =
2
+ ∑ an cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx
n =1 n =1
2π
1
Where a0 =
π ∫ f (x ) dx
0
2π
1
an =
π ∫ f (x ) cos nx dx
0
2π
1
bn =
π ∫ f (x ) sin nx dx
0
Now,
VSCET
1.4 UNIT I
2π
1
a0 =
π ∫ f (x ) dx
0
2π
1
=
π ∫ x dx
0
2π
1 x2
=
π 2 0
1
= 4π 2 − 0
( )
2π
a 0 = 2π
2π
1
an =
π ∫ f (x ) cos nx dx
0
2π
1
=
π ∫ x cos nx dx
0
2π
1 sin nx − (1) − cos nx
= x
π n n2 0
1 1 1
= 2π (0) + 2 − 0 + 2
π n n
11
− 2
1
= 2
π n n
an = 0 .
2π
1
bn =
π ∫ f (x ) sin nx dx
0
2π
1
=
π ∫ x sin nx dx
0
2π
1 − cos nx − sin nx
= x − (1)
π n n 2 0
1 1
= 2π − + 0 − ( 0 + 0 )
π n
1 −2π
=
π n
2
bn = −
n
a0 ∞ ∞
f (x ) =
2
+ ∑ an cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx
n =1 n =1
∞ ∞
+ ∑ ( 0 ) cos nx + ∑ sin nx
2π −2
=
2 n =1 n =1 n
∞
f (x ) = π − 2 ∑ sin nx
1
n =1 n
1.5.2. EXAMPLE:
1
If f (x ) = (π − x ) , find the Fourier series of period 2π in the interval ( 0,2π ) .
2
SOLUTION:
The Fourier series for the function f (x ) in the interval ( 0,2π ) is given by
a0 ∞ ∞
f (x ) =
2
+ ∑ an cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx
n =1 n =1
2π
1
Where a0 =
π ∫ f (x ) dx
0
2π
1 1
=
π ∫ 2 (π − x ) dx
0
2π
1
=
2π ∫ (π − x ) dx
0
2π
1 x2
= π x −
2π 2 0
VSCET
1.6 UNIT I
1 4 π2
= 2π 2 − − ( 0 − 0)
2π 2
1
= [0]
2π
a0 = 0 .
2π
1
an =
π ∫ f (x ) cos nx dx
0
2π
1 1
=
π ∫ 2 (π − x ) cos nx dx
0
2π
1
=
2π ∫ (π − x ) cos nx dx
0
2π
1 sin nx − (−1) − cos nx
= (π − x )
2π n n 2 0
2π
1 sin nx − cos nx
= (π − x )
2π n n 2 0
1 1 1
= −π (0) − n 2 − 0 − n 2
2π
=
1 − 1 + 1
2π n 2 n 2
an = 0 .
2π
1
bn =
π ∫ f (x ) sin nx dx
0
2π
1 1
=
π ∫ 2 (π − x ) sin nx dx
0
2π
1
=
2π ∫ (π − x ) sin nx dx
0
2π
1 − cos nx − sin nx
= (π − x )
− (−1)
2π n n 2 0
2π
1 − cos nx sin nx
= (π − x )
−
2π n n 2 0
1 1 1
= ( −π ) − − 0 − π − − 0
2π n n
1 π + π
=
2π n n
1 2π
=
2π n
1
bn =
n
a0 ∞ ∞
f (x ) =
2
+ ∑ an cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx
n =1 n =1
(0) ∞ ∞
+ ∑ ( 0 ) cos nx + ∑ sin nx
1
=
2 n =1 n =1 n
∞
∑ n sin nx .
1
f (x ) =
n =1
1.5.3. EXAMPLE:
SOLUTION:
The Fourier series for the function f (x ) in the interval ( 0,2π ) is given by
a0 ∞ ∞
f (x ) =
2
+ ∑ an cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx
n =1 n =1
2π
1
Where a0 =
π ∫ f (x ) dx
0
2π
1
∫e
ax
= dx
π 0
VSCET
1.8 UNIT I
2π
1 eax
=
π a 0
1 2π a
a0 = e − 1 .
πa
2π
1
an =
π ∫ f (x ) cos nx dx
0
2π
1
∫e
ax
= cos nx dx
π 0
2π
1 eax
= 2 2 (
a cos nx + n sin nx )
π a + n 0
eax
∫ e cos bx dx =
ax
∵ 2 2 (
a cos bx + b sin bx )
a +b
1 1
= 2 2
e 2π a (a(1) + 0 ) − 1 (a + 0 )
{ }
π a + n
1 1
= 2 2
e 2π aa − a { }
π a + n
a
. an = 2 2 (e2πa − 1) .
(
π a +n )
2π
1
bn =
π ∫ f (x ) sin nx dx
0
2π
1
∫e
ax
= sin nx dx
π 0
2π
1 eax
= 2 2 (
a sin nx − n cos nx )
π a + n 0
eax
∫ e sin bx dx =
ax
∵ 2 2 (
a sin bx − b cos bx )
a +b
1 1
= 2 2
e 2π a ( 0 − n ) − (1) ( 0 − n )
{ }
π a + n
1 1
= 2 2
−ne 2π a + n { }
π a + n
n
bn = 2 2 (1 − e2πa ) .
π a +n( )
∴ The Fourier series,
a0 ∞ ∞
f (x ) =
2
+ ∑ an cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx
n =1 n =1
∞
1 a
= e2π a − 1 + ∑
( ) e 2π a − 1 cos nx ( )
2π a 2
n =1 π a + n
2
( )
∞
n
+ ∑π (1 − e2πa ) sin nx
n =1 (a 2
+n 2
)
2π a
e2π a − 1 a e −1 ( ) ∞
1
f (x ) = + ∑ cos nx
2π a π n =1 (a 2 + n 2 )
.
( 1 − e2π a ) ∞
n
+ ∑ sin nx
π n =1 (a 2 + n 2 )
1.5.4. EXAMPLE:
SOLUTION:
a0 ∞ ∞
f (x ) =
2
+ ∑ an cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx
n =1 n =1
2π
1
Where a0 =
π ∫ f (x ) dx
0
VSCET
1.10 UNIT I
2π
1
2 sin dx
x
=
π ∫ 2
0
2π
x
=
2
− cos
2 ()
π 1
2 0
2 2
= [ − ( −1 ) − ( −1 ) ]
π
4 2
a0 = .
π
2π
1
an =
π ∫ f (x ) cos nx dx
0
2π
1
2 sin cos nx dx
x
=
π ∫ 2
0
2π
2 x dx
=
π ∫ cos nx sin 2
0
2π
2 1 1 1
=
π ∫ 2 sin n + 2 x − sin n − 2 x dx
0
2π
2n + 1 2n − 1 x
− cos x cos
1 2 + 2
= 1
2π 1
n + n −
2 2 0
1 − ( −1 ) ( −1) −1 1
= + − +
2π n + 1 n − 1 n + 1 n − 1
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
= − + −
2π n + 1 n − 1 n + 1 n − 1
2 2 2 2
1 2 2
= 2n + 1 − 2n − 1
2π
2 2
4 1 1
= −
2π 2n + 1 2n − 1
4 2n − 1 − 2n − 1
=
2π ( 2n + 1) ( 2n − 1)
4 −2
=
2π 4n 2 − 1
4 2 1
an = −
π 4n 2 − 1
2π
1
bn =
π ∫ f (x ) sin nx dx
0
2π
1
2 sin sin nx dx
x
=
π ∫ 2
0
2π
2 x dx
=
π ∫ sin nx sin 2
0
2π
2 1 1 1
=
π ∫ 2 cos n − 2 x − cos n + 2 x dx
0
VSCET
1.12 UNIT I
2π
2n − 1 2n + 1
x sin
1 2 x
sin
2
= −
2π n − 1 n + 1
2 2 0
1
= [( 0 − 0 ) − ( 0 − 0 )]
2π
bn = 0
a0 ∞ ∞
f (x ) =
2
+ ∑ an cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx
n =1 n =1
4 2 ∞
4 2 1 ∞
= + ∑ − cos nx + ∑ ( 0) sin nx
2π n =1 π 4n 2 − 1 n =1
∞
2 2 4 2 1
f (x ) =
π
−
π
∑ 4n 2 − 1 cos nx
n =1
∞
1 1
⇒ ∑ 4n 2 − 1 = 2 .
n =1
1.5.5. EXAMPLE:
SOLUTION:
The Fourier series for the function f (x ) in the interval ( 0,2π ) is given by
a0 ∞ ∞
f (x ) =
2
+ ∑ an cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx
n =1 n =1
2π
1
Where a0 =
π ∫ f (x ) dx
0
MA2211 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE
FOURIER SERIES 1.13
2π
1
=
π ∫ x sin x dx
0
1
= [x ( − cos x ) − (1) ( − sin x )]20π
π
1
= [ −x cos x + sin x ]20π
π
1
= ( −2π (1) + 0 ) − ( 0 + 0 )
π
1
= ( −2π )
π
a 0 = −2
2π
1
an =
π ∫ f (x ) cos nx dx
0
2π
1
=
π ∫ x sin x cos nx dx
0
2π
11
=
π 2 ∫ x 2 cos nx sin x dx
0
2π
1
=
2π ∫ x [sin (n + 1) x − sin (n − 1) x ] dx
0
2π 2π
1 1
=
2π ∫ x sin ( n + 1) x dx −
2π ∫ x sin (n − 1) x dx
0 0
2π
1 − cos (n + 1) x − sin (n + 1) x
= x − (1) 2
2π n +1 ( n + 1) 0
2π
1 − cos (n − 1) x − sin (n − 1) x
− x − (1) 2
2π n −1 ( n − 1) 0
2π
1 cos ( n + 1) x sin ( n + 1) x
= −x +
2π n +1 (n + 1)2 0
2π
1 cos (n − 1) x sin ( n − 1) x
− −x +
2π n −1 (n − 1)2 0
VSCET
1.14 UNIT I
1 1 1 1
=
2π −2π n + 1 + 0 − ( 0 + 0 ) − 2π −2π n − 1 + 0 − ( 0 + 0 )
1 −2π 1 −2π
= −
2π n + 1 2π n − 1
1 1
=− +
n +1 n +1
−n + 1 + n + 1
=
n2 − 1
2
an = 2
if (n ≠ 1)
n −1
2π
1
a1 =
π ∫ f (x ) cos x dx
0
2π
1
=
π ∫ x sin x cos x dx
0
2π
1
=
2π ∫ x sin 2x dx (∵ 2 sin A cos A = sin 2A)
0
2π
1 − cos 2x − sin 2x
=
2π x 2
− (1)
4
0
1 1
= −2π 2 + 0 − ( 0 + 0 )
2π
−1
a1 =
2
2π
1
bn =
π ∫ f (x ) sin nx dx
0
2π
1
=
π ∫ x sin x sin nx dx
0
2π
11
=
π 2 ∫ x 2 sin nx sin x dx
0
2π
1
=
2π ∫ x [cos (n − 1) x − cos (n + 1) x ] dx
0
2π 2π
1 1
=
2π ∫ x cos (n − 1) x dx −
2π ∫ x cos (n + 1) x dx
0 0
2π
1 sin (n − 1) x − cos (n − 1) x
= x − (1) 2
2π n −1 (n − 1) 0
2π
1 sin (n + 1) x − cos (n + 1) x
− x − (1) 2
2π n +1 ( n + 1) 0
1 1 1
= 2π ( 0 ) + 2
− 0 +
2π (n − 1) ( n − 1)2
1 1 1
− 0 + − 0 +
2π (n + 1)2 (n + 1)2
1 1 1 1 1 1
= 2
− 2 − 2
− 2
2π (n − 1) (n − 1) 2π (n + 1) (n + 1)
bn = 0 if (n ≠ 1)
2π
1
b1 =
π ∫ f (x ) sin x dx
0
2π
1
=
π ∫ x sin x sin x dx
0
2π
1
∫ x sin
2
= x dx
π 0
2π
1 1 − cos 2x dx
=
π ∫ x 2
0
2π 2π
1 1
=
2π ∫ x dx −
2π ∫ x cos 2x dx
0 0
2π 2π
1 x2 1 sin 2x − cos 2x
=
2π
− x 2 − (1)
0
2 0 2π 4
1 1 1 1
= 4π 2 − 0 − 0 + − 0 +
4π
2π 4 4
1 1
= 4π 2 − ( 0)
4π 2π
VSCET
1.16 UNIT I
b1 = π .
a0 ∞ ∞
f (x ) =
2
+ ∑ an cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx
n =1 n =1
a0 ∞ ∞
=
2
+ a1 cos x + ∑ an cos nx + b1 sin x + ∑ bn sin nx
n =2 n =2
∞ ∞
−2 −1 2
= + cos x + ∑ 2 cos nx + π sin x + ∑ ( 0 ) sin nx
2 2 n =2 n − 1 n =2
∞
cos x cos nx
f (x ) = −1 − + 2∑ 2 + π sin x .
2 n =2 n − 1
1.5.6. EXAMPLE:
x , ( 0, π )
Find the Fourier series of periodicity 2π for f (x ) = and hence
2π − x , (π , 2π )
1 1 1 π2
deduce that + + + ⋯ = .
12 32 52 8
SOLUTION:
The Fourier series for the function f (x ) in the interval ( 0,2π ) is given by
a0 ∞ ∞
f (x ) =
2
+ ∑ an cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx
n =1 n =1
2π
1
Where a0 =
π ∫ f (x ) dx
0
1
π 2π
= ∫ f (x ) dx + ∫ f (x ) dx
π 0 π
1
π 2π
= ∫ x dx + ∫ ( 2π − x ) dx
π 0 π
1 x 2 x2
π 2π
= + 2π x −
π 2 0 2 π
1 π 2 4π 2 2 π 2
= − 0 + 4π 2 − − 2π −
π 2 2 2
1 π 2 2 3π 2
= + 2π −
π 2 2
1 π 2 + 4π 2 − 3π 2
=
π 2
1 2π 2
=
π 2
a0 = π .
2π
1
an =
π ∫ f (x ) cos nx dx
0
1
π 2π
= ∫ f (x ) cos nx dx + ∫ f (x ) cos nx dx
π 0 π
1
π 2π
= ∫ x cos nx dx + ∫ ( 2π − x ) cos nx dx
π 0 π
π
1 sin nx − cos nx
= x − (1)
π n n 2 0
2π
1 sin nx − cos nx
+ (2π − x ) − ( −1 )
π n n 2 π
1 ( −1)n 1 1 1 ( −1)n
= π ( 0 ) + 2 − 0 + 2 + 0 − 2
− 0 −
π n n π n n2
1 ( −1)n 1 1 ( −1)n
= − − +
π n 2 n 2 n2 n 2
1 2 ( −1)n 2
= 2
− 2
π n n
VSCET
1.18 UNIT I
2 ( −1)n − 1
=
π n 2
0, if n is even
an = −4
2 , if n is odd
π n
2π
1
bn =
π ∫ f (x ) sin nx dx
0
1
π 2π
= ∫ f (x ) sin nx dx + ∫ f (x ) sin nx dx
π 0 π
1
π 2π
= ∫ x sin nx dx + ∫ ( 2π − x ) sin nx dx
π 0 π
π
1 − cos nx − sin nx
= x − (1)
π n n 2 0
2π
1 − cos nx − sin x
+ ( 2π − x ) − ( −1)
π n n 2 π
1 ( −1)n 1 ( −1)n
= −π + 0 − ( 0 + 0 ) + ( 0 − 0 ) − −π + 0
π n π n
1 −π ( −1)n −π ( −1)n
= +
π n n
bn = 0 .
a0 ∞ ∞
f (x ) =
2
+ ∑ an cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx
n =1 n =1
∞ ∞
π −4
= + ∑ 2 cos nx + ∑ ( 0 ) sin nx
2 n = odd π n n =1
∞
π 4 1
f (x ) =
2
−
π
∑ (2n − 1)2 cos ( 2n − 1) x
n =1
f (0) + f (2π ) 0 + 0
∴ f (x ) = = =0
2 2
∞
π 4 1
∴ 0=
2
−
π
∑ (2n − 1)2
n =1
∞
1 π2
∑ (2n − 1)2 =
8
.
n =1
1.6. NOTE:
∞ ∞
∑ ⇒ ∑ , replace n by ( 2n − 1)
n = odd n =1
∞ ∞
∑ ⇒ ∑ , replace n by 2n .
n = even n =1
EXAMPLE: x 2 , cos x, x .
(ODD FUNCTION)
EXAMPLE: x 3 , sin x
1.8. NOTE:
a
a
2 ∫ f (x ) dx, if f (x ) is even
(i) ∫ f (x ) dx = 0
−a 0, if f (x ) is odd
VSCET
1.20 UNIT I
a0 ∞ ∞
(ii) f (x ) =
2
+ ∑ an cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx
n =1 n =1
If f (x ) is even then bn = 0
π π
1 2
a0 =
π ∫ f (x ) dx =
π ∫ f (x ) dx
−π 0
π π
1 2
an =
π ∫ f (x ) cos nx dx =
π ∫ f (x ) cos nx dx
−π 0
If f (x ) is odd then a0 = 0, an = 0 .
π π
1 2
bn =
π ∫ f (x ) sin nx dx =
π ∫ f (x ) sin nx dx
−π 0
(odd)(odd)=even
(odd)(even)=odd.
1.9.1. EXAMPLE:
SOLUTION:
f (x ) = x
f (−x ) = −x = − f (x )
∴ f (x ) is odd function
Hence a0 = 0, an = 0 .
π
1
bn =
π ∫ f (x ) sin nx dx
−π
π
2
=
π ∫ f (x ) sin nx dx
0
π
2
=
π ∫ x sin nx dx
0
π
2 − cos nx − sin nx
= x − (1)
π n n2 0
2 ( −1)n
= −π + 0 − ( 0 + 0 )
π n
2 −π ( −1)n
=
π n
−2 ( −1)n
bn =
n
a0 ∞ ∞
∴ f (x ) =
2
+ ∑ an cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx
n =1 n =1
∞
−2 ( −1)n
= 0+0+ ∑ n sin nx
n =1
∞
( −1)n
f (x ) = −2 ∑ sin nx .
n =1 n
1.9.2. EXAMPLE:
1 1 1 π2
(i) + + + ⋯ =
12 22 32 6
1 1 1 π2
(ii) − + − ⋯ =
12 22 32 12
1 1 1 π2
(iii) + + + ⋯ = .
12 32 52 8
SOLUTION:
VSCET
1.22 UNIT I
f (x ) = x 2
f (−x ) = ( −x )2 = x 2 = f (x )
∴ f (x ) is even
∴ bn = 0
π
1
a0 =
π ∫ f (x ) dx
−π
π
2
∫x
2
= dx
π 0
π
2 x 3
=
π 3 0
2
= π 3 − 0
3π
2 2
a0 = π
3
π
1
an =
π ∫ f (x ) cos nx dx
−π
π
2
π∫
2
= x cos nx dx
0
π
2 − cos nx + ( 2 ) − sin nx
= x 2
sin nx
− ( 2x )
π n n2 n 3 0
2 ( −1)n
= 0 + 2π 2 − 0 − ( 0 + 0 + 0 )
π n
2 ( −1)n
= 2π
π
n2
4 ( −1)n
an =
n2
a0 ∞ ∞
∴ f (x ) =
2
+ ∑ an cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx
n =1 n =1
2 2
π ∞
4 ( −1)n ∞
= 3 +∑ 2
cos nx + ∑ ( 0 ) sin nx
2 n =1 n n =1
π2 ∞
( −1)n
f (x ) = + 4∑ cos nx (1)
3 n =1 n2
π2 ∞
( −1)n
∴ π = 2
+ 4∑ 2 ( −1)n
3 n =1 n
π2 ∞
1
π2 − = 4∑ 2 (∵ ( −1)n ( −1)n = ( −1)2n = 1)
3 n =1 n
2π 2 ∞
1
= 4∑ 2
3 n =1 n
∞
1 π2
∑ 2 6. =
n =1 n
1 1 1 π2
+ + + ⋯ = (2)
12 22 32 6
π2 ∞
( −1)n
∴ 0= + 4∑
3 n =1 n2
∞
( −1)n −π 2
⇒ ∑ n2
=
12
.
n =1
1 1 1 −π 2
− + − + ⋯ =
12 22 32 12
1 1 1 π2
− + − ⋯ = (3)
12 22 32 12
VSCET
1.24 UNIT I
2 2 π2 π2
(iii) ( 2 ) + ( 3 ) ⇒ + + ⋯ = +
12 32 6 12
2π 2 + π 2
2 2 + 2 + ⋯ =
1 1
1 3 12
1 1 3π 2
+ + ⋯ =
12 32 12 (2)
1 1 π2
+ + ⋯ = .
12 32 8
1.9.3. EXAMPLE:
∞
1 π2
Find the Fourier series of f (x ) = x 2 + x in ( −π , π ) . Hence deduce that ∑ n2 =
6
.
n =1
SOLUTION:
f (x ) = x 2 + x
f (−x ) = ( −x )2 − x
(
= x 2 − x = − −x 2 + x )
≠ − f (x ) ≠ f (x )
a0 ∞ ∞
∴ f (x ) =
2
+ ∑ an cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx
n =1 n =1
Where
π
1
a0 =
π ∫ f (x ) dx
−π
π
1
∫ (x
2
=
π
)
+ x dx
−π
π
1 x 3 x 2
= +
π3 2 −π
1 π 3 π 2 −π 3 π 2
= + − +
π 3 2 3 2
1 2π 3
=
π 3
2π 2
a0 = .
3
π
1
an =
π ∫ f (x ) cos nx dx
−π
π
1
∫ (x
2
=
π
)
+ x cos nx dx
−π
π
1
= x 2 + x
sin nx − cos nx + (2) − sin nx
π
( n
) − ( 2x + 1)
n2
n3
−π
1 ( −1)n ( −1)n
= 0 + ( 2π + 1 ) 2 − 0 −
0 + ( 1 − 2π ) 2 + 0
π n n
4 ( −1)n
an =
n2
π
1
bn =
π ∫ f (x ) sin nx dx
−π
π
1
∫ (x
2
=
π
)
+ x sin nx dx
−π
π
1 2 − cos nx − sin nx + (2) cos nx
= x + x
( ) − ( 2x + 1)
π n n2 n 3 −π
VSCET
1.26 UNIT I
( −1)n 2 ( −1)n
1
− (
π 2
+ π
n
+ )
0 +
n3
=
π ( −1)n 2 ( −1)n
(
− − π2 − π −
n
+ 0 )
+
n3
−2π ( −1)n
=
π n
−2 ( −1)n
bn = .
n
a0 ∞ ∞
∴ f (x ) =
2
+ ∑ an cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx
n =1 n =1
2π 2 ∞
4 ( −1)n ∞
−2 ( −1)n
= +∑ cos nx + ∑ n sin nx
3 (2 ) n =1 n 2 n =1
π2 ∞
( −1)n ∞
( −1)n
f (x ) = + 4∑ cos nx − 2 ∑ sin nx
3 n =1 n2 n =1 n
π2 ∞
( −1)n
∴ π2 = + 4∑ 2
( −1)n
3 n =1 n
π2 ∞
1
π2 − = 4∑ 2
3 n =1 n
2π 2 ∞
1
= 4∑ 2
3 n =1 n
∞
1 π2
⇒ ∑ 2 6. =
n =1 n
NOTE:
π
(ii) If the series has sin term we put x =
2
1.9.4. EXAMPLE:
Obtain the Fourier series to represent the function f (x ) = x in − π < x < π and
1 1 π2
deduce that + + ⋯ = .
12 32 8
(OR)
−x, − π < x ≤ 0
Find the Fourier series of f (x ) = .
x , 0 ≤ x < π
SOLUTION:
f (x ) = x
f (−x ) = −x = x = f (x )
∴ f (x ) is even, ∴ bn = 0
a0 ∞ ∞
∴ f (x ) =
2
+ ∑ an cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx
n =1 n =1
π
1
a0 =
π ∫ f (x ) dx
−π
π
2
=
π ∫x dx
0
π
2
=
π ∫ x dx
0
VSCET
1.28 UNIT I
π
2 x 2
=
π 2 0
1
= π 2 − 0
π
a0 = π
π
1
an =
π ∫ f (x ) cos nx dx
−π
π
2
=
π ∫x cos nx dx
0
π
2
=
π ∫ x cos nx dx
0
π
2 sin nx − cos nx
= x − (1)
π n n 2 0
2 ( −1)n 1
= 0 + 2 − 0 + 2
π n n
2 ( −1)n − 1
=
π n2
−4 , if n is odd
= π n2
0, if n is even
∞
π −4
∴ f (x ) = + ∑ 2 cos nx
2 n =odd π n
∞
π 4 1
f (x ) =
2
−
π
∑ (2n − 1)2 cos (2n − 1) x .
n =1
∞
4 1 π
π
∑ (2n − 1)2 =
2
n =1
∞
1 π2
∑ 2
=
8
n =1 ( 2n − 1)
1 1 π2
( i.e.) + +⋯ = .
12 32 8
1.9.5. EXAMPLE:
SOLUTION:
f (x ) = sin x
∴ f (x ) is even function
∴ bn = 0
a0 ∞ ∞
∴ f (x ) =
2
+ ∑ an cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx
n =1 n =1
π
1
a0 =
π ∫ f (x ) dx
−π
π
2
=
π ∫ sin x dx
0
π
2
=
π ∫ sin x dx
0
2
= [ − cos x ]π
0
π
−2
= [ −1 − 1]
π
4
a0 = .
π
VSCET
1.30 UNIT I
π
1
an =
π ∫ f (x ) cos nx dx
−π
π
2
=
π ∫ sin x cos nx dx
0
π
2
=
π ∫ sin x cos nx dx
0
π
2
=
π ∫ cos nx sin x dx
0
π
2 1
π ∫2
= [sin (n + 1) x − sin (n − 1) x ] dx
0
π
1
=
π ∫ [sin (n + 1) x − sin (n − 1) x ] dx
0
π
1 − cos ( n + 1) x − cos ( n − 1) x
= −
π ( n + 1) (n − 1) 0
1 − ( −1)n + 1 ( −1)n −1 −1 1
= + − +
π n + 1 n − 1 n + 1 n − 1
1 − ( −1)n + 1 ( −1)n + 1 −1 1
=
π n + 1
+ − +
n − 1 n + 1 n − 1
(∵ ( −1)n +1 = ( −1)n −1 )
1 1
( −1)n + 1
−1 1 −1
= + − +
π n + 1 n − 1 n + 1 n − 1
1 −1 1
= + ( −1)
π n + 1 n − 1
n +1
(
−1
)
1 −n + 1 + n + 1
=
π
2
n −1
( −1)
n +1
(
−1
)
2
= (( −1)n +1 − 1)
(
π n −1 2
)
−4
, if n is even
π n 2 − 1
an = ( ) (if n ≠ 1)
0, if n is odd
MA2211 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE
FOURIER SERIES 1.31
π
1
a1 =
π ∫ f (x ) cos x dx
−π
π
2
=
π ∫ sin x cos x dx
0
π
2
=
π ∫ sin x cos x dx
0
π
2 1
π 2 ∫0
= 2 sin x cos x dx
π
1
=
π ∫ sin 2x dx
0
1 − cos 2x π
=
π 2 0
1
=− [1 − 1]
2π
a1 = 0 .
a0 ∞
∴ f (x ) =
2
+ ∑ an cos nx
n =1
a0 ∞
=
2
+ a1 cos x + ∑ an cos nx
n =2
∞
4 −4
= + (0) + ∑ cos nx
π (2) n = even π n 2
− 1 ( )
∞
2 4 cos 2nx
f (x ) = − ∑ .
π π n =1 (( 2n )2 − 1)
1.9.6. EXAMPLE:
VSCET
1.32 UNIT I
SOLUTION:
f (x ) = cos x
∴ f (x ) is even function
∴ bn = 0
a0 ∞ ∞
∴ f (x ) =
2
+ ∑ an cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx
n =1 n =1
π
1
a0 =
π ∫ f (x ) dx
−π
π
2
=
π ∫ cos x dx
0
2
π /2 π
( − cos x ) dx
π ∫0 ∫
= cos x dx +
π /2
2
= [ sin x ]π0 / 2 − [sin x ]ππ / 2
π
2
= [(1 − 0 ) − ( 0 − 1) ]
π
4
a0 = .
π
π
1
an =
π ∫ f (x ) cos nx dx
−π
π
2
=
π ∫ cos x cos nx dx
0
2
π /2 π
( − cos x ) cos nx dx
π 0∫ ∫
= cos x cos nx dx +
π /2
2
π /2 π
π ∫0 ∫
= cos nx cos x dx − cos nx cos x dx
π /2
1 π /2
∫ [ cos ( n + 1) x + cos ( n − 1) x ] dx
2 2
= 0 π
π 1
−
2 ∫ [cos (n + 1) x + cos (n − 1) x ] dx
π /2
π /2
1 sin (n + 1) x sin (n − 1) x
= +
π n +1 n − 1 0
π
1 sin (n + 1) x sin (n − 1) x
− +
π n + 1 n − 1 π /2
sin (n + 1) π sin ( n − 1) π
1 2 + 2 − ( 0 + 0 )
=
π n +1 n −1
sin (n + 1) π sin ( n − 1) π
1
− ( 0 + 0 ) − 2 + 2
π n +1 n −1
2 cos nπ 2 cos nπ
=
1 2 − 2
π n +1 n −1
nπ
2 cos
= 2 1 − 1
π n + 1 n − 1
nπ
2 cos
= 2 n − 1 − n − 1
π n 2 − 1
nπ
−4 cos
2
an = 2
π n −1( )
( if )
n ≠1
π
1
a1 =
π ∫ f (x ) cos x dx
−π
VSCET
1.34 UNIT I
π
2
=
π ∫ cos x cos x dx
0
2
π /2 π
( − cos x ) cos x dx
π 0∫ ∫
= cos x cos x dx +
π /2
2
π /2 π
cos x dx − ∫ cos x dx
π ∫0
2 2
=
π /2
2
π /2 π
1 + cos 2x dx − 1 + cos 2x dx
π ∫0 ∫ 2
=
2
π /2
1 sin 2x π / 2 sin 2x π
= x + − x+
π 2 0 2 π / 2
1 π π
= + 0 − ( 0 + 0 ) − ( π + 0 ) − + 0
π 2 2
1 π
−π +
π
=
π 2 2
a1 = 0 .
a0 ∞
∴ f (x ) =
2
+ ∑ an cos nx
n =1
a0 ∞
=
2
+ a1 cos x + ∑ an cos nx
n =2
nπ
∞ −4 cos
4 2 cos nx
= + (0) + ∑ 2
π (2) n =2 π n − 1 ( )
nπ
∞ cos
2 4 2 cos nx
f (x ) = − ∑ n2 − 1
π π n =2 ( )
1.9.7. EXAMPLE:
0, −π < x ≤ 0
Find the Fourier series expansion of f (x ) = and evaluate
sin x , 0 ≤ x < π
1 1 1
(i) − + −⋯
1.3 3.5 5.7
1 1 1
(ii) + + +⋯
1.3 3.5 5.7
SOLUTION:
0, −π < x ≤ 0
f (x ) =
sin x , 0 ≤ x < π
0, − π < −x ≤ 0
f (−x ) =
− sin x, 0 ≤ −x < π
0, π >x ≥0
=
− sin x, 0 ≥ x > π
− sin x , −π < x ≤ 0
= .
0, 0 ≤ x < π
a0 ∞ ∞
∴ f (x ) =
2
+ ∑ an cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx
n =1 n =1
π
1
a0 =
π ∫ f (x ) dx
−π
π
1
=
π ∫ sin x dx
0
1
= ( − cos x )π
0
π
1
=− ( −1 − 1)
π
2
a0 = .
π
VSCET
1.36 UNIT I
π
1
an =
π ∫ f (x ) cos nx dx
−π
π
1
=
π ∫ sin x cos nx dx
0
π
1
=
π ∫ cos nx sin x dx
0
π
1 1
=
π ∫ 2 [sin (n + 1) x − sin (n − 1) x ] dx
0
π
1
=
2π ∫ [sin (n + 1) x − sin (n − 1) x ] dx
0
π
1 − cos (n + 1) x − cos (n − 1) x
= −
2π ( n + 1) ( n − 1) 0
1 − ( −1)n + 1 ( −1)n − 1 −1 1
= + − +
2π n + 1 n − 1 n + 1 n − 1
1 − ( −1)n + 1 ( −1)n + 1 −1 1
=
2π
n + 1
+ − +
n − 1 n + 1 n − 1
(∵ ( −1)n +1 = ( −1)n −1 )
1 1
( −1)n + 1
−1 1 −1
= + − +
2π n + 1 n − 1 n + 1 n − 1
1 −1 1
=
2π
(
n + 1 + n − 1 ( −1)
n +1
−1
)
1 −n + 1 + n + 1
=
2π
2
n −1
( −1 )
n +1
(
−1
)
2
= 2 ( ( −1)n + 1 − 1)
(
2π n − 1 )
−2
, if n is even
π n 2 − 1
an = ( ) (if n ≠ 1)
0, if n is odd
π
1
a1 =
π ∫ f (x ) cos x dx
−π
π
1
=
π ∫ sin x cos x dx
0
π
11
π 2 ∫0
= 2 sin x cos x dx
π
1
=
2π ∫ sin 2x dx
0
1 − cos 2x π
=
2π 2 0
1
=− [1 − 1]
4π
a1 = 0 .
π
1
bn =
π ∫ f (x ) sin nx dx
−π
π
1
=
π ∫ sin x sin nx dx
0
π
1
=
π ∫ sin nx sin x dx
0
π
1
=
2π ∫ [cos (n − 1) x − cos (n + 1) x ] dx
0
π
1 sin (n − 1) x sin (n + 1) x
= −
2π n −1 n +1
0
1
= [ ( 0 − 0 ) − ( 0 − 0 )]
2π
bn = 0 ( if n ≠1 )
π
1
b1 =
π ∫ f (x ) sin x dx
−π
VSCET
1.38 UNIT I
π
1
=
π ∫ sin x sin x dx
0
π
1
=
π ∫ sin2 x dx
0
π
1 1 − cos 2x dx
=
π ∫
2
0
π
1 x − sin 2x
=
2π 2 0
1
= [(π − 0 ) − ( 0 − 0 )]
2π
1
b1 = .
2
a0 ∞ ∞
∴ f (x ) =
2
+ a1 cos x + ∑ an cos nx + b1 sin x + ∑ bn sin nx
n =2 n =2
∞
2 −2 1
= + ( 0) + ∑ cos nx + sin x + (0)
π (2) 2
n = even π n − 1 2 ( )
∞
1 2 cos 2nx 1
= − ∑ 2
+ sin x
π π n =1 ( (2n ) −1 ) 2
∞
1 2 cos 2nx 1
f (x ) =
π
−
π
∑ ( 2n − 1) (2n + 1) +
2
sin x .
n =1
∞
1 1
⇒ ∑ (2n − 1) (2n + 1) = 2
n =1
π
(ii) Put x =
2
( continuous point)
1 2 ∞
( −1)n 1
1=
π
− ∑ + (1)
π n =1 ( 2n − 1) ( 2n + 1) 2
1 1 2 ∞
( −1)n
1− −
2
=− ∑
π π n = 1 ( 2n − 1) ( 2n + 1)
π −2 2 ∞
( −1)n
2π
=−
π
∑ ( 2n − 1) (2n + 1)
n =1
∞
( −1)n
= −
π −2
⇒ ∑
n = 1 ( 2n − 1) ( 2n + 1) 4
+ ⋯ = −
1 1 1 π −2
− + −
1.3 3.5 5.7 4
1 1 1 π −2
(i.e.) − + −⋯ = .
1.3 3.5 5.7 4
1.10.1. DEFINITON:
Where
2l
1
l ∫0
a0 = f (x ) dx
2l
1
an = ∫ f (x ) cos
nπ x
dx
l 0 l
2l
1
f (x ) sin
nπ x
bn = ∫
l 0 l
dx
1.10.2. EXAMPLE:
VSCET
1.40 UNIT I
Find the Fourier series expansion of period 2l for the function f (x ) = (l − x )2 in the
∞
1 π2
range ( 0, 2l ) . Deduce that ∑ 2 6. =
n =1 n
SOLUTION:
Where
2l
1
l ∫0
a0 = f (x ) dx
2l
1
(l − x )2 dx
l ∫0
=
2l
1 (l − x )
3
=
l −3
0
1
=− ( −l )3 − l 3
3l
2l 2
a0 = .
3
2l
1 nπ x dx
an =
l ∫ f (x ) cos l
0
2l
1
= ∫ (l − x )2 cos
nπ x
dx
l 0 l
2l
sin
nπ x
− cos
nπ x
− sin
nπ x
1
= (l − x )2 l − 2 l − x ( −1) l + −2 ( −1 ) l
[ ( ) ] 2 [ ] 3
l n π nπ nπ
l l l 0
2l
sin
nπ x
cos
nπ x
sin
nπ x
1
= (l − x )2 l −2 l −x l −2 l
( ) 2 3
l nπ n π π
n
l l l 0
1 1 1
= ( 0 ) − 2 ( −l ) 2
− 0 − 0 − 2l 2
− 0
l nπ nπ
l( )
( )l
1 2l 2l
= +
l nπ 2 nπ 2
l
l
1 4l
=
l n π 2
l
4l 2
an =
n 2π 2
2l
1
f (x ) sin
nπ x
bn = ∫
l 0 l
dx
2l
1
(l − x )2 sin
nπ x
= ∫
l 0 l
dx
2l
nπ x
− cos
nπ x
− sin
nπ x
cos
1
= (l − x )2 l − 2 l − x ( −1) l + −2 ( −1) l
[ ( ) ] 2 [ ] 3
l nπ nπ nπ
l l l 0
2l
− cos
nπ x
sin
nπ x
cos
nπ x
1
l −2 l −x
= (l − x )2 ( ) l2 + 2 l
3
l nπ n π π
n
l l l 0
VSCET
1.42 UNIT I
1 1 1 2 1 1
= −l 2 −0+2 − −l +0+2
l nπ n π 3 nπ n π 3
l l l l
1 −l 2
2 l 2
2
= + + −
l n π n π 3 n π n π 3
l l
l l
1
= (0)
l
bn = 0
∞
a0 nπ x ∞
∴ f (x ) =
2
+ ∑ an cos l n =1
nπ x
+ ∑ bn sin
l
n =1
2l 2 ∞
4l 2 nπ x ∞
= + ∑ 2 2 cos nπ x
+ ∑ ( 0 ) sin
3 (2 ) n =1 n π l n =1 l
l 2 4l 2 ∞
1
∑ n 2 cos
nπ x
f (x ) = +
3 π2 n =1 l
l 2 + l 2 l 2 4l 2 ∞
1
2
= +
3 π2
∑ n2
n =1
∞
1 π2
∑ 2
=
6
.
n =1 n
1.10.3. EXAMPLE:
x , 0<x <l
l
Find the Fourier Series of f (x ) = in the range ( 0, 2l ) .
2l − x
, l < x < 2l
l
SOLUTION:
Where
2l
1
l ∫0
a0 = f (x ) dx
1
l 2l
l ∫0 ∫
= f (x ) dx + f (x ) dx
l
1 x dx + 2l − x dx
l 2l
l ∫0 l ∫ l
=
l
l 2l
1 x2 1 ( 2l − x )2
= 2 + 2
l 2 0 l −2 l
1 2 1
= l − 0 − 2 0 − l 2
2
2l 2l
1 2 1
= 2
l + 2 l2
2l 2l
a0 = 1 .
2l
1
f (x ) cos
nπ x
an = ∫
l 0 l
dx
1 nπ x dx
l 2l
∫ f (x ) cos
nπ x
=
l 0 l
dx + ∫ f (x )cos
l
l
1 x 2l − x cos nπ x dx
l 2l
∫ cos
nπ x
=
l 0 l l
dx + ∫ l
l
l
l 2l
nπ x nπ x nπ x nπ x
1
= 2 x
sin
l ( )
− (1)
− cos
l ( ) 1
+ 2 ( 2l − x )
sin ( )
l − ( −1)
( )
− cos
l
nπ nπ 2 nπ nπ 2
l
l ( ) l ( )
0
l
l( ) ( )l
l
VSCET
1.44 UNIT I
1 ( −1)n 1 1 1 ( −1 )n
= 2 0 +
2 − 0+ 2
+ 2 0 −
2 − 0−
l nπ nπ l nπ nπ 2
l ( )
l ( )
( )
l
( )
l
1 ( −1)n 1 1 ( −1)n
= 2 2 − 2 − 2 +
nπ nπ nπ nπ 2
l
( ) ( ) ( ) ( l )
l l l
1 2 ( −1)n 2
= 2 2 − 2
nπ nπ
l
( ) ( )
l l
2 l2 n
= 2 2 2 ( ( −1) − 1)
l n π
2
= 2 2 ( ( −1)n − 1)
n π
−4 , if n is odd
an = n 2π 2
0, if n is even
2l
1
f (x ) sin
nπ x
bn = ∫
l 0 l
dx
1 nπ x dx
l 2l
∫ f (x )sin
nπ x
=
l 0 l
dx + ∫ f (x )sin
l
l
1 x 2l − x sin nπ x dx
l 2l
∫ sin
nπ x
=
l 0 l l
dx + ∫
l
l
l
l
nπ x nπ x
1
= 2 x
− cos
l ( )
− (1)
− sin
l( )
π nπ 2
l
n
l ( ) l ( )
0
2l
nπ x nπ x
− cos ( ) − sin (
l )
1
+ ( 2l − x ) l − ( −1 )
2 nπ 2
l
( l ) ( nlπ ) l
1 ( −1)n 1 ( −1)n
= 2 −l + 0 − ( 0 + 0 ) + 2 ( 0 + 0 ) − −l nπ − 0
nπ
l
l ( )
l
( )
l
1 −l ( −1)n l ( −1)n
= 2 nπ +
nπ
l
( ) ( )
l l
bn = 0 .
a0 ∞ ∞
∑ an cos l + nπ x
nπ x
∴ f (x ) = + ∑ bn sin
2 n =1 n =1 l
∞
nπ x ∞
+ ∑ 2 2 cos
1 −4 nπ x
= + ∑ ( 0 ) sin
2 n = odd n π l n =1 l
1 4 ∞ 1 ( 2n − 1) π x
= − 2 ∑ 2
cos
2 π n =1 ( 2n − 1) l
1.10.4. EXAMPLE:
1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
f (x ) = , and f ( x + 2 ) = f (x ) .
2, 1 ≤ x ≤ 2
SOLUTION:
Since ( 0, 2l )
VSCET
1.46 UNIT I
Here ( 0,2 )
⇒ 2l = 2
⇒l = 1
a0 ∞ ∞
∑ an cos l + nπ x
nπ x
∴ f (x ) = + ∑ bn sin
2 n =1 n =1 l
a0 ∞ ∞
=
2
+ ∑ an cos (nπ x ) + ∑ bn sin (nπ x )
n =1 n =1
2l
1
a0 = ∫ f (x ) dx
l 0
2
1
1 ∫0
= f (x )dx
1 2
= ∫ (1) dx + ∫ ( 2 ) dx
0 1
= [x ]10 + 2 [x ]12
= (1 − 0 ) + 2 ( 2 − 1)
a0 = 3 .
2l
1
f (x ) cos
nπ x
an = ∫
l 0 l
dx
2
1
= ∫ f (x )cos (nπ x ) dx
10
1 2
= ∫ (1) cos ( nπ x ) dx + ∫ (2) cos ( nπ x ) dx
0 1
1 2
=
sin n π x
+ 2
sin nπ x
nπ 0 n π 1
1 1
= ( 0 + 0) + 2 ( 0 + 0)
nπ nπ
an = 0 .
2l
1
f (x ) sin
nπ x
bn = ∫
l 0 l
dx
2
1
= ∫ f (x ) sin ( nπ x ) dx
10
1 2
= ∫ (1) sin (nπ x ) dx + ∫ (2) sin ( nπ x ) dx
0 1
1 2
=
− cos nπ x
+ 2
− cos nπ x
nπ 0 nπ 1
−1 2
= ( −1)n − 1 −
1 − ( −1)n
nπ nπ
−1 2
= ( −1)n − 1 + ( −1)n − 1
nπ nπ
1
= ( −1)n − 1
nπ
−2 , if n is odd
bn = nπ
0, if n is even
a0 ∞ ∞
∴ f (x ) =
2
+ ∑ an cos (nπ x ) + ∑ bn sin (nπ x )
n =1 n =1
∞ ∞
+ ∑ ( 0 ) cos ( nπ x ) + ∑
3 −2
= sin ( nπ x )
2 n =1 n = odd n π
3 2 ∞ sin ( ( 2n − 1) π x )
f (x ) = − ∑ .
2 π n =1 ( 2n − 1)
1.10.5. EXAMPLE:
(l − x ) , 0 ≤ x ≤ l
Find the Fourier series expansion for f (x ) = .
0, l ≤ x ≤ 2l
ANSWER:
VSCET
1.48 UNIT I
l
a0 =
2
2l , if n is odd
an = n 2π 2
0, if n is even
1
bn = .
nπ
1.10.6. EXAMPLE:
SOLUTION:
a 0 = 2π
an = 0
−2
bn = .
n
1.11.1. EXAMPLE:
f (x ) .
SOLUTION:
f (x ) = x
f (−x ) = −x = − f (x )
∴ f (x ) is odd.
∴ a 0 = 0, an = 0 .
a0 ∞ ∞
∑ an cos l + nπ x
nπ x
∴ f (x ) = + ∑ bn sin
2 n =1 n =1 l
∞
∑ bn sin
nπ x
f (x ) =
n =1 l
Where
l
1
bn = ∫ f (x ) sin
nπ x
dx
l −l l
l
1
x sin
nπ x
= ∫
l −l l
dx
l
2
x sin
nπ x
= ∫
l 0 l
dx
l
nπ x nπ x
1
= x
− cos
l ( )
− (1)
− sin
l ( )
n π nπ 2
l
l ( ) l ( )
0
2 −l ( −1)n
= + 0 − ( 0 + 0 )
l n π
l ( )
2 −l ( −1)n
= .
nπ
l
l ( )
−2l
bn = ( −1)n
nπ
−2l ∞
( −1)n
sin
nπ x
∴ f (x ) =
π
∑ n l
n =1 .
1.11.2. EXAMPLE:
VSCET
1.50 UNIT I
1 + 2x , − l ≤ x ≤ 0
l 1 1 1 π2
f (x ) = , and hence deduce that 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ = .
2 x
1 − , 0 ≤ x ≤ l 1 3 5 8
l
SOLUTION:
1 + 2x , − l ≤ x ≤ 0
l
f (x ) =
2
1 − x , 0 ≤ x ≤ l
l
1 − 2x , − l ≤ −x ≤ 0
l
f (−x ) =
2
1 + x , 0 ≤ −x ≤ l
l
1 − 2x , l ≥ x ≥ 0
l
=
2
1 + x , 0 ≥ x ≥ −l
l
1 + 2x , − l ≤ x ≤ 0
l
=
2
1 − x , 0 ≤ x ≤ l
l
= f (x )
∴ f (x ) is even.
∴ bn = 0 .
a0 ∞
∑ an cos
nπ x
∴ f (x ) = +
2 n =1 l
l
2
l ∫0
a0 = f (x )dx
l
2 2x
= ∫
l 0
1 − dx
l
l
2x 2
2
1 −
= l
l 2 −2
l
0
−1
= [1 − 1]
2
a0 = 0 .
l
2
an = ∫ f (x )cos
nπ x
dx
l 0 l
l
2 2x nπ x dx
= ∫
l 0
1 − cos
l l
l
nπ x nπ x
2
= 1 −
2x
sin ( )l − −
2 ( )
− cos
l
l nπ l nπ 2
l
( )
l ( )l
0
2 n
= 0 −
( )
− 0 −
2 − 1 2 1
2 2
l l nπ l nπ
l ( )
l ( )
2 2 ( −1)n 2 1
= − + 2
l l n π 2 l nπ
l l ( ) ( )
2 2 l 2 n
= (1 − ( −1) )
l l n 2π 2
8 if n is odd
= n 2π 2
0, if n is even
a0 ∞
∑ an cos
nπ x
∴ f (x ) = +
2 n =1 l
∞
8
cos
nπ x
=0+ ∑ 2 2
l
n = odd n π
VSCET
1.52 UNIT I
∞
8 1 ( 2n − 1) π x
f (x ) =
π 2 ∑ (2n − 1)2 cos l
n =1
(
put x = 0 : continuous point )
∞
8 1
f (0) =
π 2 ∑ ( 2n − 1)2
n =1
∞
8 1
1=
π 2 ∑ (2n − 1)2
n =1
∞
1 π2
∑ 2 =
8
.
n =1 ( 2n − 1)
1.11.3. EXAMPLE:
SOLUTION:
Here ( −2, 2 )
( −l, l )
⇒ l = 2.
= f (x )
∴ f (x ) is even.
∴ bn = 0 .
a0 ∞
∑ an cos
nπ x
∴ f (x ) = +
2 n =1 l
l
2
a0 = ∫ f (x )dx
l 0
2
2
2 ∫0
= f (x )dx
1 2
= ∫ f (x )dx + ∫ f (x ) dx
0 1
1 2
= ∫ k dx + ∫ ( 0 ) dx
0 1
= k [x ]10
= k (1 − 0 )
a0 = k .
l
2
an = ∫ f (x )cos
nπ x
dx
l 0 l
2
2
f (x )cos
nπ x
=
20∫ 2
dx
1 2
= ∫ f (x ) cos
nπ x nπ x dx
dx + ∫ f (x ) cos
0
2 1
2
VSCET
1.54 UNIT I
1 2
= ∫ k cos
nπ x nπ x dx
dx + ∫ ( 0 ) cos
0
2 1
2
1
sin nπ x
=k 2 ( )
nπ
2 ( )
0
2k nπ − 0
=
nπ sin 2
2k
sin
nπ
an =
nπ 2
a0 ∞
∑ an cos
nπ x
∴ f (x ) = +
2 n =1 l
∞
k 2k 1
∑ n sin cos nπ x .
nπ
f (x ) = +
2 π n =1 2 2
1.12.1. FORMULA:
a0 ∞ a0 ∞
∑ an cos
nπ x
f (x ) =
2
+ ∑ an cos nx f (x ) =
2
+
l
n =1 n =1
π l
2 2
Where a 0 =
π ∫ f (x )dx Where a0 =
l ∫0
f (x )dx
0
π l
2 2
f (x )cos
nπ x
an =
π ∫ f (x )cos nx dx an = ∫
l 0 l
dx
0
π l
2 2
f (x )sin
nπ x
Where bn =
π ∫ f (x )sin nxdx bn = ∫
l 0 l
dx
0
1.12.2. EXAMPLE:
SOLUTION:
∞
f (x ) = ∑ bn sin nx
n =1
π
2
bn =
π ∫ f (x )sin nx dx
0
−2
= ( −1)n
n
1.12.3. EXAMPLE:
SOLUTION:
a0 ∞
f (x ) =
2
+ ∑ an cos nx
n =1
π
2 2π 2
a0 =
π ∫ f (x ) dx = 3
0
π
2 4
π∫
n
an = f (x )cos nx dx = 2 ( −1) .
0
n
1.12.4. EXAMPLE:
1 1 1 π3
− + − ⋯ = .
13 33 53 32
VSCET
1.56 UNIT I
SOLUTION:
∞
f (x ) = ∑ bn sin nx
n =1
π
2
bn =
π ∫ f (x )sin nx dx
0
4
= (1 − ( −1)n )
n 3π
8 , if n is odd
= n 3π
0, if n is even
∞
∴ f (x ) = ∑ bn sin nx
n =1
∞
8
= ∑ 3
π
sin nx
n = odd n
∞
8 1
f (x ) =
π
∑ (2n − 1)3 sin ( 2n − 1) x
n =1
8 sin x sin 3x
f (x ) = + + ⋯
π 13 33
π
put x =
2
(cont. point )
π π 81 1 1
π − = 3 − 3 + 3 − ⋯
2 2 π 1 3 5
1 1 1 π3
⇒ − + − ⋯ =
13 33 53 32
1.12.5. EXAMPLE:
SOLUTION:
∞
∑ bn sin
nπ x
f (x ) =
n =1 l
l
2 2l
bn = ∫ f (x )sin
nπ x
dx =
l 0 l nπ
∞
2l
∑ nπ sin
nπ x
f (x ) = .
n =1 l
1.12.6. EXAMPLE:
Find the Half-range cosine series for f (x ) = ( x − 1)2 in ( 0,1) . Hence show that
1 1 1 π2
+ + + ⋯ = .
12 22 32 24
SOLUTION:
Here ( 0,l )
( 0,1)
⇒ l = 1.
a0 ∞
∑ an cos
nπ x
f (x ) = +
2 n =1 l
l
2 2
a0 = ∫
l 0
f (x ) dx =
3
l
2 4
f (x )cos
nπ x
an = ∫
l 0 l
dx = 2 2
n π
a0 ∞
∑ an cos
nπ x
∴ f (x ) = +
2 n =1 l
∞
2 4
+ ∑ 2 2 cos
nπ x
f (x ) =
3 ( 2 ) n =1 n π l
1 4 ∞ 1
+ 2 ∑ 2 cos
nπ x
f (x ) =
3 π n =1 n l
VSCET
1.58 UNIT I
(
put x = 0 dis. cont. point )
f (0) + f (1) 1 4 ∞ 1
∴ = + 2 ∑ 2
2 3 π n =1 n
∞
1+0 1 4 1
2
= + 2
3 π
∑ n2
n =1
∞
1 π2
⇒ ∑ 2 24 .=
n =1 n
1.13.1. STATEMENT:
then
π
1 a 02 1 ∞ 2
∑ an + bn2 ,
2
2π ∫ ( f (x )) dx =
4
+
2 n =1
( )
−π
f (x ) :
b
2
∫ ( f (x )) dx
Let f (x ) be a function defined in (a,b ) then a is called the root
b −a
b
1
( f (x ))2 dx .
b − a a∫
y2 =
1.13.3. NOTE:
1.13.4. EXAMPLE:
π4 1 1 1
= 4
+ 4 + 4 +⋯
90 1 2 3
SOLUTION:
f (x ) = x 2
f (x )is even, ∴ bn = 0
a0 ∞
∴ f (x ) =
2
+ ∑ an cos nx
n =1
∞
2 2π 2
a0 =
π ∫ f (x )dx = 3
0
∞
2 4
π ∫
n
an = f (x )cos nx dx = 2 ( −1)
0
n
π2 ∞
4
∴ f (x ) = + ∑ 2 ( −1)n cos nx
3 n =1 n
By Parseval’s theorem,
π
1 a 02 1 ∞ 2
∑
2
2π ∫ ( f (x )) dx =
4
+ (
2 n =1
an + bn2 )
−π
π
1 4π 4 / 9 1 ∞ 4 n
2
2
2π ∫ x 4
dx =
4
+ ∑
2 n =1 n 2
( − 1 )
+ 0
−π
π
2 π 4 1 ∞ 16
+ ∑ 4 ( −1)2n
2π ∫0
4
x dx =
9 2 n =1 n
VSCET
1.60 UNIT I
π
1 x 5 π4 ∞
1
= + 8∑ 4
π 5 0 9 n =1 n
1 π 5 − 0 π 4 ∞
1
π 5
=
9
+ 8 ∑ 4
n =1 n
π4 π4 ∞
1
= + 8∑ 4
5 9 n =1 n
∞
1 π4
⇒ ∑ 4 90 .=
n =1 n
1.13.5. EXAMPLE:
Find the sine series for f (x ) = x in 0 < x < π , then using R.M.S. value show that
π2 1 1
=1+ 2
+ 2 +⋯
6 2 3
SOLUTION:
∞
f (x ) = ∑ bn sin nx
n =1
π
2
bn =
π ∫ f (x )sin nx dx
0
−2
= ( −1)n
n
∞
( −1)n +1
∴ f (x ) = 2 ∑ sin nx
n =1 n
π
1 1 ∞ 4
2π ∫ x 2 dx = 0 + ∑ 0 + 2 (1)
2 n =1 n
−π
π ∞
2 1
∫
2π 0
x 2
dx = 2 ∑ 2
n =1 n
π
1 x 3 ∞
1
π 3 0
= 2 ∑ 2
n =1 n
∞
1 1
π3 − 0 = 2∑ 2
( )
3π n =1 n
∞
1 π2
∴ ∑ 2 6. =
n =1 n
1.13.6. EXAMPLE:
Obtain the Fourier series of f (x ) = x 2 in ( −l, l ) . Hence find the value of the series
1 1
4
+ 4 + ⋯.
1 2
SOLUTION:
f (x ) = x 2
f (x )is even
∴ bn = 0
l
2 2l 3
l ∫0
a0 = f (x ) dx =
3
l 2 n
2 nπ x dx = 4l ( −1)
l ∫0
an = f (x ) cos
l n 2π 2
By Parseval’s theorem,
l
1 a 02 1 ∞ 2
∑
2
2l ∫ ( f (x )) dx =
4
+
2 n =1
(
an + bn2 )
−l
∞
1 π4
Hence we have ∑ n4 =
90
.
n =1
VSCET
1.62 UNIT I
1.14.1. DEFINITION:
a0 ∞ ∞
f (x ) =
2
+ ∑ an cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx
n =1 n =1
Where
∑ f (x )
a0 = 2
n
∑ f (x )cos nx
an = 2
n
∑ f (x )sin nx
bn = 2
n
1.15.1. EXAMPLE:
x: 0 π /3 2π / 3 π 4π / 3 5π / 3 2π
SOLUTION:
Since the last value of y is a repetition of the first, only the first six values will
be used.
a0 2 2
f (x ) =
2
+ ∑ an cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx
n =1 n =1
a0
= + a1 cos x + a2 cos 2x + b1 sin x + b2 sin 2x
2
Now,
∑y 4.5 = 1.5
a0 = 2 = 2
n 6
VSCET
1.64 UNIT I
a0
∴ y= + a1 cos x + a2 cos 2x + b1 sin x + b2 sin 2x
2
1.5
= + ( 0.373 ) cos x + ( 0.89 ) cos 2x + (1.005 ) sin x + ( −0.109 ) sin 2x
2
1.16.1. EXAMPLE:
Find the Fourier series up to first harmonic for the following values:
SOLUTION:
Since the last value of y is a repetition of the first, only the first six values will
be used.
0 40 1 0 40 0
180 20 –1 0 – 20.00 0
∑ 60 30 29.964
Now,
∑y 60
a 0 = 2 = 2 = 20
n 6
∑ y cos x 30
a1 = 2 = 2 = 10
n 6
a0
∴ f (x ) = + a1 cos x + b1 sin x
2
20
f (x ) = + 10 cos x + ( 9.988 ) sin x .
2
VSCET
1.66 UNIT I
1.17.1. FORMULAE:
2π x
θ =
T
1.17.2. EXAMPLE:
The values of x and the corresponding values of f (x ) over a period T are given
2π x
below, show that f (x ) = 0.75 + 0.37 cos θ + 1.004 sin θ , where θ =
T
SOLUTION:
First and last value are same. Hence we omit the last value.
a0
The Fourier series be f (x ) = + a1 cos θ + b1 sin θ
2
∑y
Where a 0 = 2
n
∑ y cos θ
a1 = 2
n
∑ y sin θ
b1 = 2 .
n
2π x y y cos θ y sin θ
x θ = cos θ sin θ
T
0 0 1.98 1 0 1.98 0
5T/6
5π / 3 –0.25 0.5 –0.866 –0.125 0.2165
∑y 4.5 = 1.5
a0 = 2 = 2
n 6
1.18.1. EXAMPLE:
VSCET
1.68 UNIT I
Find the constant term and the coeff. of the first sine and cosine terms in the
x: 0 1 2 3 4 5
y: 9 18 24 28 26 20
SOLUTION:
∴ l = 3.
a0 ∞ ∞
∑ n l n ∑ sin l
nπ x + b nπ x
∴ f (x ) = + a cos
2 n =1 n =1
a0
+ a1 cos
πx πx
Here f (x ) = + b1 sin
2 3 3
sin
πx
y cos
πx
y sin
πx
cos
y πx
x
3 3 3 3
0 9 1 0 9 0
3 28 –1 0 –28 0
5
20 0.5 –0.866 10 –17.321
∑y 125 = 41.67
a0 = 2 = 2
n 6
y cos π x
∑
a1 = 2 3 ( ) = 2 −25 = −8.33
n 6
y sin π x
∑
b1 = 2 3 ( ) = 2 −3.465 = −1.16
n 6
41.67
+ ( −8.33 ) cos
πx πx .
∴ f (x ) = + ( −1.16 ) sin
2 3 3
1.19.1. DEFINITION:
2π
1
∫ f (x )e
−inx
Where cn = dx .
2π 0
1.19.2. NOTE:
∞ π
1
f (x ) = ∑ cn e inx
, where cn =
2π ∫ f (x )e −inx dx
n =−∞ −π
∞ inπ x 2l −inπ x
1
f (x ) = ∑ cn e l where cn =
2l ∫ f (x )e l dx
n =−∞ 0
VSCET
1.70 UNIT I
∞ inπ x l −inx
1
f (x ) = ∑ cn e l , where cn =
2l ∫ f (x )e l dx .
n =−∞ −l
1.19.3. EXAMPLE:
Find the complex form of Fourier series of the function f (x ) = ex when −π < x < π
and f ( x + 2π ) = f (x ) .
SOLUTION:
∞
The fourier series be f (x ) = ∑ cn e inx
n =−∞
Where
π
1
cn =
2π ∫ f (x )e −inx dx
−π
π
1
∫e
x
= e −inx dx
2π −π
π
1
=
2π ∫ e(1−in )x dx
−π
π
1 e(1−in )x
=
2π (1 − in ) −π
1 e(1−in )π − e −(1−in )π
=
2π (1 − in)
1 e π e −inπ − e −π e inπ
=
2π (1 − in )
( −1)n e π − e −π
=
π (1 − in ) 2
MA2211 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE
FOURIER SERIES 1.71
( −1)n
= sinh π
π (1 − in)
∞
∴ f (x ) = ∑ cn e inx
n =−∞
∞
( −1)n
f (x ) = ∑ sinh π e inx
n =−∞ π (1 − in )
1.19.4. EXAMPLE:
SOLUTION:
∞ inπ x
f (x ) = ∑ cn e l ,
n =−∞
where
l −inπ x
1
cn =
2l ∫ f (x )e l dx
−l
1
1
2 −∫1
= f (x )e −inπ x dx
1
1
2 −∫1
= e −x e −inπ x dx
1
1
= ∫ e − (1+inπ )x dx
2 −1
1
1 e − (1+ inπ )x
=
2 − (1 + inπ )
−1
VSCET
1.72 UNIT I
1 e −1 ( −1)n − e 1 ( −1)n
=
2 − (1 + inπ )
( −1)n e −1 − e 1
=
− (1 + inπ ) 2
( −1)n e1 − e −1
=
(1 + inπ ) 2
( −1)n
= sinh 1
(1 + inπ )
∞ inπ x
∴ f (x ) = ∑ cn e l
n =−∞
inπ x
∞
( −1)n
f (x ) = ∑ (1 + inπ ) sinh 1e l .
n =−∞