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    Lesson1 PREHISTORIC AND EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

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    jamsnss
    The document discusses early architectural structures from pre-historic times including rock cave dwellings, tents, and huts. It also describes various types of religious monuments such as menhirs, dolmens, stone circles, and burial mounds. A large portion of the document focuses on Egyptian architecture between 5000 BC to 1st century BC, including tomb structures like mastabas and pyramids as well as temple designs. Key features of Egyptian architecture discussed include post and lintel construction, battered walls, hieroglyphics, and specific temple elements like pylons, obelisks, and columns.

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    Lesson1 PREHISTORIC AND EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

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    jamsnss
    195 views14 pages
    The document discusses early architectural structures from pre-historic times including rock cave dwellings, tents, and huts. It also describes various types of religious monuments such as menhirs, dolmens, stone circles, and burial mounds. A large portion of the document focuses on Egyptian architecture between 5000 BC to 1st century BC, including tomb structures like mastabas and pyramids as well as temple designs. Key features of Egyptian architecture discussed include post and lintel construction, battered walls, hieroglyphics, and specific temple elements like pylons, obelisks, and columns.

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    The document discusses early architectural structures from pre-historic times including rock cave dwellings, tents, and huts. It also describes various types of religious monuments such as menhirs, dolmens, stone circles, and burial mounds. A large portion of the document focuses on Egyptian architecture between 5000 BC to 1st century BC, including tomb structures like mastabas and pyramids as well as temple designs. Key features of Egyptian architecture discussed include post and lintel construction, battered walls, hieroglyphics, and specific temple elements like pylons, obelisks, and columns.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    195 views14 pages

    Lesson1 PREHISTORIC AND EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

    Uploaded by

    jamsnss
    The document discusses early architectural structures from pre-historic times including rock cave dwellings, tents, and huts. It also describes various types of religious monuments such as menhirs, dolmens, stone circles, and burial mounds. A large portion of the document focuses on Egyptian architecture between 5000 BC to 1st century BC, including tomb structures like mastabas and pyramids as well as temple designs. Key features of Egyptian architecture discussed include post and lintel construction, battered walls, hieroglyphics, and specific temple elements like pylons, obelisks, and columns.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 14

    UNIVERSITY OF PANGASINAN – PHINMA EDUCATION

    COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

    HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1
    ARCHT. LESTER V. GARCIA, uap, pia

    CHAPTER 1 – THE BEGINNINGS OF ARCHITECTURE

    PRE-HISTORIC STRUCTURES
     3 CLASSIFICATIONS OF EARLY KNOWN TYPES OF ARCHITECTURE
    1. Dwellings
    2. Religious Monuments
    3. Burial Mounds
     I. Dwellings
    A. Rock cave – natural cave, artificial cave, cave above ground
    B. Tents and Huts – made from tree barks, animal skin, and plant leaves

     II. Religious Monuments


    Classifications of Religious Structures:
    A. Monolith – isolated single upright stone also known as “menhir”
    Menhir– memorial of victory over one tribe
    B. Megalithic – are several number of stones
    - Means 'large stone' and in general, the word is used to refer to any
    huge, human-built or assembled structure or collection of stones or
    boulders. Typically, though, megalithic monument refers
    to monumental architecture built between about 6,000 and 4,000 years
    ago in Europe, during the Neolithic and Bronze ages.

    The most common Megalithic structures are:


    1. Dolmen–2 or more upright stones supporting a horizontal slab
    2. Cromlech – 3 or more upright stones capped by a flat stone. Indicates
    a place of religious rites, e.g. found at Lanyon, Cornwall
    3. Stone Circle or Stone Row – made up of 3,000 stones
    e.g. “Stonehenge” located at Wiltshire and on Salisbury Plain
    DOLMEN

    STONEHENGE
     2. BURIAL MOUNDS
    TUMULI or “Barrows” – are earthen mounds used for burials of several to couple
    hundred of ordinary persons
    -

    CHAPTER 2 - EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE 5000 B.C. - 1ST CENTURY B.C.

    2 TYPES OF STRUCTURES - TOMBS & TEMPLES

    3 TYPES OF TOMBS

    1. MASTABA – are tomb houses that were made to take the body at full length
    - flat top and tapered
    2. PYRAMID - were built because the Egyptians believe in “life after death” and for the
    preservation of the dead body. The pharaoh is not only king but also god both political
    and religious ruler.
    - there are three types of pyramid
    a. Step Pyramid – ex. Pyramid of King Zoser built by Imhotep is the oldest surviving
    masonry building in the world.
    b. Bent Pyramid – also known as Blunt Pyramid
    - Ex. Pyramid of King Seneferu
    c. Slope Pyramid – ex. Pyramid of the Cheops or Khufu (146.4 mts high and 750 sq.ft.
    PARTS OF PYRAMID COMPLEX

    1. ELEVATED CAUSEWAY
    2. OFFERING CHAPEL
    3. MORTUARY
    4. VALLEY BUILDING

    3. ROCK HEWN TOMBS – known to be “The Tomb of Nobility” cut deep into the mountain
    rock

    PARTS OF A MASTABA:
    STEPPED BLUNT SLOPED

    TE

    TEMPLE OF RAMESES II
    Temple of Queen Hatshepsut

    Temple of Luxor
    TEMPLE OF LUXOR
    PYLON

    TEMPLE OF LUXOR
    OBELISK

    AVENUE OF SPHINX
    ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER:

    1. SIMPLICITY
    2. MONUMENTALITY
    3. SOLIDITY OR MASSIVENESS

    SYSTEM OF CONSTRUCTION:

    POST AND LINTEL, COLUMNAR OR TRABEATED

    FEATURES OF EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE:

    1. BATTERWALL –inclination from base to top of the façade


    - Characteristic feature of Egyptian external walls
    2. HIEROGLYPHICS – used as ornaments, pictures and writings from the walls

    TEMPLES – are sanctuaries that only Kings and Priests can enter

    2 TYPES OF TEMPLES:

    1. MORTUARY – built to honor the Pharaohs


    2. CULT – built for the worship of the gods.
    Egyptian Architecture was designed principally for internal effect

    PARTS OF AN EGYPTIAN TEMPLE:


    1. Pylon – massive sloping towers fronted by obelisks and are known as gateways
    2. Hypaethral Court – large outer court that is open to the sky
    3. Hypostyle Hall – a pillared hall in which the roofs rest on columns
    4. Sanctuary –usually surrounded by passages and chambers used in connection with
    the temple service
    5. Avenue of the Sphinx – where mythical monsters were placed
    6. Obelisks – are monumental pillars usually in pairs at the temple entrances considered
    the symbols of “Heliopolis” the sun god. They are square in plan and stands at the
    height of 9 to 10 times the diameter of the base.
    7. SPHINX – A mythical monster with a body of a lion and head of a man or
    “androsphinx”, or body of a lion & head of a hawk or “heiraosphinx”, or a body of a lion
    and head of a ram or “criosphinx”
    8. CAPITALS AND COLUMNS
    Bud and Bell Capital
    Polygonal Columns
    Papyrus Capital
    Volute Capital
    Palm-type Capital
    Square Pillars
    Hathor-headed Capital
    Osiris Pillars
    9. MOULDINGS – “GORGE AND HOLLOW MOULDING”
    – were used to cover the angles

    10. ORNAMENTS
    a. Lotus, Papyrus and Palm – for fertility
    b. Solar Discs and Vultures with wings – for protection
    c. Spiral and Feather Ornament – for eternity
    d. Scarab or sacred beetle – for resurrection

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