C1102 Introduction to Computer Systems and Programming Week 1

Week 1: Introduction to Computer Systems

Summary Layout

 People, Data and Procedure

 Hardware: Basic Input/ Output Devices, Storage Devices, Memory,
Data Communication Devices, Networking Devices
 Software ( System, Utilities and Application)
 Types of Number Systems
 Logic Gates and Boolean Algebra
 Discussion on the structure and organizations of Computer System

1. Computer System

Combination of all the components required to process and store data using a computer.

1.1 Hardware

a. Basic Input/output Devices

Input devices gather data and convert them into electronic form for use by the computer.

 Keyboard Entry (Arrow Keys,Function Keys,Numeric Keys,Special-purpose

Keys,Control Keys.)
 Direct entry (Mouse,Joy Stick,Track Ball,Touch Pad,Touch Screen)

Output devices convert information coming from a computer system into some
form perceptible by humans.

 Monitors,display technology,printers.

b. Memory

i. Primary Memory, RAM (Temporal)

These are computer memories. They are characterized as temporary

random access memory (RAM) or volatile memory read only memory
(ROM).These are fast enough to interact with the processor .

ii. Secondary Memory, Hard Disk(Permanent)

These are persistent storage devices and non-volatile memories.

These are large capacity and used for long-term storage.

These are slower than primary memories.

C1102 Introduction to Computer Systems and Programming Week 1

c. Data Communication Devices

i. Modem
A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device that modulates information
carrier signal to encode signal information, and also combined such a carrier
signal to decode the transmitted information.

ii. NIC

A network interface controller also known as a network interface

card, network adapter, LAN adapter is a computer hardware component that
connects a computer to a computer network.

d. Networking Devices

i. Ethernet Hub

The device for connecting multiple computer together and making them act
as a single network segment.

ii. Network Switch

It is a computer networking device that links layer or network devices.

iii. Router

It is a device that forward data packets between computer networks,

creating an overlay internetwork.

1.2 Software

Set of computer instructions, that tells the hardware what to do.

a. Application Software: Comprises all the programs you apply to a task.

 Graphical interface  communications

 Word processing  project management
 Desktop publishing (DTP)
 Spreadsheet
 Database
b. System Software: It comprises all the programs that you use to manage computer.

 System software
 Language interpreters and compilers
 Application progams
C1102 Introduction to Computer Systems and Programming Week 1

2. Block Diagram: Basic Computer System

 Commercial software
 Retail software
 OEM software
 Freeware
 Public domain software
 Spyware
 Adware
 Shareware
 Crippleware
 Demo software

2.1 Central Processing Unit (CPU): Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU)

a. Integer arithmetic operations:

Providing the expressionhas all integers, subtraction, addition,
multiplication, and exponentiation will prove no problem.

b. Bitwise logic operations:

In digital computer programming, a bitwise operation operates on one
or more bit patterns or binary numberals at the level of their individual
bits. It is a fast and simple action, directly supported by the processors.

c. Bit-shifting operations:
Bit-shifting is an operation done on all the bits of a binary value in which
they are moved by a determined number of a places to either the left or
right.

2.2 Central Processing Unit (CPU): Control Unit (CU)

a. Read the code for the next instruction from the cell indicated by the memory.
b. Decode the control unit for the instruction into a set of commands or signals for
each of the other systems.
c. Execute command the program counters so it points to the next instruction.
d. Provide the necessary data to an ALU, If the instruction requires an ALU or
specialized hardware to complete store result in memory the hardware to perform
the requested operation.
e. Write the result from the ALU back to a memory location or to a register or perhaps
an output device.
C1102 Introduction to Computer Systems and Programming Week 1

3. Number Systems:

3.1 Decimal System

a. base 10

b. valid digits - 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

3.2 Binary System

a. base 2

b. valid digits - 0, 1

3.3 Octal System

a. base 8

b. valid digits - 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

3.4 Hexadecimal System

a. base 16

b. valid digits - 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F

Where A refers to decimal 10, B refers to decimal 11, etc.

3.5 Number System Conversions

a. Binary to Decimal

1011012 = 1 x 25 + 1 x 23 + 1 x 22 + 1 x 20

= 32 + 8 + 4 + 1 = 45 10

b. Binary to Hexadecimal

11011101111101(2)=…(16)

11011101111101 (2)=¿ 1101=D ¿ 377 D(16)

¿ 0111=7
¿ 0111=7
¿ 0011=3
C1102 Introduction to Computer Systems and Programming Week 1

c. Binary to Octal

Binary->Decimal->Octal

13
1101( 2)=… (8) 8 5 15(8)
1

1101( 2)=(1.2¿¿3)+(1.2¿¿ 2)+(0.2¿¿ 1)+(1.2¿ ¿ 0)¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

¿ 8+ 4+0+ 1
d. Octal to Binary
¿ 13

Konversikan oktal 7231428 ke bilangan biner.

Langka
Oktal Biner
h
1 7231428 710 210 310 110 410 210
2 7231428 111 010 011 001 100 010
3 7231428 1110100110011000102

e. Octal to Decimal

35( 8)=… (10)

35( 8)=(2.8¿¿ 2)+(5.8¿¿ 0) ¿¿ 1234 8 = 1 x 83 + 2 x 82 + 2 x 81 + 2 80

¿ 24+ 5
¿ 29(10)

f. Octal to Hexadecimal

g. Decimal to Binary

179/2 = 89 sisa 1
/2 = 44 sisa 1
/2 = 22 sisa 0
/2 = 11 sisa 0
/2 = 5 sisa 1
/2 = 2 sisa 1
/2 = 1 sisa 0
/2 = 0 sisa 1
C1102 Introduction to Computer Systems and Programming Week 1
h. Decimal to Hexadecimal

i. Decimal to Octal

j. Hexadecimal to Binary

k. Hexadecimal to Decimal

1 A (16) =…(10) ket: A = 10

1 A (16) =(1.16¿¿ 1)+(10.16¿ ¿ 0) ¿ ¿

¿ 16+10
¿ 26(10)

l. Hexadecimal to Octal
C1102 Introduction to Computer Systems and Programming Week 1
Hexadecimal->Decimal->Octal ket: A = 10 dan C = 12

4 AC (16)=…(8)

4 AC (16)=(4.16 ¿¿ 2)+(10.16¿¿ 1)+(12.16¿¿ 0)¿ ¿ ¿

¿ 1024+160+12
¿ 1196

4. Basic logic gates : Truth tables

C1102 Introduction to Computer Systems and Programming Week 1
5. Boolean Algebra
5.1 Postulates
P1: X = 0 or X = 1

P2: 0 . 0 = 0 
P3: 1 + 1 = 1 

P4: 0 + 0 = 0 
P5: 1 . 1 = 1 

P6: 1 . 0 = 0 . 1 = 0 
P7: 1 + 0 = 0 + 1 = 1

5.2 Laws

T1: Commutative Law T5 : T9 :
(a) A + B = B + A (a)  AB+AB’=A (a)   A ' + A=1
(b) A B = B A (b) (A+B) (A+B’)=A (b) A ' A=0

T2: Associate Law T6 : Redundance Law  T10 :

(a)(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)  (a) A + A B = A  (a)   A + A ' B = A+B
(b) (A B) C = A (B C) (b) A (A + B) = A (b)  A ( A' +¿B)= A B
(a)
T3: Distributive Law T7 :
T11 : De Morgan's
(a) A (B + C) = A B + A C (a) 0 + A = A 
Theorem
(b) A + (B C) = (A + B) (A + C) (b) 0 A = 0
(a)  (A+B) ' =A ' B '
T4: Identity Law T8 : (b)  (AB) ' =A ' + B '
(a) A + A = A  (a) 1 + A = 1 
(b) A A = A (b) 1 A = A

6. Exercises

6.1 Complete the truth table for a three-input AND gate: 

A B C

0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0

0 1 0 0

1 0 0 0

1 0 1 0

0 1 1 0

1 1 0 0

1 1 1 1
C1102 Introduction to Computer Systems and Programming Week 1
6.2 State and prove De-Morgan’s Law by using three-variable input.

Statement I: (A+B+C)'=A'.B'.C'
Statement II: (A.B.C) ' = A'+B'+C'

6.3 State whether the following Boolean expressions are in sum or product form.
DRAW logic block diagrams for each expression in the space provided beneath
each expression.

a) A(B + C)DC

b) (AB) ' + A' (B + C )

C1102 Introduction to Computer Systems and Programming Week 1

c) ( A + B)(B + C' )

d) ABCD' + AC' + (BD)'

C1102 Introduction to Computer Systems and Programming Week 1

6.4 Write the output expression X, Y and Z for the following logic block diagram and
state whether the expression is in sum or product form.

X=

Y=

Z=

6.5. Draw a logic block diagram for the given Boolean function.

f ( A, B, C, D) = (ABC') ' + D '+ (AC) ' + B + D

C1102 Introduction to Computer Systems and Programming Week 1

6.6 Write the complements of the following Boolean functions and simplify by using
DeMorgan's Law and other Boolean Theorems.
a) X=ABC+BCD
X'=………….

b) Y = ( A + B + C ) ( AC)' ( B' + C' + AD )

Y '=……
C1102 Introduction to Computer Systems and Programming Week 1

6.7 Simplify each of the following expressions using the Boolean Theorems.

a) ABC + A(BC) ' + A'BC + A B' C'

b) (B + C' + D ) ( B + C )( AD + B + C )
C1102 Introduction to Computer Systems and Programming Week 1

6.8 Simplify the Boolean expressions to determine if (a) is equivalent to (b).

a) f ( A, B, C, D) = ( AB )( BC ) ( C + D )

b) f ( A, B, C, D) = ABC + ABCD

6.9 Prove (AB' + C') ' = (A' + B ) C Using a Truth Table

A B C