LANGUAGE RESEARCH

1. Which of the following is the first step in starting the research process?
a. Searching sources of information to locate problem.
b. Survey or related literature
c. Identification of problem
d. Searching for solutions to the problem

2. Mean, Median and Mode are:

a. Measures of deviation
b. Ways of sampling
c. Measures of control tendency
d. None of the above

3. Research is

a. Searching again and again

b. Finding solution to any problem
c. Working in a scientific way to search for truth of any problem
d. None of the above

4. A common test in research demands much priority on

a. Reliability
b. Usability
c. Objectivity
d. All of the above

5. Action research means

a. A longitudinal research
b. An applied research
c. A research initiated to solve an immediate problem
d. A research with socioeconomic objective

6. A reasoning where we start with particular statements and conclude with a universal
statement is called

a. Deductive Reasoning
b. Inductive Reasoning
c. Abnormal Reasoning
d. Transcendental Reasoning

7. Which of the following variables cannot be expressed in quantitative terms?

a. Socio-economic Status
b. Marital Status
c. Numerical Aptitude
d. Professional Attitude

8. The essential qualities of a researcher are

a. Spirit of free enquiry

b. Reliance on observation and evidence
c. Systematization or theorizing of knowledge
d. All of the above
9. In the process of conducting research “Formulation of Hypothesis” is followed by

a. Statement of Objectives
b. Analysis of Data
c. Selection of Research Tools
d. Collection of Data

10. A research paper is a brief report of research based on

a. Primary Data only

b. Secondary Data only
c. Both Primary and Secondary Data
d. None of the above

11. Questionnaire is a:

a. Research method
b. Measurement technique
c. Tool for data collection
d. Data analysis technique

12. “Controlled Group” is a term used in

a. Survey research
b. Historical research
c. Experimental research
d. Descriptive research

13. How is stochastic equation of information solved?

a. By statistical rules
b. By dynamic rules
c. By statistical and dynamic rules
d. None of these

14. What is a research design?

a. A way of conducting research that is grounded in theory.

b. The choice between using qualitative or quantitative methods.
c. The style in which you present your research findings, e.g. a graph.
d. A framework for every stage of the collection and analysis of data.

15. If a study is “reliable’, this means that;

a. the methods are outlined in the methods discussion clearly enough for the research to be
replicated.
b. the measures devised for concepts are stable on different occasions.
c. the findings cam be generalized to other social phenomena.
d. it was conducted by a reputable researcher who can be trusted.

16. “Internal validity” refers to:

a. whether or not there is really a causal relationship between two variables.

b. whether or not the findings are relevant to the researchers’ everyday lives.
c. the extent to which the researcher believes that this was worthwhile project.
d. how accurately the measurements represent underlying concepts.

17. Lincoln and Guba (1985) propose that an alternative criterion for evaluating qualitative
research would be:
a. tidiness
b. trustworthiness
c. impressiveness
d. messiness

18. Naturalism has been defined as:

a. minimizing the intrusion of artificial methods of data collection into the field.
b. being true to the nature the phenomena being researched.
c. viewing natural and social objects as belonging to the same dominion.
d. all of the above.

19. The term “external validity” is concerned with:

a. the question of whether the results of a study can be generalized beyond the specific
research context.
b. whether the research question is judged to be a good research question by those outside
the study.
c. the question of whether or not social scientific findings are applicable to people’s everyday,
natural social settings.
d. an ambiguous concept whose meaning depends on how it is defined.

20. What is a cross-sectional design?

a. A comparison of two or more valuables longitudinally.

b. A design that is devised when the researcher is in a bad mood.
c. The collection of data from more than one case at one moment in time.
d. Research into one particular section of society, e.g. the middle classes.

21. Survey research is cross-sectional and as a result, it is

a. Low in internal validity but high in replicability.

b. High in internal validity but low in reliability.
c. None of the above.
d. High in ecological validity but low in external validity.

22. What does the term “longitudinal design” mean?

a. A study completed far away from where the researcher lives.

b. A study which is very long to read.
c. A study with two contrasting cases.
d. A study completed over a distinct period of time to map changes in social phenomena.

23. Cross cultural studies are example of:

a. Longitudinal design
b. Comparative design
c. Experimental design
d. Case study design

24. Which of the following requirements for a dissertation may depend on your institution?

a. Whether an abstract should be included

b. The format for referencing
c. The size of the study
d. All of the above
25. The role of a project supervisor is to:
a. give you a reading list
b. provide academic support, guidance and critical feedback on your work.
c. negotiate access to the research setting on the student’s behalf.
d. ensure you keep to your schedule and deadlines.

26. Why is it important to have well formulated research questions?

a. It gives greater clarity to the research process and what you wish to research.
b. It leads to more focused research.
c. It provides more structure to my work.
d. All of the above.

27. What did Marx (1997) mean when he suggested that “intellectual puzzles and
contradictions” can be possible source of research questions?

a. The researcher may feel that there is a contradiction in the literature, presenting a puzzle to
be solved.
b. Students can develop their IQ level by attempting to solve intellectual puzzles.
c. Unless you can find a logical contradiction, you have no basis for conducting research.
d. Any puzzle can be researched.

28. Which of the following is a criterion for a good research question?

a. Questions should be long and use complex terms.

b. Questions should show where my research biases are.
c. Questions should sound contemporary.
d. Questions should connect with established theory and research.

29. Which of the following should be included in a research proposal?

a. Your academic status and experience.

b. The difficulties you encountered with your previous reading on the topic.
c. Your choice of research methods and reasons for choosing them.
d. All of the above.

30. Which of the following should you think about when preparing your research?

a. Your sample frame and sampling strategy.

b. The ethical issues that may arise.
c. Negotiating access to the setting.
d. All of the above.

31. Why is it helpful to keep a research diary or log book while you are conducting your
project?

a. To give you something to do in early stages of your research when nothing is happening.
b. Because founding councils generally demands to see written evidence that you were
working every day during the period of the research.
c. To keep a record of what you did and what happened throughout the research process.
d. It can be added to your dissertation to ensure that you reach the required word limit.

32. Which of the following are sampling considerations?

a. Who do you need to study in order to investigate your research questions?

b. How easily can you gain access to a sampling frame?
c. What kind of sampling strategy will you employ?
d. All of the above.

33. What practical steps can you take before you actually start your research?
a. Find out exactly what your institution’s requirements are for a dissertation.
b. Make sure you are familiar with the hardware and software you plan to use.
c. Apply for your clearance of your project through an ethics committee.
d. All of the above.

34. An interest in qualitative method has increased in terms of analysis of:

a. interest in qualitative is actually on the decline.

b. categorizations
c. language based data
d. laboratory experiments

35. Qualitative research methods can be thought of as:

a. a preliminary stage in the research which can contribute to the development of adequate
quantification.
b. methods used to search for the nature of reality.
c. a stark alternative to quantitative research.
d. parallel with the physical sciences.

36. What term dominates the qualitative-quantitative debate?

a. Theism
b. Metaphysics
c. Critical realism
d. Positivism

37. Using different methods of collecting data, different sources of evidence, different tests
and in some cases different interviewers, is known as what?

a. Triangulation
b. Reliability
c. Transferability
d. Convergent validity

38. A measure which is capable of differentiating between one group of participants from
another group of participants on a particular construct may have good what?

a. Known-groups validity.
b. Discriminant validity.
c. Predictive validity.
d. Convergent validity.

39. Cronbach’s alpha reliability is:

a. the correlation of half of the items with the total participants.

b. the correlation of each item with the sum of the items.
c. an average of all possible split-half reliabilities.
d. none of these.

40. Correlating between different versions of a test is known as what?

a. Objectivity
b. Alternate forms reliability
c. Test-retest reliability
d. Split-half reliability

41. When is a single case experimental study the most useful?

a. When you are studying yourself.
b. When research requires a substantial sample to be worthwhile or effective.
c. When studying behavior change.
d. When a participant has a rare condition.

42. Which of the following statements is true of the relationship between sample sizes and
effect sizes?

a. The effect size and sample size have no relationship.

b. Smaller effect sizes are more likely to be significant with smaller sample sizes.
c. The bigger the effect, the bigger the sample size.
d. The bigger the difference, the bigger the sample size.

43. Which of the following show the proportion of variance shared between two variables?

a. Correlation
b. Attenuation
c. Co-efficient of determination
d. Standard error

44. Content analysis uses which of the below methods?

a. Recording
b. Counting
c. Classifying
d. All of these

45. What is the comparative method?

a. A way of deciding which participants get the highest scores.

b. A way of contrasting the findings of two different studies.
c. A way of comparing the outcomes of several different studies.
d. Making comparisons between the findings from two or more different groups in a study.

46. Why does meta-analysis provide a powerful integrative tool?

a. It provides statistical methods for differentiating between the conclusions of a number of

data analyses.
b. It provides methods for combining and differentiating between the conclusions of a number
of data analyses.
c. It provides statistical methods for combining and differentiating between the findings of a
number of data analyses.
d. It provides statistical methods for combining a number of variables.

47. In meta-analysis, a correlation co-efficient is one statistic which is used to calculate:

a. the effect size

b. the sample size
c. the variability in individual scores
d. the standard deviation

48. Which of the following is the best way to test a hypothesis according to the hypothetico-
deductive method?

a. By repeating a study looking for consistency in outcomes.

b. By rejecting the hypothesis.
c. By finding evidence which supports the hypothesis.
d. By looking for instances where the hypothesis fails.
49. Which of the following is true of the hypothetico-deductive method?

a. It encourages the use of exploratory studies.

b. It is a computer problem to help researchers to improve the quality of their hypotheses.
c. It encourages the development of specific hypotheses based on empirically derived theories.
d. It is the basis for testing for statistical significance.

50. In what tense is it suggested that the introduction should be written?

a. Present
b. Future
c. Past
d. None of these

51. Why is it important to read original articles when reviewing the literature/

a. To obtain an overview of methods and procedure.

b. To look for flaws in the method.
c. To examine the validity of the conclusions.
D. All of these.

52. You are about to do a literature search, what would be the first stage?

a. Order some inter-library loans.

b. Ask your lecturer for some articles.
c. Do a literature search online.
d. Read introductory textbooks.

53. Which section of a journal article is provided in most online electronic databases/

a. Results
b. Abstract
c. Introduction
d. Conclusion

54. Which electronic database is restricted to including psychology journals?

a. Web of Science
b. OPAC
c. Science Direct
d. PsycINFO

55. If you only wanted a maximum of 100 results to look through, which method would you
use out of the ones listed below?

a. An easy search in any OPAC, PsycINFO, or Web of Science.

b. Easy search in Web of Science
c. Easy search in OPAC.
d. Easy search in PsycINFO.

56. If you require a journal article not stocked by your library, what could you use?

a. Another library
b. The inter-library loans system
c. Email the author
d. Any of these

57. What is deemed a good measure of the quality of a journal?

a. The intake factor
b. The influence factor
c. The impact factor
d. The OPAC factor

58. University libraries subscribe to a limited number of journals as they can only subscribe to
65% for each subject heading by law?

a. True
b. False

59. What is the typical time period between research being conducted and research being
published?

a. 6-12 months
b. 2-3 years
c. 2-6 months
d. 1-2 years

60. On a publication classified by DDC, what do the three number represent?

a. Class, Division, Subject

b. Class, Division, Section
c. Call numbers
d. Category, Division, Section

61. Usually student research is judged using:

a. conventional academic criteria such as technique skill and their contribution to a topic.
b. its value to practitioners
c. whether it is worthy of publication
d. how much data has been collected

62. What could you do to generate topic ideas?

a. Spend a few hours looking through PsycINFO or Web of Science.

b. Identify some major articles and read through their suggestions for further research.
c. Choose a topic relevant to your intended career.
d. All or any of the suggestions.

63. If you find that someone else publishes work similar to yours before your project is
completed, what could you do?

a. Change your hypotheses and aims.

b. Acknowledge it in your report and evaluate the study.
c. Completely revamp your ideas so you are not replicating their study.
d. There is nothing you can do so do not mention it in your study.

64. Substantial student projects are largely modeled on:

a. the style of academic publications.

b. only modeled on replication studies.
c. any previous student projects.
d. the style of practitioner work.
65. When reading a journal article, you should do what?

a. Approach it with a questioning style.

b. Accept their ideas- after all they are published authors.
c. Read it as a way of obtaining more information.
d. Use the same ideas for your project.

66. A straight replication study has provided results very similar to the original study. As a
result, what can we confidently say about this new information?

a. The new information has increased our understanding of the original findings.
b. We can say very little.
c. We can say that the original findings are replicable.
d. The new information explains why the original findings came about.

67. Which of the below would allow the temporal relationships between variables to be
examined and compared?

a. Surveys
b. A-B-C methods
c. Longitudinal or panel designs
d. Causality or experimental designs

68. A meta-analysis would allow you to:

a. identify the antecedents of a behavior.

b. replicate many studies.
c. explore variations or inconsistencies in the outcomes of lots of studies.
d. assess the reliability of a study.

69. Which of the following is incorrect?

a. Psychological theory has a modest level of generalization which can make it unsuitable for
application in new contexts.
b. If there is an absence of theory in published writings then it is best that you don’t bring in
theories from other fields.
c. A report may explore different aspects or an aspect of a theory.
d. A useful requirement is that you introduce relevant theory to your study/report/writings.

70. The purpose of research is:

a. to extend the conceptual understanding of a topic.

b. primarily to get more data.
c. that the empirical work should be testing a theory.
d. to produce work of publishable quality.

71. Which of the following should not be a criterion for a good research project?

a. Demonstrates the abilities of the researcher.

b. Is dependent on the completion of other projects.
c. Demonstrates the integration of different fields of knowledge.
d. Develops skills of the researcher.

72. Research that seeks to examine the findings of a study by using the same design but a
different sample is which of the following?

a. An exploratory study
b. A replication study
c. An empirical study
d. Hypothesis testing

73. A researcher designs an experiment to test how variables interact to influence job-seeking
behaviors. The main purpose of the study was:

a. Description
b. Prediction
c. Exploration
d. Explanation

74. Which research method is a bottom-up approach to research?

a. Deductive method
b. Explanatory method
c. Inductive method
d. Exploratory method

75. How much confidence should you place in a single research study?

a. You should trust research findings after different researchers have replicated the findings.
b. You should completely trust a single research study.
c. Neither a nor b
d. Both a and b

76. A qualitative research problem statement:

a. Specifies the research methods to be utilized.

b. Specifies a research hypothesis.
c. Expresses a relationship between variables.
d. Conveys a sense of emerging design.

77. Which of the following is a good research question?

a. To produce a report on student job searching behaviors.

b. To identify the relationship between self-efficacy and student job searching behaviors.
c. Students with higher levels of self-efficacy will demonstrate more active searching
behaviors.
d. Do students with high levels of self-efficacy demonstrate more active job searching
behaviors?

78. Sometimes a comprehensive review of the literature prior to data collection is not
recommended by:

a. Ethnomethodology
b. Grounded theory
c. Symbolic interactionism
d. Feminist theory

79. The feasibility of a research study should be considered in light of:

a. Cost and time required to conduct the study

b. Access to gatekeepers and respondents
c. Potential ethical concerns
d. All of the above

80. Research that uses qualitative methods for one phase and quantitative methods for the
next phase is known as:

a. Action research
b. Mixed-method research
c. Quantitative research
d. Pragmatic research

81. Research hypotheses are:

a. Formulated prior to a review of the literature

b. Statements of predicted relationships between variables
c. B but not A
d. Both A and B

82. Which research approach is based on the epistemological viewpoint of pragmatism?

a. Quantitative research
b. Qualitative research
c. Mixed-methods research
d. All of the above

83. Adopting ethical principles in research means:

a. Avoiding harm to participants

b. The researcher is anonymous
c. Deception is only used when necessary
d. Selected informants give their consent

84. Which of the following can be described as a nominal variable/

a. Annual income
b. Age
c. Annual sales
d. Geographical location of a firm

85. The key defining characteristic of experimental research is that;

a. The independent variable is manipulated

b. Hypothesis are proved
c. A positive correlation exists
d. Samples are large

86. When each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected, this is called:

a. A snowball sample
b. A stratified sample
c. A random probability sample
d. A non-random sample

87. When people are readily available, volunteer, or are easily recruited to the sample, this is
called;

a. Snowball sampling
b. Convenience sampling
c. Stratified sampling
d. Random sampling

88. In qualitative research, sampling that involves selecting diverse cases is referred to as:

a. Typical-case sampling
b. Critical-case sampling
c. Intensity sampling
d. Maximum variation sampling

89. A test accurately indicates an employee’s scores on a future criterion (e.g. consciousness).
What kind of validity is this?

a. Predictive
b. Face
c. Content
d. Concurrent

90. When designing a questionnaire it is important to do each of the following except:

a. Pilot the questionnaire

b. Avoid jargon
c. Avoid double questions
d. Use leading questions

91. One advantage of using a questionnaire is that:

a. Probe questions can be asked

b. Respondents can be put at ease
c. Interview bias can be avoided
d. Response rates are always high

92. Secondary data can include which of the following?

a. Government statistics
b. Personal diaries
c. Organizational records
d. All of the above

93. An ordinal scale is:

a. The simplest form of measurement

b. A scale with an absolute zero point
c. A rank-order scale of measurement
d. A scale with equal intervals between ranks

94. Which term measures the extent to which scores from a test can be used to infer or
predict performance in some activity?

a. Face validity
b. Content validity
c. Criterion-related validity
d. Construct validity

95. The reliability of a measure refers to the researcher asking:

a. Does it give consistent results?

b. Does it measure what it is supposed to measure?
c. Can the results be generalized?
d. Does it have face reliability?

96. Interview questions should:

a. Lead the respondent

b. Probe sensitive issues
c. Be delivered in a neutral tone
d. Test the respondents’ powers of memory

97. The measure of the extent to which responses vary from the mean is called:

a. The mode
b. The normal distribution
c. The standard deviation
d. The variance

98. All of the following are sources of secondary data except:

a. Official statistics
b. A television documentary
c. The researcher’s research diary
d. A company’s annual report

99. Which part of a research report contains details of how the research was planned and
conducted?

a. Results
b. Design
c. Introduction
d. Background

100. Which of the following is a form of research typically conducted by managers and other
professionals to address issues in their organizations and/or professional practice?

a. Action research
b. Basic research
c. Professional research
d. Predictive research
 ANSWER KEY

1. C 44. D 87. B
2. D 45. D 88. D
3. C 46. C 89. A
4. D 47. A 90. D
5. C 48. D 91. C
6. B 49. C 92. D
7. C 50. C 93. C
8. D 51. D 94. D
9. C 52. D 95. A
10. C 53. B 96. C
11. C 54. D 97. C
12. C 55. B 98. C
13. C 56. D 99. D
14. D 57. C 100. A
15. B 58. B
16. A 59. D
17. B 60. B
18. D 61. A
19. A 62. D
20. C 63. B
21. A 64. A
22. D 65. A
23. B 66. C
24. D 67. C
25. B 68. C
26. D 69. C
27. A 70. A
28. D 71. B
29. C 72. B
30. D 73. D
31. C 74. C
32. D 75. A
33. D 76. D
34. C 77. D
35. A 78. B
36. D 79. D
37. A 80. B
38. A 81. C
39. C 82. C
40. B 83. C
41. D 84. D
42. A 85. A
43. C 86. C
QUESTIONNAIRE
(LANGUAGE RESEARCH)

PREPARED BY:

HANNAH JANE P. HATIA

BSED - IV

SUBMITTED TO:

MA’AM ROSEMARIE C. CANGAS

ENGLISH INSTRUCTOR