Module 1 / Week 1 Title: Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology: College of Criminal Justice

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA
LEARNING
MODULE COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE
University Road, Poblacion, Muntinlupa City
QD/CCJ/0__ Course Title: Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology

Issue No. 0 Revision No. 0 Effectivity Date 07 September 2020 Page No. 1 of 126
MODULE 1 / WEEK 1
Title: Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
INTRODUCTION
“Forensic Chemistry is the application of Chemistry to Law” (Khan, Kennedy
& Christian, 2012)
In this module, we will be dealing with the application of theories and principles in the
solution of legal problems in relation to the administration of justice. The module includes
science and technology to investigate and establish facts in criminal or civil courts of law. The
role of a forensic chemist in the scientific investigation is a challenging task for everyone who
will be in the field of law enforcement. Let us learn and fulfill these tasks together.
LEARNING TARGETS
After finishing the module, you are expected to:
1. Discuss the history of Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology.
2. Explain as well as appreciate the importance of Forensic Chemistry in relation to
solving legal problems.
3. Enumerate and explain the golden rule in the practice of Forensic Chemistry.
4. Describe and appreciate the functions of a forensic chemist and the qualities he
must possess to fulfill his job.
ENGAGE
LEARNING

Directions: Match each premise in A with the appropriate response in B.
A B
____1. Often called to render testimony on a) Forensic Chemistry

court.
____2. Deals with application of chemical

principles in the solution of crimes.
b) Forensic Chemist
____3. Deals with examination of poisonous

substances, its dosage and effects
c) Forensic Toxicology
____4. Deals with the identification of

evidence, its physical and chemical properties
____5. Deals with human internal organs,

food samples for the purpose of detecting
toxins, its effect and treatment.
LEARNING

Answer the following questions:
1. What are the other works of a forensic chemist before he could render testimony in court?
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2. How will you differentiate Forensic Chemistry from Forensic Toxicology?

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B. Directions: As a future criminologist, share what you know (Knowledge), do (skills), and
feel (behavior) about a witness in court.
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS ATTITUDE
As a future criminologist, I As a future criminologist, I As a future criminologist, I

know… do…. feel…
(Sample Response) (Samples Response) (Sample Response)
That forensic chemistry is Readings are That honesty and
Directions: In your opinion, what else do you need to learn to be able to apply the theories and
principles of Chemistry in your future career?
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EXPLORE
LABORATORY
CLINICAL LAB SCIENTIFIC/CRIMINAL LAB
- Written hospital organization w/o - Within police organization

examine specimen i.e. urine, blood, EX: Evidence in solving crim
tissue, sputum to determine presence
of disease or infection
1. Pathologist - Medico required forensic
2. Med technologist/med technicians chemist/medico legal officer
DEVELOPMENTAL OF SCIENTIFIC CRIME LABORATRY IN THE PHILIPPINES

1876 1. MEDICO TITULARIS – Royal (Act) Decree #188: recognition of value of science;
gives.
Medico-legal and perform public sanitary activity and physician-forensic physician
1884 – Gov. Gen Joaquin Javellar – created a committee under first – chemist – Anacieto del
Rosario – analysis of water and food
1877 2. Municipal Laboratory de Manila
1888 - Anacieto del Rosario – First Director thru competitive exam
1894 3. Laboratory Medico Legal – assist the judicial branch of government: Director –
physician (pathologist); and Asst. – pharmacist/chemist
1895 1st Clinical laboratory thru the effort of Antonio Luna
1896 Spanish – Fil. Revolution – advancement of scientific law as paralyzed
1899 American regime – Pasig River – Lt. Robert Strong
1901 DEAN WORCESTAR – initiated advance scientific work to be done
July 01, 1901 – Secret work involve initially done: biological/chemical analysis – preparation
of vaccines and serums
1907 Bureau of Gov’t and Bureau of Mines – became Bureau of Science
1915 Dept. of Legal Medicine – housed in University of the Philippines: took charge in all
courses related to medicine; and Sixto delos Angeles was the hea
1924 became a part of Department of JusticE
1937 Div. of Investigation – given a define movement of a lab. w/c is national
In scope
1938 it was abolished
1939 CID – Criminal Investigation Division
1942 Criminal Investigation Law – Dr. PABKI ANZURES (head); and Marcelina Villaros – 1st
female detective and chemist
1944 JAPANESE-PHIL. REVOLUTION: Pres. Jose Laurel – mends all Law Enforcement;
and Bureau of Investigation (BI)
1945 City of Medical examiner office – CI Lab – Manila Police – Science Law work office
of medical Examiner Officer up to now
1. 1939 – PC or Crime Labe (CID)
2. 1942 – Manila Police Crime Lab (Dr. Pablo Anzures) (CIL)
3. 1945 – NBI – DI (nucleus) – 6 forensic chemist and 3 Asst. Chemist
Reflection Questions:
Directions: Answer the following questions.
1. Why do we need to trace the development of scientific crime laboratories in the

Philippines?
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2. At present, what other distinct laboratories in the Phil. Performing forensic chemical
analyses do you know?
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3. Are the forensic chemists efficient in doing their responsibilities?
Yes or No? Why or why not?
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4. What are you going to do to correct the wrong doing of some crime investigators?
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EXPLAIN
Forensic Chemistry: A science which deals with the application of principles of chemistry in
the solution of problems that arise in the administration of justice or it is a Chemistry applied in
the elucidation of legal problems.
SCOPE:
1. Embraces the chemical side of the investigation
2. Analysis of the evidence
3. Invaded the branches of forensic sciences
a. Photography
b. Legal Medicine
c. Ballistic – gunpowder or gunshot residue (GSR)
d. Fingerprint – Dactyloscopy
e. Questioned Document
SIX GOLDEN RULES IN THE PRACTICE OF FORENSIC CHEMISTRY

1. Be thorough/exact – careful and minute examination of everything and must do
qualitative and quantitative analyses.
2. Go slowly – good work cannot be hurried therefore take all the time necessary to
make the case complete no matter how urgent it may appear.
3. Take Notes – keep a neat and clean record of everything seen and done.
4. Consult Others – be humble to consult those who know better.
5. Use imagination – an expert witness does not have to be solely imagination but has
to be skilled in the field of Forensic Science. He must bear witness within the limits
of science.
6. Avoid complicated theories – the simplest explanation is fundamentally the right

ones.
STAGES IN THE PRACTICE OF FORENSIC CHEMISTRY

1. COLLECTION OF SPECIMENS
a. Sufficiency of collection
b. Collection of standards or comparison
c. Maintenance of individuality
d. Correct labeling and sealing
2. ANALYSIS OF EXAMINATION OF SPECIMEN/EVIDENCE

a. Physical/ Macroscopic
b. Microscopic
c. Chemical aspect
d. Biological
3. COMMUNICATION OF EVIDENCE – confine the result within you and to the

designated member of the parent’s family.
4. COURT APPEARANCE – presentation of the results or findings on the examination

ELABORATE
Guided Practice
Directions:
1. Review the stages in the practice of Forensic Chemistry.
2. Collect a sample of urine using these stages
3. Apply all the parts needed to present your specimen/evidence.
4. Get a picture of what you have prepared and attach this on your paper.
5. Explain your preparation from the start to the end.
Picture Explanation
EVALUATION
Directions: Read the following statements carefully
Write A – if the first and second statements are true
B – if the first statement is true and the second statement is false
C – if the first statement is false and second statement is true
D – if both statements are false
______1. I. the proper collection, preservation and transportation of specimens are essential in
the investigation of crimes.
II. the communication of the results of the examination is not that essential in the
investigation of crimes.
______2. I. Court appearance is one of the responsibilities of a Forensic Chemist.

II. The actual examination of the sample specimens is another work of a Forensic
Chemist.
______3. I. When the evidence in question is located in or added with foreign substance, a
sample of such foreign substance may not be submitted for analysis.
II. In cases of adulteration of samples, a genuine sample must be submitted for
comparison.
______4. I. the evidence can still be of value in court even if improperly labelled.
II. the name of the person who collected the sample may not be included in the label of a
specimen.
______5. I. In explaining the results of investigation, it is but proper to use complicated theories
to prove expertise in the job.
II. The result of investigation should be hurriedly done to solve the case easily.
References:
Cejes, G.L., Libres, M. (2018) Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology (Second Edition) by: Chapter
House Pub. Inc.
Other suggested cases/readings:
Essential of Forensic Chemistry and in Criminal System (Revised Edition) by: Arlyn M. Dascil –
Canete EBooks provided by the Faculty in charge forensic chemistry and for medical profession
(UPPGH DR)
A Primer on the Dangerous Drugs (Act RA 9165), Cong. Tony Cuenco, 2202.
Ainsworth, M.C. Inks and Their Composition and Manufacture, Charles Griffin and Company
Ltd., 1904
Websites:
https://www.innovateus.net/science/what-are-different-types-explosives, 26 Sept. 2013
https://www.scienceclarified.com/Ex-Ga/Explosives.html#ixzz2gAm-Ldk8Y, 26 Sept. 2013
https://www.srcribd.com/doc/96105411/Paraffin-Test, 26 Sept 2013
MODULE 2 / WEEK 2
Title: Witness
INTRODUCTION
“If the Law has made you a witness, remain a man of Science, you have no victim to avenge, no
guilty or innocent person to ruin or save. You must bear witness within the limits of science.”
In this module, we are going to tackle the important role of a witness in giving solution to a legal
problem. The qualities and abilities of a witness to present his testimony in court will be pointed
out in our discussion. Let us learn and enjoy these tasks together.
LEARNING TARGETS
1. Differentiate an ordinary witness from an expert witness
2. Describe and analyze the value of testimony which may be done by an ordinary or expert
witness.
ENGAGE
A B
1. Must be skilled in the art, science or a. Ordinary Witness
trade he is testifying.
2. Can testify on things which he has not

seen by giving his opinions, b. Expert Witness
deductions or conclusion on the
statement of facts.
3. Can only state what his senses have

perceived.
4. May not be skilled on the line he is

testifying.
1. What are the qualifications of an ordinary witness?

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2. What are the qualifications of an expert witness?
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3. How important is the witness in court?

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Directions: As a future criminologist, share what you know (Knowledge), do (skills), and feel
(behavior) about a witness in court.

That witness in court may be Researching and learning That honesty
Directions: In your opinion, what else do you need to learn to be able to get good witness in
court?
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EXPLORE
Witness is one who testifies in court and has personal knowledge or experience of something.
A person, other than a suspect who is requested to give information concerning an incident or
person. He may be a victim, a complainant, an accuser, a source of information’s and an
observer of an occurrence.
1. What can you say about
a) witness
b) Suspect
c) Victim?
d) Complainant
e) Accuser
f) Observer
g) eye witness
2.Have you ever experienced being one of those mentioned in number one? What did you
feel?
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EXPLAIN
A witness in court may be Ordinary or Expert. Under the law, an ordinary witness must have
the following qualifications:
1. He must have the organ and power to perceive.

2. The perception gathered by his sense organ can be imparted to others.
3. He does not fail in any of the exception provided for the Sec. 26, Ruler 123, Rules
of Court.
Ordinary Witness is one who states facts and may not express his opinions or conclusions.
Expert Witness – one who possesses a special skill be it in art, trade or science or one who has
special knowledge in matters not generally known to men of ordinary education and experience.
ELABORATE
Guided Practice
Directions: Answer the following questions
1. Will there be a case without witness? Are they the only source of truth?
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2. Why are there some people who do not want to stand as witness in court even if they
know the truth?
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3. What is the impact in you of this saying “The Truth shall Prevail” if after telling all the
truths as witness to a crime, the case failed?
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EVALUATION
Directions: Write True on the line before the number if the statement is true. If it is false, write
an explanation of the error you spotted on the box.
________________ 1. An expert witness may become an ordinary witness if he speaks only on

what his senses have perceived.
________________ 2. An ordinary witness can testify on things or facts he has not perceived.
________________ 3. The result of DNA analysis can easily be presented and explained in court
by an ordinary witness.
________________ 4. The speed of a vehicle can be testified by an ordinary witness.
________________ 5. The genuineness of a handwriting as compared to a standard does not

need an expert testimony.
References:
House Pub. Inc.
(UPPGH DR)
Ltd., 1904
Websites:
MODULE 3 / WEEK 2
Title: Blood and Blood Stains
INTRODUCTION
The significance of blood and bloodstains as evidence in crimes of violence is very evident.
So, in this module, we have to deal with the tests for the identification of blood as important
part of the routine investigation of many cases of violent deaths.
LEARNING TARGETS
1. Define “serology” and discuss its importance in criminal investigation.
2. Explain the different methods employed in conducting blood examination.
3. Appreciate the value or importance of the study of human blood.
ENGAGE
A B
1. The most abundant protein in the a) Blood

blood
b) Bloodstain
2. A circulating tissue of the body
c) Plasma
3. The fluid or liquid portion of blood
d) Albumen
4. It is useful for interpreting of events
1. Describe the physical characteristics of the human blood?
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2. Compare the 3 kinds of cells found in the human blood?
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3. What are the Physical Tests for blood?
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4. What are the Chemical Tests for blood?
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5. Give other tests for human blood and describe each.
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(behavior) about a witness in court.

That blood and bloodstains Research and read more That patience and
are
Directions: In your opinion, what else do you need to learn.
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EXPLORE
In medico-legal cases, the blood- and blood-stained materials will be the object of meticulous
examination in the crime laboratory and the following are to be considered:
1. Determination whether the stain is blood or not
2. If blood, determination whether human blood or not.
3. If human blood, determination of the blood groups or blood types it belongs.
Blood Groups – Blood Type A, B, AB, O

a. Clotting of the blood
b. Approximate amount of blood loss
c. Nature, Configuration, Manner, Degree and condition of the stain
The Blood may stain the following materials: clothing, wounding weapon or instrument, tires
or body of vehicles, house flooring, pavement of streets, furniture and other objects.
The Four Test for Blood

a. Preliminary Test – determines whether the stain contains blood or another substance.
b. Confirmatory Test – it possibly identifies blood.
c. Precipitin Test – determines whether the stain is of human or animal origin.
d. Blood Grouping Test – determines the blood group if human blood (A, B, AB, O).
1. Why do we have to gather the blood- and blood-stained materials in a crime scene?
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2. How can we be sure that the blood is from humans or from another animal?
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3. Is blood the only basis for solving a crime?

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EXPLAIN
Serology is a branch of Science that deals with the determination of the type and characteristics
of blood, blood testing and the examination of bloodstain, semen, saliva and other body fluids
that may or may not be involved in DNA typing. The preparation of testimony through the
results obtained in Serology and its presentation in a trial by oral and written testimony is the
main job of a Forensic Serologist.
Blood can be used as circumstantial or corroborative evidence in identifying the perpetrator of a
crime. It can also be used to prove disputed parentage as in paternity test. It can determine the
cause of death or length of time at which the victim survived an attack. With the use of
visualizing agents such as luminol and hydrogen peroxide, bloodstain patterns help determine the
direction of the escape of the victim or the assailant, the origin of the flow of blood and the
approximate time at which a crime was committed.
Examination of Blood
1. Screening Test
Name of Test Color reaction indicating presence

of blood
Benzidine test Intense blue
Phenolphthalein Test Deep permanganate color
Kastle-Meyer Test
Guaiacum Test (Van Deen’s or Blue
Schonbem’s Test)
Leucomalachite Green Test Bluish Green
2. Confirmatory Test
a. Microscopic Test – used to distinguish mammalian, avian, piscine, and reptilian
blood.
Species Appearance of Blood Corpuscles
Mammals Circular, biconcave disc without nucleus
Fishes, reptiles Oval and nucleated, the nucleus is also oval

Amphibians
b. Microchemical Test – analytical chemistry is used to study small samples of
substances.
Name of Test Appearance of Crystals
Teichmann Test or Hemin Crystal Test Dark brown rhombic crystal of hemin or
hematin chloride, which is arranged singly
or in clusters
Takayama (Haemochromogen Test) Large rhombic crystals with salmon pink

color arranged in clusters or sheaves
Acetone Hemin or Wazenhaar Test Small and dark dichroic acicular crystals
made of acetone
c. Precipitin Test
d. Parentage Test
ELABORATE
Guided Practice
Blood groups are hereditary and science has proven that the ABO system is one of the
best ways in determining these parentage.
Application of the ABO System
Parents Possible Children Impossible Children

O+O O only A, B, AB
O+A O, A B, AB
O+B O, B A, AB
A+A O, A B, AB
B+B O, B A, AB
A+B O, A, B, AB NONE
O + AB A, B O, AB
A + AB A, B, AB O
B + AB A, B, AB O
AB + AB A, B, AB O
The most recent test for percentage is through DNA Testing which relies on the DNA strands
from both parents, to determine the veracity of paternity beyond 99%.
EVALUATION
Directions: Write T on the line before the number if the statement is true. If it is false, write an
explanation of the error you spotted on the box.
________________ 1. Parents with blood types B and O can have offspring of types B and O
only.
________________ 2. Blood groups data can also be used to determine compatibility of mates.
________________ 3. The blood is a fluid of growth and health that transport hormones from
glands and disease fighting substances to the body tissues.
________________ 4. Microscopic Test is a confirmatory test.

________________ 5. Guaiacum Test gives a bluish green color reaction indicating presence of
blood.
References:
House Pub. Inc.
(UPPGH DR)
Ltd., 1904
Websites:
MODULE 4 / WEEK 3
Title: Semen and Seminal Fluids
INTRODUCTION
In this module, we are going to tackle the importance of semen and seminal fluid in the
routine examination of sexual offenses like rape, bestiality, and others. With this module we
will become more aware on the tests to be done on semen and seminal fluids so these will be
useful for forensic examination and results could be presented in court testimony. Continue
answering and enjoy learning with this module.
LEARNING TARGETS
1. Describe the process of forensic characterization of semen and seminal stain.
2. Explain the collection, preservation and transit of specimen.
3. Discuss the phases of semen and seminal fluid examination.
4. Appreciate the importance of semen and crime detection.
ENGAGE
A B
____1. Spermatozoa, small objects with pear a. Semen

shaped head with a tail
____2. Composite solution formed by the

testes and the male accessory organs
b. Sperm Cell
____3. Viscid, gelatinous fluid, composed of

seminal fluid and spermatozoa
c. Seminal Fluid
____4. A condition where males have d. Aspermia

abnormally low sperm control.
e. Oligospermia
____5. Condition where males do not have

spermatozoa at all in the seminal fluid.
1. What are the vital components of the seminal fluid? The following are the chemical
components?
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2. What are the functions of seminal fluids?

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3. What are the components of semen?

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(behavior) about semen and seminal fluids.

That Readings and I feel
Directions: In your opinion, what else do you need to learn?

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EXPLORE
The forensic examination follows a two-step process:
1. Location of the semen
2. Conduct of tests to prove the identity of the one who produces it.
There are two methods to locate semen. First is the acid phosphate color test and the second is
manually examining the semen left on a fabric. This can be done by the use of ultra violet
(UV) fluorescent light, where semen created blue lamination, making it easier for investigators
to detect its presence.
In collecting semen evidence for cases involving rape, following precautions must be
considered.
1. Rape victim must be subjected to a medical examination. Evidence may be collected
which include pubic hairs, blood, vaginal swabs, any piece of clothing, and fingernails
scapings.
2. Outer/undergarments must be placed in separate paper bags with proper evidence tag.
3. A suspect must also undergo medical examination, during which clothing, hairs, penile
swab and blood samples are collected for comparison.
Objects found at the scene of the crime should be submitted to the laboratory for documentation.
1. Have you experienced collecting samples of such kind?

If yes, how did you feel?
If no, try it, then share your experience?
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2. If a rape victim will report to you, what are you going to do to help her?
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EXPLAIN
Forensic examination of Semen and Seminal Fluid
1. Wet Specimen – a drop of the fluid s placed on a glass slide, add a few drops of
distilled water. Examine under the high-powered microscope to determine the
presence of sperm cells.
2. Dry Specimen
a. Physical Examination
 Dry semen has stiff starchy feeling when deposited on a piece of
clothing. It exhibits bluish fluorescence under ultra violet (UV) light.
b. Chemical Examination
 Florence Test – named after Dr. Florence of Lyons, uses potassium
iodide that results in the formation of crystals to indicate the presence
of choline.
 Barberio’s Test – using pyric acid as crystallizing agent that forms

spermine pyric crystals, which appear as sender yellow-tainted
rhomboid needles with obtuse angles and sometimes as ovoid crystals.
 Acid Phosphatase (Dr. Sidney Kaye) – produces an orange pigment
which indicates the presence of acid phosphatase enzyme, that
indicates human origin.
c. Microscopic Examination
 Identifies spermatozoa or sperm cells with a head and thin

flagellate tail as viewed under a high-powered microscope.
ELABORATE
Guided Practice
Answer the following questions
1. In Florence Test, what is the substance in semen that is identified by crystalline

formation? The substance is
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2. These crystals confirm

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3. What is the difference between choline and acid phosphatase?
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4. What factors will render the seminal stain useless for forensic examination?
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LEARNING
QD/CCJ/0__ Course Title:

38 of
Issue No. 0 Revision No. 0 Effectivity Date 07 September 2020 Page No. 126
EVALUATION
Directions: Write True on the line before the number if the statement is true. If it is false,
write an explanation of the error you spotted on the box.
________________ 1. Some sexual crimes may involve males who have an abnormally low
sperm count called oligospermia, this may arise as a problem in the examination of sperm
using a microscope.
________________ 2. Non-motile sperm can still be collected from a living female from
three to six days.
________________ 3. Under UV light semen creates orange pigments which indicate a

human origin.
________________ 4. Dry semen could not anymore be used as specimen in forensic

examination.
________________ 5. Biological examination is not used to differentiate human from animal

seminal fluid.
LEARNING

39 of
References:
Cejes, G.L., Libres, M. (2018) Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology (Second Edition) by:
Chapter House Pub. Inc.
Essential of Forensic Chemistry and in Criminal System (Revised Edition) by: Arlyn M.
Dascil – Canete EBooks provided by the Faculty in charge forensic chemistry and for
medical profession (UPPGH DR)
Ainsworth, M.C. Inks and Their Composition and Manufacture, Charles Griffin and
Company Ltd., 1904
Websites:
LEARNING

40 of
MODULE 5 / WEEK 4
Title: Hair and Fibers
INTRODUCTION
In this module, Hair and Fibers will be discussed together though they are different from
one another. In the field of forensic science hair is one of the most common types of
evidence found at the crime scene which may fall out on blanket, clothing and other
materials. This is because hair transfer might have occurred during physical contact
between the victim and the suspect. Enjoy working and learning with this module.
LEARNING TARGETS
1. Identify the parts of human hair.
2. Trace and discuss the sources of hair evidence
3. Describe the significant role of human hair as evidence in crime investigation
4. Enumerate and compare the classes of fibers and fabrics
5. Appreciate the significant role of fibers as evidence in crime investigation.
LEARNING

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ENGAGE
A B
____1. Contains the most information about a. Hair Shaft
the hair.
____2. Determine if hair was pulled by b. Cortex
force
____3. Slender, thread like outgrowths of c. Tip
the epidermis
____4. Would show if hair was cut, or had d. Hair
split ends
____5. Contains hair color pigmentation e. Root Bulb
____6. Filament, smallest single unit that f. Fiber
forms the basis of a textile yarn or thread
LEARNING

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1. What are the 3 Principal parts of the hair? Describe each part.
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2. What are the 3 parts of the hair shaft? Describe each part
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3. Enumerate some sources of hair

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4. What are the innate qualities of hair that make them useful as trace evidence?
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LEARNING

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Directions: As a future criminologist, share what you know (Knowledge), do (skills), and -
feel (behavior) about hair and fibers.

As a future criminologist, I As a future criminologist, I As a future criminologist,
know… do…. I feel…
That research That patience
_________________________ ______________________
Directions: In your opinion, what else do you need to learn
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
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EXPLORE
For a crime scene specialist, it is difficult to initially locate hair evidence at the crime scene.
It must be done in thorough, detailed and precise manner. Areas to search are the victim’s
body, underneath finger nails, unholstered surfaces such as furniture and car seats, head gear
and clothing with special focus on pockets, cuffs and linings.
In collecting hair at the crime scene this should be carefully removed with the use of fingers
or pair of tweezers. The sample must be individually wrapped, packaged and labeled and
properly separated during packaging for transmittal. After collecting all visible items of
evidence at the crime scene, the premises must be swept with a vacuum sweeper with filter
attachment. The contents of the vacuum should be placed in plastic bags and properly labeled
for storage. Hair evidence gathered from the suspect and from the victim must be placed in
separate containers.
1. Why are the samples be collected individually, properly packaged and labeled?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. What must be your proper attitude as you will be collecting samples like hair? Why?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
3. How will these develop you or help you in your future career?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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EXPLAIN
The examination of evidence is useful in crimes of violence such as sexual assault,

homicide and aggravated assault where physical contact is likely to have occurred. Other
crimes such as burglary and armed robbery, typically involve the recovery of debris and
articles of clothing that may contain hairs that in turn, can be used to identify the suspects.
In Forensic laboratory, the examination of human hairs is conducted using a

comparison microscope. This is not considered a conclusive test because it is difficult to
establish a statistical probability for a particular association with the microscopic
characteristics present in hair. However, this can still help eliminate a suspect from the crime
scene.
Hairs may fall on clothing, blankets and other textile fibers. The discovery of fibers
like those in the suspect’s clothing, is an important element in criminal investigation to place
a suspect at the crime scene. It is a fact that criminal investigators have become more aware
of the importance of fibers just like hair in various crimes of violence. This is because their
value as trace evidences has been recognized by various courts of law worldwide.
A fiber or filament is the smallest single unit that forms the basis of a textile yarn. A
yarn or thread in lawman’s term is composed of numerous fibers that are spun, twisted or
drawn together to prepare the unit for wearing or knitting.
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ELABORATE
Guided Practice
1. What are the classes of fibers? Describe each.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
2. What is the value of fiber evidence in criminal investigation?

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
3. Where do you search for fiber evidences?

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
4. How will you avoid contamination of fiber evidences?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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EVALUATION
________________ 1. Hair evidence gathered from the suspect and from the victim must be
combined in one container.
________________ 2. Hair is useful as trace evidence because it does not contain DNA.
________________ 3. Hair vary from person to persons and continually fall from the body
make hair not useful as trace evidence.
________________ 4. Fiber evidence can be interchanged between the suspect and victim,
especially in violent crimes such as rape and murder.
________________ 5. This interchange can help prove that the suspect and victim were in
the same location and can weaken the credibility of the rapist’s alibi when he says he was
never around the victim.
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References:
Company Ltd., 1904
Websites:
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MODULE 6 / WEEK 5
Title: DNA Profiling
INTRODUCTION
In this module, we will be dealing with a molecule that contains all genetic information
used in the development and functioning of all known viruses and living organisms. We
will be exploring the use of DNA in forensics on how accurate it is in giving results on a
particular issue.
LEARNING TARGETS
1. Describe the properties of DNA
2. Explain the methods of DNA Profiling and its uses
3. Describe and appreciate the standards of Forensic DNA Typing.
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ENGAGE
A B
____1. Also called “genetic fingerprinting” a. Deoxyribonucleic Acid or DNA
____2. Contain the genes which carry

hereditary traits. b. DNA Typing or DNA Profiling
c. Chromosomes
____3. The genetic “blue print of life”
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1. What is DNA?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Give some biological evidences that can be submitted for DNA analysis
a) ______________________________ d) ______________________________
b) ______________________________ e) ______________________________
c) _______________________________ f) ______________________________
3. Give some cases where DNA analysis can be of help
a) ______________________________ d) ______________________________
b) ______________________________ e) ______________________________
c) _______________________________ f) ______________________________
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feel (behavior) about a witness in court.

That analyze That diligence
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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EXPLORE
DNA Profiling may also be called “genetic fingerprinting”. This was first developed
in 1984 by a British geneticist, Sir Alec Jeffreys and first used in Forensic Science to
convict Colin Pitchfork in the 1998 Enderby Murder Case.
To begin DNA Profiling, the court issues orders for the extraction of biological
evidence for the possible determination of DNA match. Pending cases can now be re-
examined. DNA Profiling can also be used to identify victims of mass casualty incidents.
This procedure is called Disaster Victim Identification (DVI). It is also used to identify
individual victims in mass war graves by finding matches with living family members.
DNA analysis is widely applied in determining genetic family relationships such as
paternity, maternity, siblingships and others kindships.
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1. How is DNA analysis used to identify with accuracy the perpetrators of crime?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. Even if DNA results are accurate, what problems may arise during the presentation
of results in court?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3. How do you feel if a case failed even if the DNA result is accurate?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
EXPLAIN
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Methods of DNA Profiling
1. Restriction Fragments Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Analysis one of the first

methods used in finding out genetics used for DNA Profiling.
2. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Analysis

- It identifies specific DNA sequences of interest, wherein the DNA sample
is denatured into separate individual strands. This method replicates DNA
into a million-fold in two hours or less.
3. Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Analysis

- It uses highly polymorphic regions with short repeated sequences. It helps
identify unrelated individuals.
4. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AmpFLP) Analysis

- This is faster than RFLP analysis and uses PCR to amplify DNA samples.
It relies on variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism to
distinguish DNA samples from one another. It is cheaper and easier to set-
up and operate.
ELABORATE
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Guided Practice
1. Give some standards of admissibility of Forensic DNA Typing
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
2. Why is DNA analysis very important in forensic investigation?

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
EVALUATION
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________________ 1. DNA is a chemical substance found in all cells whose composition has
been passed on from parent to their children.
________________ 2. Human DNA molecules are double-stranded helices that consist of

two long biopolymers called nucleotides.
________________ 3. During cell division, chromosomes are duplicated, providing each cell
ts own unique set of chromosomes.
________________ 4. Bones and teeth could not be subjected for DNA analysis
________________ 5. DNA Profiling can now allow cases to be reopened where previous
trials have failed to produce sufficient evidence to convict a suspect.
References:
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Company Ltd., 1904
Websites:
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MODULE 7/ WEEK 6
Title: Gunpowder Residue
INTRODUCTION
In this module, we will be focusing on gunpowder residue, its characteristics and the tests to
be made on the presence of nitrates when a person fired a gun. The limitations of Paraffin
Test will help us realize that this test is not conclusive but rather a corroborative evidence.
Enjoy your work as you learn from it.
LEARNING TARGETS
1. Describe gunshot residue or gunpowder residue.

2. Differentiate the types of gunpowder.
3. Discuss the tests for gunpowder nitrates
4. Appreciate the effect of these gunpowder residue tests.
ENGAGE
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A B
____1. Composed of nitrocellulose or a. Black Powder
nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine and other
stabilizers.
b. Nitrate
____2. A mixture of carbon or charcoal
(15%), sulfur (10%) and potassium nitrate
(75%)
c. Paraffin-Diphenylamine Test
____3. Test the presence of nitrates in the
gunpowder residue
d. Smokeless Powder
____4. Reactive chemical component of
gunpowder

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1. What are the two kinds of gunpowder? Differentiate one from the other.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What is gunshot residue? What is its composition?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. What factors affect the presence and amount of gunpowder residue? Describe each.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
feel (behavior) about gunshot powder residue
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As a future criminologist, I As a future criminologist, As a future criminologist, I
know… I do…. feel…
That read That ______________________
_____________________ ___________________ ___________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
EXPLORE
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Gunshot residue is mainly composed of burned and unburned particles from the propellant,
the explosive primer, the components from the bullet, as well as the cartridge case and the
firearm used.
Gunshot residue is an extremely fragile evidence and should be collected immediately,
preferably within three hours of the firearm’s discharge.
In collecting evidence of this type, one should use the laboratory-supplied GSR kits and
follow the directions carefully.
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1. Describe what Paraffin Test is and how it is being conducted.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the characteristics of a positive result for nitrates from gunpowder residue?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3. Is the positive result conclusive?

If yes, why?
If no, why not?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
EXPLAIN
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A Paraffin Test is a method used for detecting gunshot residue. The test determines
whether or not a person fired a gun. It may be a means to provide conclusive evidence in a
clinical trial. A paraffin test is also called Lunge’s Test, Diphenylamine Test, Dermal Nitrate
test and Gonzales Test, named after the scientist who improved the test. This originated from
Cuba and was first employed by Dr. Gonzalo Iturrios when he used paraffin to collect and
examine gunpowder residues from discharged firearms.
ELABORATE
Guided Practice
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1. What is the ideal time allotment for performing a Paraffin Cast? Explain.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
2. Other substances similar to nitrate will react with the reagent in the same way, thus
giving a false positive result. These substances include the following
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
3. Are there instances in which testing the person who actually discharged a gun can
still give a negative result? Why?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
EVALUATION
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_______________ 1. Absence of gunpowder residue on the person’s hands or body parts
means that he did not discharge the firearm.
________________ 2. Positive result of nitrates present on the body parts of a person is

conclusive that he did the firing of the gun.
________________ 3. Ordinary washing will remove nitrates from the pores of the skin.
________________ 4. More powder residue will be obtained when the gun is discharged
pointing downward.
________________ 5. Humidity lessens the extent of combustion yielding more gunpowder

residue on the shooter.
References:
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Company Ltd., 1904
Websites:
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MODULE 8/ WEEK 7
Title: Explosives and Explosions
INTRODUCTION
In this module, Explosives and Explosion are differentiated. that explosives are of
different types with the accompanying set of characteristics unique to them. that
explosives are characterized by the explosion and the detonation they create. The analysis
of explosives and the contents of these are also important to deal with. Let us explore
more on explosion as we answer this module.
LEARNING TARGETS
1. Describe and classify explosives, according to their characteristics.
2. Differentiate explosives from explosion.
3. Identify the effects of explosion which may be brought by explosives.
4. Appreciate the role or importance of explosives.
ENGAGE
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A B
____1. Violent explosion due to a) Explosives
instantaneous combustion or decomposition
of unstable compounds
____2. Trinitrotoluene, most widely used b) Explosion
explosive
____3. Substances containing large amount c) TNT
of energy, capable of undergoing rapid
chemical reaction
____4. Violent bursting or expansion d) Detonation
caused by the release of mechanical,
chemical and nuclear energy from a
confined area.

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1. What are the classification of explosives based from their chemical composition?
Describe each.
A) __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
B) __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
C) __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. What are the classification of explosives with respect to functioning characteristics?

Describe each.
A) __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
B) __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
C) __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Give other explosives and their characteristics

A) __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
B) __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
C) __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
feel (behavior) about explosives.
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As a future criminologist, I As a future criminologist, I As a future criminologist,
know… do…. I feel…
That read That
_________________________
_
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
EXPLORE
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Explosive is any chemical compound or mixture that under the influence of heat, pressure,
friction or shock undergoes a sudden chemical change or decomposition.
The speed of chemical reaction or detonation of the explosives determines the

classification of explosives as
A) Low Explosives
a) Primer – lead oxide, mercury fulminate
b) Ignite – black, gunpowder
c) Propellants – launching projectiles
B) Primary and Initiating Explosives -extremely sensitive to detonation by heat,

stock, friction and impact. Used primarily to start on explosion. Example:
Initiators, blasting caps, shock primer.
C) High Explosives- have high detonating rate like dynamites, TNT and cyclonite
(RDX).
According to chemical structure

a) Organic explosives – nitro – containing organic compound
b) Inorganic explosives – salt – containing explosives.
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1. Why do we have to classify explosives as to low or high?

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. How could we differentiate explosive from explosion?

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3. Will there be explosion even without explosive?

If yes, why?
If no, why not?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
EXPLAIN
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Explosion is a phenomenon resulting from a sudden release of energy, moving outward in

various ways. Implosion is a similar phenomenon that the energy release is directed inward.
Explosion can be mechanical if there is a sudden breaking apart, shattering or bursting into
pieces by internal pressure. Atomic Explosion result from atomic transformations. Chemical
explosion – source of energy is from an explosive substance like gunpowder. Explosion may
occur even if there is no explosive, it may be caused by sudden breaking apart. Shattering or
bursting by internal pressure, such as those caused by expansion. Even the tiniest drop of
water can be considered as explosion.
ELABORATE
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Guided Practice
1. What are the main effects of explosion?

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
2. What factors affect the rate of explosion?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
3. Why do we have to be extra careful in handling substances which may explode?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
EVALUATION
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________________ 1. Even the tiniest drop of water can be considered as explosion.
________________ 2. Explosion occurs only if there are explosives.
________________ 3. In implosion the energy released is initially directed inward.
________________ 4. Inorganic explosives contain carbon-nitro groups.
________________ 5. High explosives have slow rate of decomposition and that wave
produced is less than the speed of sound.
References:
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Company Ltd., 1904
Websites:
MODULE 9/ WEEK 8
Title: Soil Analysis and Metallurgy
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INTRODUCTION
In this module, we are going to work on soil analysis and metallurgy. We usually find in the
crime scene materials or objects with soil and metals. Since soil together with metals may be
found in the same location of crimes it is but proper for us to discuss them together with
their similarities and differences. Together let us enjoy working and learning with this
module.
LEARNING TARGETS
1. Describe soil and the process of soil collection.
2. Enumerate and discuss the steps in soil sample analysis
3. Define metallurgy
4. Discuss the application of metallurgy in crime investigation.
5. Appreciate the importance of soil analysis and metallurgy in giving solution to crime
problems.
ENGAGE
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A B
____1. Solid solution composed of metals a. Soil
b. Petrography
____2. Mixture of particles from living and
non-living things
c. Metallurgy
____3. Study of rocks, minerals and soil
d. Alloy
____4. Art of working on metals
e. Macro-Etching
____5. Application of chemical solution on
a metal surface for reaction to take place.

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1. What is petrography?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Define soil. What are some of its properties?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. How do we collect soil as sample for crime investigation?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. What is metallurgy?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5. In what crimes could we apply the knowledge of metallurgy?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
feel (behavior) about soil analysis.
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
EXPLORE
Soil play an important role in criminal investigation. Specifically, soil recovered from
clothes, shoes, weapons and the metals present in these, automobiles and other materials can
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be analyzed in order to trace the suspect. Soil and metal samples can be analyzed carefully by
comparing the particle size, shape, color and mineralogical composition. This could
determine if a suspect was or was not in a particular location.
1. What are some steps to be followed when we collect?
a.) Soil Samples

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
b.) Metal Samples

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. Why do we have to collect samples carefully?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
EXPLAIN
Collected samples should be placed in plastic vials or bags for transport.

Label specifying the time, place of collection and name of the person who collected.
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Follow the so-called chain of custody. Analysis of the samples will be done in the
laboratory by the experts.
ELABORATE
Guided Practice
1. What are some laboratory tests for soil sample? Describe how they are being done.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. How can we determine the composition of an alloy or a metal?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3. In metals, how can altered or obliterated serial numbers be restored?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
EVALUATION
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________________ 1. Soil contents or composition are the same in all locations.
________________ 2. All metals vary in physical and chemical characteristics.
________________ 3. Vehicles involved in accidents could leave lumps of soil from under
the wheel wells and fenders. These should be collected, wrapped, packed and labeled with the
date, location and time of collection. The name of collector may not be included because it is
not that important.
________________ 4. The chemical composition of a metal or alloy can be determined from

the physical appearance.
________________ 5. In some cases, layers of soil or mud are used to establish presence at
specific locations.
References:
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Company Ltd., 1904
Websites:
MODULE 10/ WEEK 10

Title: Glass and Glass Fragments
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INTRODUCTION
In this module, we will deal with glass, glass fragments and glass fractures because they are
often used as evidence in criminal investigation. We will be working on the value of these
materials as evidence or as investigative lead. The properties of glass and the causes of glass
fracture will all be parts of the module for us to learn more and appreciate the role of glass
and glass fragments in crime investigation. Hope you will enjoy learning and answering this
module.
LEARNING TARGETS
1. Describe glass according to its physical and chemical properties.
2. Identify the causes of glass fractures as well as its different types
3. Determine the factors to be considered in glass fractures
4. Appreciate the value of glass and glass fractures as evidence in crime investigation.
ENGAGE
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A B
____1. Creates a cob-web appearance a) Glass
b) Radial fracture
____2. Mixture of silica and bases
c) Concentric fracture
____3. Resembles the spoke of a wheel
1. Describe glass. What are the physical and chemical properties of glass?
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_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. What are the causes of glass fracture?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the types of glass fracture? Differentiate one from the other.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. What factors are to be considered in glass fracture?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
feel (behavior) about glass and glass fragments
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That Research That patience
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
EXPLORE
The value of glass as evidence or in the development of investigative leads depends on its
physical properties. These properties make it determine the manner by which a piece of glass
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was broken or to determine whether glass fragments did or did not originate from the same
source.
Differences in amounts of mineral composition of ingredients used in a glass also produce
variations that can be identified under laboratory procedures. Glass seldom breaks squarely
across but leave convex/concave edges or stress lines, on the fractured edges. Glass produces
both radial (primary) and concentric (secondary) fractures when broken and glass bends and
stretches before breaking.
1. What is the significance of glass and glass fragments in criminal investigation?

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_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. How could we determine if a glass fracture is due to natural means or due to
mechanical means?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3. How could we distinguish fractures caused by:
a) Heat
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
b) Impact
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. If the glass do not have fractures, could this still be of value as evidence in the
investigation?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
EXPLAIN
There are several theories that can be of help to examine analyze a glass fracture.
Glass first bends on the direction where force is applied which causes the opposite side to
stretch. It is flexible, it bends when force is applied to it. It can withstand more bending rather
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than stretching which causes the opposite side to start breaking once the stretch limit is
exceeded. Most of the glass is projected forward, in the direction of the blow.
ELABORATE
Guided Practice
1. What factors contribute to the resulting characteristics of the fracture?
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____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
2. What is the value of glass as evidence?

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
3. In collecting glass, and glass fractures as part of evidence in an investigation, what

measures must be followed?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
EVALUATION
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________________ 1. Investigators can determine the order in which the fractures occurred,
such as in the event of multiple fractures, including bullet holes.
________________ 2. We can determine whether a glass object like jar or bottle contained
explosive or inflammable substances.
________________ 3. Surface texture, color and thickness are chemical properties of glass.
________________ 4. Age of the fracture in glass cannot be determined.
________________ 5. Glass bends on the direction opposite where force is applied.
References:
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Company Ltd., 1904
Websites:
MODULE 11/ WEEK 11

Title: Inks and Paints
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INTRODUCTION
In this module, we are going to study about inks and paints as important substances in
forensic investigation. The properties of inks and paints will be discussed which are
essential in identifying one substance from the other. Let us work and learn more with this
module.
LEARNING TARGETS
1. Differentiate ink from pigments and dyes from paints
2. Appreciate the importance of ink analysis in forensics
3. Describe the chemical composition of paints
4. Discuss the process and value of forensic examination of paints
ENGAGE
A B
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____1. Solid or opaque particles suspended

in ink to provide color
a) Ink
____2. Means “writing with colors”

b) Pigments
____3. A mixture of dyes and pigments,
either in liquid or paste form c) Spectrometry
____4. Applied to a surface in order to

decorate, protect or create an image on it. d) Chromatography
____5. Involves scanning the ink with UV

or infrared light e) Paint
1. How could we distinguish ink from pigments and dyes from paints?
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the different ways of ink analysis?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the physical and chemical features of paint?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
feel (behavior) about inks and paints
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
EXPLORE
Ink is a mixture of dyes and pigments, either in liquid or in paste form. This is used to color a
surface in order to produce an image, text or design. It is also used for drawing or writing
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with a pen, brush or quill. Thicker inks in paste form are used in letterpress and lithographic
printing purposes.
Pigments are solid or opaque particles suspended in ink to produce color. Qualities such as
hue, saturation, and lightness can vary depending on the source and types of pigments.
Dye-based inks are generally much stronger than pigments-based inks and can produce more
vivid colors.
Paint is a colored liquid applied to a surface in order to decorate or protect or create an image
of the surface.
1. Which is better to use ink with pigments or ink with dyes? Why?
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__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3. Discuss the importance of ink analysis in Forensics.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the value of paint as evidence?

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
EXPLAIN
A more recent development in dye-based inks is the invention of dyes that react with
cellulose to permanently color the paper. Such inks are not affected by alcohol, water and
other solvents. Thus, they are recommended for use in preventing frauds that involve
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removing signatures, such as check washing. This kind of ink is commonly used in certain
fountain pen inks or gel inks.
Ink analysis can be done by spectrometry which involves scanning the ink with
ultraviolet or infrared light. Microscopic analysis can be used to see slight changes in ink
color that are not visible to the naked eye. Chromatography which means “writing with
colors” is another method. Using ink spots on a paper dipped in a beaker with organic
solvent, not allowing the ink spot to touch the organic solvent and the solvent by capillary
action move up and spread out the ink spots so we could see its components.
Paint has four major composition namely, vehicles, pigments, solvents and special
paints. The forensic examination of paints can be one side by side comparison for color
surface texture and color layer sequence, comparison of paint pigment, comparison of binders
and by determining the model of a vehicle involved.
ELABORATE
Guided Practice
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1. Discuss some advantage of dye-based ink system.

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
2. In your own observation or opinion, what will you select as an easier and better
method of ink analysis. Why?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
EVALUATION
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________________ 1. Ink analysis in Forensic can only be applied accomplished by

spectrometry.
________________ 2. Chromatography involves scanning the ink with UV light.
________________ 3. Paint is applied to a surface in order to decorate so it is not that of

value in forensics.
________________ 4. Ink analysis plays an essential role in the investigation of questioned

documents.
________________ 5. Forensic examination of paints can be done by side by side

comparison for surface, texture, color and color layer sequence.
References:
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Company Ltd., 1904
Websites:
MODULE 12/ WEEK 12

Title: Dangerous Drugs
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INTRODUCTION
In this module, we are going to tackle about dangerous drugs and the analysis of these
drugs. The law which prohibits the use of these drugs will also be a part of our discussion.
Identifying drugs and classifying dangerous drugs are also included. Testing and analysis of
drugs are important topics which should not be neglected in this module. So, let us work on
this to increase our awareness on prohibiting dangerous drugs.
LEARNING TARGETS
1. Describe and classify drugs.
2. Discuss the types of dangerous drugs and their effects to the human body.
3. Explain on how to apply Forensic Drug Analysis.
4. Appreciate the steps involved in conducting qualitative and quantitative analysis
ENGAGE
A B
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____1. Drugs which lower the function of a) Medicinal Drug

the nervous system
____2. Increase alertness and physical b) Dangerous Drugs

disposition of the body
____3. Affect sensation, thinking, self- c) Stimulants

awareness and emotion
____4. It cures illness, relieves signs or d) Depressants

symptoms of disease.
____5. These include drugs listed under RA e) Hallucinogen

no. 9165 or Comprehensive Dangerous
Drugs Act of 2002.
1. What are classified as Dangerous drugs? Describe each and give examples.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the commonly abused drugs in the Philippines?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Differentiate Natural drugs from synthetic drugs. Give examples.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. What is Drug Analysis?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Differentiate qualitative and quantitative analysis of drug specimen.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
feel (behavior) about drugs in court.

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That research That
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
EXPLORE
Each drug has different effects in the human body. The main negative effect is that they
affect brain functioning, that in turn, could lead the abuser to become an attacker in many
heinous crimes. Fortunately, the law provides penalties for each violation, as listed under RA
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9165. As for the forensic chemists, they are active participants in attending court duties
related to violations of provisions under RA 9165. The same thing should be done by
criminology students who will become law enforces in the future.
1. People are already aware of the negative effects of using dangerous drugs but, why are
there some people who still involve themselves on possessing and using these drugs?
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__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. If you happen to encounter an abuser or pusher of these drugs, what are you going to do?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3. How can you help the government on its campaign against drug abuse?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the major Law against abused drugs in the Philippines?

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
EXPLAIN
In forensic drug analysis, we do qualitative and quantitative study of the

characteristics of the said specimen. The result of a well-executed drug analysis can be used
as the basis upon which a prosecutor can file a case against a suspect. In conducting
qualitative and quantitative analysis, we do the Physical Test by describing the physical
properties of the specimen like looking into the color, texture, weight and looking through a
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microscope. The chemical test or color test, by color reaction the presence of dangerous drug
can be determined. Different reagents are used to different samples of drugs.
There are two phases in the examination of the alleged confiscated Dangerous Drugs.
1.) Screening Test/Preliminary test which is also known as color test – series of
color tests producing characteristics color for each family or group of drugs.
2.) Confirmatory Test is employed to confirm the result of the screening test. These
are:
a. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
b. Spectrophotometry (UIV) and IR
c. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometry
3.) Reporting - complete laboratory result, which includes the following: the
specimen submitted and its description, time and date at which the specimen was
received by the authorized personnel, data about the suspect/s, the name of the
requesting party.
The findings and conclusion, the time and date at which the analysis was completed and the
name and signature of the examiner and approving officer.
There are different specimens submitted to the crime Lab for drug analysis, which include the
specimen itself or other specimens (e.g. body fluids in the form of urine, saliva, and sweat)
Hair and tissue can also be submitted for drug analysis.
In the Philippines, the commonly submitted specimen is the urine sample of the suspect.
However, before a urine specimen can be accepted as evidence, urine validity test must first
be conducted.
ELABORATE
Guided Practice
1. Differentiate Drug Analysis from Drug Test.

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____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
2. How is validity test conducted in urine samples?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
3. Why should validity test be conducted?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
4. What are the different forms of tampering urine samples?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
5. When do we consider a urine sample invalid?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
EVALUATION
________________ 1. All medicines are drugs, but not all drugs are medicinal drugs.
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________________ 2. Confirmatory test may be employed before the screening test.
________________ 3. Quantitative test is not that important in drug analysis.
________________ 4. Positive color reaction is always conclusive.
________________ 5. Adulterated urine specimen is considered valid for examination.
References:
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Company Ltd., 1904
Websites:
MODULE 13/ WEEK 13

Title: Nature of Toxicology
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INTRODUCTION
In this module, we are going to study Toxicology as a science of detecting and identifying the
presence of drugs, poisons in organs, tissues and body fluids. The history of toxicology is
discussed as well as its importance. Poisons, its types and classification are all taken in this
module. The collection of samples for toxicology examination and methods of examining
poison in these samples are all included. Not to forget the entrance and elimination of poisons
in the body are also found in this module. Enjoy your work as you learn from it.
LEARNING TARGETS
1. Define and trace the history of Toxicology
2. Discuss the role of Toxicology in Criminal Investigation.
3. Enumerate and describe the methods in collecting samples for toxicology
examination.
4. Classify the commonly used types of poison.
5. Appreciate the importance of examining poisons.
ENGAGE
A B
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____1. Study of poisons and treatment in a) Antidotes

case of poisoning
____2. Substance that causes death or b) Idiosyncrasy

injury
____3. Agent that neutralizes poisons c) Posology
____4. Study of the dosage of medicine d) Poisons
e) Toxicology
____5. Opposite of tolerance, small amount
of toxic substance can have fatal effects
1. What is Toxicology?
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the importance of Toxicology?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Differentiate tolerance from idiosyncrasy?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Differentiate toxins from toxic substances?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. What are the common types of poisons? Describe and give examples under each type of
poison?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
feel (behavior) about toxicology
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__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
EXPLORE
Toxicology started as early as the 16th century when Paracelsus stated that “all substances are
poisons”, he stressed the chemical nature of poison and its action by experimentation. In
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1786, Planck stated that “poison must be identified in the body”. In 1821, Mathieu Orfila of
France, first classified the poisons and in 1836, Arsenic was first extracted in a cadaver. In
the same year (1836) James Marsh performed the first arsenic test. While in 1842, the
Reinsch test for arsenic and mercury was designed, in 1850, tests for metals were conducted
and the Stratas-Otto, a method to extract alcohol, was first introduced. This was followed by
alcohol testing by examining the reduction of chronic acid. Finally, in 1910, Dr. Alexander
Gettler a Chemistry professor started the field of Forensic Toxicology in the US.
Toxicology is used to verify if poison may have caused the death of a victim. This rely
heavily on the analysis of toxins and toxic substances if there is a foul play in the crime
scene.
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1. In cases of death caused by poisons, what sources of samples for a toxicology

examination could be collected?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. Do you agree with the statement of Paracelsus that “all substances are poisons”?
Why? Why not?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3. What are the symptoms that could be observed as manifestations that a person is
being poisoned?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
4. How could you rescue someone who might have been poisoned?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
EXPLAIN
Many cases of criminal toxicology may go undetected. There are two types of
poisoning. One is acute poisoning which refers to exposure to poison and produces
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immediate or instant death. The other one is chronic poisoning which refers to the gradual
exposure or gradual deterioration of functions of tissues and may or may not result in death.
This may be caused by taking several small doses at long intervals and taking only toxic
doses of the drug.
Poisons can enter the body through the skin, mouth, nose, rectum, eyes and vagina.
Either hypodermically (inside the dermis) or intravenously (insertion of needles to the veins).
Poisons can be eliminated in the body by means of emesis, respiration, feces, urine, milk,
sweat, saliva and tears. Meanwhile antidotes are substances that neutralize a poison.
Mechanical antidotes remove the poison inside the body without changing it, coats the
surface of the organ so that absorption is prevented. Ex: stomach tube and pump, precipitants.
Chemical Antidotes makes the poison harmless by chemically altering it. Physiological
Antidote is symptomatic, it acts upon the system. Emetics causes vomiting and Cathartic –
produces intestinal evacuation.
ELABORATE
Guided Practice
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1. How could we avoid the entrance of poisons into our body?

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. How could poisons be eliminated from the body?

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the methods of examining poisons? Explain each.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
EVALUATION
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________________ 1. Toxicology aims only to verify the cause of death by poisoning
________________ 2. A poison is more rapidly absorbed by the body when it is in solid

form.
________________ 3. As a rule, the bigger the size, the greater the effect is always true even
in poisons.
________________ 4. Basically, poisons are more rapidly absorbed when injected in the
veins than when taken orally.
________________ 5. Chronic poisoning refers to exposure to poison which may result to

immediate or instant death.
References:
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Company Ltd., 1904
Websites:

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PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA

QD/CCJ/0__ Course Title: Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology

QD/CCJ/0__ Course Title: Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology

Directions: Match each premise in A with the appropriate response in B.

____1. Often called to render testimony on a) Forensic Chemistry

____2. Deals with application of chemical

____3. Deals with examination of poisonous

____4. Deals with the identification of

____5. Deals with human internal organs,

QD/CCJ/0__ Course Title: Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology

Answer the following questions:

2. How will you differentiate Forensic Chemistry from Forensic Toxicology?

KNOWLEDGE SKILLS ATTITUDE

As a future criminologist, I As a future criminologist, I As a future criminologist, I

That forensic chemistry is Readings are That honesty and

CLINICAL LAB SCIENTIFIC/CRIMINAL LAB

- Written hospital organization w/o - Within police organization

DEVELOPMENTAL OF SCIENTIFIC CRIME LABORATRY IN THE PHILIPPINES

Directions: Answer the following questions.

1. Why do we need to trace the development of scientific crime laboratories in the

SIX GOLDEN RULES IN THE PRACTICE OF FORENSIC CHEMISTRY

4. Consult Others – be humble to consult those who know better.

6. Avoid complicated theories – the simplest explanation is fundamentally the right

STAGES IN THE PRACTICE OF FORENSIC CHEMISTRY

2. ANALYSIS OF EXAMINATION OF SPECIMEN/EVIDENCE

3. COMMUNICATION OF EVIDENCE – confine the result within you and to the

4. COURT APPEARANCE – presentation of the results or findings on the examination

______2. I. Court appearance is one of the responsibilities of a Forensic Chemist.

2. Can testify on things which he has not

3. Can only state what his senses have

4. May not be skilled on the line he is

Answer the following questions:

1. What are the qualifications of an ordinary witness?

3. How important is the witness in court?

KNOWLEDGE SKILLS ATTITUDE

As a future criminologist, I As a future criminologist, I As a future criminologist, I

That witness in court may be Researching and learning That honesty

1. He must have the organ and power to perceive.

Directions: Answer the following questions

________________ 1. An expert witness may become an ordinary witness if he speaks only on

________________ 4. The speed of a vehicle can be testified by an ordinary witness.

________________ 5. The genuineness of a handwriting as compared to a standard does not

Directions: Match each premise in A with the appropriate response in B.

1. The most abundant protein in the a) Blood

KNOWLEDGE SKILLS ATTITUDE

As a future criminologist, I As a future criminologist, I As a future criminologist, I

Directions: In your opinion, what else do you need to learn.

Blood Groups – Blood Type A, B, AB, O

The Four Test for Blood

3. Is blood the only basis for solving a crime?

Name of Test Color reaction indicating presence

Mammals Circular, biconcave disc without nucleus

Fishes, reptiles Oval and nucleated, the nucleus is also oval

Takayama (Haemochromogen Test) Large rhombic crystals with salmon pink

Application of the ABO System

Parents Possible Children Impossible Children

________________ 4. Microscopic Test is a confirmatory test.

____1. Spermatozoa, small objects with pear a. Semen

____2. Composite solution formed by the