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NURTURE

IIT MATHEMATICSN
BASIC MATHS

H.O. 92, Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota (Raj.) Mob. 97831

97831-97831, 70732-22177,
22177, 0744-2423333
0744
 INDEX

S.No. Contents Page No.

BASIC MATHS

1. Theory 01-19

2. Exercise # 1 20-22

3. Exercise # 2 23-25

4. Answer key 26-27

 BASIC MATHS

BASIC MATHS
 NUMBER SYSTEM :
Natural Numbers : (N) = {1, 2, 3....}
Whole Numbers : (W) = {0, 1, 2, 3.....}
Integers : (I) = {........–3, –2,
2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3.....}
+
Positive Integers : (I ) = {1, 2, 3 ... }
Negative Integers : (I–) = {.... –3, –2, –1}
Non-negative Integers :{0, {0, 1, 2, 3........}
Non-positive Integers :{.... ––3, –2, –1, 0}
Even Integers = {.... –6, –4, 4, –2, 0, 2, 4, 6 ...}
Odd Integers = {........ –5, –3, 3, –1, 1, 3, 5........}
Note :
(i) Zero is neither positive nor negative. (ii) Zero is even number.
(iii) Positive means > 0. (iv) negative means ≥0.
Non-negative
 p
 FRACTION   :
 q
3 r 5 r
(a) Proper Fraction = : N < Dr (b) Improper Fraction = : N > Dr
5 3

2
(c) Continued Fraction : 2 +
2
2+
2 + .....
1 1
This is usually written in the more compact form 2 + ........
2+ 2+
 RATIONAL NUMBERS (Q) :
All the numbers that can be represented in the form p/q, where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0,
are called rational numbers. Integers, Fractions, Terminating decimal numbers, Non- Non
terminating but repeating decimal numbers are all rational numbers.
p 
Q =  : p,q ∈ I and q ≠ 0
q 
Note :
(i) Integers are rational numbers, but converse need not be true.
(ii) A rational number always exists between two distinct rational numbers, hence infinite
rational numbers exist between two rational numbers.
 IRRATIONAL NUMBERS (Qc) :
There are real numbers which can not be expressed in p/q (for p, q ∈ I and q ≠ 0) form. Non-
Terminating non repeating decimal numbers are irrational number e.g. 2 , 5 , 3 , 3 10 ; e, π.
e ≈ 2.71 is called Napier's constant and π ≈ 3.14
Note :
(i) Sum of a rational number and an irrational number is an irrational number e.g. 2 + 3
H.O. 92, Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota (Raj.) Mob. 97831
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 BASIC MATHS
(ii) If a ∈ Q and b ∉ Q, then ab = rational number, only if a = 0.
(iii) Sum, difference, product and quotient of two irrational numbers need not be an
irrational number or we can say, result may be a rational number also.
 REAL NUMBERS (R) :
The complete set of rational and irrational number is the set of real numbers, R = Q ∪ Qc. The
real numbers can be represented as a position of a point on the real number line.
 COMPLEX NUMBERS (C) :

A number of the form a + ib, w where a, b ∈ R and i = −1 is called a complex number.

Complex number is usually denoted by z and the set of all complex numbers is represented by
C = {(x + iy) : x, y ∈ R, i = −1 }
N⊂ W ⊂ I ⊂ Q⊂ R⊂ C

 EVEN NUMBERS :
Numbers divisible by 2, unit's digit 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 & represented by 2n (n ∈ I)..
 ODD NUMBERS :
Not divisible by 2, last digit 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 represented by (2n ± 1) (n ∈ I).
(a) even ± even = even (b) even ± odd = odd
(c) odd ± odd = even (d) even × odd = even
(e) even × even = even (f) odd × odd = odd
 PRIME NUMBERS :
Let 'p' be a natural number, 'p' is said to be prime if it has exactly two distinct positive integral
factors, namely 1 and itself. e.g. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31 .....
 COMPOSITE NUMBERS :
It is a positive integer that haas atleast one divisor other than 1 and itself.
Note :
(i) '1' is neither prime nor composite. (ii) '2' is the only even prime number.
(iii) '4' is the smallest composite number.
(iv) Natural numbers which are not prime are composite numbers (except 1)
 CO-PRIME
PRIME NUMBERS/ RELATIVELY PRIME NUMBERS :
Two natural numbers (not necessarily prime) are coprime, if their H.C.F. is one
e.g. (1, 2), (1, 3), (3, 4), (5, 6) etc.
Note :
(i) Two distinct prime number(s) are always co
co-prime
prime but converse need not be true.
(ii) Consecutive natural numbers are always co
co-prime numbers.
 TWIN PRIME NUMBERS :
If the difference between two prime numbers is two, then the pair of numbers is called as twin
prime numbers.
e.g. {3, 5}, {5, 7}, {11, 13} etc.
H.O. 92, Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota (Raj.) Mob. 97831
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 BASIC MATHS
 NUMBERS TO REMEMBER :
Number 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Square 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 121 144 169 196 225 256 289 324 361 400
Cube 8 27 64 125 216 343 512 729 1000 1331 1728 2197 2744 3375 4096 4913 5832 6859 8000
Sq. Root 1.41 1.73 2 2.24 2.45 2.65 2.83 3 3.16
Note :
(i) Square of a real number is always non negative (i.e. x2 ≥ 0 )
(ii) Square root of a positive number is always positive e.g. 4=2
2
(iii) x = |x|, x ∈R
 DIVISIBILITY RULES :
Divisible by Remark
2 Last digit of number is 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8
3 Sum of digits of number divisible by 3 (Remainder will be same when number
is divided by 3 or sum of digits is divided by 3.)
4 Number formed by last two digits divisible by 4 (Remainder will be same
whether we divide the number or its last two digits)
5 Last digit 0 or 5
6 Divisible by 2 and 3 simultaneously.
8 Number formed by last three digits is divisible by 8 (Remainder will be same
whether we divide the number or its last three digits)
9 Sum of digits divisible by 9. (Remainder will be same when number is divided
by 9 or sum of digit is divided by 9)
10 Last digit 0
11 (Sum of digits at even places) – (sum of digits at odd places) = 0 or divisible by
11
 LCM AND HCF :
(a) HCF is the highest common factor between any two or more numbers or algebraic
expressions. When dealing only with numbers, it is also called "Greatest Common
Divisor" (GCD).
(b) LCM is the lowest common multiple of two or more numbers or algebraic expressions.
(c) The product of HCF and LCM of two numbers (or expressions) is equal to the product
of the numbers.
1
Illustration 1 : If x = , find the value of x3– x2– 11x + 4
2+ 3
1 2− 3 2− 3
Solution : As x = × = 2
2+ 3 2− 3 ( 2)
2
− ( 3)
2− 3
x= =2– 3
4−3
x–2=– 3 squaring both sides ; we get

H.O. 92, Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota (Raj.) Mob. 97831

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 BASIC MATHS
2
(x–2)2= − 3 ( )
 x + 4 – 4x = 3
2
 x2– 4x + 1 = 0
Now, x3– x2– 11x + 4
= x3– 4x2+ x + 3x2– 12x + 4 = x (x2– 4x + 1) + 3 (x2– 4x + 1) + 1
= x × 0 + 3 (0) + 1 = 0 + 0 = 0 = 1
1
Illustration 2 : If x = 3 – 2 2 , find x2+ 2
x
Solution : We have, x = 3 – 2 2 .
1 1 1 3+ 2 2
∴ = = ×
x 3− 2 2 3− 2 2 3+ 2 2
3+ 2 2 3+ 2 2
= 2
= =3+2 2
9−8
( 3)
2
(
− 2 2 )
1
Thus, x2+ 2
= (3 – 2 2 )2+ (3 + 2 2 )2
x
= (3)2+ (2 2 )2– 2 × 3 × 2 2 + (3)2+ (2 2 )2+ 2 × 3 × 2 2
= 9 + 8 – 12 2 + 9 + 8 + 12 2 = 34

1
Illustration 3 : Rationalise the denominator of
3 − 2 −1
1 1 3 + 2 +1
Solution : = ×
3 − 2 −1 3 − ( 2 + 1) 3 + 2 +1
3 + 2 +1 2 + 3 +1  2 + 6 + 2
= = = –  
( 3 ) 2 − ( 2 + 1) 2 −2 2  4 
 INDICES
Some useful Formulae
(i) am × an = am+n (ii) am ÷ an = am–n
m m
−
 a n  b n
(iii) (am)n = (an)m = amn (iv)  b  = 
 a
(v) am ÷ b–n = am × bn
n
(vi) ( a ) = a, where n ∈ N , n ≥ 2 and 'a' is positive rational number
n

(vii) a0 = 1, a ≠ 0
(viii) n ≥ 2, n ∈ N n
a = a1/n  nth root of 'a' ('a' is a non negative number)
mn
(ix) m n
a = a= n m
a , where m, n ∈ N, m, n ≥ 2 and 'a' is a positive rational number

H.O. 92, Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota (Raj.) Mob. 97831

97831-97831, 70732-22177,
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 BASIC MATHS
m
(x) n m
(a ) k
= n
ak = mn
a km , where m, n ∈ N, m, n ≥ 2 , 'k' are positive integers and
'a' is a positive rational number
(xi) a × a = a ; (a ≥ 0)
(xii) a × b= ab , a, b ∈ R and atleast one of 'a' and 'b' is positive.
2
(xiii) ( )
a + b = a + b + 2 ab , a, b ∈ R and atleast one of 'a' and 'b' is positive.
2
(xiv) ( a− b ) = a + b – 2 ab , a, b ∈ R and atleast one of 'a' and 'b' is positive.

(xv) a + b = c + d  a = c and b = d where a, c are rational numbers and b , d are

irrational numbers
1 a+ b a+ b
(xvi) = =
a− b a− b a+ b (
a−b )( )
1 a− b a− b
(xvii) = =
a+ b ( a+ b )( a− b ) a−b

(xviii) If x = n(n+1), then

(a) x − x − x − ......∞ = n, n ≥ 0

(b) x + x + x + ......∞ = n + 1, n ≥ 0
−3
−1
 121  2
Illustration 4 : Evaluate the following : (i) ( 3
64 ) 2
(ii) 
 169 
−1
−1  −1
 
1 2 1 −1 −1 −1
6 ×  6  1
( )
×
Solution : (i) 3
64 2
= ( 64 ) 3  = (64) 3 2
= (64) 6 6
= (2 ) 6
=2 = 2–1 =
  2
−3/ 2 −3/ 2 −3 −3 3
 11 × 11  112   11  2  11
2x
 13 2197
(ii)   =  2 =   =  =  =
 13 × 13  13   13   13  11 1331
x y z
Illustration 5 : If a = b, b = c, c = a, prove that xyz = 1 where a,b,c are distinct numbers
Solution : We have,
axyz = (ax)yz
 axyz = (b)yz [∵ ax = b]  axyz = (by)z
 axyz = cz [∵ by = c]  axyz = a [∵ cz = a]
 a =axyz 1
 xyz = 1
 POLYNOMIAL IN ONE VARIABLE
An algebraic expression of the form
p(x) = anxn + an-1 xn–1 + an–22x n–2 + ....+ a1x1 + a0x0, where
(i) an ≠ 0
(ii) power of x is whole number, is called a polynomial in one variable.
H.O. 92, Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota (Raj.) Mob. 97831
97831-97831, 70732-22177,
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 BASIC MATHS
Hence, an, an–1, an–2,....., a0 are coefficients of xn, xn–1, ..........., x0 respectively and
anxn, an–1xn–1, an–2 x n–2,... are terms of the polynomial. Here the term anxn is called the Leading
term and its coefficient an, the leading coefficient.
If leading coefficient is '1' then the polynomial is called as monic polynomial.

 DEGREE OF POLYNOMIALS
Degree of the polynomial in one variable is the largest exponent of the variable. For example,
the degree of the polynomial 3x7 – 4x6 + x + 9 is 7 and the degree of the polynomial
5x6 – 4x2 – 6 is 6. Polynomials classified by degree
Degree Name General form Example
(undefined) Zero polynomial 0 0
0 (Non-zero)
zero) constant a; (a ≠0) 1
polynomial
1 Linear polynomial ax + b; (a ≠ 0) x+1
2 Quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c; (a ≠ 0) x2 + 1
3 Cubic polynomial 3
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d; (a ≠ 0) x + 1
Usually, a polynomial of degree n, for n greater than 3, is called a polynomial of degree n,
although the phrases quadratic
tic polynomial and quintic polynomial are sometimes used.
 SOME SPECIAL TYPES OF POLYNOMIALS
Monomials : Polynomials having only one term are called monomials.
E.g. 2, 2x, 7y5, 12t7 etc.
Binomials : Polynomials having exactly two dissimilar terms are called binomials.
E.g. p(x) = 2x + 1, r(y) = 2y7 + 5y6 etc.
Trinomials : Polynomials having exactly three distinct terms are called trinomials.
E.g. p(x) = 2x2 + x + 6, q(y) = 9y6 + 4y2 + 1 etc.
 VALUE & ZEROES
S OF A POLYNOMIAL
Consider a polynomial f(x) = 3x2 – 4x + 2. If we replace x by 3 everywhere in the above
expression, we get f(3) = 3 × (3)2– 4 × 3 + 2 = 27 – 12 + 2 = 17
We can say that the value of the polynomial f(x) at x = 3 is 17.
Similarly the value of polynomial f(x) = 3x2 – 4x + 2
at x = – 2 is f(–2) = 3(–2)2 – 4 × (–2) + 2 = 12 + 8 + 2 = 22
at x = 0 is f(0) = 3(0)2 – 4(0) + 2 = 0 – 0 + 2 = 2
2
1  1  1  1 3 3
at x = is f   = 3 ×   – 4 ×   + 2 = –2+2=
2  2  2  2 4 4

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 BASIC MATHS
In general, we can say f(α)) is the value of the polynomial f(x) at x = α, α where α is a real
number. A real number α is zero of a polynomial f(x) if the value of the polynomial f(x) is
zero at x = α i.e. f(α) = 0.
OR
The value of the variable x, for which the polynomial f(x) becom
becomeses zero is called zero of the
polynomial.
E.g. : consider, a polynomial p(x) = x2– 5x + 6; replace x by 2 and 3.
p(2) = (2)2 – 5 × 2 + 6 = 4 – 10 + 6 = 0,
p(3) = (3)2 – 5 × 3 + 6 = 9 – 15 + 6 = 0
∴ 2 and 3 are the zeros of the polynomial p(x).
 ROOTS OF A POLYNOMIAL EQUATION
An expression f(x) = 0 is called a polynomial equation if f(x) is a polynomial of degree n ≥ 1. A
real number α is a root of a polynomial f(x) = 0 if f(
f(α ) = 0 i.e. α is a zero of the polynomial
f(x). E.g. consider the polynomial f(x) = 3x – 2, then 3x – 2 = 0 is the corresponding
polynomial equation.
 2  2
Here, f   = 3   – 2 = 0
 3  3
2 2
i.e. is a zero of the polynomial f(x) = 3x – 2 or is a root of the polynomial equation 3x – 2 = 0
3 3
 REMAINDER THEOREM
Statement : Let p(x) be a polynomial of degree ≥ 1 and 'a' is any real number. If p(x) is divided
by (x – a), then the remainder is p(a).
E.g. Let p(x) be x3 – 7x2 + 6x + 4
Divide p(x) with (x – 6) and to find the remainder, put x = 6 in p(x) i.e. p(6) will be the
remainder.
∴ required remainder be
p(6) = (6)3 – 7.62 + 6.6 + 4 = 216 – 252 + 36 + 4 = 256 – 252 = 4

Thus, p(a) is remainder on dividing p(x) by (x – a).

Illustration 6 : Find the remainder when x3 – ax2 + 6x – a is divided by x – a
Solution : Let p(x) = x3 – ax2 + 6x – a
p(a) = a3 – a(a)2 + 6(a) – a = a3 – a3 + 6a – a = 5a
So, by the Remainder theorem, remainder = 5a

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 BASIC MATHS
Illustrations 7 : A polynomial in x of degree greater than three, leaves remainders 2, 1 and –1 when
divided, respectively, by (x – 1), (x + 2) and (x + 1). What will be the remainder
when it is divided by (x – 1) (x + 2) (x + 1) ?
Solution : Let required polynomial be f(x) = p(x) (x – 1) (x + 2) (x + 1) + a0x2 + a1x + a2
By remainder theorem, f(1) = 2, f(
f(–2) = 1, f(–1) = –1.
 a0 + a1 + a2 = 2
4a0 – 2a1 + a2 = 1
a0 – a1 + a2 = –1
7 3 2
Solving we get, a0 = , a1 = , a2 = –
6 2 3
7 2 3 2
Remainder when f(x) is divided by (x – 1) (x + 2) (x + 1) will be x + x+ .
6 2 3
 FACTOR THEOREM
Statement : Let f(x) be a polynomial of degree ≥ 1 and a be any real constant such that
f(a) = 0, then (x – a) is a factor of f(x). Conversely, if (x – a) is a factor of f(x), then f(a) = 0.
Proof : By Remainder theorem, if f(x) is divided by (x – a), the remainder will be f(a). Let q(x)
be the quotient.
ent. Then, we can write,
f(x) = (x – a) × q(x) + f(a) (∵ Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder)
If f(a) = 0, then f(x) = (x – a) × q(x)
Thus, (x – a) is a factor of f(x).
(x).
Converse Let (x – a) is a factor of f(x).
Then we have a polynomial q(x) suc such that f(x) = (x – a) × q(x)
Replacing x by a, we get f(a) = 0. Hence, proved.

Illustration 8 : Use the factor theorem to determine whether (x – 1) is a factor of

f(x) = 2 2x3 + 5 2x 2 –7 2
Solution : By using factor theorem, (x – 1) is a factor of f(x), only when f(1) = 0
f(1) = 2 2 (1)3 + 5 2 (1)2 – 7 2 = 2 2 + 5 2 – 7 2 = 0
Hence, (x – 1) is a factor of f(x).
 FACTORIZATION :
Formulae :
(a) (a ± b)2 = a2 ± 2ab
ab + b2 = (a ∓ b)2 ± 4ab
(b) a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)
1
• If a2 – b2 = 1 then a + b =
a−b
1 1
For example : sec θ – tan θ = or 3 + 2 =
sec θ + tan θ 3− 2
(c) (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b)
(d) (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab(a – b)
(e) a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2) = (a + b)3 – 3ab(a + b)
(f) a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2) = (a – b)3 + 3ab(a – b)
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 BASIC MATHS
(g) (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
(h) a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
1
= (a + b + c){(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2}
2
(i) (a + b + c)3 = a3 + b3 + c3 + 3(a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
(j) a4 + a2 + 1 = (a2 + 1)2 – a2 = (1 + a + a2)(1 – a + a2)
 CYCLIC FACTORS :
If an expression remain same after replacing a by b, b by c & c by a, then it is called cyclic
expression and its factors are called cyclic factors. e.g. a(b – c) + b(c – a) + c(a–
c(a b)
Do yourself-1 :
1
(i) If x = 3 – 8 , then find the value of – x.
x
a 3 + b 3 + c 3 − 3abc
(ii) The value of is (where a = –5, b = – 6, c = 10)
ab + bc + ca − a 2 − b 2 − c 2
(iii) Find solution(s) of equation 64 (9x) – 84(12x) + 27(16x) = 0
(iv) Find solution(s) of equation 3.2 x/2– 7.2x/4 = 20 , x ∈ R
(v) If 9 + 48 − 32 − 24 = a − b + 2 , where a, b ∈ N, then find the value of a + b.
Factorization :
Type-1 : a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)
Illustration 9 : (3x – y)2– (2x – 3y)2
Solution : Use a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)
(3x – y)2 – (2x – 3y)2 = (3x – y + 2x – 3y) (3x – y – 2x + 3y) = (5x – 4y) (x + 2y)
Type -2 : a3 ± b3 ≡ (a ± b)) ((a2 ∓ ab + b2)

Illustration 10 : a6 – b6
Solution : a6 – b6 = (a2)3 – (b2)3
= (a2 – b2)(a4 + a2b2 + b4)
= (a – b)(a + b)(a2 – ab + b2)(a2 + ab + b2)

Type -3 : Factorising the quadratic

Type -4 : Factorisation by converting the given expression into a perfect square.

Illustration 11 : x2 + 6x – 187
Solution : x2 + 6x – 187 = x2 + 17x – 11x – 187 = x(x + 17) – 11(x + 17) = (x + 17) (x – 11)
Illustration 12 : 9x4 – 10x2 + 1
Solution : 9x4 – 10x2 + 1 = (9x2 – 1)(x2 – 1 )
= (3x – 1)(3x + 1)(x – 1)(x + 1)
Type -5 : Using factor Theorem

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 BASIC MATHS
Illustration 13 : x3– 13x – 12
Solution : x3– 13x – 12 ∵ x = –1 satisfies given expression  x + 1 is a factor

∴ x3 – 13x – 12 = (x + 1) (x2 – x – 12) = (x + 1)(x – 4)(x + 3)

Type -6 : a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ac)
Illustration 14 : 8x3 + y3 + 27z3 – 18xyz
Solution : 8x3 + y3 + 27z3 – 18xyz = (2x)3 + (y)3 + (3z)3 – 3(2x)(y)(3z)
= (2x + y + 3z)(4x2 + y2 + 9z2 – 2xy – 6xz – 3yz)
Type-7 :

Illustration 15 : x(x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) – 8
Solution : x(x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) – 8 = x(x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) – 8
= x(x + 3) (x + 1) (x + 2) – 8 = (x2 + 3x) (x2 + 3x + 2) – 8
2 2 2
= (x + 3x) + 2(x + 3x) – 8 = (x2 + 3x)2 + 4(x2 + 3x) – 2(x2 + 3x) – 8
= (x2 + 3x)(x2 + 3x + 4) – 2(x2 + 3x + 4) = (x2 + 3x – 2)(x2 + 3x + 4)
 RATIO
A ratio is a comparison of two quantities by division. It is a relation that one quantity bears to
another with respect to magnitude. In other words, ratio means what part one quantity is of
another. The quantities may be of same kind or different kinds. For example, when we consider
con
the ratio of the weight 45 kg of a bag of rice to the weight 29 kg of a bag of sugar we are
considering the quantities of same kind but when we talk of allotting 2 cricket bats to 5
sportsmen, we are considering quantities of different kinds. Normall
Normally,y, we consider the ratio
between quantities of the same kind.
a
If a and b are two numbers, the ratio of a to b is of a ÷ b and is denoted by a : b. The two
b
quantities that are being compared are called terms. The first is called antecedent and the
3
second term is called consequent. For example, the ratio 3 : 5 represents with antecedent 3
5
and consequent 5.
Notes:
1. A ratio is a number, so to find the ratio of two quantities, they must be expressed in the
th same units.
2. A ratio does not change if both of its terms are multiplied or divided by the same number. Thus,
2 4 6
= = etc.
3 6 9

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 BASIC MATHS
 PROPORTION
The equality of two ratios is called proportion.
a c
If = , then a, b, c and d are said to be in proportion and we write a : b :: c : d. This is read
b d
as “a is to b as c is to d”.
3 6
For example, since = , we write 3 : 4 :: 6 : 8 and say 3, 4, 6 and 8 are in proportion.
4 8
a c
Each term of the ratio and is called a proportional. a, b, c and d are respectively, the first,
b d
second, third and fourth proportional
proportionals.
Here a, d are known as extremes and b, c are known as means.
(a) If four quantities are in proportion, then
(i) Product of means = Product of extremes
For example, in the proportion a : b :: c : d, we have bc = ad.

From this relation, we see that if any three of the four quantities are given, the fourth can be
determined.
(b) Fourth proportional
If a : b :: c : x, x is called the fourth proportional of a, b, c.
a c b×c
We have = or, x =
b x a
b×c
Thus, fourth proportional of a, b, c is
a
Illustration 16 : Find a fourth proportional to the numbers 2, 5, 4.
Solution : Let x be the fourth proportional, then
2 4 5×4
2 : 5 :: 4 : x or =  x= = 10.
5 x 2
(c) Third proportional
If a : b:: b : x, x is called the third proportional of a, b.
a b b2
We have = or x =
b x a
b2
Thus, third proportional of a, b is
a
Illustration 17 : Find a third proportional to the numbers 22.5, 1.5.
Solution : Let x be the third proportional, then
2. 5 1 .5 1.5 × 1.5
2.5 : 1⋅5 :: 1.55 : x or =  x= = 0.9
1. 5 x 2.5

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 BASIC MATHS
(d) Mean proportional
If a : x :: x : b, x is called the mean or second proportional of a, b.
a x
We have = or x2 = ab or x = ab .
x b
∴ Mean proportional of a and b is ab. .
We also say that a, x, b are in continued proportion.

Illustration 18 : Find the mean proportional between 48 and 12.

Solution : Let x be the mean proportional. Then,
48 x
48 : x : : x : 12 or = or x2 = 576 or x = 24.
x 12
a c
(e) If = , then
b d
a+b c+d
(i) = (Componendo)
b d
a−b c−d
(ii) = (Dividendo)
b d
a+b c+d
(iii) = (Componendo and dividendo)
a−b c−d
a a+c a−c
(iv) = = ,
b b+d b−d
a c e λ a + λ 2c + λ 3e....
(v) = = = ..........= 1 , where λ1, λ2, λ3...........are
are real numbers
b d f λ1b + λ 2d + λ 3f...
1
a c e  a n + c n + en  n
(vi) If = = = ........., then each ratio =  n
b d f  b + d n + f n 

a c a2 + c2 a+c a−c
Example : = = = =
b d 2
b +d 2 b+d b−d
a c e a 3 b + 2c 2 e − 3ae 2 f ace
Illustration 19 : If = = , then show that 4 2 3
= (wherever defined)
b d f b + 2d f − 3bf bdf
a c e
Solution : = = = k  a = bk, c = dk, e = fk
b d f
a 3b + 2c2e − 3ae2f k 3 (b4 + 2d 2f − dbf 3 ) ace
∴ 4 2 3
= 4 2 3
= k3 =
b + 2d f − 3bf b + 2d f − 3bf bdf
p
Illustration 20 : The sum of two numbers is c and their quotient is . Find the numbers.
q
Solution : Let the numbers be x, y.
Given x+y=c ...(1)
x p
and, = ...(2)
y q

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 BASIC MATHS
x p x p pc qc
∴ =  = [Using (1)]  x = y=
x + y p+q c p+q p+q p+q

Illustration 21 : Two positive numbers are in the ratio of 4 : 5. If the difference between these
numbers is 24, then find the numbers.
Solution : Here a = 4, b = 5 and x = 24.
ax 4 × 24
∴ The first number = = = 96
b−a 5−4
bx 5 × 24
and the second number = = = 120.
b−a 5−4
 INTERVALS
Intervals are basically subsets of R. If there are two numbers a, b ∈R R such that a < b, we can
define four types of intervals as follows :
(a) Open interval : (a, b) = {x : a < x < b} i.e. end points are not included.
(b) Closed interval : [a, b] = {x : a ≤ x ≤ b} i.e. end points are also included.
This is possible only when both a and b are finite.
(c) Semi open or semi closed interval : (a, b] = {x : a < x ≤ b} ; [a, b) = {x : a ≤ x < b}
(d) The infinite intervals are defined as follows :
(i) (a, ∞)) = {x : x > a} (ii) [a, ∞) = {x : x ≥a}
(iii) (–∞,, b) = {x : x < b} (iv) (–∞, b] = {x : x ≤ b}
(v) (–∞,∞) = R
Note : (i) For some particular values of x, we use symbol { } e.g. If x = 1, 2 we can write
it as x ∈ {1, 2}
(ii) If there is no values of x, then we say x ∈ φ (null set)
Illustration 22 : Let A ≡{1,2,4,6},
{1,2,4,6}, B ≡{2,4,5,7,9}, then find (i) A ∪ B (ii) A ∩ B
Ans. (i) {1,2,4,5,6,7,9}
(ii) {2,4}
Do yourself : 2
(i) Factorize the given expression : (a) x3 – 5x2 + 6x (b) 25x4 + 5x2 + 1
(ii) Find a third proportional to the numbers 3,8
(iii) Find the mean proportional between 9 and 16.
2
(iv) The sum of two numbers is 10 and their quotient is . Find the numbers.
3
(v) Let A ≡ (2, 5], B ≡ (– ∞ ,4), then find (a) A ∪ B (b) A ∩ B

 ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION/MODULUS FUNCTION :

The symbol of modulus function is |x|

 x if x ≥ 0
and is defined as : y = |x| = 
 − x if x < 0

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 BASIC MATHS
Properties of Modulus :
For any a, b ∈ R
(a) |a| ≥ 0 (b) |a| = |–a|
a |a|
(c) |ab| = |a||b| (d) =
b |b|
(e) |a + b| ≤ |a|+|b| (f) |a|–|b| ≤ |a – b|
(g) |a + b| = |a| + |b|  ab ≥ 0 (h) x 2 = |x|

Illustration 23 : If ||x –1| – 2| = 5, then find x.

Solution : |x – 1| – 2 = ± 5
|x – 1| = 7, – 3
Case-I : When |x – 1| = 7  x – 1 = ± 7  x = 8, –6
Case-II : When |x – 1| = –3 (reject)

Illustration 24 : If |x – 1| + |x + 1| = 2, then find x.

Solution : Case-I : If x ≤ –11
–(x – 1) – (x + 1) = 2
 –x + 1 – x – 1 = 2
 –2x = 2  x = –1 ......(i)
Case-II : If – 1 < x < 1
–(x – 1) + (x + 1) = 2
 –x+1+x+1=2
 2 = 2  –11 < x < 1 ......(ii)
Case-III : If x ≥ 1
x–1+x+1=2
 x=1 ......(iii)
Thus from (i), ), (ii) and (iii) – 1 ≤ x ≤ 1

Do yourself - 3 :
(i) Solve : |x + 3| = 2(5 – x)
(ii) Solve : x|x| + 7x – 8 = 0

 GREATEST INTEGER OR STEP UP FUNCTION :

The function y = ƒ(x) = [x] is called the greatest integer function where [x] denotes the greatest
integer less than or equal to x. Note that for :

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 BASIC MATHS

x [x]
[ −2, −1) −2
[−1, 0) −1
[0,1) 0
[1, 2) 1

Domain : R
Range : I
Properties of greatest integer function :
(i) [x] ≤ x < [x] + 1 and x – 1 < [x] ≤ x, 0 ≤ x – [x] < 1
(ii) [x + m] = [x] + m, if m is an integer.
 0, x ∈ I
(iii) [x] + [–x] = 
 −1, x ∉ I
Illustration 25 : If y = 2[x] + 3 & y = 3[x – 2] + 5, then find [x + y] where [.] denotes greatest integer
function.
Solution : y = 3[x – 2] + 5 = 3[x] – 1
so 3 [x] – 1 = 2 [x] + 3
[x] = 4  4 ≤ x < 5
then y = 11
so x + y will lie in the interval [15, 16)
so [x + y] = 15
1 1 1   1 2946 
Illustration 26 : Find the value of   +  +  + .....  + where [.] greatest integer
 2   2 1000   2 1000 
function ?
1 1 1   1 499   1 500   1 1499   1 1500 
Solution :  2  +  2 + 1000  + .....  2 + 1000  +  2 + 1000  + .....  2 + 1000  +  2 + 1000  +……
 1 2499   1 2500   1 2946 
+  +  + +  + .....  +
 2 1000   2 1000   2 1000 
= 0 + 1 × 1000 + 2 × 1000 + 3 × 447 = 3000 + 1341 = 4341 Ans.
 FRACTIONAL PART FUNC
FUNCTION :
It is defined as : g(x) = {x} = x – [x] e.g. the fractional part of the number 2.1 is 2.1 – 2 = 0.1
and the fractional part of –3.7
3.7 is 0.3 The period of this function is 1 and graph of this function
is as shown.

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 BASIC MATHS

x {x}
[ −2, −1) x + 2
[ −1, 0) x +1
[0,1) x
[1, 2) x −1

Domain : R
Range : [0, 1)
Properties of fractional part function :
(i) 0 ≤ {x} < 1 (ii) {[x]} = [{x}] = 0
(iii) {{x}} = {x} (iv) {x + m} = {x}, m ∈ I
1, x ∉ I
(v) {x} + {–x} = 
0, x ∈ I
 Theorems related to similar triangles
Test Property Diagram
A–A–A If in two triangles corresponding angles are equal
(similarity) i.e., the twotriangles are equiangular, then the
triangles are similar.74
∠AA = ∠D, ∠B = ∠E &∠C = ∠F
∆ABC
ABC ~ ∆DEF
S–S–S If the corresponding sides of two triangles are
(Similarity) proportional,then they are similar.
AB BC AC
= =
DE EF DF
∆ABC
ABC ~ ∆DEF
S–A–S If in two triangles, one pair of corresponding sides
(Similarity) areproportional and the included angles are equal
then the two triangles are similar.
AB AC
= &∠BAC = ∠EDF
DE DF
∆ABC
ABC ~ ∆DEF.

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 BASIC MATHS
 Theorems related to triangles
Theorem Statement/Explanation Diagram
In a triangle, a line drawn parallel to one side, will
Basic
divide the other two sides in same ratio.
proportionality
AD AE
theorem If DE||BC,
BC, then =
DB EC

The bisector of the vertical angle of a triangle

Vertical angle divides the base in the ratio of other two sides.
bisector BD AB
=
DC AC

In a right angled triangle, the square of the

Pythagoras hypotenuse is equal to the sum of squares of the
theorem other two sides.
AC2 = AB2 + BC2

Angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle are

Theorem
equal.If AB = BC then ∠B = ∠C

If two angles of a triangle are equal, then the sides

Theorem opposite to them are also equal. If
∠B = ∠C C then AB = BC

If a side of a triangle is produced, the exterior angle

so formed is equal to the sum of the two interior
Exterior angle
opposite angles.
∠4 = ∠22 + ∠3

The sum of three angles in a triangle is 180°.

Theorem
∠A + ∠BB + ∠C = 180°

If the mid
mid-points of two adjacent sides of a triangle
Mid-point arejoined by a line segment, then this segment is
theorem parallel to the third side. i.e., if
AD = BD and AE = CE then DE || BC and BC = 2DE
In a triangle, the sum of the squares of any two
sides of a triangle is equal to twice the sum of the
Apollonius
square of the median to the third side and square of
Theorem
half the third side.
i.e. AB2 + AC2 = 2(AD2 + BD2 )

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 BASIC MATHS
 Some useful results
S.No. Statement Diagram

ABC, if the bisectors of ∠B and ∠C meet at O then

In a ∆ABC,
(1)
∠BOC = 90° + (∠A)/2

In a ∆ABC,
ABC, if sides AB and AC are produced to D and E
(2) respectively and the bisectors of ∠DBC and ∠ECB intersect at
O, then ∠BOC = 90° – (∠
∠A)/2

In a ∆ABC, if AD is the angle bisector of

(3) 1
∠BAC and AE ⊥ BC, ∠DAE
DAE = (∠ABC – ∠ACB)
2

In a ∆ABC,
ABC, if side BC is produced to D and bisectors of ∠ABC
(4) 1
and ∠ACD
ACD meet at E, then ∠BEC = ∠BAC
2

In an acute angle ∆ABC, AD is a perpendicular dropped on the

(5) opposite side of ∠A
A then
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 – 2BD. BC ((∠B < 90°)

In a obtuse angle ∆ABC,

ABC, AD is perpendicular dropped on BC.
(6) BC is produce to D to meetAD, then
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 + 2BD.BC ((∠B > 90°)

In a right angle ∆ABC, ∠

∠B = 90° and AC is hypotenuse the
perpendicular BD is dropped on hypotenuse AC from right
angle vertex B, then
(7) AB × BC AB2
(i) BD = (ii) AD =
AC AC
BC2 1 1 1
(iii) CD = (iv) 2
= 2+
AC BD AB BC2

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 BASIC MATHS

In a right angled triangle, the median to the hypotenuse

(8) 1 AC
= × hypotenuse i.e, BM =
2 2

ANSWERS FOR DO YOURSELF

1: (i) 2 (ii) 1 (iii) 1,2 (iv) 8 (v) 5
2: (i) (a) x(x – 2) (x – 3) (b) ( 5x + 5 x + 1 ) ( 5x – 5 x + 1 )
2 2

64
(ii) (iii) 12 (iv) 4,6 (v) (a) (– ∞ ,5] (b) (2,4)
3
3: (i) 7/3 (ii) x = 1

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 BASIC MATHS
EXERCISE # 1

1. 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + .......∞ times =
(1) 3 (2) 2 (3) 1 (4) ±3

1  2 
2. If x = 8 – 60 , then  x+ =
2  x 
(1) 5 (2) 3 (3) 2 5 (4) 2 3

4+3 5
3. If = a + b 5 , a, b are rational numbers, then (a, b) =
4−3 5
 61 −24   −61 24   61 24   −61 −24 
(1)  ,  (2)  ,  (3)  ,  (4)  , 
 29 29   29 29   29 29   29 29 

4. The square root of 11 + 112 is -

(1) 7+2 (2) 7+ 2 (3) 2 − 7 (4) None

5. The square root 5 + 2 6 is -

(1) 3+2 (2) 3− 2 (3) 2− 3 (4) 3+ 2

6. 21 − 4 5 + 8 3 − 4 15 =
(1) 5−2+2 3 (2) − 5 − 4 − 12 (3) − 5 + 4 + 12 (4) − 5 − 4 + 12

4
7. If = a + b − c, then which of the following can be true-
2+ 3+ 7
(1) a = 1, b = 4/3, c = 7/3 (2) a = 1, b = 2/3, c = 7/9
(3) a = 2/3, b = 1, c = 7/3 (4) a = 7/9, b = 4/3, c = 1

x2 −3 x2 −3
8. (
If 5 + 2 6 ) (
+ 5−2 6 ) = 10, then x =

(1) 2, 2 (2) 2 ,– 2 (3) 2, + 2 (4) 2, –2,

2, 2,– 2

9. If 3 a + 3 b + 3 c = 0 then (a + b + c)3 =
(1) abc (2) 3abc (3) 9ac (4) 27abc
2
2
+x+6 2( x + 6 )
10. If 32 x – 2.3 x +3 = 0 then the value of x is
(1) – 2 (2) 3 (3) Both (1) and (2) (4) None of these

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 BASIC MATHS
1/a − b 1/a − c 1/ b − c 1/ b − a 1/c − a 1/c − b
11. The numerical value of ( x ) × (x ) × (x ) is (a, b, c are distinct real
numbers)
(1) 1 (2) 8 (3) 0 (4) None

2
 −1 4 
−1

 ( 625 ) 2   =
12.
  
 
 
(1) 4 (2) 5 (3) 2 (4) 3

1
  1 1
 
3 4

13.  5  8 + 27   =
3 3
   

(1) 3 (2) 6 (3) 5 (4) 4

14. (13 + 23 + 33 + 43)–3/2 =

(1) 10–3 (2) 10–2 (3) 10–4 (4) 10–1

15. (0.000729) –3/4 × (0.09)–3/4 =

103 105 102 106
(1) 3 (2) 5 (3) (4)
3 3 32 36
−2 / 3
 1 −12 
 
16. 4    =
  X  
1 1 1 1
(1) 2 (2) (3) (4)
X X4 X3 X

x3 × 3 x5 30
17. × x77 =
5 3
x
76/15
(1) x (2) x78/15 (3) x79/15 (4) x77/15

3/ 4 7/6 7−x
5 5 5
18. 6 when divided by   becomes   , the value of x is
  6 6
7 89 8 10
(1) (2) (3) (4)
12 12 12 12

4 3
19. If x 2 = x k , then k =
2 1
(1) (2) 6 (3) (4) 7
6 6

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 BASIC MATHS
2
  −21  2 
 7  × 5  ÷ 25 =
3
20.
 
 
5 7 5
(1) (2) (3) 35 (4) −
7 5 7
−2
 d3 
2 –1 3
21. (2d e ) ×   =
 e
–2
(1) 8e (2) 8e–3 (3) 8e–1 (4) 8e–4

22. If 9x = 3 92 , then x =
2 4 1 5
(1) (2) (3) (4)
3 3 3 3

1
23. If a = x + , then x3+ x–3 =
x
3
(1) a + 3a (2) a3 – 3a (3) a3 + 3 (4) a3 – 3

24. If xy = yx and x = 2y, then the values of x and y are (x, y > 0)
(1) x = 4, y = 2 (2) x = 3, y = 2 (3) x = 1, y = 1 (4) None of these

If (am)n = a m , then express 'm' in the terms of n is (a > 0, a ≠ 0, m > 1, n > 1)

n
25.
 1   1  1
     
n−1
(1) n (2) n  n +1  (3) n  n  (4) None

1
2x+ 1
26. If ( 4)
3 2
=
32
, then x =
(1) –2 (2) 4 (3) –6 (4) –4

27. Sum of roots of the equation (x + 3)2 – 4|x + 3|+ 3 = 0 is -

(1) 4 (2) 12 (3) –12 (4) –4

2
28. Number of real solution(s) of the equation | x − 3 |3x −10x +3 = 1 is -
(1) exactly four (2)) exactly three (3) exactly two (4)) exactly one

29. If x1 & x2 are the two values of x satisfying the equation 72x – 2 7x
2

( 2
+ x +12
)+7 2 x+ 24
= 0, then
(x1 + x2) equals-
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) –1 (4) 7

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 BASIC MATHS
EXERCISE # 2
Solve for x ∈ R (Q.1 to Q.7)

1. 4x – 10.2x–1 = 24 2. 4.22x – 6x = 18.32x

1
3. 32x–3 – 9x–1 + 272x/3 = 675. 4. 7x+2 – .7 x +1 – 14.7x–1 + 2.7x = 48
7
x +1 x 2 + 2 x −11 9
 5  9  5
5.  3  .  =  6. x + |3x – 2| = 2
 25   3

7. 52x = 32x + 2.5x + 2.3x

 
8. If 2  3 + 5 − 13 + 48  = a + b where a and b are natural number find (a + b).
 

9. Solve following equations

(i) |x – 1| = 5 (ii) |x + 1| = |2x – 1|
(iii) |x – 1| + 2|x + 1| = 10 (iv) |2x – 1| – |x – 3| = 7

10. Match the values of x given in Column-II satisfying the exponential equation in Column-I(Do
Column
not verify). Remember that for a > 0, then term ax is always greater than zero ∀x ∈ R.
Column-I Column-II
25
(A) 5x – 24 = x (P) –3
5
(B) (2x+1) (5x) = 200 (Q) –2
(C) 42/x – 5(41/x) + 4 = 0 (R) –1
(S) 0
x−1 x+1
2 .4
(D) = 16 (T) 1
8x−1
(E) 4x
2
+2
− 9 2x ( 2
+2
) +8=0 (U) 2
(F) 52x – 7x – 52x (35) + 7x(35) = 0 (V) 3
(X) None

11. Which of the following equation(s) has (have) only unity as the solution.
(A) 2(3x+1) – 6(3x–1) – 3x = 9
(B) 7(3x+1) – 5x+2 = 3x+4 – 5x+3

12. Which of the following equation(s) has (have) only natural solution(s)
(A) 6.91/x – 13.61/x + 6.41/x = 0
(B) 4x x 8x−1 = 256

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 BASIC MATHS
x 2 −8 x 2 −8
13. (
If 5 + 2 6 ) (
+ 5−2 6 ) = 10, x ∈ R
On the basis of above information, answer the following questions :
(a) Number of solution(s) of the given equation is/are
is/are-
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) infinite
(b) Sum of positive solutions is
(A) 3 (B) 3 + 7 (C) 2 + 5 (D) 2
(c) If x ∈(–3,5],
3,5], then number of possible val
values of x, is-
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

14. Factorize following expressions

(i) x4 – y4 (ii) 9a2 – (2x – y) 2
(iii) 4x2 – 9y2 – 6x – 9y

15. Factorize following expressions

(i) 8x3 – 27y3 (ii) 8x3 – 125y3 + 2x – 5y

16. Factorize following expressions

(i) x2 + 3x – 40 (ii) x2 – 3x – 40 (iii) x2 + 5x – 14
2
(iv) x – 3x – 4 (v) x2 – 2x – 3 (vi) 3x2 – 10x + 8
(vii) 12x2 + x – 35 (viii) 3x2 – 5x + 2 (ix) 3x2 – 7x + 4
2
(x) 7x – 8x + 1 (xi) 2x2 – 17x + 26 (xii) 3a2 – 7a – 6
(xiii) 14a2 + a – 3

17. Factorize following expressions

(i) a2 – 4a + 3 + 2b – b2 (ii) x4 + 324 (iii) x4 – y2 + 2x2 + 1
(iv) 4a4 – 5a2 + 1 (v) 4x4 + 81

18. Factorize following expressions

(i) x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6 (ii) 2x3 + 9x2 + 10x + 3
3 2
(iii) 2x – 9x + 13x – 6 (iv) x6 – 7x2 – 6

19. (i) Factorize the expressions 8a6 + 5a3 + 1

(ii) Show that (x – y)3 + (y – z)3 + (z – x)3 = 3(x – y) (y – z) (z – x).

20. Factorize following expressions

(i) (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) (x + 4) – 15
(ii) 4x(2x + 3) (2x – 1) (x + 1) – 54
(iii) (x – 3) (x + 2) (x + 3) (x + 8) + 56

21. Solve the following equations where x ∈ R.

(a) (x – 1)|x2 – 4x + 3 |+ 2x2 + 3x – 5 = 0
(b) |x2 + 4x + 3|+ 2x + 5 = 0
(c) |x + 3 |( x + 1 ) + |2x + 5|= 0

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 BASIC MATHS
22. Find the gcd and ℓcm of a(x) and b(x) in the following set
(a) a(x) = (12x2 – 5x – 2) (9x2 + 5x – 4),
b(x) = (4x2 + 5x + 1) (x3 – 12x2 + 47x – 60)
(b) a(x) = x4 – 1, b(x) = x3 – x2 + x – 1
(c) a(x) = ( 2x + 2) (x2 + 1) (x – 2)2, b(x) = (x + 2) (x3 + x) (x – 2)
 1 
(d) a(x) = (3x2 + 2 3x + 1 ) (x2 + 4x + 3), b(x) =  x +  (x + 3)
 3
(e) a(x) = ( 3 x 2 + 4 x + 3) (x5 + 6x4 + 8x3), b(x) = (x2 + 4x) ( 3 x + 1)(x + 5)

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 BASIC MATHS
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE # 1
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 1 1 4 1 4 3 1 4 4 3 1 2 3 1 4
Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Ans. 1 4 2 3 1 3 2 2 1 1 4 3 2 2

EXERCISE # 2
−7
1. x=3 2. x = –22 3. x=3 4. x = 0 5. x= ,2
2
6. x = 1, 0 7. x=1 8. 8
−11
9. (i) x = 6, –4 (ii) x = 2, 0 (iii) x = 3, (iv) x = 5, –9
3
10. (A)→ (U); (B) → (U); (C) → (T); (D) → (P,Q,R,S,T,U,V);(E) → (R,T); (F) → (S)
11. A 12. B 13. (a) C (b) B (c) C
14. (i) (x2 + y2) (x + y)(x – y) (ii) (3a + 2x – y) (3a – 2x + y)
(iii) (2x + 3y) (2x – 3y – 3)
15. (i) (2x – 3y) (4x2 + 6xy + 99y2) (ii) (2x – 5y)(4x2 + 10xy + 25y2 + 1)
16. (i) (x + 8)(x – 5) (ii) (x – 8)(x + 5)
(iii) (x + 7)(x – 2) (iv) (x – 4)(x + 1)
(v) (x – 3)(x + 1) (vi) (x – 2)(3x – 4)
(vii) (4x + 7)(3x – 5) (viii) (3x – 2)(x – 1)
(ix) (x – 1)(3x – 4) (x) (x – 1) (7x – 1)
(xi) (2x – 13)(x – 2) (xii) (a – 3)(3a + 2)
(xiii) (2a + 1)(7a – 3)
17. (i) (a – b – 1)(a + b – 3) (ii) (x2 + 6x + 18)(x2 – 6x + 18)
(iii) (x2 + 1 + y)(x2 + 1 – y) (iv) (2a + 1)(2a – 1)(a + 1) (a – 1)
(v) (2x2 + 6x + 9)(2x2 – 6x + 9)
18. (i) (x – 1)(x – 2)(x – 3) (ii) (x + 1)(x + 3)(2x + 1)

(iii) (x – 1)(x – 2)(2x – 3) (iv) (x2 + 2)(x – 3 )(x2 + 1)(x + 3 )

19. (i) (2a2 – a + 1)(4a4 + 2a3 – a2 + a + 1)
20. (i) (x2 + 5x + 1)(x2 + 5x + 9) (ii) 2(2x2 + 2x + 3)(4x2 + 4x – 9)
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 BASIC MATHS
(iii) (x2 + 5x – 22)(x + 1) (x + 4)
21. (a) 1

(b) −4, − 3 − 1

(c) −4, −2, − 3 − 1

22. (a) (x + 1) ( 4x + 1) ;

(4x + 1)(x + 1)(3x – 2)(9x – 4)(x3 – 12x2 + 47x – 60)

(b) x3 – x2 + x – 1; x4 – 1
(c) (x + 2) (x2 + 1) (x – 2); ( 2 ) x(x + 2 ) (x2 + 1) (x – 2)2
1
(d) (x + 3) ( 3x + 1) ; (x + 1) (x + 3) ( 3x + 1) 2
3

(e) x(x + 4) ( 3x + 1) ; (x3)(x + 2)(x + 4) (x + 3)( 3x + 1) (x + 5)

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 IIT MATHEMATICS
NURTURE

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