Computer monitor

A computer monitor is an output device that displays information in

pictorial form. A monitor usually comprises the visual display,
circuitry, casing, and power supply. The display device in modern
monitors is typically a thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-
LCD) with LED backlighting having replaced cold-cathode
fluorescent lamp (CCFL) backlighting. Older monitors used a cathode
ray tube (CRT). Monitors are connected to the computer via VGA,
Digital Visual Interface (DVI), HDMI, DisplayPort, Thunderbolt,
low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) or other proprietary
connectors and signals.

Originally, computer monitors were used for data processing while

television sets were used for entertainment. From the 1980s onwards,
computers (and their monitors) have been used for both data
A liquid crystal display (LCD)
processing and entertainment, while televisions have implemented
computer monitor
some computer functionality. The common aspect ratio of televisions,
and computer monitors, has changed from 4:3 to 16:10, to 16:9.

Modern computer monitors are easily interchangeable with

conventional television sets and vice versa. However, as computer
monitors do not necessarily include integrated speakers nor TV tuners
(such as Digital television adapters), it may not be possible to use a
computer monitor as a TV set without external components.[1]

Contents
A cathode-ray tube (CRT) computer
History monitor
Technologies
Cathode ray tube
Liquid crystal display
Organic light-emitting diode
Measurements of performance
Size
Aspect ratio
Resolution
Gamut
Additional features
Power saving
Integrated accessories
Glossy screen
Curved designs
Directional screen
3D
 Touch screen
Tablet screens
Ultrawide screens
Mounting
Desktop
VESA mount
Rack mount
Panel mount
Open frame
Security vulnerabilities
See also
References
External links

History
Early electronic computers were fitted with a panel of light bulbs where the state of each particular bulb would
indicate the on/off state of a particular register bit inside the computer. This allowed the engineers operating the
computer to monitor the internal state of the machine, so this panel of lights came to be known as the 'monitor'.
As early monitors were only capable of displaying a very limited amount of information and were very
transient, they were rarely considered for program output. Instead, a line printer was the primary output device,
while the monitor was limited to keeping track of the program's operation.[2]

As technology developed engineers realized that the output of a CRT display was more flexible than a panel of
light bulbs and eventually, by giving control of what was displayed in the program itself, the monitor itself
became a powerful output device in its own right.

Computer monitors were formerly known as visual display units (VDU), but this term had mostly fallen out
of use by the 1990s.

Technologies
Multiple technologies have been used for computer monitors. Until the 21st century most used cathode ray
tubes but they have largely been superseded by LCD monitors.

Cathode ray tube

The first computer monitors used cathode ray tubes (CRTs). Prior to the advent of home computers in the late
1970s, it was common for a video display terminal (VDT) using a CRT to be physically integrated with a
keyboard and other components of the system in a single large chassis. The display was monochrome and far
less sharp and detailed than on a modern flat-panel monitor, necessitating the use of relatively large text and
severely limiting the amount of information that could be displayed at one time. High-resolution CRT displays
were developed for the specialized military, industrial and scientific applications but they were far too costly
for general use.
Some of the earliest home computers (such as the TRS-80 and Commodore PET) were limited to
monochrome CRT displays, but colour display capability was already a standard feature of the pioneering
Apple II, introduced in 1977, and the speciality of the more graphically sophisticated Atari 800, introduced in
1979. Either computer could be connected to the antenna terminals of an ordinary colour TV set or used with a
purpose-made CRT colour monitor for optimum resolution and colour quality. Lagging several years behind,
in 1981 IBM introduced the Color Graphics Adapter, which could display four colours with a resolution of
320 x 200 pixels, or it could produce 640 x 200 pixels with two colours. In 1984 IBM introduced the
Enhanced Graphics Adapter which was capable of producing 16 colors and had a resolution of 640 x 350.[3]

By the end of the 1980's colour CRT monitors that could clearly display 1024 x 768 pixels were widely
available and increasingly affordable. During the following decade, maximum display resolutions gradually
increased and prices continued to fall. CRT technology remained dominant in the PC monitor market into the
new millennium partly because it was cheaper to produce and offered to view angles close to 180 degrees.[4]
CRTs still offer some image quality advantages over LCDs but improvements to the latter have made them
much less obvious. The dynamic range of early LCD panels was very poor, and although text and other
motionless graphics were sharper than on a CRT, an LCD characteristic known as pixel lag caused moving
graphics to appear noticeably smeared and blurry.

Liquid crystal display

There are multiple technologies that have been used to implement liquid crystal displays (LCD). Throughout
the 1990s, the primary use of LCD technology as computer monitors was in laptops where the lower power
consumption, lighter weight, and smaller physical size of LCDs justified the higher price versus a CRT.
Commonly, the same laptop would be offered with an assortment of display options at increasing price points:
(active or passive) monochrome, passive color, or active matrix color (TFT). As volume and manufacturing
capability have improved, the monochrome and passive color technologies were dropped from most product
lines.

TFT-LCD is a variant of LCD which is now the dominant technology used for computer monitors.[5]

The first standalone LCDs appeared in the mid-1990s selling for high prices. As prices declined over a period
of years they became more popular, and by 1997 were competing with CRT monitors. Among the first
desktop LCD computer monitors was the Eizo L66 in the mid-1990s, the Apple Studio Display in 1998, and
the Apple Cinema Display in 1999. In 2003, TFT-LCDs outsold CRTs for the first time, becoming the primary
technology used for computer monitors.[4] The main advantages of LCDs over CRT displays are that LCDs
consume less power, take up much less space, and are considerably lighter. The now common active matrix
TFT-LCD technology also has less flickering than CRTs, which reduces eye strain.[6] On the other hand, CRT
monitors have superior contrast, have a superior response time, are able to use multiple screen resolutions
natively, and there is no discernible flicker if the refresh rate[7] is set to a sufficiently high value. LCD monitors
have now very high temporal accuracy and can be used for vision research.[8]

High dynamic range (HDR)[7] has been implemented into high-end LCD monitors to improve color accuracy.
Since around the late 2000s, widescreen LCD monitors have become popular, in part due to television series,
motion pictures and video games transitioning to high-definition (HD), which makes standard-width monitors
unable to display them correctly as they either stretch or crop HD content. These types of monitors may also
display it in the proper width, by filling the extra space at the top and bottom of the image with a solid colour
("letterboxing"). Other advantages of widescreen monitors over standard-width monitors is that they make
work more productive by displaying more of a user's documents and images, and allow displaying toolbars
with documents. They also have a larger viewing area, with a typical widescreen monitor having a 16:9 aspect
ratio, compared to the 4:3 aspect ratio of a typical standard-width monitor.
Organic light-emitting diode

Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) monitors provide higher contrast, better color reproduction and viewing
angles than LCDs but they require more power when displaying documents with white or bright backgrounds
and have a severe problem known as burn-in, just like CRTs. They are less common than LCD monitors and
are often more expensive.

Measurements of performance
The performance of a monitor is measured by the following parameters:

Luminance is measured in candelas per square meter (cd/m2 also called a Nit).
Color depth is measured in bits per primary color or bits for all colors. Those with 10-bits or
more are HDR monitors, which can display more shades of colors (approx. 1 billion shades)
than traditional 8 bit monitors (approx. 16.6 million shades or colors), and can do so more
precisely without having to resort to dithering, which would also reduce image sharpness. HDR
monitors are required to be brighter than conventional montors while simultaneously showing
deeper blacks (higher contrast ratios). The minimum brightness and contrast ratios are defined
by the HDR standard the monitor adheres to.
Gamut is measured as coordinates in the CIE 1931 color space. The names sRGB or
AdobeRGB are shorthand notations.
Aspect ratio is the ratio of the horizontal length to the vertical length. Monitors usually have the
aspect ratio 4:3, 5:4, 16:10 or 16:9.
Viewable image size is usually measured diagonally, but the actual widths and heights are
more informative since they are not affected by the aspect ratio in the same way. For CRTs, the
viewable size is typically 1 in (25 mm) smaller than the tube itself.
Display resolution is the number of distinct pixels in each dimension that can be displayed. For
a given display size, maximum resolution is limited by dot pitch or DPI.
Dot pitch is, in CRTs, the distance between sub-pixels of the same color in millimeters. In LCDs
it is instead measured in pixels per inch or dots per inch (PPI or DPI), In general, the smaller
the dot pitch, or the higher the PPI or DPI, the sharper the picture will appear.
Refresh rate is (in CRTs) the number of times in a second that the display is illuminated. (The
number of times a second a raster scan is completed) In LCDs it is the number of times the
image can be changed per second. Measured in Hertz (Hz). Maximum refresh rate is limited by
response time. Determines the maximum number of frames per second (FPS) a monitor is
capable of showing.
Response time is the time a pixel in a monitor takes to go from active (white) to inactive (black)
and back to active (white) again, measured in milliseconds. Lower numbers mean faster
transitions and therefore fewer visible image artifacts such as ghosting.
Display lag is the time (measured in miliseconds (ms) it takes for a monitor to display an image
after receiving it.
Contrast ratio is the ratio of the luminosity of the brightest color (white) to that of the darkest
color (black) that the monitor is capable of producing simultaneously. For example, a ratio of
20,000:1 means that its brightest white can be 20,000 times brighter than its darkest black.
Dynamic contrast ratio is measured with the LCD backlight turned off.
Power consumption is measured in watts.
Delta-E: Color accuracy is measured in delta-E; the lower the delta-E, the more accurate the
color representation. A delta-E of below 1 is imperceptible to the human eye. Delta-Es of 2 to 4
are considered good and require a sensitive eye to spot the difference.
Viewing angle is the maximum angle at which images on the monitor can be viewed, without
excessive degradation to the image. It is measured in degrees horizontally and vertically.
Curved monitors also have an R value; the lower the R value, the more curved the monitor. The R value is the
radius in milimeters of a theoretical circle formed by tiling several equal monitors end to end. [9]

Size

On two-dimensional display devices such as computer monitors

the display size or view able image size is the actual amount of
screen space that is available to display a picture, video or
working space, without obstruction from the case or other
aspects of the unit's design. The main measurements for display
devices are: width, height, total area and the diagonal.

The size of a display is usually by monitor manufacturers given

by the diagonal, i.e. the distance between two opposite screen
corners. This method of measurement is inherited from the
method used for the first generation of CRT television, when
picture tubes with circular faces were in common use. Being
circular, it was the external diameter of the glass envelope that The area, height and width of displays with
described their size. Since these circular tubes were used to identical diagonal measurements vary
display rectangular images, the diagonal measurement of the dependent on aspect ratio.
rectangular image was smaller than the diameter of the tube's
face (due to the thickness of the glass). This method continued
even when cathode ray tubes were manufactured as rounded rectangles; it had the advantage of being a single
number specifying the size, and was not confusing when the aspect ratio was universally 4:3.

With the introduction of flat panel technology, the diagonal measurement became the actual diagonal of the
visible display. This meant that an eighteen-inch LCD had a larger visible area than an eighteen-inch cathode
ray tube.

The estimation of the monitor size by the distance between opposite corners does not take into account the
display aspect ratio, so that for example a 16:9 21-inch (53 cm) widescreen display has less area, than a 21-
inch (53 cm) 4:3 screen. The 4:3 screen has dimensions of 16.8 in × 12.6 in (43 cm × 32 cm) and area
211 sq in (1,360 cm2 ), while the widescreen is 18.3 in × 10.3 in (46 cm × 26 cm), 188 sq in (1,210 cm2 ).

Aspect ratio

Until about 2003, most computer monitors had a 4:3 aspect ratio and some had 5:4. Between 2003 and 2006,
monitors with 16:9 and mostly 16:10 (8:5) aspect ratios became commonly available, first in laptops and later
also in standalone monitors. Reasons for this transition was productive uses for such monitors, i.e. besides
widescreen computer game play and movie viewing, are the word processor display of two standard letter
pages side by side, as well as CAD displays of large-size drawings and CAD application menus at the same
time.[10][11] In 2008 16:10 became the most common sold aspect ratio for LCD monitors and the same year
16:10 was the mainstream standard for laptops and notebook computers.[12]

In 2010 the computer industry started to move over from 16:10 to 16:9 because 16:9 was chosen to be the
standard high-definition television display size, and because they were cheaper to manufacture.

In 2011 non-widescreen displays with 4:3 aspect ratios were only being manufactured in small quantities.
According to Samsung this was because the "Demand for the old 'Square monitors' has decreased rapidly over
the last couple of years," and "I predict that by the end of 2011, production on all 4:3 or similar panels will be
halted due to a lack of demand."[13]
Resolution

The resolution for computer monitors has increased over time. From 320x200 during the early 1980s, to
1024x768 during the late 1990s. Since 2009, the most commonly sold resolution for computer monitors is
1920x1080.[14] Before 2013 top-end consumer LCD monitors were limited to 2560x1600 at 30 in (76 cm),
excluding Apple products and CRT monitors. Apple introduced 2880x1800 with Retina MacBook Pro at
15.4 in (39 cm) on June 12, 2012, and introduced a 5120x2880 Retina iMac at 27 in (69 cm) on October 16,
2014. By 2015 most major display manufacturers had released 3840x2160 resolution displays.

Gamut

Every RGB monitor has its own color gamut, bounded in chromaticity by a color triangle. Some of these
triangles are smaller than the sRGB triangle, some are larger. Colors are typically encoded by 8 bits per
primary color. The RGB value [255, 0, 0] represents red, but slightly different colors in different color spaces
such as AdobeRGB and sRGB. Displaying sRGB-encoded data on wide-gamut devices can give an
unrealistic result.[15] The gamut is a property of the monitor; the image color space can be forwarded as Exif
metadata in the picture. As long as the monitor gamut is wider than the color space gamut, correct display is
possible, if the monitor is calibrated. A picture that uses colors that are outside the sRGB color space will
display on an sRGB color space monitor with limitations.[16] Still today, many monitors that can display the
sRGB color space are not factory adjusted to display it correctly. Color management is needed both in
electronic publishing (via the Internet for display in browsers) and in desktop publishing targeted to print.

Additional features

Power saving

Most modern monitors will switch to a power-saving mode if no video-input signal is received. This allows
modern operating systems to turn off a monitor after a specified period of inactivity. This also extends the
monitor's service life. Some monitors will also switch themselves off after a time period on standby.

Most modern laptops provide a method of screen dimming after periods of inactivity or when the battery is in
use. This extends battery life and reduces wear.

Integrated accessories

Many monitors have other accessories (or connections for them) integrated. This places standard ports within
easy reach and eliminates the need for another separate hub, camera, microphone, or set of speakers. These
monitors have advanced microprocessors which contain codec information, Windows Interface drivers and
other small software which help in proper functioning of these functions.

Glossy screen

Some displays, especially newer LCD monitors, replace the traditional anti-glare matte finish with a glossy
one. This increases color saturation and sharpness but reflections from lights and windows are very visible.
Anti-reflective coatings are sometimes applied to help reduce reflections, although this only mitigates the
effect.
Curved designs

In about 2009, NEC/Alienware together with Ostendo Technologies (based in Carlsbad, CA) were offering a
curved (concave) 43-inch (110 cm) monitor that allows better viewing angles near the edges, covering 75% of
peripheral vision in the horizontal direction. This monitor had 2880x900 resolution, 4 DLP rear projection
systems with LED light sources and was marketed as suitable both for gaming and office work, while for
$6499 it was rather expensive.[17] While this particular monitor is no longer in production, most PC
manufacturers now offer some sort of curved desktop display.

Directional screen

Narrow viewing angle screens are used in some security conscious applications.

3D

Newer monitors are able to display a different image for each eye, often with the help of special glasses, giving
the perception of depth. An autostereoscopic screen can generate 3D images without headgear.

Touch screen

These monitors use touching of the screen as an input method. Items can be selected or moved with a finger,
and finger gestures may be used to convey commands. The screen will need frequent cleaning due to image
degradation from fingerprints.

Tablet screens

A combination of a monitor with a graphics tablet. Such devices are typically unresponsive to touch without
the use of one or more special tools' pressure. Newer models however are now able to detect touch from any
pressure and often have the ability to detect tilt and rotation as well.

Touch and tablet screens are used on LCDs as a substitute for the light pen, which can only work on CRTs.

Ultrawide screens

Monitors that feature an aspect ratio of 21:9 or 32:9 as opposed to the more common 16:9. 32:9 monitors are
marketed as super ultrawide monitors.

Mounting
Computer monitors are provided with a variety of methods for mounting them depending on the application
and environment.

Desktop

A desktop monitor is typically provided with a stand from the manufacturer which lifts the monitor up to a
more ergonomic viewing height. The stand may be attached to the monitor using a proprietary method or may
use, or be adaptable to, a Video Electronics Standards Association, VESA, standard mount. Using a VESA
standard mount allows the monitor to be used with an after-market stand once the original stand is removed.
Stands may be fixed or offer a variety of features such as height adjustment, horizontal swivel, and landscape
or portrait screen orientation.

VESA mount

The Flat Display Mounting Interface (FDMI), also known as VESA Mounting Interface Standard (MIS) or
colloquially as a VESA mount, is a family of standards defined by the Video Electronics Standards
Association for mounting flat panel monitors, TVs, and other displays to stands or wall mounts.[18] It is
implemented on most modern flat-panel monitors and TVs.

For Computer Monitors, the VESA Mount typically consists of four threaded holes on the rear of the display
that will mate with an adapter bracket.

Rack mount

Rack mount computer monitors are available in two styles and are intended to be mounted into a 19-inch rack:

Fixed

A fixed rack mount monitor is mounted directly to the rack with the
LCD visible at all times. The height of the unit is measured in rack
units (RU) and 8U or 9U are most common to fit 17-inch or 19-inch
LCDs. The front sides of the unit are provided with flanges to mount
to the rack, providing appropriately spaced holes or slots for the rack
mounting screws. A 19-inch diagonal LCD is the largest size that will
fit within the rails of a 19-inch rack. Larger LCDs may be
accommodated but are 'mount-on-rack' and extend forward of the
rack. There are smaller display units, typically used in broadcast A fixed 19-inch (48 cm), 4:3 rack
environments, which fit multiple smaller LCDs side by side into one mount LCD monitor
rack mount.

Stowable

A stowable rack mount monitor is 1U, 2U or 3U high and is mounted

on rack slides allowing the display to be folded down and the unit slid
into the rack for storage. The display is visible only when the display
is pulled out of the rack and deployed. These units may include only a
display or may be equipped with a keyboard creating a KVM
(Keyboard Video Monitor). Most common are systems with a single
LCD but there are systems providing two or three displays in a single
rack mount system.

A 1U stowable clamshell 19-inch

Panel mount (48 cm), 4:3 rack mount LCD monitor
with keyboard
A panel mount computer monitor is intended for mounting into a flat
surface with the front of the display unit protruding just slightly. They
may also be mounted to the rear of the panel. A flange is provided around the LCD, sides, top and bottom, to
allow mounting. This contrasts with a rack mount display where the flanges are only on the sides. The flanges
will be provided with holes for thru-bolts or may have studs welded to the rear surface to secure the unit in the
hole in the panel. Often a gasket is provided to provide a water-tight
seal to the panel and the front of the LCD will be sealed to the back of
the front panel to prevent water and dirt contamination.

Open frame

An open frame monitor provides the LCD monitor and enough

supporting structure to hold associated electronics and to minimally
support the LCD. Provision will be made for attaching the unit to
some external structure for support and protection. Open frame LCDs
are intended to be built into some other piece of equipment. An arcade
video game would be a good example with the display mounted
inside the cabinet. There is usually an open frame display inside all
end-use displays with the end-use display simply providing an A panel mount 19-inch (48 cm), 4:3
attractive protective enclosure. Some rack mount LCD manufacturers rack mount LCD monitor
will purchase desktop displays, take them apart, and discard the outer
plastic parts, keeping the inner open-frame LCD for inclusion into
their product.

Security vulnerabilities
According to an NSA document leaked to Der Spiegel, the NSA sometimes swaps the monitor cables on
targeted computers with a bugged monitor cable in order to allow the NSA to remotely see what is being
displayed on the targeted computer monitor.[19]

Van Eck phreaking is the process of remotely displaying the contents of a CRT or LCD by detecting its
electromagnetic emissions. It is named after Dutch computer researcher Wim van Eck, who in 1985 published
the first paper on it, including proof of concept. Phreaking more generally is the process of exploiting
telephone networks.[20]

See also
History of display technology
Flat panel display
Multi-monitor
Vector monitor
Virtual desktop

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192-3. ISBN 9781610693509

External links

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