Designation: E2929 − 13

Standard Practice for

Guided Wave Testing of Above Ground Steel Piping with
Magnetostrictive Transduction1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2929; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope obtained is complex and training is required to properly

1.1 This practice provides a guide for the use of waves perform data interpretation.
generated using magnetostrictive transduction technology for 1.7 This practice does not establish an acceptance criterion.
guided wave testing (GWT) welded tubulars. Magnetostrictive Specific acceptance criteria shall be specified in the contractual
materials transduce or convert time varying magnetic fields agreement by the cognizant engineer.
into mechanical energy. As a magnetostrictive material is 1.8 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
magnetized, it strains. Conversely, if an external force pro- as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
duces a strain in a magnetostrictive material, the material’s standard.
magnetic state will change. This bi-directional coupling be-
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the
tween the magnetic and mechanical states of a magnetostrictive
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
material provides a transduction capability that can be used for
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
both actuation and sensing devices.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.2 GWT utilizes ultrasonic guided waves in the 10 to bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
approximately 250 kHz range, sent in the axial direction of the
pipe, to non-destructively test pipes for discontinuities or other 2. Referenced Documents
features by detecting changes in the cross-section or stiffness of 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
the pipe, or both. E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
1.3 GWT is a screening tool. The method does not provide Testing
a direct measurement of wall thickness or the exact dimensions E1065 Guide for Evaluating Characteristics of Ultrasonic
of discontinuities. However, an estimate of the severity of the Search Units
discontinuity can be obtained. E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E1324 Guide for Measuring Some Electronic Characteristics
1.4 This practice is intended for use with tubular carbon
of Ultrasonic Testing Instruments
steel products having nominal pipe size (NPS) 2 to 48
E2775 Practice for Guided Wave Testing of Above Ground
corresponding to 60.3 to 1219.2 mm (2.375 to 48 in.) outer
Steel Pipework Using Piezoelectric Effect Transduction
diameter, and wall thickness between 3.81 and 25.4 mm (0.15
IEEE/SI-10 American National Standard for Metric Practice
and 1 in.).
2.2 Other Standards:3
1.5 This practice only applies to GWT of basic pipe SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualification and Certification in
configuration. This includes pipes that are straight, constructed Non-Destructive Testing
of a single pipe size and schedules, fully accessible at the test
location, jointed by girth welds, supported by simple contact 3. Terminology
supports and free of internal, or external coatings, or both; the 3.1 Definitions of terms specific to this standard are pro-
pipe may be insulated or painted. vided in this section. Some common terms such as defect may
1.6 This practice provides a general practice for performing be referenced to Terminology E1316.
the examination. The interpretation of the guided wave data 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:

2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde- contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.10 on Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Specialized NDT Methods. the ASTM website.
3
Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published June 2013. DOI: 10.1520/ Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box
E2929-13 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org

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 E2929 − 13
3.2.1 circumferential extent—the length of a discontinuity in 3.2.17 test location—location where the transduction device
the circumferential direction, usually given as a percentage of is placed on the pipe for inspection.
the pipe circumference. 3.2.18 time controlled gain (TCG)—gain applied to the
3.2.2 circumferential orientation—the circumferential posi- signal as a function of time or distance from the initial pulse
tion of a localized indication on the pipe, usually given as the used to compensate wave attenuation in the pipeline. The TCG
clock position or degrees from the top circumferential position normalizes the amplitude over the entire time scale displayed.
of the pipe. For example, using TCG, a 5 % reflector near the probe has the
3.2.3 coherent noise—indications caused by real disconti- same amplitude as a 5 % reflector at the end of the time display.
nuities causing a background noise, which exponentially de- The TCG plot can be used in lieu of DAC curve plot.
cays with distance (see Terminology E1316). 3.2.19 torsional wave—wave propagation mode that pro-
duces twisting motion in the pipe.
3.2.4 cross-sectional area change (CSC)—the change in the
circumferential cross-section of pipe from its nominal total 3.2.20 transduction device—a device used to produce and
cross-section, usually given in percentage. detect guided waves. It is commonly called “guided wave
probe.”
3.2.5 dead zone—this is an area that can be up to 1 m (3 ft)
long on either side of the transducer ring that is not inspected 3.2.21 wave mode—a particular form of propagating wave
during the testing. The area of the dead zone is a function of the motion generated into a pipe, such as flexural, torsional or
excitation frequency and the number of cycles transmitted. The longitudinal.
area is inversely related to frequency and directly related to the
4. Summary of Practice
number of cycles.
4.1 GWT evaluates the condition of metal pipes to primarily
3.2.6 estimated cross-sectional loss (ECL)—this is some-
establish the severity classification of defects by applying GW
times used instead of Cross-Sectional Area Change, where the
over a typical test frequency range from 10 to approximately
feature is related to a defect.
250 kHz which travels along the pipe. Reflections are gener-
3.2.7 flexural wave—wave propagation mode that produces ated by the change in cross-sectional area or local stiffness of
bending motion in the pipe. the pipe, or both.
3.2.8 guided wave (GW)—stress waves travelling in a struc- 4.2 The transduction device attached around the pipe gen-
ture bounded in the geometry and configuration of the struc- erates guided waves that travel in the pipe wall. The direction
ture. of wave propagation is controlled or can be in both directions
3.2.9 guided wave testing (GWT)—non-destructive test simultaneously. These guided waves can evaluate long lengths
method that utilizes guided waves. of pipe and are especially useful when access to the pipe is
limited.
3.2.10 incoherent noise—random signals caused by electri-
cal and ambient radio frequency signal pollution, giving rise to 4.3 This examination locates areas of thickness reduction(s)
a constant average noise floor. The terms “Ambient Noise” and and provides a severity classification as to the extent of that
“Random Noise” are also used. damage. The results are used to assess the condition of the
3.2.11 pipe feature—pipe components including but not pipe, to determine where damaged areas are located along the
limited to weld, support, flange, bend, and flaw (defect) cause length of the pipe, and their circumferential position on the
reflections of a guided wave due to a change in geometry. pipe (when segmented transmitters or receivers, or both, are
used). The information can be used to program and prioritize
3.2.12 reflection amplitude—the amplitude of the reflection additional inspection work and repairs.
signal typically reported as CSC or reflection coefficient.
4.4 Reflections produced by pipe features (such as circum-
3.2.13 reflection coeffıcient—a parameter that represents the ferential welds, elbows, welded supports, vents, drainage,
amplitude of reflected signal from a pipe feature with respect to insulation lugs, and other welded attachments) and that are not
the incident wave amplitude, usually expressed in percentage associated with areas containing possible defects are consid-
and called “% reflection.” Used in lieu of CSC to characterize ered as relevant signals and can be used for setting GW system
the severity of indications. defect detection sensitivity levels and time calibration.
3.2.14 reflector orientation—the circumferential position of 4.5 Other sources of reflection may include changes in
the feature on the pipe. This is reported as the clock position or surface impedance of the pipe (such as pipe supports and
degrees with regards to the orientation of the transduction clamps). These reflections are normally not relevant, but
device. should be analyzed and classified in an interpretation process.
3.2.15 shear wave couplant—couplant designed specifically In the advanced applications which are not covered by this
to effectively couple directly generated shear waves (waves not practice, these changes may also include various types of
generated through refraction of longitudinal waves). external/internal coatings, entrance of the pipe to ground, or
3.2.16 signal to noise ratio (SNR)—ratio of the amplitude of concrete wall.
any signal of interest to the amplitude of the average back- 4.6 Inspection of the pipe section immediately connecting to
ground noise which includes both coherent and non-coherent branch connections, bends or flanges are considered advance
types of noise. applications which are not covered by this practice.

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 E2929 − 13
4.7 False indications are produced by phenomena such as 6.2.2 Personnel qualification accredited by the GWT equip-
reverberations, incomplete control of wave propagation ment manufacturers.
direction, distortion at elbows, and others. These signals should 6.3 This practice or standard used and its applicable revision
be analyzed and classified as false echoes in the interpretation shall be identified in the contractual agreement between the
process. using parties.
5. Significance and Use 6.4 Qualifications of Non-destructive Testing Agencies—
Unless otherwise specified in the contractual agreement, NDT
5.1 The purpose of this practice is to outline a procedure for agencies shall be qualified and evaluated as described in
using GWT to locate areas in metal pipes in which wall loss Specification E543, and the applicable edition of Specification
has occurred due to corrosion or erosion. E543 shall be specified in the contractual agreement.
5.2 GWT does not provide a direct measurement of wall
6.5 Procedure and Techniques—The procedures and tech-
thickness, but is sensitive to a combination of the CSC (or
niques to be utilized shall be specified in the contractual
reflection coeffıcient) and circumferential extent and axial
agreement. It should include the scope of the inspection, that is,
extent of any metal loss. Based on this information, a classi-
the overall NDT examination intended to identify and estimate
fication of the severity can be assigned.
the size of any indications detected by the examination, or
5.3 The GWT method provides a screening tool to quickly simply locate and provide a relative severity classification.
identify any discontinuity along the pipe. Where a possible
6.6 Surface Preparation—The pre-examination site prepa-
defect is found, a follow-up inspection of suspected areas with
ration criteria shall be in accordance with 8.3 unless otherwise
ultrasonic testing or other NDT methods is normally required
specified.
to obtain detailed thickness information, nature, and extent of
damage. 6.7 Required Interval of Examination—The required inter-
val or the system time in service of the examination shall be
5.4 GWT also provides some information on the axial
specified in the contractual agreement.
length of a discontinuity, provided that the axial length is
longer than roughly a quarter of the wavelength. 6.8 Extent of the Examination—The extent of the examina-
5.5 The identification and severity assessment of any pos- tion shall be in accordance with 6.5 above unless otherwise
sible defects is qualitative only. An interpretation process to specified. The extent should include but is not limited to:
differentiate between relevant and non-relevant signals is 6.8.1 The sizes and length(s) of pipes to be inspected.
necessary. 6.8.2 Limitations of the method in the areas of application.
6.8.3 Drawings of pipe circuits, pipe nomenclature and
5.6 This practice only covers the application specified in the identification of examination locations.
scope. The GWT method has the capability and can be used for
6.8.4 Pipe access method(s).
applications where the pipe is insulated, buried, in road
6.8.5 Safety requirements.
crossings, and where access is limited.
5.7 GWT shall be performed by qualified and certified 6.9 Reporting Criteria—The test results of the examination
personnel, as specified in the contract or purchase order. shall be documented in accordance with the contractual agree-
Qualifications shall include training specific to the use of the ment. This may include requirements for permanent records of
equipment employed, interpretation of the test results, and the collected data and test reports. The report documentation
guided wave technology. should include:
6.9.1 Equipment inspector and test results reviewed by (if
5.8 A documented program which includes training, applicable).
examination, and experience for the GWT personnel certifica- 6.9.2 Date and time of the examination performed.
tion shall be maintained by the supplying party.
6.9.3 Equipment used.
6.9.4 Test procedure/specification used.
6. Basis of Application
6.9.5 Acceptance criteria.
6.1 The following items are subject to contractual agree- 6.9.6 Inspection location.
ment between the parties using or referencing this practice. 6.9.7 Identification of areas inspected.
6.2 Personnel Qualifications—Unless otherwise specified in 6.9.8 Identification of the inspection range.
the contractual agreement, personnel performing examinations 6.9.9 Any other information deemed necessary to reproduce
to this practice shall be qualified in accordance with one of the or duplicate test results.
following:
6.10 Reexamination of Repairs/Rework Items—
6.2.1 Personnel performing examinations to this practice
Examination of repaired/reworked items is not addressed in
shall be qualified in accordance with SNT-TC-1A and certified
this practice and, if required, shall be specified in the contrac-
by the employer or certifying agency, as applicable. Other
tual agreement.
equivalent qualification documents may be used when speci-
fied in the contract or purchase order. The applicable revision
shall be the latest unless otherwise specified in the contractual 7. Apparatus
agreement between parties. 7.1 The GWT apparatus shall include the following:

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 E2929 − 13
7.1.1 Transduction Device Transmitter—A transduction sys- 8.3.3 GWT is most effective for testing long lengths of pipe.
tem using the magnetostrictive effect for the generation of However, short radius elbows distort GWT signals, making
guided wave modes with axial propagation on cylindrical interpretation of signals obtained at distances beyond the elbow
pipes. difficult. Where possible, it is good practice to exclude from
7.1.2 Transduction Device Receiver—A system for the de- evaluation sections of pipe immediately after elbows. In any
tection of the signal reflected by the geometric features on the case, no signals after two elbows should be analyzed. It is
pipe, which can be the same as the transmitter or an analogous sometimes better to take additional data at different locations
transduction system. than interpreting a signal beyond multiple features or those
7.1.3 Instrumentation—The GWT instrumentation shall be with complicated geometries. Consider taking a second reading
capable of generating, receiving and amplifying electrical at a second test location (as recommended by the manufac-
pulses within the frequency range used by GWT. Additionally, turer) for confirmation of features and false echo identification.
it shall be capable of communicating with a computer so that 8.3.4 Visual Inspection—Visually inspect the pipe where
collected data can be processed and recorded. possible for potential damage areas or corrosion, such as the
7.1.4 Processing System—This is a software interface for support areas, if possible defect indications are found in the
processing and analyzing the signal, capable of distinguishing GWT result.
at least one guided wave mode for the specific detection
8.3.5 Surface Temperature—Verify that the surface tempera-
system.
ture of the pipe to be tested is within the manufacturer’s
8. Examination Procedure specifications for the equipment.
8.3.6 Thickness Check—Before mounting the transduction
8.1 It is important to ensure that the proposed inspection
device, verify that there is no degradation in the pipe wall
falls within the capabilities of the technology and equipment
thickness at the test location. As a minimum requirement,
and that the using party or parties understand the capabilities
thickness measurements at no less than four equally spaced
and limitations as it applies to their inspection.
positions around the pipe should be made using an appropriate
8.2 Pre-examination Preparation: thickness measuring instrument and procedure. Some agencies
8.2.1 All test equipment shall have current and valid cali- may also require thickness measurement of the entire dead
bration certificates. zone. It is important to note that attaching the transduction
8.2.2 Follow the equipment manufacturer’s recommenda- device at locations with very severe corrosion may cause
tions with regard to equipment pre-test verification and check further damage to the pipe if a mechanical force system is used
list. As a minimum this check list should include but is not for coupling.
limited to:
8.2.2.1 Electronics fully operational. 8.4 Transduction Device—The transduction device should
8.2.2.2 Verification that interconnection cables are in good be attached to the pipe using proper coupling methods.
condition and functioning correctly. 8.5 Couplant—Good coupling is obtained by simply apply-
8.2.2.3 Correct transduction device size for the intended ing sufficient mechanical force on the transduction device or by
pipes. the use of epoxy bonding or shear wave couplant on the
8.2.2.4 The transduction device is functioning correctly. transduction device in lieu of mechanical force devices.
8.2.2.5 Any computer used with the system is functioning
correctly and has sufficient storage capacity for the intended 8.6 Choosing Test Location—After completing the exami-
work scope. nation site preparation outlined in 8.3, attach the transduction
8.2.2.6 Supplementary equipment, such as an ultrasonic device to the pipe. The test location should be chosen so as to
flaw detector or specialized pit gauges are available and minimize false echoes. Avoid placing the transduction device
functioning correctly. near a feature as the corresponding signal may appear within
8.2.2.7 All necessary accessories such as tape-measure and the dead zone. In the dead zone, no echoes are received, as a
markers are available. practice, a minimum of 0.13 m (0.4 ft) should be used to the
8.2.3 Ensure all site safety requirements and procedures are first area of inspection. Features such as welds which are used
reviewed and understood prior to starting any field work. for the DAC curves or TCG correction fitting, should be
outside the dead zone to ensure valid amplitude. Additionally,
8.3 Examination Site Preparation:
transduction devices should not be positioned equidistant
8.3.1 Pipe Surface Condition—To obtain the best coupling
between two features to avoid masking of the mirror echoes, if
condition, the surface shall be clean and free of any loose paint,
any.
dirt, oxidation, or any foreign substance that may interfere in
energy transmission. Wire brushing or sanding, or both, are 8.7 Attaching the Transduction Device—When attaching the
usually sufficient to prepare the surface if it is safe and transduction device, it is important to ensure that the FeCo flat
permitted to do so. strip is in good contact with the pipe and that the transduction
8.3.2 Insulation—If the pipe is insulated, carefully remove device is mounted parallel to the circumference of the pipe.
an amount of insulation for mounting the magnetostrictive Further, it is important to apply the appropriate air pressure,
transduction device to the pipe (a minimum of 0.3 m (1 ft). clamp torque settings (if dry coupling is used), or bonding or
Prior to removing the insulating material ensure it is safe and shear wave couplant as specified in the manufacturer’s oper-
permissible to do so. ating manual for proper installation of the transduction device.

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8.8 Directionality and Orientation—The reported direction- 8.12.3 False Echo (False Signals)—Signals other than from
ality and orientation of the features depend on the way the a real feature. Care should be taken to minimize the potential
transduction device is installed. It is good practice to keep the for false signals to interfere with the interpretation of the data.
direction between different test locations the same, and in the The most common sources of false echoes are:
direction of product flow if known. To ensure the correct 8.12.3.1 Reverberations—Multiple reflections either be-
orientation is reported, a segmented transduction device should tween two large features along the pipe, or between the two
be attached in accordance with the GWT manufacturer’s ends of a long feature. Echoes caused by reverberations
recommendations. typically have small amplitudes.
8.9 Reproducibility—The examination pipe should be 8.12.3.2 Mirrors—Occurs due to insufficient control of the
marked with a paint marker indicating the transduction device propagation direction of the guided wave. The mirror echo
position, direction, and date of examination. This can assist, appears at the same distance from transduction device, but the
should it be necessary, to reproduce the examination in the opposite direction, as the real reflection.
future. This information should also be included in the exami- 8.12.3.3 Modal Noise—Occurs when the transduction de-
nation documentation. vice is unable to control all the wave modes propagating in the
pipe. Even though the magnetostrictive transduction device
8.10 Test Location Information—The following amount of
generates mostly torsional waves, reflectors in the pipe can
information about the test location is needed in the processing
generate various guided wave modes; therefore, some modal
software to ensure the exact location can be identified. This
noise exists in the received waveform.
information to be recorded shall include the following:
8.10.1 Site Name—The name of the site, which may include 8.13 Collection Protocol—The collection protocol varies
the plant name, plant unit number, approximate mile marker or certain collection parameters to optimize the data quality based
any relevant reference if available. on the pipe diameter and the expected mechanism(s) on and
8.10.2 Pipe—The pipe identification if available. If not, the around the pipe. Most manufacturers include a procedure for
pipe diameter should be recorded. determining the optimum collection parameters automatically
8.10.3 Datum—The reference feature from which the test for a specific test condition. These collection parameters
location is measured. Typical reference features used are welds include:
and flanges. 8.13.1 Frequency—GWT is typically performed at frequen-
8.10.4 Distance—The distance between the datum and the cies between approximately 10 and 250 kHz. When performing
center of the transduction device shall be recorded. It is also a test, data should be collected with enough different frequen-
important to include both positive and negative signs in front of cies so as to be able to categorize each indication.
the distance value for positive and negative direction of the 8.13.2 Bandwidth—Changing the signal bandwidth can as-
ring respectively. sist in resolving the attributes of a signal. A narrow bandwidth
8.11 Coupling Check—It is important that all transduction enhances the frequency dependency of a signal while a wider
devices are well coupled to the pipe. Prior to collecting any test frequency bandwidth can improve the axial resolution of
data, perform a coupling test in accordance with the manufac- signals such as closely spaced reflections.
turer’s guidelines. 8.13.3 Wave Mode—The GWT uses an axi-symmetric wave
mode excitation which generates a torsional wave mode.
8.12 Examination Precautions—There are several precau-
tions that need to be addressed when analyzing the collected 8.14 Data Collection—After installing the transduction de-
data. These include: vice and performing the coupling check, the next step of the
8.12.1 Dead Zone—The length of the dead zone is a examination procedure is data collection. It is important that
function of the excitation frequency and the number of cycles the data recorded are sufficient and comprehensive to evaluate
transmitted. The area is inversely related to frequency and and interpret any signals which may be present on the pipes.
directly related to the number of cycles. In order to get a 100 % Choose the most appropriate collection protocol (see 8.13) and
coverage of the pipe there are two options: collection range to perform the initial data collection as per the
8.12.1.1 Inspection of the dead zone with an alternative equipment manufacturer’s guidelines. Immediately after the
NDT method such as ultrasonic testing. data collection, it is important to review the collected data to
8.12.1.2 Collect additional data from another test location ensure proper operation of the equipment during the test and
that provides an overlap of the previous test location. Some the quality meets the required standard. The data review should
agencies require a 20 % overlap on all data collected where include an evaluation of the SNR and the transducer balance.
possible. Poor SNR is usually caused by poor coupling of the magne-
tostrictive transduction device, poor magnetic conditioning of
8.12.2 Expected Examination Range—There are several
the magnetostrictive strip material, or high incoherent noise.
physical test conditions on or around the pipe which affect the
Should there be any significant problems observed in the data,
maximum examination range that can be achieved (see Appen-
the data should be discarded and the problem addressed.
dix X1 for more detail). There are also equipment parameters
such as frequency and gain settings, which can be varied so as 8.15 Distance Amplitude Correction (DAC) or Time Cor-
to optimize the test parameters for specific test conditions on or rected Gain (TCG)—As the excitation signal travels away from
around the pipe. The maximum inspection range is defined in the transduction device, its signal amplitude decreases. There
8.18. are several reasons for the energy loss, including material

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 E2929 − 13
damping, reflections at features, energy leakage, and surface 8.15.3 Call DAC or threshold after application of TCG—
conditions. The DAC or TCG provides the ability to determine This is the typical threshold level that is used to determine the
the signal amplitude at a point away from the transduction severity of a defect if found.
device. This allows for determining the relative amplitude of
8.16 Ambient Noise—Ambient noise causes an increase in
an echo, expressed in either CSC, ECL, or reflection
the overall incoherent noise level. Special precautions should
coefficient, at a given distance. When using the magnetostric-
be taken when ambient noise is higher than normal. Most
tive transduction guided wave technology, DAC or TCG gain
equipment manufacturers offer special protocols to test in high
compensation can be used. When the DAC curve is used, a
ambient noise areas.
curve representing the attenuation as a function of distance for
a given reflection amplitude is displayed on the waveform 8.17 Detection Threshold (DT)—The DT of an examination
screen. When TCG is used, the gain of the unit is corrected so is equivalent to the sensitivity, and it is typically set to 6 dB
that a given amplitude reflector has the same amplitude across above the background noise but it can also be manually set by
the entire length of the exam, removing the effect of attenua- the inspectors.
tion on the displayed amplitude. If the DAC curves are set too
8.18 Inspection Range—The section of pipe between the
low or the TCG is applied incorrectly, the size of possible
transduction device and the end of test in one direction where
defects may be overestimated or underestimated, and vice
the sensitivity is greater than the Call level (see 8.15.3).
versa. Therefore, it is vital that the DAC levels or the TCG, or
Depending on the coverage requirements, this inspection range
both, are set correctly before interpreting the data as they
is often used to determine the subsequent test locations. As the
provide reference CSC or reflection coefficient levels to all
attenuation varies with frequency, the inspection range is
other signals for comparison. There are four DAC curves or
normally specified for a particular frequency. The inspection
TCG settings that can be used in evaluating GWT reflections.
range is also limited by the presence of a flange, or any feature
Most systems provide inspectors the means of manually
that is not within the scope of the standard.
adjusting these curves. (Fig. 1 shows data with the DAC and
TCG applied and Fig. 2 illustrates a signal with a DAC curve 8.19 Distance Standardization—The acoustic properties of
showing coherent and incoherent noise). different grades of steel varies slightly, causing an offset in the
8.15.1 Flange DAC or TCG Setting—This is a DAC curve reported distance of the features. The software typically uses
or TCG setting that represents the expected amplitude of a the acoustic properties of carbon steel. In most cases, the
reflection from a large feature which reflects approximately a distance offset is very small, and therefore, it is not necessary
100 % (that is, 0 dB) of the amplitude of the excitation signal to perform distance standardization. However, where the pipe
and no energy can therefore pass through. material is not carbon steel, it is good practice to standardize
8.15.2 Weld DAC or TCG Setting—Pipe girth welds typi- distance in the software against a physical measurement prior
cally present 10 to 35 % CSC. The amount of energy reflected to analyzing the data. Some systems have the ability to
at the weld is the reason why the maximum number of pipe calibrate the velocity of the material based on known locations
joints that can be inspected is limited. of weld or flanges.

FIG. 1 Comparison of TCG data plot (Top) and its DAC curve plot (Bottom) using magnetostrictive transduction (Both results are dis-
played in the linear amplitude scale)

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 E2929 − 13

FIG. 2 MsS data plot showing a DAC curve and signals from welds and coherent and incoherent noise

8.20 Data Review—The initial review of the data is to shape of the signal for an axially short feature, such as welds,
separate data into relevant, non-relevant signals and indica- remain unchanged as the frequency is changed. However, if the
tions. Data review is a process that each specific GWT system axial length is long, such as a corrosion patch, multiple signals
manufacturer provides detailed training in how to use their data are generated within the feature, causing interference that
review or data analysis software. changes with frequencies; therefore, both amplitude and shape
8.20.1 Signal Interpretation—Interpretation of GWT signals typically change with frequencies for axially long features.
is the difficult part of this method. A number of tools are Additionally, the amplitude of features causing a change in
available to help analyzing and distinguishing signals between stiffness, such as contact supports, is also generally frequency
various features, and these tools include: dependent.
8.20.1.1 Shape of Reflected Signal—The shape provides
8.20.1.4 Phase—As the signal amplitude can be caused by
information on the axial length of a feature. An irregular
either an increase or a decrease in CSC, the phase information
reflection is typically associated with a feature that extends
provides a way to determine the difference between them. For
along the pipe such as a corrosion patch, whereas a short
example, a weld which is an increase in CSC would have a
uniform reflection would indicate a short reflector such as a
different phase to that of a defect, which is a decrease in CSC.
weld.
8.20.1.2 Amplitude—The signal amplitude is indicated by When evaluating the change in phase with respect to other
the relative signal amplitude of the axi-symmetric wave, in reflectors, the intent is not to determine the actual phase of each
terms of CSC or reflection coefficient. The shape of the signal reflection signal but instead determine which of the reflectors
also affects the amplitude to some extent because of the can be grouped into similar responses. The phase information
interference of reflections and scattering within the disconti- is only accurate when the SNR is good, therefore, this tool is
nuity boundaries. For a defect, the amplitude correlates to the not normally used alone.
percentage of cross-section loss of the defect at that particular 8.20.1.5 Attenuation Changes—When there is a change on
position. the expected attenuation pattern, it indicates there is a change
8.20.1.3 Behavior at Different Frequencies—Additional in- in the pipe condition. Be it caused by general corrosion or
formation can be obtained by observing the signal response of internal deposit, further investigation is usually required to
certain features at different frequencies. The amplitude and the determine the source.

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8.20.1.6 DAC and TCG Fittings—The DAC curves and to overcall; while if the call level is set too high, inspectors are
TCG are set typically using at least two reference reflectors, as likely to under-call. It is important that the call level set reflects
shown in Fig. 2, commonly welds or features with a known the detection requirements which should be agreed between
approximately CSC or reflection coefficient value. For this parties beforehand.
reason, it is imperative to be able to identify the signals 8.20.6 Severity Classification Use and Significance—
corresponding to the reference reflectors either by the signal Assigning a severity classification should be used for
characteristics or visually. Note that attenuation in GWT is reference, classification of indications and setting priorities for
heavily frequency dependent; therefore, DAC curves are usu- follow-up inspection. The categories are usually assigned
ally set at all collected frequencies in the data. An illustration based on criteria described in 8.20.1.1, as shown in Table 1. It
of the DAC fitting can be found in Appendix X2. is, therefore, important that the call DAC level percentage or
8.20.2 Relevant Signals—Relevant signals are generated by similar detection sensitivity requirement is specified in the
physical fittings of the pipe, which include, but are not limited contractual agreement which reflects the requirements of the
to, features such as welds, flanges, valves, elbows, T-pieces, industry. The GWT does not provide information regarding the
supports, and diameter changes. These features are identified remaining wall thickness or nature of the damage. This
both by the signal characteristics and visually, when possible, information can only be obtained as a result of follow-up
as to their positions on the pipe. It is important to correlate the inspection with other NDE methods on the areas where
guided wave indications with the visual observations of the relevant indications associated with defects have been identi-
pipe. These indications should be noted in the software of the fied. GWT is a method for detection and classification of
GWT test equipment. See Annex A1 for guidelines in deter- damage, and their result shall be treated as qualitative only.
mining reflector characteristics.
8.20.3 Non-Relevant Indications—Non-relevant signals are 9. Report
those associated with noise, false echoes and other non-useable 9.1 The test report shall document the results of the inspec-
information. The following may be used to help identify the tion. It must have all information to be able to reproduce the
non-relevant indications: test at a future date if desired. Most, if not all, of the items
8.20.3.1 Mirrors—If the system displays a large feature in detailed in 8.10 should be included. Additionally, all observa-
one direction and a small feature at the equal distance in the tions obtained from visual inspection, thickness measurements
opposite direction from the test location, there is a high with UT, and other pertinent information that is deemed as
possibility that the smaller indication is a mirror echo. The having an effect on the quality, or characteristics, or both, of the
most effective way to deal with mirror echoes is to move the data or results should be recorded and included in the final
transduction device approximately 0.6 m (2 ft) and repeat the report. All relevant and non-relevant indications identified
test. This causes the mirror echoes to move or disappear as the during the examination should be included with a classification
test position changes. provided those reflections deemed to be associated with
8.20.3.2 Reverberations—This usually occurs when the defects. All results from follow-up inspection with other NDE
transduction device is between two larger reflectors. The methods shall be included in the report if available.
reverberation echo typically appears as a small indication past
the first feature. Most of the GWT systems have software that 10. Keywords
helps analyze the presence of reverberations. If reverberation is 10.1 guided wave testing; guided waves; magnetostrictive
confirmed, move the transduction device to a location outside transduction; NDT of pipes; pipeline inspection
of the two reverberating features and perform additional
examinations to obtain inspection results.
TABLE 1 Severity Classification of Indications Observed with the
8.20.4 Indications—All other indications should be consid- Guided Waves Generated Using Magnetostrictive Transduction
ered unclassified and further analysis should be performed on
Assuming the noise floor is approximately 2 % CSC
each one to determine their source and orientation. Minor indication is Medium indication is Major indication > 10 %
8.20.5 Classification of Data—For the magnetostrictive 2-4 % CSC 5-10 % CSC CSC
transduction system the classification is determined based on Assuming the noise floor is greater than 2 % CSC
Minor indication cannot Medium indication is Major indication > 10 %
the reflection coefficient, and their relationships with the call be identified 5-10 % CSC CSC
DAC level. If the call level is set too low, inspectors are likely

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ANNEX

(Mandatory Information)

A1. REFLECTOR CHARACTERISTICS

A1.1 See Table A1.1.

TABLE A1.1 Reflector Characteristics

Feature Visual Amplitude Shape Frequency Symmetry Phase Orientation
Flange Likely visible Typically the Irregular Inconsistent Symmetric N/A Fully
highest circumferential
Weld May be visible if Medium Clean, uniform, Consistent Symmetric Same as all Fully
not insulated single echo across wide welds circumferential
range
Elbow Likely visible Medium 1st Weld: Clean, 1st Weld: 1st Weld: N/A 1st Weld: Fully
uniform Consistent Symmetric circumferential
2nd Weld: Mostly 2nd Weld: 2nd Weld: Non- 2nd Weld:
uniform Inconsistent symmetric Depending on
elbow direction
Valve/Drain Likely visible Medium Small size: Small size: Non-symmetric N/A Either top or
Uniform Consistent bottom of the
pipe
Large size: Large size:
Irregular Inconsistent
T-piece Likely visible Medium Irregular Inconsistent Non-symmetric N/A Partial
circumferential
Reducer May be visible if Medium Irregular Inconsistent Symmetric N/A Fully
not insulated circumferential
Short contact Support likely Low Clean, uniform, Inconsistent Non-symmetric N/A Bottom
visible single echo
Long contact Support likely Low Irregular Inconsistent Non-symmetric N/A Bottom
visible
Short Clamp Likely visible Medium Clean, uniform, Inconsistent Symmetric N/A Fully
support single echo circumferential
Axial support Likely visible Medium Irregular Inconsistent Non-symmetric N/A Bottom
(welded)
Saddle support Likely visible Medium Irregular Inconsistent Non-symmetric N/A Bottom

APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. ATTENTUATION

X1.1 Attenuation is the signal loss as it propagates along a fied in loss per rate of distance traveled. This would be
structure. The loss can be caused by a combination of factors— expressed as dB/m. Occasionally, if different frequencies have
dissipation, mode conversion, scattering due to surface significantly different attenuation rates, it may be expressed as
roughness, absorption into other mediums and others. The rate either dB/kHz or dB/kHz-m.
of signal decay is the factor which determines the maximum
test range for any given set up. X1.3 Typical attenuation rates and average test range in
each direction for different test pipe configurations are found in
X1.2 Attenuation Rate—Attenuation rate is typically speci- Table X1.1

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TABLE X1.1 Typical Attenuation Rates and Average Test Range in Each Direction for Different Test Pipe Configurations
Test Condition Typical Attenuation, dB/m (dB/ft) Typical Range of Test, m (ft)
Clean, Straight Pipe -0.15 to -0.5 50 to 200
(-0.046 to -0.17) (164 to 656)
Clean, Wool Insulated -0.17 to -0.75 40 to 175
(-0.052 to -0.23) (131 to 574 ft)
Insignificant/Minor Corrosion -0.5 to -1.5 20 to 50
(-0.152 to -0.457) (65.6 to 164)
Significant Corrosion -1 to -2 15 to 30
(-0.305 to -0.61) (49.2 to 98.4)
Kevlar Wrapped -0.15 to -1 30 to 200
(-0.046 to -0.305) (98.4 to 656)
Spun Epoxy Coating -0.75 to -1 30 to 50
(-0.23 to -0.305) (98.4 to 164)
Well Packed Earth -1 to -2 15 to 30
(-0.305 to -0.61) (49.2 to 98.4)
Thin (<2.5mm), Hard Bitumen Tape -1.25 to -6 5 to 25
(-0.381 to -1.83) (16.4 to 82)
Thick (>2.5mm), Soft Bitumen Tape -4 to -16 2 to 8
(-1.22 to -4.88) (6.56 to 26.24)
Well Bonded Concrete Wall -16 to -32 1 to 2
(-4.88 to 9.76) (3.28 to 6.56)
Grout Lined Pipe -1 to -3 10 to 30
(-0.305 to 0.91) (32.8 to 98.4)
Loosely Bonded Concrete Wall -4 to -16 2 to 8
(-1.22 to -4.88) (6.56 to 26.24)

X2. TYPICAL DISPLAY OF THE LINEAR AMPLITUDE VERSUS DISTANCE GWT DISPLAY USING MAGNETOSTRICTIVE
TRANSDUCTION WITH SEGMENTED RECEIVERS

X2.1 See Fig. X2.1

FIG. X2.1 Typical Display of the Linear Amplitude Versus Distance and B-scan Image for the Magnetostrictive Transduction GWT when
Using Segmented Receivers

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