SMJM 1013 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I

Review on Integration
DR. HAFIZAH FARHAH BINTI SAIPAN @ SAIPOL
Topic Outline
➢ Introduction to integration.
➢ Types of integral: Indefinite and definite integral
➢ Techniques of integration
a. Integration by substitution
b. Integration by parts
c. Integration by tabular method
d. Integration using partial fractions
 Integration
df
When a function f ( x ) is known, we can differentiate it to obtain its derivative, .
dx
The reverse process is to obtain the function f ( x) of its derivative.
This process is called integration.

Differentiate
df
f ( x)
dx
Integrate

The idea of integration was simulated by problems of determining the area of a region
which lies between a positive-valued function and the x-axis.
 n +1
x
 dx = n + 1 + c
n
x

Integral Integrand Constant of

sign integration
Types of integrals
There are two types of the integrals:
1. Indefinite Integrals:
It is an integral of a function when there is no limit for
integration. It contains an arbitrary constant.
2. Definite Integrals:
An integral of a function with limits of integration, [a,b].
There are two values as the limits for the interval of
integration. The final answer will be in number
 Without upper
and lower limit

1. Indefinite integral  f ( x ) dx
Basic properties of indefinite integral

a)  k f ( x ) dx = k  f ( x ) dx where k is a constant.
b)   f ( x )  g ( x ) dx =  f ( x ) dx   g ( x ) dx

4
3 x
Example:  3x3 + 4 x dx = + 2x2 + c
4
 There is interval
[a,b]

 f ( x ) dx
b
2. Definite integral a

The definite integral of f(x) represents the area under the curve f(x)
from x = a to x = b.
  f ( x ) dx
b
2. Definite integral a

Basic properties of definite integrals

If f ( x ) and g ( x ) are continuous functions on the interval  a, b  , then

 f ( x ) dx = 0
a
a)
a

b)  f ( x ) dx = −  f ( x ) dx
b a

a b

c)  k f ( x ) dx = k  f ( x ) dx
b b

a a

d )  k dx = k ( b − a )
b

e)  f ( x ) dx =  f ( x ) dx +  f ( x ) dx, where a  c  b
b c b

a a c

f )   f ( x )  g ( x )  dx =  f ( x ) dx   g ( x ) dx
b b b

a a a
 1

9
Example: Evaluate the definite integral dx.
4
x
Solution:
9 1
4 x 4 dx
9 −1
dx = x 2

9
x 
1
2

= 1 
 2  4
9
=  2 x  = 2 9 − 2 4 = 2
4
 Techniques to solve the integration

a.
Integration
by
substitutions

d.
Techniques b.
Integration
of Integration
using partial
integration by parts
fraction

c.
Integration
by tabular
method
 a. Integration by substitutions

▪ Whenever we try to evaluate any integral, this

method is the first to be considered.
▪The purpose of this method is to change the
integrand into an expression of basic integral
forms.
The integration by substitutions involves 5 steps:
Step 1: Make appropriate choice of u, let u = g ( x ) .
du
Step 2: Obtain = g '( x).
dx
Step 3: Substitute u = g ( x ) , du = g ' ( x ) dx
After this stage, the whole integral must be in terms of u.
No more terms in x. If this step fails, need to make another
appropriate choice of u.
Step 4: Evaluate the integral obtained in terms of u.
Step 5: Substitute u with g ( x ) , so that the final answer will
be in terms of x.
Example
Evaluate the following integrals.

 ( 4 x + 1) dx
2
(a)
(b)  tan x dx
(c)  sin x cos x dx
4
 Solution (a)  ( 4 x + 1) dx
2

We use integration by substitution.

du du
Step 1 Let: u = 4 x + 1, = 4 → dx = Step 2
dx 4
Step 3 Substitute into the integral:
1 2
 ( )
4
+ =
2 You can see the whole integral is in
4 x 1 dx u du terms of u. No more terms in x

u3
= +c
4 ( 3)
Step 4

Step 5 Substitute u with 4 x + 1 and we get

( 4 x + 1)
3

 ( 4 x + 1) dx = +c
2

12
 Solution (b)  tan x dx
The integration of tan x is not in the table,
thus we use integration by substitution.
sin x
 tan x dx =  cos x dx
du
Step 1 Let: u = cos x, = − sin x → −du = sin xdx Step 2
dx
Step 3 Substitute into the integral:
du
 tan x dx = − u You can see the whole integral is in
terms of u. No more terms in x

Step 4 = − ln u + c
Step 5 Substitute u with cos x and we get

 tan x dx = − ln cos x + c
 Solution (c)  sin x cos 4
x dx

We use integration by substitution.

du
Step 1 Let: u = cos x, = − sin x → −du = sin xdx Step 2
dx
Step 3 Substitute into the integral:

 = −  du
4 4 You can see the whole integral is in
sin x cos x dx u terms of u. No more terms in x

u5
Step 4 = − +c
5
Step 5 Substitute u with cos x and we get
5
cos x
 sin x cos x dx = − 5 + c
4
 (b) Integration by parts
Another important method to evaluate integrals especially when the
integrand involve products of algebraic and transcendental functions

 x ln x dx  dx  cos x dx
x x
xe e

When integrated with respect to x, it becomes

 u dv = uv −  v du
Example
Evaluate the following integrals.


(a)  x sin x dx 
2
(b) x cos x dx
0
Solution (a)  x sin x dx
In this case, we use integration by parts. We choose
u=x and dv = sin x dx
Hence du = dx and v = − cos x

Applying formula for integration by parts, we obtain

 x sin x dx = − x cos x −  − cos x dx

= − x cos x + sin x + C.
 

Solution (a) 0 2
x cos x dx
In this case, we choose
u=x and dv = cos x dx
Hence du = dx and v = sin x

Applying formula for integration by parts, we obtain

 x cos x dx = x sin x −  sin x dx

= x sin x + cos x + C.
Finally,


x cos x dx =  x sin x + cos x 02




2

= 12  − 1.
 (c) Integration by tabular method
The evaluation of integrals of the form

 e dx  sin ax dx  sin ax dx
n ax n n
x x x
needs repeated integrations and differentiations. The calculations are
tedious and the steps are complicated. We can get over this using tabular
method.


We have solved this form of integrals before using u dv


Now, we shall solve using uv ' dv where dv = v dx
'
 For this to be feasible, the integrals must satisfy the
following conditions:
(a) u can be differentiated repeatedly with respect to x until
becoming zero,
(b) v’ can be integrated repeatedly with respect to x easily.

Notes:
How to consider which function should be differentiate or integrate from the
integral?
Answer: Use LoPET

Logarithmic
Power Whichever come first in this sequence will be differentiate.
Exponential The other function will be integrated.
Trigonometric
Example
1. Evaluate  x 2 sin 3xdx using the tabular method.
 Example Power

1. Evaluate  x 2 sin 3xdx using the tabular method.

Trigonometric
Notes:
From LoPET

Logarithmic
Power Whichever come first in this sequence will be differentiate.
Exponential The other function will be integrated.
Trigonometric

Therefore,
x2 will be differentiated until becoming 0.
sin 3x will be integrated
 Solution
Differentiate Integrate v’
Signs u repeatedly repeatedly
+ x2 sin 3 x
− 2x − 13 cos 3x
+ 2 − 19 sin 3 x
− 0 1
27 cos 3 x

The solution is obtained by adding the products of the diagonal entries according
to the directions of arrows taking into consideration the signs  in the table. Hence
1 2 2 2
 = − + + cos 3 x + C.
2
x sin 3 xdx x cos 3 x x sin 3 x
3 9 27
Example
2. Evaluate  e3 x cos 2 x dx using the tabular method.
  cos 2 x dx
3x
Solution e
Differentiate Integrate v’
Signs u repeatedly repeatedly

+ e3 x cos 2 x
− 3e3 x 1
2 sin 2 x
+ 9e3 x − 14 cos 2 x

u is supposed to be differentiated repeatedly until becoming 0.

However, it will never be 0.
Therefore, for this case, differentiation and integration are done until we obtain
multiple e3x and cos 2x (the same function as the question)

By adding the products of the diagonal entries according to the directions of arrows
taking into consideration the signs  in the table, we obtain
1 3x 3 3x 9 3x
 = + − 
3x
e cos 2 x dx e sin 2 x e cos 2 x e cos 2 x dx
2 4 4
 1 3x 3 3x 9 3x
 e cos 2 x dx = 2 e sin 2 x + 4 e cos 2 x − 4  e cos 2 x dx
3x

Rearranging the integrals, we have

13 3 x 1 3x 3 3x
4  e cos 2 x dx = e sin 2 x + e cos 2 x
2 4
4  1 3x 3 3x 
  e cos 2 x dx =  e sin 2 x + e cos 2 x  + C.
3x

13  2 4 
 (d) Integration using partial fraction
o For cases direct formula is not useful, we can use the partial fraction
technique.
o Partial fraction:
This process of taking a rational expression and decomposing it into
simpler rational expressions that we can add or subtract to get the
original rational expression.
P ( x)
f ( x) =
Q ( x)

Partial fractions can only be done if the degree of the numerator (P(x))
is strictly less than the degree of the denominator (Q(x)).
Example
3x + 11
Evaluate  2 dx using the tabular method.
x − x−6
Solution
Get the form in partial fraction
3x + 11 3x + 11 A B
= = +
x − x − 6 ( x − 3)( x + 2 ) ( x − 3) ( x + 2 )
2

Now, add the right side back up:

3x + 11 A ( x + 2 ) + B ( x − 3)
=
( x − 3)( x + 2 ) ( x − 3)( x + 2 )

and we have 3 x + 11 = A ( x + 2 ) + B ( x − 3)
Let x = −2; 3 ( −2 ) + 11 = B ( −2 − 3) → B = −1
x = 3; 3 ( 3) + 11 = A ( 3 + 2 ) → A=4
Solution
Substitute A = 4 and B = −1 into the fraction,
3x + 11 4 1
= −
x − x − 6 ( x − 3) ( x + 2 )
2

3x + 11
Now, we solve the integration  2 dx
x − x−6
3x + 11 4 1
 x 2 − x − 6 dx =  ( x − 3) − ( x + 2 ) dx
= 4 ln ( x − 3) − ln ( x + 2 ) + C