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3
3. Lay off the line ,4D at an angle of 0 with line AC. The angle 0 is computed as
0 -_ a l - 6
where a! = angle back of wall makes with the horizontal
6 = ande of wall friction
4. Draw assumed failure wedges as ABC„ ABC2 ,..., ABC„. These should be
made utilizing the backfill surface as a guide, so that geometrical shapes such
as triangles and rectangles are formed.
5. Find the weight w„ of each of the wedges by treating as triangles, trapezoids,
or rectangles, depending on the soil stratification, water in the soil, and other
conditions of geometry.
6. Along the line 4C, plot to a convenient weight scale the wedge weights lo-
eating the points wr, w2 ,..., w„ .
7. Through the points just established (step 6), draw lines parallel to AD to
intersect the corresponding side of the triangle, as wf to side AC[, w2 to side
AC2 ,..., w„ to side 4C„ .
8. Through the locus of points established on the assumed failure wedges, draw a
smooth curve (the Culmann line). Tangent to this curve and prralleJ fo fhc jz.ne
j4C draw a tangent line. It may be possible to draw tangents to the curve at
several points; if so, draw all possible tangents.
9. Through the tangent point established in step 8, project a line back to the AC
line, which is also parallel to AD. The value of this to the weight scale is Pa,
and a line through the tangent point from A is the failure surface. When
several tangents are drawn, choose the largest value of Pa .

The basis for Culmann's procedure is the solution of the force triangle shown
in Fig. 11-14. The triande is rotated so that the location of the trial failure
wedges automatically yields the angle ty without recourse to measuring dy each
time. The line AD is laid off for use in projecting the instant value of pa at the
proper slope since 0 is constant for a particular problem. The slope of A is
automatically established from the slope of the weight line AC; thus, with all
slopes and one side w„ known, the force triangle is readi.Iy solved.

Higure 11-14 Force triangle used in

Culmann's graphical solution. The 0
andc is constant; p is defined as the
angle from the horiz"tal to the fnd-
ure surface; therefore, with the
orientation shown, fy can be found
graphically.

4/
 LATERAL EARTH pRrssuRE 407

To find the point of application of Pa , the following procedure [Terzaghi

(1943)] is recommended (see also suggested method in Case 3 of next section):

Case 1. No concentrated loads (Fig.11-15¢} but may have other surcharges.

¢. Find the center of gravity of the failure wedge graphically or by trimndng a

cardboard model and hanging by a thread at two or three points.
a. Through the center of gravity and parallel to the failure surface draw a line of
action of Pa until it intercepts AB (wall or plane through the heel of the
cantilever wall). Pa acts at an angle of 6 or P to a perpendicular to AB.

Case 2. Concentrated load or line load within the failure wedge (Fig,I i-15b).

a. Parallel to 4C.draw line yc', and parallel to AC, draw Vc/'.

A. Take one-third of distance c'c/' from c' for the point of application of Pa .

Case 3. Concentrated load or line load outside the failure wedge (Fig.11-15c).

a. Draw a line from the concentrated load to A(V4).

a. Draw yc' parallel to AC.
c. Take o.ne-third of c'A from c' as point of application of Pa. If the surcharge

Vc'porollel to AC`

A
(c`)

Figure 11-15 Procedures for location of point of application of P4 for (a) irregular backfill; (b)
concentrated or line load inside failure zone; (c) concentrated or line load outside fhi]ure zone (but
inside zone ABC).
41o rouNDATlon ANALTsis AND I)EslGN

Exanpe lH Redo Example 11-6 for the passive pressure ty the Culmann graphical pro-
oedure.OmitfindingthelocationofthepointOfapplicationoftheresultant.

SoljuTlon See Fig. Ell-7 for geometry and solution. ////

The Trial-Wedge Solution

The trial-wedge solution is a graphical solution, very similar to the Culmann
solution, which is advantageous for soils with cohesion. There are two ap-
proachestothisproblem,oneusingplanefailuresurfacesandtheotherusingthe
logarithmic spiral.
The procedure is based on a force polygon for the forces which act on any
failure wedge, including any or all of the following forces: wall friction, wan
adhesion(orcohesion),frictionandcohesionforcesonthefailuresurface,andthe
weight Of the failure wedge. The idealized conditions are illustrated with the
correspondingforcepolygoninFig.Il-17aandb.Aslongasalltheforcesofthe
system are included, the force polygon can be drawn using the forces in any
order,butsinceCwisaconstantvalueinaproblem,theorderofforcesinFig.
11-17bisrecommended.
Forsimplicity,themethodwillbedescribedinastep-by-stepprocedure:#

1. Draw the wall and ground surface to an appropriate scale and compute the
depth of the tension crack as

(c.)

(A)

A = known in direction
a, = AG . cohes:on (direction and magnitude known) Po= knc)wn in direction
C, = AO . cohes:on (direction and magnitude known)
W = we.Ight o{ trial wedge (direct;on and magnitude known)

Figrll-17Thetrial-wedgesolution.(a)ForcesactingonatrialwedgeABED;(5)fol.cesactingon
ABEDfomedintotheforcepolygon;(c)rapidmethodOfe§tablishingtheslopeOfR.

.`,
408 FOUNDATION ANALYSIS At`D DESIGN

(6)
Not to scale o+ `o'

(a)

Figure 11-16 (a) Culmann.s solution for passive pressure; (b) force polygon, which is graphically
salved in the method.

falls out of zone ABC, the problem should be treated as if no surcharge were
present.

For passive earth pressure, Culmann's procedure is modified as indicated in

Fig. 11-16 (see also Example 11-7).

Ex"nple llnd For the given data and wall-son system shown, find the total active force Pa and
the loution of the resultant, using Culmann's graphical solution.

8 lips 8 kbs

L= '0 ',
Wi = I/2(3.5 x 23.5)(a.HO) I 4.S2kips/ft
W? = I/2 (2.9 x 24.2)(0.Ilo) = 3.86kips//t
1 T'fr
W. = I/2 (3.o x 25.3)(o.iio) = a. i 8Lips/ft
W. = I/2 (3..I x 27`0)(0.Ilo) =4.60kips/(t
M,„ = 8 kips /'t
W5 = I/2 (2.5 x 28.7)(0.110) = 3.94 kips/ft
W. a I/2 (2.3 x 30.5)(OJIO) = 3.86kips/ft
W6R = 8 i;ps/ft
W, = I/2 (2.5 x 32,9)(0.110) =4.52 kips/ft

W9 fto = 12.8 lips/{t

Point of application 10,2 ft /rom .A"

Scale `3,75 ft

/////
Figun Ell{ ``
H
 LATRAL EARTH rmrssuRE 411

2c
ht- TJf a

This value of fo, should be plotted at sufficient points to establish the tension-
crack profile.
2. Lay off trial wedges as 4BE{D„ 4BE2 D2 ,..., and compute the weight of the
corresponding wedges as w'i, w2 ,..., w„ .
3. Compute Cw and C§ (note that Cw is a constant) and lay off cw as indicated in
Fig.11-17b to the wall slope and to the appropriate force scale. As a tension
crack can form along the wall, the length 48 should also be adjusted. Also
draw the weight vectors w[, w2 ,..., w„ along the line Oy.
4. From the terminus of Cw lay off Cs at the slope of the assunied trial failure
wedges.
5. Through points w„ w2 ,..., w„ established in step 3, lay off a vector Pa to the
correct slope. Note that the slope of Pa is constant.
6. Through the terminus of Cg lay off the vector A to the appropriate slope. The
slope is at the angle ¢ to a perpendicular to the assumed failure surfaces 4D„
AD2 , AD3 ,....
7. The intersection of the R and Pa vectors establishes a locus of points, througb
which a smooth curve is drawn.
8. Draw a tangent to the curve obtained in step 7, parallel to the weight vector,
• and draw the vector Pa through the point of tangency. As with the Culmann
solution, several maximum values may be obtained. The largest possible value
of Pa is the design value.

The slope of the A vector can be established conveniently (fig.1l-17c) as

follows :

I. To some radius r draw the arc GJ from the vertical line 4F in Fig.1 I-13a.
2. Draw a horizontal line 40 and lay off the angle ¢ as shown. With the same r
used in step 1, draw arc OJ.
3. Then AG is the slope of the vector A to failure plane AF.
4. Now lay off arcs GH, HJ, JJ in Fig. 1l-17c to the same arc length used in
step I.
5. The slopes of lines AH, AJ, and AJ of Fig. I I-17c are the corresponding slopes
of the vector A to failure surface ADi, AD2 ,.... t

ln cohesionless materials the values Cw and CS are zero, and the trial-wedge
solution is the same as the Culmann solution, except for the orientatiori of the
force polygon.

Exam|i]e LID Redo Example 11-6, using a ¢-c soil, by the trial-wedge method.

_ _..`_A _..__ _±::isBEEBEL9::;-

412 FOUNDATION ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

a. S14.8(0.2) =2.96k:ps/+I G =24`7(O.2) =4.94 kips/ft

Ci =18.3(0.2) =3,66lips/ft C6 =26.8 (O.2) =5.36 kips/ft
C2 =t9.6lo.2) =3.92kips/fo C7 = 29.0(0.2) = 5.80kips/ft
Ca £ 21.0 (0.2) = 4.20 kips /ft
c. = 22 7 (O.2) = 4.54 kips/'t 8k.,ps Skips

A,a% ?i:i;i|;:i(:I::')i:;i!!,:;:.::)(:;,:i':=!63':;;:ss/;f

6So`49 wr, = (3)(5.2)(o.i`)+'/2(2.4 x 22.7)(oll) = 4.7 kips/ft

w`|=8Lips/'t
Ar=Tfoig = S2tt #: =(:!{S2}(8.:i)::;:{23: 2::'ltt%::'t = : ; l',ppss)i:

„6|=8tips/ft
W, = (3)(5.2)(0.11)+ 1/2(18 x 2901(0.11) = 4.6 kips /ft

FigueEl1€
////

Computer Solution of Trial Wedge

The simplest method of solving the trial wedge (or Culmann method) is using a
computersolution.Inacomputersolution,itisneeessarytodothefollowing:

1. Draw the wall-soil geometry to scale and obtain coordinates for points A, 8
' (and F of Fig. 11-17).

2. Obtain sufficient additional coordinates to define the top of backfin and the
coordinates of all concentrated loads.
3. Program a solution of the force triangle of Fig.11-17b for Pa. This involves
two unknown variables Pa and R, but all angles and Slopes are known and the
force polygon must close; therefore, a direct analytical solution for Pa can be
made.
4. Start with a soil wedge, say j4FD£E„ with angle FAD[ of about 5° (depending
on whether AF is vertical) and increment the wedge ande in 1° increments.
Solve the soil wedge twice at all point loads (dx to left and dx to right).
5. Sort the Pa values computed from steps 3 and 4 until all concentrated loads
have been accounted for and Pa has decreased at least two consecutive times,
stop the computations, and print out the maximum Pa and the corresponding

a
 LATm^L EARTH pnESstmE 413

p antle. This procedure allows for study of parametric effects (¢, a, c, 7} much
more easily than with the graphical procedures previously discussed, The
point of application of Pa is obtained similar to the Culmann method.

Logarithmic-Spiral Trial Wedge

The logarithmic spiral may be used to develop the trial viedge. The log spiral iises
the principle that any force vector makes an angle Of ¢ with the tangent to the
spiral and the line Of action passes through a, the center of the spiral. The
method is basically as follows [Terzaghi (1943, p. I 10), mjab (1956)] :

1. On a piece of tracing paper lay out a portion of a logarithmic spiral using the
equation
r = ro expto tan 6,
where r = radius of spiral at angle 0 from ro
ro = starting radius (use any arbitrary value which will allow fitting
onto wall-soil geometry)
¢ = angle of internal friction of soil
0 = angle between r and ro , rad
2. Draw wall-soil geometry to scale.
3. Place the logarithmic spiral on the wall-soil system by eye (making an ap-
proxinate 45 + ¢/2 exit angle as.shown iq Fig. 11-18¢). Scale the perpendieu-
lar distance from the spiral origin ®oint a) to 8. Note that the exit anale
should be 45 + ¢/2, since the ground surface is a principal plane (no clear
stress).

I/,,-,-___--```\
' \
I \
\0 \
\
\

Figure 11-18 I,ngarithmic spi-

ral used to obtain trial wedge.
Use several trial enters a and
(a) Curve AC preferred to AC' (b) Approximate location of erit C; Pa is ninimurn ob-
apirol centroid tained front the seveml trials.

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