10/2/2020 How to Write a Research Methodology in Four Steps

 Table of contents

How to write a research methodology

Published on February 25, 2019 by Shona McCombes. Revised on July 31, 2020.

In your thesis or dissertation, you will have to discuss the methods you used to do your
research. The methodology chapter explains what you did and how you did it, allowing
readers to evaluate the reliability and validity of the research. It should include:

 The type of research you did

 How you collected your data
 How you analyzed your data
 Any tools or materials you used in the research
 Your rationale for choosing these methods

The methodology section should generally be written in the past tense.

How to Write a Research Methodology in 4 Steps | …

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 Table of contents

Step 1: Explain your methodological approach

Begin by introducing your overall approach to the research.

What research problem or question did you investigate? For example, did you aim to
systematically describe the characteristics of something, to explore an under-researched topic,
or to establish a cause-and-effect relationship? And what type of data did you need to achieve
this aim?

Did you need quantitative data (expressed in numbers) or qualitative data (expressed in
words)?
Did you need to collect primary data yourself, or did you use secondary data that was
collected by someone else?
Did you gather experimental data by controlling and manipulating variables, or
descriptive data by gathering observations without intervening?

Depending on your discipline and approach, you might also begin with a discussion of the
rationale and assumptions underpinning your methodology.

Why is this the most suitable approach to answering your research questions?
Is this a standard methodology in your field or does it require justification?
Were there any ethical or philosophical considerations?
What are the criteria for validity and reliability in this type of research?

In a quantitative experimental study, you might aim to produce generalizable

knowledge about the causes of a phenomenon. Valid research requires a carefully
designed study under controlled conditions that can be replicated by other researchers.
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In a qualitative ethnography, you might aim to produce contextual real-world
knowledge about the behaviors, social structures and shared beliefs of a specific group
of people. As this methodology is less controlled and more interpretive, you will need to
reflect on your position as researcher, taking into account how your participation and
perception might have influenced the results.

Step 2: Describe your methods of data collection

Once you have introduced your overall methodological approach, you should give full details
of your data collection methods.

Quantitative methods
In quantitative research, for valid generalizable results, you should describe your methods in
enough detail for another researcher to replicate your study.

Explain how you operationalized concepts and measured your variables; your sampling
method or inclusion/exclusion criteria; and any tools, procedures and materials you used to
gather data.

 Surveys
Describe where, when and how the survey was conducted.

How did you design the questions and what form did they take (e.g. multiple choice,
Likert scale)?
What sampling method did you use to select participants?
Did you conduct surveys by phone, mail, online or in person, and how long did
participants have to respond?
What was the sample size and response rate?

You might want to include the full questionnaire as an appendix so that your reader can see
exactly what data was collected.

 Experiments
Give full details of the tools, techniques and procedures you used to conduct the experiment.

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How did you design the experiment?

How did you
 Table recruit participants?
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How did you manipulate and measure the variables?
What tools or technologies did you use in the experiment?

In experimental research, it is especially important to give enough detail for another

researcher to reproduce your results.

 Existing data
Explain how you gathered and selected material (such as publications or archival data) for
inclusion in your analysis.

Where did you source the material?

How was the data originally produced?
What criteria did you use to select material (e.g. date range)?

Quantitative methods example

The survey consisted of 5 multiple-choice questions and 10 questions that were

measured on a 7-point Likert scale. The aim was to conduct the survey with 350
customers of Company X on the company premises in The Hague from 4-8 July 2017
between 11:00 and 15:00. A customer was defined as a person who had purchased a
product from Company X on the day of questioning. Participants were given 5 minutes
to fill in the survey anonymously, and 408 customers responded. Because not all
surveys were fully completed, 371 survey results were included in the analysis.

Qualitative methods
In qualitative research, since methods are often more flexible and subjective, it’s important to
reflect on the approach you took and explain the choices you made.

Discuss the criteria you used to select participants or sources, the context in which the
research was conducted, and the role you played in collecting the data (e.g. were you an active
participant or a passive observer?)

 Interviews or focus groups

Describe where, when and how the interviews were conducted.

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How did you find and select participants?

How manyofpeople
 Table took part?
contents
What form did the interviews take (structured, semi-structured, unstructured)?
How long were the interviews and how were they recorded?

 Participant observation
Describe where, when and how you conducted the observation or ethnography.

What group or community did you observe and how did you gain access to them?
How long did you spend conducting the research and where was it located?
What role did you play in the community?
How did you record your data (e.g. audiovisual recordings, note-taking)?

 Existing data
Explain how you selected case study materials (such as texts or images) for the focus of your
analysis.

What type of materials did you analyze?

How did you collect and select them?

Qualitative methods example

In order to gain a better insight into the possibilities for improvement of the product
range, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 8 returning customers from the
main target group of Company X. A returning customer was defined as someone who
usually bought products at least twice a week from Company X. The surveys were used
to select participants who belonged to the target group (20-45 years old). Interviews
were conducted in a small office next to the cash register, and lasted approximately 20
minutes each. Answers were recorded by note-taking, and seven interviews were also
filmed with consent. One interviewee preferred not to be filmed.

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Before analysis the gathered data was prepared. The dataset was checked for missing
data
 and outliers.
Table For this the “outlier labeling rule” was used. All values outside the
of contents
calculated range were considered outliers (Hoaglin & Iglewicz, 1987). The data was then
analyzed using statistical software SPSS.

Qualitative methods
In qualitative research, your analysis will be based on language, images and observations
(often involving some form of textual analysis). Specific methods might include:

Content analysis: categorizing and discussing the meaning of words, phrases and
sentences
Thematic analysis: coding and closely examining the data to identify broad themes and
patterns
Discourse analysis: studying communication and meaning in relation to their social
context

Qualitative methods example

The interviews were transcribed and thematic analysis was conducted. This involved
coding all the data before identifying and reviewing six key themes. Each theme was
examined to gain an understanding of participants’ perceptions and motivations.

Step 4: Evaluate and justify your methodological choices

Your methodology should make the case for why you chose these particular methods,
especially if you did not take the most standard approach to your topic. Discuss why other
methods were not suitable for your objectives, and show how this approach contributes new
knowledge or understanding.

You can acknowledge limitations or weaknesses in the approach you chose, but justify why
these were outweighed by the strengths.

Lab-based experiments can’t always accurately simulate real-life situations and

behaviors, but they are effective for testing causal relationships between variables.

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Unstructured interviews usually produce results that cannot be generalized beyond the
 Table of contents
sample group, but they provide a more in-depth understanding of participants’
perceptions, motivations and emotions.

Tips for writing a strong methodology

Remember that your aim is not just to describe your methods, but to show how and why you
applied them and to demonstrate that your research was rigorously conducted.

Focus on your objectives and research questions

The methodology section should clearly show why your methods suit your objectives and
convince the reader that you chose the best possible approach to answering your problem
statement and research questions. Throughout the section, relate your choices back to the
central purpose of your dissertation.

Cite relevant sources

Your methodology can be strengthened by reference to existing research in the field, either
to:

Confirm that you followed established practices for this type of research
Discuss how you evaluated different methodologies and decided on your approach
Show that you took a novel methodological approach to address a gap in the literature

Our free citation generators can help you to create MLA citations and APA citations.

Write for your audience

Consider how much information you need to give, and don’t go into unnecessary detail. If you
are using methods that are standard for your discipline, you probably don’t need to give lots
of background or justification. But if you take an approach that is less common in your field,
you might need to explain and justify your methodological choices.

In either case, your methodology should be a clear, well-structured text that makes an
argument for your approach, not just a list of technical details and procedures.

Discuss obstacles

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If you encountered difficulties in collecting or analyzing data, explain how you dealt with them.
Show
howTable
you minimized
of contentsthe impact of any unexpected obstacles. Pre-empt any major
critiques of your approach and demonstrate that you made the research as rigorous as
possible.

Frequently asked questions about methodology

What’s the difference between method and methodology? 

Where does the methodology section go in a research paper? 

What’s the difference between quantitative and qualitative methods? 

What’s the difference between reliability and validity? 

What is sampling? 

Is this article helpful?

3461 219

72

Shona McCombes
Shona has a bachelor's and two master's degrees, so she's an expert at writing a great thesis.
She has also worked as an editor and teacher, working with students at all different levels to
improve their academic writing.

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 Table of contents

Other students also liked

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In the theoretical framework, you define key concepts and discuss relevant theories, showing how your research fits in
with established ideas.

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The research design is a strategy for answering your research questions. It determines how you will collect and
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Qualitative vs. quantitative research

Quantitative research is expressed in numbers and is used to test something. Qualitative research is expressed in
words and is used to understand.

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72 comments

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10/2/2020 How to Write a Research Methodology in Four Steps

Table of· contents

MHodshon July 28, 2020 at 5:48 AM

Thanks so much, I just read in my assignment that I needed to do a research

methodology - didn't even know what it was cos this is my first uni course!! thanks for
the overview. M

Reply

Sampi · July 4, 2020 at 9:20 AM

Very helpful, thank you

Reply

Rowshan · May 9, 2020 at 11:22 AM

thanks a lot

Reply

visham · June 9, 2020 at 10:49 PM

great site very informative and helpful

Reply

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10/2/2020 How to Write a Research Methodology in Four Steps

Emmanuel Binwell · April 9, 2020 at 4:34 PM

 Table of contents
Thanks so much for sharing your knowledge

It's so helpful

Reply

fola · April 8, 2020 at 12:23 AM

In a QUALITATIVE STUDY, must one use the three analysis discussed , content,
thematic and discourse for analysis

Or Any will suffice in your analysis

Reply

Shona McCombes (Scribbr-team) · April 9, 2020 at 8:21 PM

Hi,

No, these are just three examples of methods you could use to analyze
qualitative data; you can choose between these approaches (among others).

Reply

Temika R Moe · March 27, 2020 at 9:57 PM

https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/methodology/ 12/31
10/2/2020 How to Write a Research Methodology in Four Steps

This article is indeed helpful. My problem is the fact that I am not gathering my own
raw
 data and
Table of Icontents
am using information from past studies. I find it difficult to piece
together a methodology based on this.

Reply

Dharel Mallari · March 23, 2020 at 6:08 PM

Thank you Ma'am for sharing your knowledge it helps me a lot.

Reply

Harvey · March 19, 2020 at 12:25 PM

Very helpful.

Reply

Sunday Oricha · March 10, 2020 at 7:37 AM

Very helpful. Thank you.

Reply

SAMUEL JACKREECE · February 26, 2020 at 8:25 PM

Methodology made very easy to understand. very interesting piece.

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10/2/2020 How to Write a Research Methodology in Four Steps

Reply
 Table of contents

David Apraku Frimpong · February 26, 2020 at 5:21 PM

it is helpful

Reply

ahmad farid foladi · February 8, 2020 at 6:33 AM

This information helped me to fine the correct way to write my final thesis, thanks a
lot.

Reply

Christian Akaayar · February 21, 2020 at 10:42 PM

21st February,2020,

I came across your research methods, after reading it thoroughly, my

difficulty in writing research methods was solved with ease.

You can share other useful research methodology lessons.

I will relate with you on other issues relating to research proposal privately
when I get your email adress.

Thanks

Reply

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Step 3: Describe your methods of analysis

Next, you should indicate how you processed and analyzed the data. Avoid going into too
much detail—you should not start presenting or discussing any of your results at this stage.

Quantitative methods
In quantitative research, your analysis will be based on numbers. In the methods section you
might include:

How you prepared the data before analyzing it (e.g. checking for missing data, removing
outliers, transforming variables)
Which software you used to analyze the data (e.g. SPSS, Stata or R)
Which statistical tests you used (e.g. two-tailed t-test, simple linear regression)

Quantitative methods example

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10/2/2020 How to Write a Research Methodology in Four Steps

Uche Ewuzie · March 21, 2020 at 3:14 PM

 Table of contents

I'm very grateful. It helped me a great deal. More blessings to you. Thanks

Reply

Sauda Kileo · January 31, 2020 at 1:21 PM

I was struggling writing research methodology,only God knows how helpful this
article is to me.
Thank you very much.

Reply

Simon Itodo · January 24, 2020 at 11:12 AM

I am currently writing my research paper and I was scared of the methodology

section, I used your article as the base for my work and it was an excellent experience.
Thank you very much for writing this.

Best wishes

Reply

Misha Johanna · January 21, 2020 at 12:42 AM

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10/2/2020 How to Write a Research Methodology in Four Steps

It's just so crazy how useful and informative this article/website it. Thank you so
much!
 Table of contents

Reply

Aliyu Muhammad Inuwa · January 20, 2020 at 11:17 PM

wow may Almighty Allah bless you and your family.. wonderful help, and very
interested thank you so much

Reply

Nadia Monaia · January 1, 2020 at 3:16 PM

Thank you very much!

Reply

Amon Sinkamba · December 30, 2019 at 5:46 AM

Hellow Dr Shona I have learnt from this article and thought that there's lot of themes
for those who don't know about how to conduct a research, just it is a good academic
advisor program particular at research,let me embracing you that your work is not for
nothing but God stay blessing u

Reply

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10/2/2020 How to Write a Research Methodology in Four Steps

AQIB SHUJA
 Table · December 15, 2019 at 3:00 PM
of contents

As being a physical educationist, I've learnt a lot for my research through this article.
As I've different topics for research e.g 1.will power and sports, 2. Sports
pharmacology & 3. Overtraining syndrome in sports (OTS).
This article really helps me alot for my submission.

Reply

James Hiah Tugbe · December 13, 2019 at 9:19 AM

Thanks for this academic empowerment in research methodology. please keep on to

explore the understanding of academicians. However, I would like to know about
proposal writing methodology. again, thank you so much.

Reply

Shona McCombes (Scribbr-team) · December 13, 2019 at 4:14 PM

Hi James, thanks for your question. You can learn more in our articles about
creating a research design and writing a research proposal. Hope that helps!

Reply

Omolola · December 9, 2019 at 12:50 PM

This is worth reading. So helpful.

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10/2/2020 How to Write a Research Methodology in Four Steps

Thank you so much.

 Table of contents
Reply

Sobhan · December 8, 2019 at 9:18 AM

Hi, thank You, It Was very Helpful for Me as a Doctorate student.

Reply

Cheki Dorji · December 6, 2019 at 10:18 AM

How to create a research design

Reply

Shona McCombes (Scribbr-team) · December 6, 2019 at 11:14 AM

Hi Cheki, you can learn about this in our guide to research design. Hope this
helps!

Reply

Samuel hassan · December 3, 2019 at 2:04 PM

In fact your website is one of the best websites in guiding someone writing a paper, i
give you five star rating..
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10/2/2020 How to Write a Research Methodology in Four Steps

Reply
 Table of contents

LAMA Youhn · November 30, 2019 at 11:30 AM

Thanks so much it was very nice to have read your work it gives me some good ideas
on how to get started.

Reply

dinerou KARUCHAS-213003449 · November 26, 2019 at 4:01 PM

if i could have found this website before i started my project, i believe i could be much
better off.

May you be blessed abundantly,

Regards,

Dinerou Karuchas

Reply

Thanks so helpful. · November 20, 2019 at 10:55 AM

God bless for this effort.

Reply

alaa · December 3, 2019 at 11:45 PM

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10/2/2020 How to Write a Research Methodology in Four Steps

thanks
 Table of contents
Reply

Bilyaminu Aminu Kangere · November 19, 2019 at 8:41 AM

We're very happy for this one post as then thanks you very soo much

Reply

Ahmad Shah Arian · October 15, 2019 at 10:55 AM

It was very PERFECT.

Thanks.

Reply

James · October 9, 2019 at 8:22 PM

This was a great outline to use for my research paper. Thank you!

Reply

Wada Emmanuel · October 7, 2019 at 12:11 PM

This was really a good guide to my research methodology and i really appreciate you.
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 Table of contents

Sani Musa Dan Birni Fagge, Kano, Nigeria. · September 30, 2019 at 6:25 PM

As a student undergoing Masters programme and presently at Research stage, I really

appreciate and found such your tip immensely useful and helpful!
Thanks!!
Keep up!!!

Reply

Edimo Elvis · September 26, 2019 at 12:21 AM

I am currently working on my Doctoral Research Proposal.I really had some

challenges with how to present the Section on Methodology and Design.But after
reading through your presentation here am very confident to complete the section
with better confidence. Please keep up the good works!
Thank you.

Reply

Soura Djili · September 25, 2019 at 4:09 AM

I have learnt a lot through this article. Thanks a lot!

Reply

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10/2/2020 How to Write a Research Methodology in Four Steps

Ali Abdi · September 15, 2019 at 2:15 PM

 Table of contents

thanks to your good and advanced guiding articles to currently graduated students
also as I recently planning to write my defence book this gives me extra guiding and
gain knowledge of written thesis
thank you

Reply

Michelle Dee · September 10, 2019 at 3:59 AM

This was so helpful

Exactly what I was looking for
Thank you ??

Reply

Biju S Punnooreth, PhD Fellow, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, India

· September 30, 2019 at 11:56 PM

Dear Team Scribbr,

Your articles on various contents of research is of great help. It always give an

outstanding clarity on the issues , which a researcher has in his mind. Your
articles are uptodate and an answer for the conflicting questions in the
process of research study.
Thank you very much.
Best.

Reply

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Arjay · September
 Table 8, 2019 at 7:27 AM
of contents

Thank You for all the detailed . Its help me a lot in doing my research study God Bless
and More Power.

Reply

Hamidatu Suleman · September 4, 2019 at 11:49 AM

I have really enjoyed this article, is so educative and informative. We're looking
forward to getting more of this.
Thanks great, Allah bless you???

Reply

adrian · September 3, 2019 at 7:51 AM

Where should I use empirical and theoretical research? what are really they are?

Reply

Salisu · September 3, 2019 at 1:23 AM

This was very helpful in clearing many foggy things. I was trying to help someone and
this came in handy. 5 stars for this!
I definitely would come back to this very soon in my thesis.

Reply
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Skeb · September 2, 2019 at 8:57 AM

Thanks so much, I needed this information.

Reply

Jyoti Prakhar · September 1, 2019 at 10:17 PM

It was really helpful....

Reply

Duncan minati · August 30, 2019 at 10:20 AM

Thanks for the incite it is well detailed

Reply

Hasanatou Bajo · August 29, 2019 at 7:01 PM

It's helpful

Reply

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Tunde Morakinyo
 Table · August 29, 2019 at 11:42 AM
of contents

This is educative and insightful. Thank You.

Reply

Samaila Ignatius · August 28, 2019 at 10:13 AM

It is very educative.

Reply

Abdulrashid Suleiman · August 25, 2019 at 3:27 PM

I have been looking this thank you so much

Reply

Anne Davis · August 16, 2019 at 3:33 PM

I was completely stuck how to write my methodology, and this has been brilliant,
thank you so much!

Reply

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Abubakar
 TableAliyu Gombe · August 14, 2019 at 10:03 AM
of contents

Educative I really like the article, God bless you

Reply

Naswifu · August 12, 2019 at 4:23 PM

I have got all what i wanted

Reply

Iddrisu Shani · August 10, 2019 at 5:11 PM

Very helpful especially for beginners. Good job.

Reply

Amina Bilal · August 10, 2019 at 4:15 PM

Thank you. Very helpful and well structured. Can you suggest any article helpful to
evaluate different methodologies?

Reply

Abdu sanjar · September 2, 2019 at 1:02 AM

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10/2/2020 How to Write a Research Methodology in Four Steps

Thank you before i study this guide it was impossible for me to write my
 thesis.bless you be successful.
Table of contents

Reply

Nthabiseng Mobelo · August 8, 2019 at 11:10 AM

The article was very helpful, the steps in writing a methodology were very clear and
they helped me avoid including things that should not be in the methodology.

Reply

Elias · August 5, 2019 at 1:24 AM

This is article is very helpful and I have been using it as a guide for my dissertation.
however, I have one question. Is it preferable to write the methodology in first person
or third?
Thanks.

Reply

Shona McCombes (Scribbr-team) · August 12, 2019 at 6:31 PM

Hi Elias, thanks for your question! The answer depends partly on the
conventions of your discipline. Social scientists and humanities researchers
sometimes use the first person, but scientific writing often requires you to
avoid it. It's best to focus on consistency – if you have used the first person
elsewhere in your dissertation, you should use it in this chapter too. If not, use
the third person (as the examples in this article do).
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Reply
 Table of contents

Sunny Breakthrough Nnamani · August 2, 2019 at 6:10 AM

Thank you for helping me to gain more insight on what research methodology is all
about, and I would like to be receiving more tips on academic research writing from
you. I appreciate your work, keep it on.

Reply

Anne · July 30, 2019 at 2:23 PM

You've cleared up quite a few cobwebs. Simply brilliant. God bless you. xx

Reply

Sela · July 24, 2019 at 3:19 AM

Very helpful

Reply

Jethro · July 4, 2019 at 3:50 AM

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this was helpful and very detailed

hat
 off to the
Table of one who did this.
contents
lol...

Reply

Shivani mishra · June 29, 2019 at 10:50 PM

It was worth reading ❤ So helpful ?

Reply

Thokoza Hadebe · June 26, 2019 at 7:30 PM

So informative and insightful

Reply

Esther · June 16, 2020 at 11:04 PM

it has been useful informative insighful

Reply

Hamza Mtar · May 22, 2019 at 5:07 AM

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The methodology part was the only missing part of my research paper.
Thank you so
 Table of much for this article.
contents

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