Module 1 Statistic PDF

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES FOUNDATION
Salinas Drive, Lahug Cebu City

Math AC 309: Statistical Analysis
Course Overview: Amid numerous quantitative data that are present in the world nowadays, the
need to understand such data is becoming more and more essential in anyone’s human endeavor
for a better understanding of what the world is communicating to the people. Advanced
knowledge to better understand this seemingly complicated numerical information is
indispensable.
The educational institution should, therefore, equip the students enough knowledge,
which prepares them to effectively and with competence, respond to those challenges in dealing
with numerical information, especially in business and economics. If the students would like to
collect, organize, present, analyze, and interpret numerical data either in their daily endeavors
or in conducting quantitative researches, advanced knowledge in statistics is vital.
Course Description: Statistical analysis offered to students in the College of Accountancy. This
focuses more on data analysis, relevant to business and economics endeavors.
Module 1: Key Concepts Related to Statistics and Research
Overview: This module deals with the essential terms, classification of variables, and
measurements that are related to statistics as a science and from a research point of view.
Learning Outcomes: At the end of this module, the students are expected to:
1. discuss and argue the definition of terms related to statistics and in research point of
view;
2. classify variables and measurements according to their definition and use;
3. determine which from the given problem being referred to as a population, a sample, a
variable; and
4. infer the population from available information in the sample.
Learning Activities
I. Key Concepts Related to Statistics and Research
A. Statistics– Generally, the term means numerical observation of any kind.
Scientifically, and from the research point of view, statistics as a study refers to the
methods in collection, organization or presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data,
and assist in making more effective decisions.
1. Data gathering or collection- may be done through interview, questionnaires,

tests, observation, registration, and experiments.
2. Presentation of Data – refers to the organization of data into tables, graphs, charts, or
paragraphs. Hence, the presentation of data may be tabular, graphical, or textual.
3. Analysis of Data - pertains to the process of extracting from the given data relevant and
noteworthy information, and this uses statistical tools or techniques.
4. Interpretation of Data - refers to the drawing of conclusions or inferences from the
analyzed data. This may involve the formulation of forecast prediction about a large
group based on the data collected from small or representative groups.
B. Descriptive Statistics– is concerned with the gathering, classification, and presentation

of data and the collection of summarizing values to describe group characteristics of
data. The most commonly used summarizing values to describe group characteristics of
data are percentage, measures of central tendency and location, variability, skewness,
and kurtosis.
Methods of organizing, summarizing, and presenting data in an informative way
C. Inferential Statistics – pertains to the methods dealing with making inferences,

estimates, or predictions about a large set of data using the information gathered. It is
not merely to describe a particular data set but also to make predictions and inferences
based on the available information gathered. In inferential statistics, the conclusion on
the important characteristics applies to a large set of data called the population. On the
other hand, the subset or a representative group of the population is called the sample.
Commonly-used inferential statistical tools or techniques are testing a hypothesis using
the z-test, t-test, simple linear correlation, analysis of variance (ANOVA), chi-squares
(X2), regression, and time series analysis.
- The methods used to determine something about a population, based on a sample.
D. Population and Sample
Population - Is the collection of all objects or items that are of interest in a statistical
study. The individual objects in the population are the experimental units or objects.
Sample - This is a finite portion (subset) of the population that is Used to study the
characteristics of concern in the population.
Parameter – A descriptive measure of the population: Greek letters are used
a. The population mean μ (mu)
b. Population Variance σ 2
c. Population Standard Deviation σ
Statistic – A descriptive measure of a sample: Roman letters are used
a. Sample Mean 𝑥̅
b. Sample Variance ( s2)
c. Sample standard Deviation (s)

E. Statistical Problem - A Statistical Problem involves studying some characteristics
associated with a group of objects commonly called experimental units or subjects.
F. Experimental Unit - An Experimental Unit (or subject) is the smallest entity that is of
interest in a statistical study.
G. Variable - A Variable is any characteristic that can be measured on each experimental

unit in a statistical study.
H. Observation - An Observation is a value that the variable assumes for a single unit.
The collection of observations assumed by the variables in the study is called a data set.
Example 1. An admission office at a university is interested in using this year’s freshmen

class to develop an admission formula for all new applicants. The population consists of
all students who would apply for admission. The sample is this year’s freshman class.
Variables of interest might be an achievement test score and high school rank.
Example 2. A scientist is investigating the effectiveness of a new drug to relieve the

symptoms of the common cold. She administers the drug to 100 adults. The population
is all adults who would try the drug in the future. The sample is the 100 chosen adults.
Variables of interest might be the age of the subject and the time required for the drug
to relieve particular cold symptoms. The scientist would infer that the average time of
relief for the sample of 100 adults would approximate the average time of relief for a
subject in the population.
Check your progress:
To determine the percent of men and women who smoke, the Surgeon General mailed
questionnaires to 5,000 people across the United States. Determine the following:
1. Population
2. Sample
3. Variable
4. Inference
I. Classification of Variables
1. Qualitative variable – yields categorical or qualitative responses. It refers to the
attributes of the characteristics of the samples.
Ex. Civil Status ( Single, Married, Widow, etc.)
Religious Affiliation (Roman Catholic, Protestant, etc.)
2. Quantitative variable – yield numerical responses representing amount or

quantity
Ex. Height, weight, number of children.
a. Discrete quantitative variable – assumes finite or
countable infinite values such as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,…
Ex. Number of Children ( 0 1 2 3 2)
Number of student-dropouts ( 2 3 4 )
b. Continuous quantitative variables – cannot take on finite values but the
values are related/associated with points on an interval of the real line.
Ex. Height ( 5’4”; 157 cm; 1.5m)
Weight ( 130.42 kilos ; 210 lbs ; 432 grams)
Temperature ( 32.50 C ; 1120 F )
J. Measurement – The process of assigning the value or label of a particular
experiment unit.
K. LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
1. Nominal Level – Classifies data into mutually exclusive (non-overlapping),
exhaustive
2. Ordinal Level – classifies data that can be ranked; however,
precise differences between the ranks do not exist.
3. Interval Level – ranks data, and precise differences between units of measure
do exist; however, there is no meaningful zero.
4. Ratio Level – possesses all the characteristics of interval measurement, and
there exists a true zero. Also, true ratios exist when the same variable is
measured on two different members of the population.
Assessment
I. Instructions: Give the word or words that correspond/s to each of the following definitions.
Avoid ERASURE.
1. Scientifically, and from the research point of view, it refers to the methods in co presentation, analysis
and interpretation of data. ________________________________
2. Statistical method may be done through interview, questionnaires, tests, observation, registration and
experiments. __________________________________
3. It refers to the organization of data into tables, graphs, charts or paragraphs. Hence, presentation of
data may be tabular graphical or textual. ___________________________
4. It pertains to the process of extracting from the given data relevant and noteworthy information, and
this uses statistical tools or techniques. ________________________________
5. It refers to the drawing of conclusions or inferences from the analyzed data. This may involve the
formulation of forecast prediction about a large group based on the data collected from small or
representative groups. ___________________________
6. It is concerned with the gathering, classification, and presentation of data and the collection of
summarizing values to describe group characteristics of data. ______________________________
7. It pertains to the methods dealing with making inferences, estimates, or predictions about a large set of
data using the information gathered. _________________________________
8. A descriptive measure of the population: Greek letters are used. _______________________________
9. It is characteristic or attributes of persons or objects, which assumes different values (numerical) or

labels (quantitative). _________________________________
10. It is a value that the variable assumes for a single unit. ______________________________
11. The process of assigning the value or label of a particular experiment unit.
___________________________
12. It yields categorical or qualitative responses. It refers to the attributes of the characteristics of the
samples. _____________________________
13. It yields numerical responses representing amount or quantity. ______________________________
14. It assumes finite or countable infinite values such as 0, 1, 2, 3. _______________________________
15. It cannot take on finite values, but the values are related associated with points on an interval of the
real line. Example height. _______________________________
II. On the line before each item, write C if the variable is Categorical or Qualitative and write
DN if the variable is Discrete Numerical or Quantitative and CN if the variable is continuous
numerical or Quantitative. NO ERASURE.
_____1. Grade point average _______ 11. Family income
_____2. Gender _______ 12. Number of successfully treated patients
_____3. Number of A’s in a class _______ 13. Weight
_____4. Major subjects _______ 14. Occupation
_____5. Classification _______ 15. Religious preference
_____6. Marital Status _______ 16. Number of voters who favor a certain issue
_____7. Birth rate _______ 17. Employment status
_____8. Number of children in the family _______ 18. Height
_____9. Political party affiliation _______ 19. Number of suicides in a given year
____10. Age _______ 20. Number of dropouts
III. A television news commentator recently reported that a Gallup poll of 1,850 adults revealed
that 38% of the nation approved of the President’s foreign policy. Determine the following:
1. Population_________________________________________
2. Sample____________________________________________
3. Variable___________________________________________
4. Inference__________________________________________

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UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES FOUNDATION

Salinas Drive, Lahug Cebu City

A. Statistics– Generally, the term means numerical observation of any kind.

1. Data gathering or collection- may be done through interview, questionnaires,

B. Descriptive Statistics– is concerned with the gathering, classification, and presentation

Methods of organizing, summarizing, and presenting data in an informative way

C. Inferential Statistics – pertains to the methods dealing with making inferences,

- The methods used to determine something about a population, based on a sample.

D. Population and Sample

Parameter – A descriptive measure of the population: Greek letters are used

a. The population mean μ (mu)

c. Population Standard Deviation σ

Statistic – A descriptive measure of a sample: Roman letters are used

b. Sample Variance ( s2)

c. Sample standard Deviation (s)

G. Variable - A Variable is any characteristic that can be measured on each experimental

Example 1. An admission office at a university is interested in using this year’s freshmen

Example 2. A scientist is investigating the effectiveness of a new drug to relieve the

Check your progress:

Ex. Civil Status ( Single, Married, Widow, etc.)

Religious Affiliation (Roman Catholic, Protestant, etc.)

2. Quantitative variable – yield numerical responses representing amount or

J. Measurement – The process of assigning the value or label of a particular

1. Nominal Level – Classifies data into mutually exclusive (non-overlapping),

2. Ordinal Level – classifies data that can be ranked; however,

precise differences between the ranks do not exist.

8. A descriptive measure of the population: Greek letters are used. _______________________________

9. It is characteristic or attributes of persons or objects, which assumes different values (numerical) or

13. It yields numerical responses representing amount or quantity. ______________________________

14. It assumes finite or countable infinite values such as 0, 1, 2, 3. _______________________________

_____1. Grade point average _______ 11. Family income

_____2. Gender _______ 12. Number of successfully treated patients

_____3. Number of A’s in a class _______ 13. Weight

_____4. Major subjects _______ 14. Occupation

_____5. Classification _______ 15. Religious preference

_____7. Birth rate _______ 17. Employment status

_____8. Number of children in the family _______ 18. Height

____10. Age _______ 20. Number of dropouts

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_1. Grade point average ___ 11. Family income

_2. Gender ___ 12. Number of successfully treated patients

_3. Number of A’s in a class ___ 13. Weight

_4. Major subjects ___ 14. Occupation

_5. Classification ___ 15. Religious preference

_7. Birth rate ___ 17. Employment status

_8. Number of children in the family ___ 18. Height

10. Age ___ 20. Number of dropouts