Lecture6 PDF
Lecture6 PDF
Lecture6 PDF
2R R2
=1+ +
jωL (jω)2 L2
√
r
C
γ=R − jω LC = α + jβ
L
The attenauation constant α is independent of
frequency. For low loss lines, α ≈ − ZR0 X
The propagation constant β is a linear function of
frequency X
University of California, Berkeley EECS 117 Lecture 6 – p. 3/33
Lossy Transmission Line Attenuation
The power delivered into the line at a point z is now
non-constant and decaying exponentially
1 |v + |2
−2αz
Pav (z) = < (v(z)i(z)∗ ) = 2
e < (Z0 )
2 2|Z0 |
v + −γz
i(z) = e (1 − ρL (z))
Z0
Where ρL (z) is the complex reflection coefficient at
position z and the load reflection coefficient is unaltered
from before
The input impedance is therefore
e−γz + ρL eγz
Zin (z) = Z0 −γz
e − ρL eγz
University of California, Berkeley EECS 117 Lecture 6 – p. 5/33
Lossy T-Line Impedance (cont)
Substituting the value of ρL we arrive at a similar
equation (now a hyperbolic tangent)
ZL + Z0 tanh(γ`)
Zin (−`) = Z0
Z0 + ZL tanh(γ`)
Where Q = ω0 C/G
University of California, Berkeley EECS 117 Lecture 6 – p. 8/33
λ/2 T-Line Resonators (Series)
A shorted transmission line of length ` has input
impedance of Zin = Z0 tanh(γ`)
For a low-loss line, Z0 is almost real
Expanding the tanh term into real and imaginary parts
sinh(2α`) j sin(2β`)
tanh(α`+jβ`) = +
cos(2β`) + cosh(2α`) cos(2β`) + cosh(2α`)
Req = Z0 α` = Z0 αλ/2
πZ0 2
Leq = Ceq =
2ω0 Z0 πω0
University of California, Berkeley EECS 117 Lecture 6 – p. 10/33
λ/2 Series Resonance Q
The equivalent Q factor is given by
1 π β0
Q= = =
ω0 Req Ceq αλ0 2α
1 + jα`πδω/2ω0 Z0
Zin = Z0 ≈
α` + jπδω/2ω0 α` + jπδω/2ω0
Z0 π 1
Req = Ceq = Leq = 2
α` 4ω0 Z0 ω0 Ceq
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Without further ado, here it is!
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REFLECTION COEFFICIENT IN DEG
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0.25
An Impedance Smith Chart
v + e−γz (1 + ρL e2γz )
Z(z) = v+
e −γz (1 − ρ e2γz )
Z0 L
University of California, Berkeley EECS 117 Lecture 6 – p. 17/33
Normalized Impedance
...can be expressed in terms of ρ(z)
1 + ρ(z)
Z(z) = Z0
1 − ρ(z)
Z(z) 1 + ρ(z)
z(z) = =
Z0 1 − ρ(z)
0
r=
.5
r=0
r=1
r=2
u
r
x=1
x=2
x
x=2
=
.5
x=1
x=0
u
r
x = -1
x = -2
.5
=-
x
-2
x = -1
x=
x = ±1 maps to (u − 1)2 + (v ∓ 1)2 = 1
x = ±2 maps to (u − 1)2 + (v ∓ 1/2)2 = (1/2)2
x = ±1/2 maps to (u − 1)2 + (v ∓ 2)2 = 22
Inductive reactance maps to upper half of unit circle
Capacitive reactance maps to lower half of unit circle
x=1
x=2
x
=
short
.5
0
r=
open
inductive
.5
r=0
r=1
r=2
u
capacitive
.5
=-
x
-2
x = -1
x=
load
Z 2
Z0 = 0
Z
If we normalize Z 0 we get y
Z0 Z0 1
= = =y
Z0 Z z