Journal of Plant Sciences and Crop Protection

Volume 1 | Issue 1

Research Article Open Access

Effect of Different Plant Spacing on the Production of Hybrid Cauliflower

(Brassica Oleraceae Var. Botrytis) Under the Agro-Climatic Conditions of
Mid-Hills Region Nepal
Joshi TN*1, Budha CB2, Sharma S3, Baral SR4, Pandey NL5 and Rajbhandari RD6
1
Central Horticultural Farm, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
2
District Agriculture Development Office, Jumla, Nepal
3
District Agriculture Development Office, Bara, Nepal
4
Regional Plant Protection Laboratory, Kaski, Nepal
5
District Agriculture Development Office, Dang, Nepal
6
Plant Protection Directorate, Hariharbhawan, Lalitpur, Nepal
*
Corresponding author: Joshi TN, Central Horticultural Farm, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal, E-mail:
[email protected]
Citation: Joshi TN, Budha CB, Sharma S, Baral SR, Pandey NL, et al. (2018) Effect of Different Plant Spac-
ing on the Production of Hybrid Cauliflower (Brassica Oleraceae Var. Botrytis) Under the Agro-Climatic
Conditions of Mid-Hills Region Nepal. J Plant Sci Crop Protec 1(1): 105. doi: 10.15744/2639-3336.1.105
Received Date: February 27, 2018 Accepted Date: July 24, 2018 Published Date: July 27, 2018

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted at Farmer’s field in Banepa, Kavreplanchowk District during the spring season, 2015 to find out
the optimum plant spacing on cauliflower production. Four plant spacing viz. (i) 45×45 cm in single row spacing, (ii) 52.5×45 cm in
double row spacing, (iii) 52.5×30 cm single row spacing and iv) 52.5×30 cm in double row spacing were included in the study. Different
spacing significantly influenced yield and yield contributing characters. 52.5×45 cm in double row spacing showed the best response
for all the parameters. Maximum plant height (31cm), curd diameter (18 cm), maximum curd weight (682 g plant-1) and yield (17.3 t
ha-1) were recorded in the plots where the plants were spaced 52.5×45 cm apart single row spacing.
Keywords: Cauliflower Production; Spacing, Cruciferacea; Average Yield; Plant Competition

Introduction
The global issue is now to increase crop productivity to meet the food demands of the increasing population of the world [1].
Cauliflower is an economically important winter vegetable of Nepal. It is nutritionally rich and has medicinal value [2,3]. The agro-
climatic conditions across the country favor the production of cauliflower even in the summer season with export potentiality. It
covers a total area of 29,836 ha and total production of 399,012 tones (VDD, 2010) with the productivity of 7.47 tonne per hec-
tor. The average yield produced in Nepal is far below than the yield in other countries. This low yield may be due to the improper
agronomic practices or use of improper spacing of cauliflower. The potential yield of cauliflower (Brassica oleraceae var. Botrytis)
is determined by appropriate husbandry practices and the surrounding environment provided to the crop. Among the husbandry
practices, a direct effect can be observed due to an increase or a decrease in plant population because a cauliflower plant bears a
single curd. However, serious thoughts have not been given in this aspect in Nepal [4-6]. There are different spacing given by differ-
ent institution for improved and hybrid cauliflower and cabbage production in Nepal [7]. Its cultivation in Nepal has not extended
due to the lack of awareness regarding its appropriate method of planting including planting time and spacing. The current study
was conducted to observe the effect of different spacing on the growth and yield of cauliflower variety under investigation (Silver
cup-60).

Materials and Methods

Site description
The research was carried out to study the effect of different plant spacing on the production of Cauliflower (Brassica olearacea L.
botrytis) was cultivated in the spring season of 2015. The experiment was carried out in a farmer’s field located in Budol, Banepa,
Kavreplanchowk at latitude 27° 38’ 0” N and longitude 85° 31’ 0” E and 1550 m above sea level.

Annex Publishers | www.annexpublishers.com Volume 1 | Issue 1

Journal of Plant Sciences and Crop Protection 2

Design of experiment
The research was laid out in simple Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications in plot size 3.15×2.25 m2.
Seeds of a cauliflower variety Silver cup-60 were sown in the nursery in a well-prepared seedbed (size: 1×3 m) and were covered with
the dry straw and maintained in the plastic tunnel. Hand sprinkler watered the beds just after the seed sowing. Transplantation was
done on 10th May on one side of the ridge with the selected plant spacing. The field was flooded immediately after transplantation.
The amounts of fertilizers applied (kg/ha) was as follows: 200:120:100kg NPK/ha+FYM-Trichoderma virideae (TV) @200gm/
plant+FYM-EM @300gm/plant+ Compost @ 100 gm/pit and Boron 2 kg/ha. A total amount of DAP, compost, FYM, and boron
was applied in the plot during final land preparation as a basal dose. The top dressing of Urea and MoP were applied 15 days after
planting. Irrigations were provided when necessary. Two hand weeding was performed after planting.

Treatments Detail
T1=45×45 cm single row spacing, T2=52.5×45 cm double row spacing, T3=52.5×30 cm double row spacing and T4=52.5×30 cm
single row spacing.

Parameters recorded
Three plants per plots were selected randomly for data collection. The data for the following parameters were recorded during
the study. Mortality percentage, days taken to 1st curd appearance, plant height (cm), the total number of leaves per plant, curd
diameter (cm), the weight of curd per plant (kg) and yield per hectare. Harvesting was done at 4-5 days interval throughout the
harvesting season.

Plant protection
Botanicals @1:8 water ratio at 14 DAT and 25 DAT respectively and Astha Killer (Chloropyriphus 50%+ Cypermethrin 5%) in 32
DAT @1.5 ml/ltr of water.

Analysis of the data

The statistical analysis was performed by using MS Excel and SPSS.

Results and Discussions

Effect of spacing on cauliflower production
Plant height (cm): Significant differences were recorded for the height of the plants. T2 (52.5×45 cm) produced the tallest plants
(31cm). Minimum height (26.8 cm) was noted in T4 (52.5×30 cm). T1 (35 cm) and T3 (29.4 cm) produced shorter plants and
all these treatments showed non-significant behavior and were statistically at par with each other. The increased plant height
of cauliflower during this study might be due to the larger plant spacing which will be significant only up to an absolute limit.
Moreover, Mujeeb-ur-Rahman et al (2007) reported the wide spacing resulted in the tallest plant height and was due to lesser
competition for nutrients, moisture, and CO2 among the roots of the plants [8-13]. In contrary to this, smaller spacing created
more competition for the resources in the roots of plants and resulted in lower plant height. Khatiwada (2000) also reported the
taller height of cabbage under greater spacing [7].
Total leaves per plant: The overall numbers of leaves followed the similar trends to plant height. T2 (52.5×45 cm) showed maximum
leaves (23) and proved that 52.5×45 cm spacing was the more suitable spacing for cauliflower production. Statistically, T3 (52.5×30
cm), T1 (45×45 cm), and T4 (52.5×30 cm) showed similar results and were at par with each other by producing 22.0, 21.0 and 20.0
leaves per plant respectively. The higher numbers of leaves in 52.5×45 cm spacing might be due to more availability of resources for
the growth and development of the leaves. The more space also provides the better exposure to plants for photosynthesis. Masood
et al. (2003) also reported more numbers of leaves at 45 cm spacing of canola [14].
Mortality percentage: Those plants, which died after transplantation was counted and their percentage was calculated. Maximum
mortality (35.12%) rate was recorded in T3 (52.5×30 cm spacing), which was statistically at par with T4 (52.5×30 cm) and T1 (45×45
cm), as shown in Table 1. T2 (52.5×45 cm) showed the lowest mortality rate (15%). The lower mortality in higher spacing might
be due to the availability of adequate resources such as nutrients, sunlight, moisture and carbon dioxide in the plant canopy of
cauliflower plants. Mujeeb-ur-Rahman et al (2007) also reported the lower mortality of cauliflower transplanting in the spacing of
45 cm [8].
Curd diameter (cm): Curd diameter is a significant yield component in cauliflower. Greater the diameter of curd represents the
higher yield of the crop. A highly significant data regarding the curd diameter showed the supremacy of T2 (52.5×45 cm) amongst
all the other plant spacing, as it produced the maximum curd diameter (18 cm), which was very closely followed by T3 (52.5×30
cm) with a diameter of 17.3 cm which is significantly similar with T4 (17.2). However, minimum curd diameter (16.1 cm) was
recorded in T1 (45×45 cm). The closer plant spacing showed poor results due to close competition for acquiring the nutrients,

Annex Publishers | www.annexpublishers.com Volume 1 | Issue 1

3 Journal of Plant Sciences and Crop Protection

sunlight, and space for better curd growth and development. Oad et al (2002) also reported that narrow plant spacing resulted in
the poor plant qualities [15-17].
The Weight of curd per plant (kg): The curd is the economically and nutritionally important part of cauliflower used in the human
consumption. Significant variations were observed for the weight of curd per plant. Maximum curd weight (682 g) was recorded
in T2 (52.5×45 cm) double row, followed by 672 g and 635 g curds obtained from T3 (52.5×30 cm) single row and T4 (52.5×30 cm)
double row spaced plants. Minimum curd weight 502 g was noted in T1 (55×45 cm) single row. More weight gain by T2 might be
due to the proper utilization of accumulates which were conserved by the plant, which were optimally spaced. The results are in
line with the previous findings of Oad et al. (2002) who recommended 45 cm plant spacing as the most successful plant spacing
for getting the higher yield of cauliflower, whereas the narrow plant spacing could not record satisfactory plant characteristics [15].
The Yield of curd per hectare (tons): Yield and yield attributing characters of cauliflower were significantly influenced by the
time of sowing (Table 1). The cauliflower yield increased with an increase in plant spacing up to an absolute limit, and after 45
cm spacing, it started decreasing. Maximum yield (17.3 t ha-1) was recorded from T2 (52.5×45 cm) double row followed by T3
(52.5×30 cm) single row, which produced the yield of 17 t ha-1, both were statistically the same. The lowest yield was recorded as
14.4 tonnes and 12.5 tonnes per hectare in T4 (52.5×30 cm) single row and T4 (52.5×30 cm) respectively. Low yield in case of close
spacing might be due to the higher mortality rate, lower plant height and lesser numbers of leaves per plant, shorter diameter of
curd and also the competitive growth of the plants. These results agreed with the findings of Sharma and Arora (1984), Islam et
al. (2002), Oad et al. (2002) and Masood et al. (2003) who recommended 45 cm plant spacing as the best spacing for getting the
higher yield [18-20].

Spacing No of leaves Plant height Canopy Diameter of Single head Average yield
(cm) per plant (cm) diameter (cm) head(cm) weight (g) per plot(t/ha)
45×45 21 27.6 39 16.1 502 14.4
52.5×45 23 31.3 39.5 18 682 16.8
52.5×30 22 29.4 39 17.3 672 17.3
52.5×30 20 26.8 45.3 17.2 635 12.5
CV% 2.9 3.6 3.2 4.8 6 4
LSD(0.05) 0.086 0.045 0.035 0.067 0.054 0.064
Table 1: Effect of sowing on yield of cauliflower

Physiological disorders
Major physiological disorder seen in the study was boron deficiency and blindness. Boron deficiency was seen in nearly 5% of total
plants, and blindness was seen in almost 1% of entire plants. The causes of boron deficiency in the plants might be due to the soil
quality of the cauliflower growing field having the lower concentration of the boron.

Figure 1: Level of IPs and NEs in different treatments under different spacing

Conclusion
Plant spacing is an essential factor in the growth and yield of cauliflower. Amongst various spacing, 52.5×45cm in double row
spacing proved better results in all the aspects. As a result, showed that 52.5×45 cm plant spacing excelled in almost all parameters.
This means that any increase or decrease within 45 cm plant spacing will have an adverse or decreasing effect of the growth and
yield of cauliflower.

Annex Publishers | www.annexpublishers.com Volume 1 | Issue 1

Journal of Plant Sciences and Crop Protection 4

Recommendations
Increasing the plant spacing will results in lower the yield and on the other hand if the plant spacing is decreased and the number
of plants increased but the competition amongst these high number of plants may cause less curd diameter, the weight of curd and
hence the yield may be lowered. Therefore, we suggest 45 cm plant spacing as an optimum spacing, which produced a high number
of heads as well as a higher yield of cauliflower.

Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the Plant Protection Directorate for conducting IPM training of facilitators for three months to plant
protection officers. The authors offer their thanks to trainers of Plant Protection Directorate (PPD Nepal); RK Subedi and MS Pau-
del for the guidance during setting of this trial. 

References
1. Yildirim E, Guvenc I (2005) Intercropping based on cauliflower: more productive, profitable and highly sustainable. Eur J Agron 22: 11-8.
2. Dhakal D, Shah SC, Gautam DM, Yadav RN (2009) Response of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis) to the Application of Boron and Phosphorus in the
Soils of Rupandehi District. Nepal Agric Res J 9.
3. Malik MN (1994) Vegetable Crops Horticulture. National Book Foundation, Islamabad 489-538.
4. VDD (1987) Nepal ma tarkari kheti. Vegetable Development Division (VDD), Khumaltar, Nepal.
5. Duncan DB (1955) Multiple ranges and multiple F tests. Biometrics 11: 1-42.
6. Rai MK, Gaochan D (1987) Cabbage variety trial 91-92. In: Technical Report on Variety Evaluation Trials, Seed Production and Agronomic Studies Conducted
During the Year 1985-86. HMG-FAO Vegetable Seed Production Project and Vegetable Development Division, Khumaltar.
7. Khatiwada PP (2000) Plant spacing: A key husbandry practice for rainy season cabbage production. Nepal Agri Res J 4: 48-55.
8. Karaaslan D, Boydak E, Gercek S, Simsek M (2007) Influence of irrigation intervals and row spacing on some yield components of sesame grown in Harran
region. Asian J Plant Sci 6: 623-7.
9. Khan RU, Rashid A, Khan A (1997) Effect of spacing on the seed yield of chickpea. Annual Progress Report, Arid Zone Res, Institute DI Khan 18-19.
10. Lal G (1996) Effect of nitrogen and spacing on the yield and quality of Cabbage. Annal Biol 12: 242-4.
11. Mahmood S (2005) A study of planting method and spacing on the yield of potato using TPS. Asian J Plant Sci 4: 102-5.
12. Minami K, Victoria RF (1981) Anais-da-escola-superior-de-agricultura. Hortic Abstr 38: 1-10.
13. Mujeeb-ur-Rahman, Iqbal M, Jilani MS, Waseem K (2007) Effect of different plant spacing on the production of cauliflower (Brassica oleraceae var. Botrytis)
under the agro-climatic conditions of DI Khan. Pak J Biol Sci 10: 4531-4.
14. Masoud M, Haidar I, Khan N (2003) Impact of row spacing and fertilizer levels (Diammonium phosphate) on yield and yield components of canola. Asian J
Plant Sci 2: 454-6.
15. Oad FC, Samo MA, Qayyum SM, Oad NL (2002) Performance of different cotton varieties under two-row spacings. Asian J Plant Sci 1: 134-5.
16. Park KW, Han KS, Won JH (1993) Effect of propagation method, planting density and fertilizer level on the growth of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). J
Korean Soc Hortic Sci 34: 241-7.
17. Rajput MJ, Alam SM, Mangharher AM (1993) Effect of row spacing on the growth of mungbean. Pak J Agric Res 14: 159-61.
18. Sharma RP, Arora PN (1984) Response of mid-season cauliflower to rates and time of nitrogen application and plant density. Indian J Agron 29: 468-70.
19. Islam F, Karim MR, Shahjahan MO, Hoque MR, Hossain MA (2002) Study on the effect of plant spacing on the production of turmeric at farmer`s field. Asian
J Plant Sci 1: 616-7.
20. Whitwell JD, Senior D (1988) Effect of plant spacing of autumn cauliflower on head size, curd yield, and quality for processing. Acta Hortic 220: 235-44.

Submit your next manuscript to Annex Publishers and

benefit from:
→ Easy online submission process
→ Rapid peer review process
→ Online article availability soon after acceptance for Publication
→ Open access: articles available free online
→ More accessibility of the articles to the readers/researchers within the field
→ Better discount on subsequent article submission
Submit your manuscript at
http://www.annexpublishers.com/paper-submission.php

Annex Publishers | www.annexpublishers.com Volume 1 | Issue 1