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    Enzymes: Content 3.1 Enzyme Action 3.2 Effects of Temperature and PH

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    1) Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without undergoing changes themselves. They are proteins that contain an active site that binds to specific substrate molecules. 2) Enzyme activity is affected by temperature and pH - it has an optimum temperature and pH range at which it functions best. Above or below this range, activity decreases as the enzyme loses its shape. 3) According to the lock and key hypothesis, the enzyme active site fits the substrate like a lock and key, speeding up the reaction without being used up itself.

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    Enzymes: Content 3.1 Enzyme Action 3.2 Effects of Temperature and PH

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    ozman
    21 views8 pages
    1) Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without undergoing changes themselves. They are proteins that contain an active site that binds to specific substrate molecules. 2) Enzyme activity is affected by temperature and pH - it has an optimum temperature and pH range at which it functions best. Above or below this range, activity decreases as the enzyme loses its shape. 3) According to the lock and key hypothesis, the enzyme active site fits the substrate like a lock and key, speeding up the reaction without being used up itself.

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    enzyme

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    Chapter 3

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    1) Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without undergoing changes themselves. They are proteins that contain an active site that binds to specific substrate molecules. 2) Enzyme activity is affected by temperature and pH - it has an optimum temperature and pH range at which it functions best. Above or below this range, activity decreases as the enzyme loses its shape. 3) According to the lock and key hypothesis, the enzyme active site fits the substrate like a lock and key, speeding up the reaction without being used up itself.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    21 views8 pages

    Enzymes: Content 3.1 Enzyme Action 3.2 Effects of Temperature and PH

    Uploaded by

    ozman
    1) Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without undergoing changes themselves. They are proteins that contain an active site that binds to specific substrate molecules. 2) Enzyme activity is affected by temperature and pH - it has an optimum temperature and pH range at which it functions best. Above or below this range, activity decreases as the enzyme loses its shape. 3) According to the lock and key hypothesis, the enzyme active site fits the substrate like a lock and key, speeding up the reaction without being used up itself.

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    of 8

    3.

    ENZYMES
    Content

    3.1 Enzyme action

    3.2 Effects of temperature and pH

     
     

    o    Enzymes are specific proteins which act as biological catalysts that speed up


    the rate of chemical reactions without undergoing any change themselves
    o     A catalyst is a substance which speeds up the rate of reactions without
    undergoing any chemical changes itself.
    o    The molecule on which an enzyme acts is called a substrate. The substrate
    binds with the active site of the enzyme.
    o     Active site is the part of the enzyme to which the substrate molecule attaches.
    o   The substance formed as a result of enzyme action is the product.

    Properties of enzymes
    →           All enzymes are proteins.

    →           Enzymes are sensitive to pH. Enzymes work at its best at the optimum pH.

    →           Enzymes are sensitive to temperature. To every 10o rise in temperature the


    enzyme activity doubles. As the temperature increases, the kinetic energy of
    enzyme and substrate molecules also increases so that more effective collisions
    can be made. At very high temperature the enzymes are denatured and they
    lose their shape and active site.

    →           Enzymes are specific in their action. Since each enzyme has particular shape in
    its active site, it can act only on substrates that have a complementary shape.

    →           Enzymes do not undergo any permanent change in the reaction they catalyze. So
    they can be used over and over again. A small amount of enzymes are needed to
    convert a large amount of substrate into products.
     
    THE LOCK AND KEY HYPOTHESIS OF ENZYME ACTION                    

    →          Each enzyme is a protein molecule with a specific shape.

    →           The section of the enzyme amylase (‘lock’) where its substrate starch molecule
    (‘key’) fits exactly is the active site.

    →           When the complementary substrate binds with the enzyme, it acts on the
    substrate forming the product maltose.

    →          The product molecule(s)  then drifts away from the enzyme, leaving the active
    site free to operate again

    →         This ensures that the enzymes are used again and again without being altered or
    used up in the reaction. So a small amount (minute quantity) of enzymes can
    produce a rapid change in the rate of chemical reactions.

     
     
     
     
     
     
     

     
     
     

     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
    Enzymes and reactions
     

    Most
    enzyme
    names
    end in –
    ase, e.
    g.
    lipase, pr
    otease
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     

    How lock and key hypothesis explains enzyme


    properties 
    o   Enzymes are specific – that meansonly the correct enzyme–substrate
    combination can work.
    o    Enzymes are destroyed by heat – extreme heat alters the shape of the active
    site so that the substrate molecule will no longer fit.

    Sensitive to temperature – changes in temperature affects the speed of enzyme


    controlled reaction. As the temperature increases, the kinetic energy of the
    enzyme and substrate molecules increases so that more frequent effective
    collisions can be made. The substrate enters the active site and products leave
    the active site of the enzyme more quickly similar to the key turns more often.
    At very high temperature proteins are denatured so that the active site changes
    its shape and substrate no longer fits in the active site as the key cannot fits
    into the lock.

    o    Sensitive to pH- changes in pH may alter the shape of the active site &
    enzymes will work less efficiently.
    o    Enzymes remain unchanged at the end of the reaction
     

    EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON ENZYME ACTIVITY

    o  In general, enzyme activity is speed up by an increase in temperature.


    o  A rise in 10o C doubles the speed of the reaction until the temperature
    reaches the optimum.

    o  The temperature at which enzymes work best is the optimum temperature.

    o   For each enzyme there is an optimum temperature at which it acts fastest.

    o  Most enzymes work best between 30o C and 37o C.

    o   For most of the enzymes found in a mammal’s body (eg: human) the
    optimum temperature is at around 37o C.

    o  Human body temperature is 37o C.


     As the temperature rises above the optimum, the rate of activity begins to
    slow down & falls to zero (enzyme activity is stopped) as enzymes become
    progressively denatured at temperatures above optimum.

    o  At very low temperatures, approximately below 5oC, enzymes are inactivated
    & enzyme activity ceases.

    o  When enzymes are denatured, they cannot be reversed back but


    inactivated enzymes become activated when exposed to suitable
    temperatures. Most of the enzymes denatured above 500C

     
     
     
     
     

     
     
     
     

    EFFECT OF pH ON ENZYME ACTIVITY


    →         Enzymes are influenced by the acidity and alkalinity (pH) of the medium
    in which they function.

    →          The pH at which the enzyme work best is its optimum pH

    →         If the pH level falls on either side of the optimum, the rate of enzyme
    activity gradually decreases.

    →          Pepsin which digests protein in the stomach works most efficiently in an


    acidic medium, approximately pH 2.

    →         For most enzymes found in a mammals body, the optimum is pH 7 or


    slightly above (alkaline)
     
     

    Changes in pH also alter an


    enzyme’s shape and slow
    down its activity, but this
    can usually be reversed if
    the optimum pH is restored.
     
     

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