Right To Declare Civil Status PDF

YOUR EXCLUSIVE RIGHT TO DECLARE
OR ESTABLISH YOUR CIVIL STATUS
“As independent sovereignty, it is State's province and duty to forbid interference by another state or foreign
power with status of its own citizens. Roberts v Roberts (1947) 81 CA.2d. 871, 185 P.2d. 381. “
[Black’s Law Dictionary, 4th Ed., p 1300]
Your Exclusive Right to Declare or Establish Your Civil Status 1 of 93

Copyright Sovereignty Education and Defense Ministry, http://sedm.org
Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................... 2

TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ................................................................................................................. 3
1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 15
2 Basis for your EXCLUSIVE right to declare and establish your civil status .......................... 20
3 What do we mean by “civil status”? ............................................................................................ 22
4 Main Method of States of the Union in Controlling and Regulating its Inhabitants are
Attaching Obligations to Property or Civil Statuses ................................................................. 29
5 State’s FIRST and MOST IMPORTANT duty is to protect the civil “status” of its own
inhabitants ..................................................................................................................................... 32
6 Four methods of acquiring a civil status ..................................................................................... 33
7 Effect of acting in a representative capacity upon the civil “status” of a party ...................... 35
8 Parties with no civil STATUS or therefore “standing” ............................................................. 37
9 Relationship of Status to First Amendment Right of Free Association ................................... 39
9.1 American Jurisprudence 2d ................................................................................................................................ 39
9.2 First Amendment Law in a Nutshell, West Group, pp. 266-267 ........................................................................ 41
10 Authorities on the Exclusive Right to Declare One’s Civil Status ............................................ 41
10.1 United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ................................................................ 41
10.2 Corrigan v. Secretary of the Army, 211 F.2d. 293 (1954) .................................................................................. 44
10.3 People ex rel. Campbell v. Dewey, 23 Misc. 267, 50 N.Y.S. 1013, N.Y.Sup. 1898. ......................................... 47
10.4 U. S. v. Grimley, 137 U.S. 147, 11 S.Ct. 54, U.S. (1890) .................................................................................. 48
10.5 In re Meador, 1 Abb.U.S. 317, 16 F.Cas. 1294, D.C.Ga. (1869) ........................................................................ 49
10.6 United States v. Malinowski, 347 F.Supp. 352 (1992) ....................................................................................... 49
10.7 Roberts v. Roberts, 81 Cal.App.2d 871 (1947)................................................................................................... 49
11 Civil status in relation to governments........................................................................................ 50
11.1 Passports ............................................................................................................................................................. 50
11.2 Conditions under which a state-domiciled human can lawfully acquire a civil status under the FOREIGN laws
of the national government ................................................................................................................................. 60
11.3 Status declarations that make you party to contracts, franchises, or government “benefits” .............................. 65
11.4 Compelled or Non-Consensual Changes to Your Status on Government Forms is a Tort ................................. 69
11.5 Federal Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. §2201(a) .................................................................................... 71
12 Defending Yourself against involuntary changes to your civil status by governments .......... 73
12.1 You have a right to define words on government forms or even make your own forms .................................... 73
12.2 You have a right to define the meaning of the perjury statement as an extension of your right to contract ....... 76
12.3 Rebutting challenges or changes to your declaration of status by the government ............................................ 79
12.3.1 Presumptions by others about your status unsupported by evidence are a tort ................................ 79
12.3.2 Calling your declaration of status “frivolous” ................................................................................. 79
13 Remedies for government identity theft, compelled association, compelled contracting
(franchises), compelled false status declarations ........................................................................ 80
13.1 False Presumptions About Your Status by Government Actors ......................................................................... 80
13.2 Burden of Proof Upon the Government in Civil Enforcement Proceedings ....................................................... 81
13.3 Prosecuting government identity theft ................................................................................................................ 85
13.4 Administrative remedies ..................................................................................................................................... 86
13.5 Judicial remedies ................................................................................................................................................ 87
14 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 89
15 Resources for Further Study and Rebuttal ................................................................................ 93

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
Constitutional Provisions
A. Hamilton, The Federalist, No. 83, at 519 (Putnam ed. 1888) ............................................................................................ 39
Art. 1, Sec. 8 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 61
Art. 4, 4 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 83
Article 1, Section 10 ......................................................................................................................................................... 65, 91
Article 1, Section 8, Clause 1 ................................................................................................................................................. 61
Article 4, Section 4 ........................................................................................................................................................... 64, 90
Article III .......................................................................................................................................................................... 39, 60
Bill of Rights .......................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Constitution Article 4, Section 3, Clause 2 ............................................................................................................................ 58
Declaration of Independence ................................................................................................... 22, 52, 53, 60, 63, 82, 83, 89, 90
Federalist Paper No. 78, Alexander Hamilton ........................................................................................................................ 70
Fifth Amendment ......................................................................................................................................23, 36, 41, 69, 90, 92
Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments ....................................................................................................................... 56, 75, 79, 81
Fourth Amendment ................................................................................................................................................................ 87
Sixteenth Amendment ............................................................................................................................................................ 63
Thirteenth Amendment......................................................................................................................................... 23, 69, 83, 91
U.S. Constitution Article IV: States Relations, Section 4 ...................................................................................................... 63
USA Constitution ................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Statutes
1 Stat. 1................................................................................................................................................................................... 82
1 U.S.C. §204 ................................................................................................................................................................... 56, 74
1 U.S.C. §8 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 28
17-A M.R.S. §905-A .............................................................................................................................................................. 88
18 Pa.C.S.A. §4120 ................................................................................................................................................................ 89
18 U.S.C. §§1001 and 1621 ................................................................................................................................................... 69
18 U.S.C. §1028(a)(7) ............................................................................................................................................................ 70
18 U.S.C. §1028A .................................................................................................................................................................. 70
18 U.S.C. §1030 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 53
18 U.S.C. §1512 ......................................................................................................................................................... 69, 71, 86
18 U.S.C. §1542 ......................................................................................................................................................... 69, 70, 86
18 U.S.C. §1589 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 58
18 U.S.C. §1592-1593 ............................................................................................................................................................ 58
18 U.S.C. §1622 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 69
18 U.S.C. §201 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 53
18 U.S.C. §912 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 53
18 U.S.C. Chapter 77 ............................................................................................................................................................. 70
21 O.S. § 1533.1 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 89
22 U.S. Code § 2721. Impermissible basis for denial of passports......................................................................................... 51
22 U.S.C. §2714a(e) ............................................................................................................................................................... 54
26 U.S. Code § 6331............................................................................................................................................................... 55
26 U.S. Code § 6671............................................................................................................................................................... 55
26 U.S. Code § 7345............................................................................................................................................................... 54
26 U.S.C. §§7701(a)(39) and 7408(d) .................................................................................................................................... 71
26 U.S.C. §1603(b)(3) ............................................................................................................................................................ 90
26 U.S.C. §3121(e) ................................................................................................................................................................. 26
26 U.S.C. §7345 ......................................................................................................................................................... 54, 55, 56
26 U.S.C. §7345(a) ................................................................................................................................................................. 54
26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(10) .......................................................................................................................................................... 68
26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(14) .............................................................................................................................................. 26, 71, 85

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(9) and (a)(10) ................................................................................................................................... 54, 67
26 U.S.C. §7701(b)(1)(B)....................................................................................................................................................... 26
26 U.S.C. §864(c)(3) .............................................................................................................................................................. 67
26 U.S.C. §911 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 55
26 U.S.C. §911(d)(1) .............................................................................................................................................................. 55
266 G.L.M. §37E.................................................................................................................................................................... 88
28 U.S.C. §§754 and 959(a) ....................................................................................................................................... 25, 37, 38
28 U.S.C. §1332(a)(3) ............................................................................................................................................................ 38
28 U.S.C. §1603(b) ................................................................................................................................................................ 78
28 U.S.C. §1603(b)(3) ............................................................................................................................................................ 70
28 U.S.C. §1653 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 38
28 U.S.C. §1746 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 77
28 U.S.C. §1746(1) .......................................................................................................................................................... 60, 78
28 U.S.C. §1746(2) ................................................................................................................................................................ 78
3 Stat. 587, sect. 7 .................................................................................................................................................................. 36
4 U.S.C. §110(d) ........................................................................................................................................................ 54, 62, 68
4 U.S.C. §72 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 90
42 U.S.C. §1983 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 87
42 U.S.C. §405(c)(2)(C)(i) ..................................................................................................................................................... 70
42 U.S.C. §408(a)(8) .............................................................................................................................................................. 70
44 U.S.C. §1505(a) ................................................................................................................................................................. 55
5 U.S.C. §2105(a) ................................................................................................................................................................... 53
5 U.S.C. §552(a)(1) .......................................................................................................................................................... 55, 56
5 U.S.C. §553(a)(1) ................................................................................................................................................................ 56
5 U.S.C. §553(a)(2) ................................................................................................................................................................ 56
50 U.S.C. §841 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 58
50 U.S.C.A. Appendix, §451.................................................................................................................................................. 45
50 U.S.C.A.App. § 462, Selective Service Act of 1948, 62 Stat. 604, 622 ............................................................................ 46
53 Stat. 1, Section 4 ................................................................................................................................................................ 75
720 ILCS 5/16-30 ................................................................................................................................................................... 88
8 U.S.C. §§1401 and 1408 ..................................................................................................................................................... 90
8 U.S.C. §1401 ........................................................................................................................................................... 55, 70, 71
A.R.S. §13-2006 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 88
A.S. § 11.46.160 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 88
Anti-Injunction Act, 26 U.S.C. §7421 .................................................................................................................................... 93
C.G.S.A. §53a-129a to 53a-129c............................................................................................................................................ 88
C.O.A. Title 13A, Article 10 .................................................................................................................................................. 88
C.O.V. §18.2-186.3 ................................................................................................................................................................ 89
C.R.S. §18-5-902 .................................................................................................................................................................... 88
California Civil Code, §1428 ................................................................................................................................................. 29
California Civil Code, §1708 ................................................................................................................................................. 30
California Civil Code, §22.2 .................................................................................................................................................. 29
California Civil Code, Section 1589 ................................................................................................................................ 69, 91
California Revenue and Taxation Code, Section 6017 ........................................................................................................... 65
Civ.Code La art. 1997 ............................................................................................................................................................ 17
Civ.Code La. art. 1757 ........................................................................................................................................................... 17
Civ.Code La. art. 1997 ........................................................................................................................................................... 17
Civ.Code La. art. 1998 ........................................................................................................................................................... 17
Civ.Code La. art. 2068 ........................................................................................................................................................... 16
Civ.Code La. arts. 2020, 2021 ................................................................................................................................................ 18
Civ.Code La. arts. 2063, 2066, 2067 ...................................................................................................................................... 16
D.C. Title 11, Section 854 ...................................................................................................................................................... 88
Declaratory Judgments Act .................................................................................................................................................... 71
Declaratory Judgments Act, 28 U.S.C. §2201 .................................................................................................................. 71, 93
F.S. §817.568, 831.29 ............................................................................................................................................................ 88
Federal Investment in real Property Transfer Act, 26 U.S.C. §§897 and 1445 ...................................................................... 65
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 17(b) ................................................................................................................. 25, 33, 37, 54

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
for 22 U.S.C. §2714a(e) ......................................................................................................................................................... 56
Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, 28 U.S.C. §1605(a)(2) ................................................................................................... 68
Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, 28 U.S.C. Chapter 97 .................................................................................................... 19
G.L.R.I. §11-18-20.1, 11-49.1-3 ............................................................................................................................................ 89
General Business Code 380-S ................................................................................................................................................ 89
H.R.S. §708-839.6 .................................................................................................................................................................. 88
I.C. §35-43-5-3.5 .................................................................................................................................................................... 88
I.C. §714.16B ......................................................................................................................................................................... 88
I.R.C. Subtitle A ............................................................................................................................................................... 67, 72
Internal Revenue Code of 1986, Section 7428 ....................................................................................................................... 71
Internal Revenue Code, Title 26 ............................................................................................................................................. 75
Judiciary Act of 1789, ch. 20, 1 Stat. 73 (1789) ..................................................................................................................... 39
K.R.S. §21-4018 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 88
K.R.S. §514.160 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 88
K.R.S. §532.034 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 88
M.C. §8-301 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 88
M.C. §97-19-85, 97-45-19 ..................................................................................................................................................... 89
M.C.A. §§ 45-6-332 ............................................................................................................................................................... 89
M.R.S. §570.223 .................................................................................................................................................................... 89
M.S. § 609.527 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 88
Model Penal Code. Q 223.0 ............................................................................................................................................. 21, 25
N.C.G.S. §14-113.20 .............................................................................................................................................................. 89
N.H.R.S. §638:26 ................................................................................................................................................................... 89
N.J.S.A. §2C:21-17 ................................................................................................................................................................ 89
N.M.S. §30-16-24.1................................................................................................................................................................ 89
N.M.S.A. §30-16-21.1 ............................................................................................................................................................ 89
N.R.S. §28-639 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 89
O.C.G.A. §16-9-121 ............................................................................................................................................................... 88
O.R.C. §2913.49 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 89
O.R.S. §165.803 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 89
Omnibus Taxpayer Bill of Rights Act .................................................................................................................................... 73
Penal Code §190.78................................................................................................................................................................ 89
Penal Code §32.51.................................................................................................................................................................. 89
Penal Code §484.1.................................................................................................................................................................. 88
Public Law 114-94, Section 32101 ........................................................................................................................................ 54
R.C.W. §9.35.020, 9A.58.020 ................................................................................................................................................ 89
RS §14:67.16 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 88
S.C.C.O.L. §16-13-450, 510 .................................................................................................................................................. 89
S.D.C.L. §22-40-8 .................................................................................................................................................................. 89
SEDM Exhibit 1023, 53 Stat. 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 75
Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, 54 Stat. 894, 50 U.S.C.A.Appendix, § 311 ...................................................... 46
Sherman Anti-Trust Act ......................................................................................................................................................... 90
Social Security Act ................................................................................................................................................................. 67
Statutes At Large .............................................................................................................................................................. 75, 89
T.C. §39-14-150, 39-16-303................................................................................................................................................... 89
Tariff Act of 1930 .................................................................................................................................................................. 71
Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988............................................................................................................... 73
Title 8 of the U.S. code........................................................................................................................................................... 90
U.C. §76-6-1105 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 89
U.C.C. §1-201(11) .................................................................................................................................................................. 92
U.C.C. §1-308 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 18
U.C.C. §2-106(a) .................................................................................................................................................................... 92
U.C.C. §9-307 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 68
W.S. § 6-3-901, 6-3-615 ......................................................................................................................................................... 89
W.S. § 943.201 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 89
W.V.C. § 61-3-54 ................................................................................................................................................................... 89

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
Regulations
20 C.F.R §422.103 ................................................................................................................................................................. 53
20 C.F.R. ................................................................................................................................................................................ 56
20 C.F.R. §422.103 ................................................................................................................................................................ 54
20 C.F.R. §422.103(d) ............................................................................................................................................................ 53
20 C.F.R. §422.104 ................................................................................................................................................................ 19
20 C.F.R. §51.70 .................................................................................................................................................................... 56
20 C.F.R. §51.72 .................................................................................................................................................................... 56
22 C.F.R. §51.2 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 50
26 C.F.R. §1.1-1(c)........................................................................................................................................................... 26, 55
26 C.F.R. §1.1441-1(c)(3)(i) .................................................................................................................................................. 54
26 C.F.R. §31.3401(c)-1......................................................................................................................................................... 53
26 C.F.R. §31.3401-1(c)......................................................................................................................................................... 53
26 C.F.R. §601.702 ................................................................................................................................................................ 56
26 C.F.R. §601.702(a)(2)(ii) .................................................................................................................................................. 56
26 C.F.R. Part 1 ................................................................................................................................................................ 55, 56
Cases
A.C. Aukerman Co. v. R.L. Chaides Constr. Co., 960 F.2d. 1020, 1037 (Fed.Cir.1992) ...................................................... 75
Abood v. Detroit Bd. of Ed., 431 U.S. 209, 97 S.Ct. 1782, 52 L.Ed.2d. 261, 95 L.R.R.M. (BNA) 2411, 81 Lab. Cas. (CCH)
¶ 55041 (1977) ................................................................................................................................................................... 40
Abood v. Detroit Board of Education, 431 U.S. 209 (1977) .................................................................................................. 41
American Banana Co. v. U.S. Fruit, 213 U.S. 347 at 357-358 ......................................................................................... 61, 85
Andrews v. Andrews, 188 U.S. 14, 23 S.Ct. 237, 47 L.Ed. 366............................................................................................. 66
Armstrong v. United States, 364 U.S. 40 (1960) .................................................................................................................... 57
Ashton v. Cameron County Water Improvement District No. 1, 298 U.S. 513, 56 S.Ct. 892 (1936) .................................... 61
Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority, 297 U.S. 288, 56 S.Ct. 466 (1936) .................................................................... 34
Aycock v. Martin, 37 Ga. 124, 92 Am.Dec. 56 ...................................................................................................................... 17
Backhaus v. Lee, 49 N.D. 821, 194 N.W. 887, 890 ............................................................................................................... 17
Bailey v. Alabama, 219 U.S. 219 (1911)................................................................................................................................ 57
Bailey v. Philadelphia, 167 Pa. 569, 31 A. 925, 46 Am.St.Rep. 691 ..................................................................................... 17
Balzac v. Porto Rico, 258 U.S. 298 (1922) .......................................................................................................... 26, 28, 33, 63
Barnette v. Wells Fargo Nevada Nat’l Bank, 270 U.S. 438, 70 L.Ed. 669, 46 S Ct 326 .................................................. 77, 92
Billings v. Truesdell, 1944, 321 U.S. 542, 559, 64 S.Ct. 737, 746, 88 L.Ed. 917 .................................................................. 45
Billings v. Truesdell, 1944, 321 U.S. 542, 64 S.Ct. 737, 88 L.Ed. 917 .................................................................................. 45
Billings v. Truesdell, 321 U.S. 542, 64 S.Ct. 737, U.S. (1944) .............................................................................................. 46
Bivens v. Six Unknown Federal Narcotics Agents, 403 U.S. 388 (1971) .............................................................................. 87
Blair v. Williams, 4 Litt., Ky., 41 ........................................................................................................................................... 17
Board of County Comm'rs v. Umbehr, 518 U.S. 668, 674, 116 S.Ct. 2342, 135 L.Ed.2d. 843 (1996) .................................. 72
Bollow v. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, 650 F.2d. 1093 (9th Cir. 1981) .............................................................. 70
Boor v. Boor, 241 Iowa 973, 43 N.W.2d. 155 (Iowa, 1950) .................................................................................................. 32
Boswell's Lessee v. Otis, 9 How. 336 .................................................................................................................................... 31
Boulez v. C.I.R., 258 U.S.App.D.C. 90, 810 F.2d. 209 (1987) .............................................................................................. 74
Brown v. Keene, 8 Pet. 112, 115 (1834) ................................................................................................................................ 38
Brown v. Pierce, 74 U.S. 205, 7 Wall 205, 19 L.Ed. 134 ................................................................................................. 77, 91
Budd v. People of State of New York, 143 U.S. 517 (1892)...................................................................................... 22, 65, 82
Burgin v. Forbes, 293 Ky. 456, 169 S.W.2d. 321, 325 .......................................................................................................... 57
Buss v. Kemp Lumber Co., 23 N.M. 567, 170 P. 54, 56, L.R.A.l918C, 1015 ....................................................................... 15
Caha v. U.S., 152 U.S. 211 (1894) ................................................................................................................................... 61, 84
Carmine v. Bowen, 64 A. 932 ................................................................................................................................................ 54
Carroll v. Fetty, 121 W.Va 215, 2 S.E.2d. 521, cert den 308 U.S. 571, 84 L.Ed. 479, 60 S Ct 85 .................................. 77, 92
Carter v. Carter Coal Co., 298 U.S. 238, 56 S.Ct. 855 (1936) ............................................................................................... 61
Caterpillar Tractor Co. v. United States, 589 F.2d. 1040, 1043, 218 Ct.Cl. 517 (1978) ........................................................ 73
Caterpillar Tractor v. United States, 589 F.2d. 1040, 1043, 218 Ct.Cl. 517 (1978) ............................................................... 74
Cereghino v. State By and Through State Highway Commission, 230 Or. 439, 370 P.2d. 694, 697 ............................... 21, 25
Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
Chicago ex rel. Cohen v. Keane, 64 Ill.2d. 559, 2 Ill.Dec. 285, 357 N.E.2d. 452 .................................................................. 84
Chicago Park Dist. v. Kenroy, Inc., 78 Ill.2d. 555, 37 Ill.Dec. 291, 402 N.E.2d. 181 ........................................................... 84
City of Boerne v. Flores, 521 U.S. 507 (1997) ........................................................................................................... 26, 28, 88
Clark v. United States, 95 U.S. 539 (1877) ............................................................................................................................ 70
Cleveland Bed. of Ed. v. LaFleur, 414 U.S. 632, 639-640, 94 S.Ct. 1208, 1215 (1974)............................................ 56, 79, 81
Cohens v. Virginia, 19 U.S. 264, 6 Wheat. 265, 5 L.Ed. 257 (1821) ..................................................................................... 64
Colautti v. Franklin, 439 U.S. at 392-393, n. 10 .................................................................................................................... 57
Com. of Mass. v. Secretary of Health and Human Services, 899 F.2d. 53, C.A.1 (Mass.) (1990)......................................... 72
Commonwealth v. Neal, 15 D.&C. 430 (Pa. D. & C., 1930) ................................................................................................. 32
Cook v. Hudson, 511 F.2d. 744, 9 Empl. Prac. Dec. (CCH) ¶ 10134 (5th Cir. 1975)............................................................ 40
Corbett v. Nutt, 10 Wall. 464 ................................................................................................................................................. 30
Corrigan v. Secretary of the Army, 211 F.2d. 293 (1954) ...................................................................................................... 46
Cotton v. United States, 11 How. 229, 231 (1851)................................................................................................................. 68
Court in Estelle v. Williams, 425 U.S. 501 (1976) ................................................................................................................. 80
Cox v. Wedemeyer, 9 Cir., 1951, 192 F.2d. 920, 923-924 ..................................................................................................... 46
Davis v. Davis. TexCiv-App., 495 S.W.2d. 607. 611 ...................................................................................................... 21, 25
Del Vecchio v. Bowers, 296 U.S. 280, 286, 56 S.Ct. 190, 193, 80 L.Ed. 229 (1935) ............................................................ 75
Delanoy v. Delanoy, 216 Cal. 27, 13 P.2d. 719 (CA. 1932) .................................................................................................. 66
Delo v. Lashely, 507 U.S. 272 (1993) .................................................................................................................................... 81
Denton v. Adams, 6 Vt. 40 ..................................................................................................................................................... 16
Ditson v. Ditson, 4 R. I. 87, .................................................................................................................................................... 66
Donovan v. United States, 139 U.S. App. D.C. 364, 433 F.2d. 522 (D.C.Cir.) ..................................................................... 74
Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244 (1901)................................................................................................................... 63, 70, 83
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393, 1856 WL 8721 (1856)................................................................................................. 72
Duffy v. Blake, 91 Wash. 140, 157 P. 480, 482 ..................................................................................................................... 15
Dunphy v. United States, 529 F.2d. 532, 208 Ct.Cl. 986 (1975) ............................................................................................ 73
Economy Plumbing & Heating v. U.S., 470 F.2d. 585 (1972) ............................................................................................... 72
Edwards v. Kearzey, 96 U.S. 600, 24 L.Ed. 793 .................................................................................................................... 17
El Dia, Inc. v. Rossello, 165 F.3d. 106, 109 (1st Cir.1999).................................................................................................... 72
Electric Co. v. Dow, 166 U.S. 489, 17 S.Ct. 645, 41 L.Ed. 1088........................................................................................... 34
Enyeart v. City of Lincoln, 136 Neb. 146, 285 N.W. 314, 318 .............................................................................................. 15
Ex parte Blain, L. R. 12 Ch.Div. 522, 528 ....................................................................................................................... 61, 84
Exchange Bank v. Ford, 3 P. 449, 451, 7 Colo. 314............................................................................................................... 15
Faske v. Gershman, 30 Misc.2d. 442, 215 N.Y.S.2d. 144................................................................................................ 77, 92
Foley Brothers, Inc. v. Filardo, 336 U.S. 281 (1949) ....................................................................................................... 61, 84
Fox v. Standard Oil Co. of N.J., 294 U.S. 87, 95-96 (1935) .................................................................................................. 57
France v. France, 94 Or. 414, 185 P. 1108 ............................................................................................................................. 16
Fulton Light, Heat & Power Co. v. State, 65 Misc.Rep. 263, 121 N.Y.S. 536................................................................. 20, 25
Gelpcke v. City of Dubuque, 68 U.S. 175, 1863 WL 6638 (1863) ........................................................................................ 72
Georgia Dep’t of Human Resources v. Sistrunk, 249 Ga. 543, 291 S.E.2d. 524 ................................................................... 83
Georgia R. & Power Co. v. Atlanta, 154 Ga. 731, 115 S.E. 263 ...................................................................................... 20, 92
Glenney v. Crane (Tex Civ App Houston (1st Dist)) 352 S.W.2d. 773 ........................................................................... 77, 92
Goodwin v. Freadrich, 135 Neb. 203, 280 N.W. 917, 923 ..................................................................................................... 15
Graves v. People of State of New York, 306 U.S. 466 (1939) ............................................................................................... 61
Great Falls Mfg. Co. v. Attorney General, 124 U.S. 581, 8 S.Ct. 631, 31 L.Ed. 527............................................................. 34
Groves v. Sentell, 14 S.Ct. 898, 153 U.S. 465, 38 L.Ed. 785 ................................................................................................. 18
Harris v. Harris, 83 N.M. 441,493 P.2d. 407, 408 ............................................................................................................ 21, 25
Haverhill v. International Ry. Co., 217 App.Div. 521, 217 N.Y.S. 522, 523 ......................................................................... 15
Heider v. Unicume, 142 Or 416, 20 P.2d. 384 ................................................................................................................. 77, 92
Heiner v. Donnan, 285 U.S. 312, 52 S.Ct. 358, 76 L.Ed. 772 (1932) .................................................................. 56, 75, 79, 81
Helvering v. British-American Tobacco Co., C.C.A., 69 F.2d. 528, 530 ............................................................................... 15
Hodgson v. Bowerbank, supra, 9 U.S. at 303, 3 L.Ed. 108 .................................................................................................... 39
Hodgson v. Midwest Oil Co., C.C.A.Wyo., 17 F.2d. 71, 75 .................................................................................................. 15
Hoeper v. Tax Comm'n, 284 U.S. 206, 52 S.Ct. 120, 76 L.Ed. 248 (1931) ......................................................... 57, 75, 79, 81
Hoffmann v. Kinealy, Mo., 389 S.W.2d. 745, 752........................................................................................................... 21, 25
Howell v. Bowden, TexCiv. App., 368 S.W.2d. 842, &18 .............................................................................................. 21, 25
Hughes v. United States, 953 F.2d. 531, 536-537 (9th Cir. 1991) ......................................................................................... 71

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
Hunt v. Hunt, 72 N. Y. 217, 227 ...................................................................................................................................... 47, 90
In re Meador, 1 Abb.U.S. 317, 16 F.Cas. 1294, D.C.Ga. (1869)............................................................................................ 49
In re Riggle's Will, 11 A.D.2d. 51 205 N.Y.S.2d. 19, 21, 22 ................................................................................................. 66
In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 364 (1970) ............................................................................................................................... 81
Indiana State Ethics Comm’n v. Nelson (Ind App), 656 N.E.2d. 1172 .................................................................................. 84
International News Service v. Associated Press, 248 U.S. 215, 250 (1918) (dissenting opinion) ................................... 21, 82
International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310 (1945) ........................................................................................... 19, 23
Jensen v. Brown, 19 F.3d. 1413, 1415 (Fed.Cir.1994) ........................................................................................................... 75
Jersey City v. Hague, 18 N.J. 584, 115 A.2d. 8...................................................................................................................... 83
Kaiser Aetna v. United States, 444 U.S. 164 (1979) ........................................................................................................ 21, 82
Kaiser Aetna v. United States, 444 U.S. 164, 176 (1979) ................................................................................................ 21, 81
Kilton v. Providence Tool Co., 27, R.I. 605, 48 A. 1039 ....................................................................................................... 17
Kinney v. Weaver, 111 F.Supp.2d. 831, E.D.Tex. (2000)...................................................................................................... 72
Labberton v. General Cas. Co. of America, 53 Wash.2d. 180, 332 P.2d. 250, 252, 254.................................................. 21, 25
Lamoureaux v. Burrillville Racing Ass’n, 91 R.I. 94, 161 A.2d. 213, 215 ............................................................................ 92
Lathrop v. Donohue, 367 U.S. 820, 81 S.Ct. 1826, 6 L.Ed.2d. 1191 (1961).......................................................................... 40
Lawrence v. Yost, 9 Cir., 1946, en banc, 157 F.2d. 44 .......................................................................................................... 45
Leary v. United States, 395 U.S. 6, 29-53, 89 S.Ct. 1532, 1544-1557, 23 L.Ed.2d. 57 (1969) ............................ 57, 75, 79, 81
Lee v. Kenan, C.C.A.Fla., 78 F.2d. 425, 100 A.L.R. 869 ...................................................................................................... 15
Leonard v. Vicksburg, etc., R. Co., 198 U.S. 416, 422, 25 S.Ct. 750, 49 L.Ed. 1108 ............................................................ 34
License Cases, 5 How. 583 .................................................................................................................................................... 36
License Tax Cases, 72 U.S. 462, 18 L.Ed. 497, 5 Wall. 462, 2 A.F.T.R. 2224 (1866) .................................................... 64, 90
Linneman, 1 Ill.App. 2d at 50, 116 N.E.2d. at 183................................................................................................................. 67
Lippencott v. Allander, 27 Iowa 460 ................................................................................................................................ 20, 92
Litchfield v. Crane, 8 S.Ct. 210, 123 U.S. 549, 31 L.Ed. 199 ................................................................................................ 15
Longstreth v. City of Philadelphia, 245 Pa. 233, 91 A. 667 ................................................................................................... 17
Loretto v. Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corp., 458 U.S. 419, 433 (1982) ................................................................. 21, 81
Madlener v. Finley (1st Dist), 161 Ill.App.3d. 796, 113 Ill.Dec. 712, 515 N.E.2d. 697 ........................................................ 83
Maria v. Kirby, 12 B.Mon. 542, 545 ................................................................................................................................ 47, 91
Massie v. Watts, 6 Cranch, 148 .............................................................................................................................................. 30
Mayborn v. Heflebower, 5 Cir., 1945, 145 F.2d. 864 ............................................................................................................ 46
McCloud v. Testa, 97 F.3d. 1536, 12 I.E.R. Cas. (BNA) 1833, 1996 Fed.App. 335P (6th Cir. 1996) .................................. 40
Mccreery v. Davis, 44 S.C. 195, 28 L.R.A. 655, 22 S.E. 178, 51 Am. St. Rep. 794 (S.C., 1895) ......................................... 66
McNally v. U.S., 483 U.S. 350, 371-372, Quoting U.S. v Holzer, 816 F.2d. 304, 307.......................................................... 54
Meese v. Keene, 481 U.S. 465, 484-485 (1987) .................................................................................................................... 57
Milner v. Gatlin [139 Ga. 109, 76 S.E. 860] .......................................................................................................................... 32
Montalet v. Murray, 8 U.S. (4 Cranch) 46, 2 L.Ed. 545 (1807) ............................................................................................. 39
Morrison v. Lovejoy, 6 Minn. 353, Gil. 224 .......................................................................................................................... 16
Moss v. Smoker, 2 La.Ann. 989 ............................................................................................................................................. 18
Mossman v. Higginson, 4 U.S. (4 Dall.) 12, 1 L.Ed. 720 (1800) ........................................................................................... 39
Munn. v. Illinois, 94 U.S. 113 (1876) .................................................................................................................................... 36
N.Y. v. re Merriam 36 N.E. 505, 141 N.Y. 479, affirmed 16 S.Ct. 1073, 41 L.Ed. 287 ........................................................ 84
New York Life Ins. Co. v. Gamer, 303 U.S. 161, 171, 58 S.Ct. 500, 503, 82 L.Ed. 726 (1938) ........................................... 75
New York Times v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964) ............................................................................................................... 81
Newblock v. Bowles, 170 Okl. 487, 40 P.2d. 1097, 1100 ...................................................................................................... 57
Newman-Green v. Alfonso Larrain, 490 U.S. 826 (1989) ..................................................................................................... 39
Newman-Green. 590 F.Supp. 1083 (ND Ill.1984) ................................................................................................................. 38
Ngiraingas v. Sanchez, 495 U.S. 182 (1990).......................................................................................................................... 68
Niboyet v. Niboyet ................................................................................................................................................................. 24
Nollan v. California Coastal Comm’n, 483 U.S. 825 (1987) ........................................................................................... 21, 81
North Mississippi Communications v. Jones, 792 F.2d. 1330, 1337 (5th Cir.1986) .............................................................. 72
Ogden v. Saunders, 12 Wheat. 318, 337, 6 L.Ed. 606 ............................................................................................................ 17
Ortiz-Pinero v. Rivera-Arroyo, 84 F.3d. 7 (1st Cir. 1996) ..................................................................................................... 40
Osborn v. Bank of U.S., 22 U.S. 738 (1824) .................................................................................................................... 30, 85
Parrish v. Nikolits, 86 F.3d. 1088 (11th Cir. 1996) .......................................................................................................... 40, 41
Penn v. Lord Baltimore, 1 Ves. 444 ....................................................................................................................................... 30
Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714 (1878) .............................................................................................................................. 24, 31

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
People ex rel. Campbell v. Dewey, 23 Misc. 267, 50 N.Y.S. 1013, N.Y.Sup. (1898) ..................................................... 47, 91
People v. Merrill, 2 Park.Crim.Rep. 590, 596 .................................................................................................................. 61, 84
Picquet v. Swan, 5 Mas. 35 .................................................................................................................................................... 31
Pierce v. Somerset Ry., 171 U.S. 641, 648, 19 S.Ct. 64, 43 L.Ed. 316 .................................................................................. 34
Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537, 542 (1896) ....................................................................................................................... 83
Prince v. Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 321 U.S. 158, 166, 88 L.Ed. 645, 64 S.Ct. 438, 442 (1944) ............................ 67
Public Workers v. Mitchell, 330 U.S. 75, 100, 67 S.Ct. 556, 569, 91 L.Ed. 754 (1947)........................................................ 72
Railway Emp. Dept. v. Hanson, 351 U.S. 225, 76 S.Ct. 714, 100 L.Ed. 1112 (1956) ........................................................... 40
Roberts v Roberts (1947) 81 CA.2d. 871, 185 P.2d. 381 ............................................................................................. 1, 26, 32
Rogers v. Bellei, 401 U.S. 815 (1971) ................................................................................................................................... 55
Rose v. W. B. Worthen Co., 186 Ark. 205, 53 S.W.2d. 15, 16, 85 A.L.R. 212 ..................................................................... 15
Routen v. West, 142 F.3d. 1434 C.A.Fed.,1998 ..................................................................................................................... 75
Rowen v. U.S., 05-3766MMC. (N.D.Cal. 11/02/2005).......................................................................................................... 71
Rucks-Brandt Const. Co. v. Price, 165 Okl. 178, 23 P.2d. 690 .............................................................................................. 15
Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois, 497 U.S. 62, 110 S.Ct. 2729, 111 L.Ed.2d. 52, 5 I.E.R. Cas. (BNA) 673 (1990) ...... 40
Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois, 497 U.S. 62, 110 S.Ct. 2729, U.S.Ill. (1990) ............................................................. 72
Sanford v. Callan, 5 Cir., 1945, 148 F.2d. 376 ....................................................................................................................... 46
Schlesinger v. Wisconsin, 270 U.S. 230, 46 S.Ct. 260, 70 L.Ed. 557 (1926) ...................................................... 57, 75, 79, 81
Schwartz v. California Claim Service, 52 Cal.App.2d. 47, 125 P.2d. 883, 888 ..................................................................... 15
Simpson v. Sheahan, 104 F.3d. 998, C.A.7 (Ill.) (1997) ........................................................................................................ 72
Sinking Fund Cases, 99 U.S. 700 (1878) ............................................................................................................................... 77
Sinton v. Carter Co., 23 F. 535 ............................................................................................................................................... 16
Slaughter House Cases, 16 Wall, 36 ...................................................................................................................................... 83
Smith v. Smith, 206 Pa.Super. 310, 213 A.2d. 94 .................................................................................................................. 34
South Carolina v. Katzenbach, 383 U. S., at 325 ................................................................................................................... 26
South Carolina v. Katzenbach, 383 U.S., at 325 .............................................................................................................. 28, 88
Speiser v. Randall, 357 U.S. 513, 526, 78 S.Ct. 1332, 1342, 2 L.Ed.2d. 1460 (1958) ........................................................... 72
St. Louis Malleable Casting Co. v. Prendergast Construction Co., 260 U.S. 469, 43 S.Ct. 178, 67 L.Ed. 351 ..................... 34
State ex rel. Herbert v. Whims, 68 Ohio.App. 39, 28 N.E.2d. 596, 599, 22 O.O. 110 ........................................................... 74
State ex rel. Hutton v. Baton Rouge, 217 La. 857, 47 So.2d. 665 .................................................................................... 20, 92
State ex rel. Nagle v. Sullivan, 98 Mont. 425, 40 P.2d. 995, 99 A.L.R. 321 .......................................................................... 83
State v. Campbell, 103 N.C. 344, 9 S.E. 410 ......................................................................................................................... 16
State v. Carter, 27 N.J.L. 499 ........................................................................................................................................... 61, 84
State v. Citrus County, 116 Fla. 676, 157 So. 4, 97 A.L.R. 431............................................................................................. 15
State. See Robertson v. Cease, 97 U.S. 646, 648-649 (1878)................................................................................................. 38
Stenberg v. Carhart, 530 U.S. 914 (2000) .............................................................................................................................. 57
Strader v. Graham, 10 How. 82. ....................................................................................................................................... 47, 90
Strader v. Graham, 10 How. 93 .............................................................................................................................................. 34
Strawbridge v. Curtiss, 3 Cranch 267 (1806) ......................................................................................................................... 38
Sturges v. Crowninshield, 4 Wheat. 197, 4 L.Ed. 529 ........................................................................................................... 17
Talbot v. Janson, 3 U.S. 133 (1795) ....................................................................................................................................... 68
Taylor v. Ferroman Properties, 103 Fla. 960, 139 So. 149, 150 ............................................................................................. 15
Taylor v. Glaser. 2 Serg. & R., Pa., 502 ................................................................................................................................. 16
Taylor v. Hotchkiss, 81 App.Div. 470, 80 N.Y.S. 1042 ......................................................................................................... 17
The Antelope, 23 U.S. 66, 10 Wheat 66, 6 L.Ed. 268 (1825) ................................................................................................ 21
Thorpe v. R. & B. Railroad Co., 27 Vt. 143 ........................................................................................................................... 36
Tot v. United States, 319 U.S. 463, 468-469, 63 S.Ct. 1241, 1245-1246, 87 L.Ed. 1519 (1943)......................... 57, 75, 79, 81
Tower v. Tower & S. Street R. Co. 68 Minn 500, 71 N.W. 691 ...................................................................................... 20, 92
Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 4 Wheat. 518, 561-562 (1819) ...................................................................... 68
Turner v. United States, 396 U.S. 398, 418-419, 90 S.Ct. 642, 653-654, 24 L.Ed.2d. 610 (1970) ...................... 57, 75, 79, 81
U. S. v. Grimley, 137 U.S. 147, 11 S.Ct. 54, U.S. (1890) ...................................................................................................... 49
U.S. v. Prudden, 424 F.2d. 1021, 1032 .................................................................................................................................. 54
U.S. v. Spelar, 338 U.S. 217 at 222 .................................................................................................................................. 62, 84
U.S. v. Tweel, 550 F.2d. 297, 299 .......................................................................................................................................... 54
Udny v. Udny (1869) L. R., 1 H.L.Sc. 441 ...................................................................................................................... 24, 51
Udny v. Udny, L.R., 1 H. L. Sc. 457 ...................................................................................................................................... 34
United States v. Boylan (CA1 Mass), 898 F.2d. 230, 29 Fed.Rules.Evid.Serv. 1223 ............................................................ 84

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
United States v. Erie R. Co., 106 U.S. 327 (1882) ................................................................................................................. 84
United States v. Harris, 106 U.S. 629, 1 S.Ct. 601, 27 L.Ed. 290 (1883) .............................................................................. 85
United States v. Holzer (CA7 Ill), 816 F.2d. 304 ................................................................................................................... 84
United States v. Lutz, 295 F.2d. 736, 740 (CA5 1961) .................................................................................................... 21, 82
United States v. Malinowski, 347 F.Supp. 352 (1992) ........................................................................................................... 49
United States v. Maurice, 26 F. Cas. 1211, 1216 (No. 15,747) (CC Va. 1823) ..................................................................... 68
United States v. One Zumstein Briefmarken Katalog 1938, D.C. Pa., 24 F.Supp. 516, 519 .................................................. 15
United States v. Pueblo of San Ildefonso, 206 Ct.Cl. 649, 669-670, 513 F.2d. 1383, 1394 (1975) ................................. 21, 82
United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U.S. 649, 18 S.Ct. 456, 42 L.Ed. 890 (1898) ....................................................... 25, 51
Valmonte v. I.N.S., 136 F.3d. 914 (C.A.2, 1998)................................................................................................................... 55
Van Brocklin v. Tennessee, 117 U.S. 151, 154 (1886) .......................................................................................................... 68
Van Koten v. Van Koten, 323 Ill. 323, 326, 154 N.E. 146 (1926) ......................................................................................... 67
Verlinden B. V. v. Central Bank of Nigeria, 647 F.2d. 320 (C.A.2 (N.Y.), 1981) ................................................................. 39
Vickery v. Jones, 100 F.3d. 1334 (7th Cir. 1996) .................................................................................................................. 40
Vlandis v. Kline (1973) 412 U.S. 441, 449, 93 S.Ct. 2230, 2235 .......................................................................................... 79
Vlandis v. Kline, 412 U.S. 441 (1973) ................................................................................................................. 57, 75, 79, 81
Vlandis v. Kline, 412 U.S. 441, 449, 93 S.Ct. 2230, 2235 (1973) ................................................................................... 56, 81
Wall v. Parrot Silver & Copper Co., 244 U.S. 407, 411, 412, 37 S.Ct. 609, 61 L.Ed. 1229 .................................................. 34
Watkins v. Holman, 16 Pet. 25 ............................................................................................................................................... 30
West v. West, 689 N.E.2d. 1215 (1998) ................................................................................................................................. 67
Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Lenroot, 323 U.S. 490, 502 (1945) .................................................................................... 57
Will v. Michigan Dept. of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 109 S.Ct. 2304 (U.S.Mich.,1989) ....................................................... 85
Woodward v. Woodward, 11 S.W. 892, 87 Tenn. 644 (Tenn., 1889) .................................................................................... 34
Wooley v. Maynard, 430 U.S. 703 (1977) ............................................................................................................................. 41
Other Authorities
1 Bish. Mar. & Div. § 16 ........................................................................................................................................................ 47
1 Bouv.Inst. no. 702 ............................................................................................................................................................... 17
1 GreenL.Ev. § 189 ................................................................................................................................................................ 15
1 J. Bouvier, A Law Dictionary Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States of America 318-319 (11th ed.
1866) .................................................................................................................................................................................. 68
1 Ld. Rayrn. 279 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 16
106 A.L.R. Fed. 396 ............................................................................................................................................................... 40
107 A.L.R. Fed. 21 ................................................................................................................................................................. 40
108 A.L.R. Fed. 117 ............................................................................................................................................................... 40
109 A.L.R. Fed. 9 ................................................................................................................................................................... 40
19 Corpus Juris Secundum (C.J.S.) 22, § 24 (2003)............................................................................................................... 65
19 Corpus Juris Secundum (C.J.S.), Corporations, §§883-884 (2003)................................................................................... 64
19 Corpus Juris Secundum (C.J.S.), Corporations, §884 (2003) ............................................................................................ 84
19 Corpus Juris Secundum (C.J.S.), Corporations, §886 (2003) ............................................................................................ 37
2 Bouv. Inst. n. 1433 .............................................................................................................................................................. 35
2 Bouv. Inst. n. 2279, 2327 .................................................................................................................................................... 33
2 Inst. 516 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 15
2A N. Singer, Sutherland on Statutes and Statutory Construction § 47.07, p. 152, and n. 10 (5th ed. 1992) ........................ 57
3 Freeman on Judgments (5th Ed.) 3152 ................................................................................................................................ 65
3 H. Stephen, Commentaries on the Laws of England 166, 168 (1st Am. ed. 1845) ............................................................. 68
63C American Jurisprudence 2d, Public Officers and Employees, §247 (1999) ................................................................... 84
8 Coke, 42b ............................................................................................................................................................................ 15
86 Corpus Juris Secundum (C.J.S.), Territories, §1 (2003) .................................................................................................... 62
97 L.Ed.2d. 903 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 40
About IRS Form W-8BEN, Form #04.202............................................................................................................................. 80
About SSNs and TINs on Government Forms and Correspondence, Form #05.012 ............................................................. 80
Affidavit of Citizenship, Domicile, and Tax Status, Form #02.001 ....................................................................................... 86
American Jurisprudence 2d, Constitutional law, §546: Forced and Prohibited Associations (1999) ..................................... 41
American Jurisprudence 2d, Duress, §21 (1999) ............................................................................................................. 77, 92
American Jurisprudence 2d, Franchises, §4: Generally (1999) ........................................................................................ 20, 92
Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
Are You an “Idiot”?, Sovereignty Education and Defense Ministry (SEDM) ....................................................................... 18
Army Special Regulation No. 615-180-1, paragraph 23 ........................................................................................................ 45
Avoiding Traps in Government Forms Course, Form #12.023 .............................................................................................. 19
Avoiding Traps in Government Forms, Form #12.023 .................................................................................................... 86, 87
Bar, Int. Priv. und Strafrecht, §§ 42-46 (Gillespie's trans. p. 160 et. seq.) ............................................................................. 23
Black, Jur. § 77 ................................................................................................................................................................. 47, 91
Black’s Law Dictionary, 4th Ed., p 1300 ..................................................................................................................... 1, 26, 32
Black’s Law Dictionary, Fifth Edition, p. 1095 ............................................................................................................... 21, 25
Black’s Law Dictionary, Fourth Edition, p. 1693 ...................................................................................................... 53, 63, 82
Black’s Law Dictionary, Fourth Edition, pp. 1223-1226 ....................................................................................................... 18
Black’s Law Dictionary, Fourth Edition, pp. 1361-1362 ....................................................................................................... 15
Black’s Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition, p. 1189..................................................................................................................... 74
Black’s Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition, p. 281....................................................................................................................... 37
Black’s Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition, p. 647................................................................................................................. 64, 84
Black’s Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition, p. 648................................................................................................................. 64, 84
Bouvier’s Maxims of Law, 1856 ................................................................................................................................ 26, 34, 35
Bouvier's Maxims of Law, 1856 ............................................................................................................................................ 70
Brett, L. J. ............................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Burge, For. & Col. L. vol. i ch. 3 et. seq. ............................................................................................................................... 23
Challenge to Income Tax Enforcement Authority within Constitutional States of the Union, Form #05.052 ....................... 57
Charles W. McCreery ............................................................................................................................................................. 66
Citizenship, Domicile, and Tax Status Options and Relationships, Form #10.003 ................................................................ 86
Civil Causes of Action, Litigation Tool #10.012 ................................................................................................................... 89
Civil Status (important!), SEDM............................................................................................................................................ 19
Co. Litt. 271a, 242a ................................................................................................................................................................ 15
Co.Litt. 172 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 16
Common Law Practice Guide, Litigation Tool #10.013 ........................................................................................................ 89
Conduct and Belief: Public Employees' First Amendment Rights to Free Expression and Political Affiliation. 59 U Chi LR
897, Spring, 1992 ............................................................................................................................................................... 40
Cong. Globe, 39th Cong., 1st Sess., at 1064 (statement of Rep. Hale) ...................................................................... 26, 28, 88
Court Remedies for Sovereigns: Taxation, Litigation Tool #10.002, Section 6.2 .................................................................. 93
De Facto Government Scam, Form #05.024 .......................................................................................................................... 34
Dicey, Dom. pt. 3, ch. 2.......................................................................................................................................................... 23
Dougl. 14 ................................................................................................................................................................................ 16
Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244, 251, 21 S.Ct. 770, 773, 45 L.Ed. 1088 (1901) ................................................................ 34
Enumeration of Unalienable Rights, Form #10.002 ............................................................................................................... 89
Ersk. Prin. 60 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Federal and State Tax Withholding Options for Private Employers, Form #09.001, Section 24 ........................................... 87
Federal Civil Trials and Evidence, Rutter Group, paragraph 8:4993, p. 8K-34 ......................................................... 56, 79, 81
Federal Jurisdiction, Form #05.018 ........................................................................................................................................ 88
Federal Nonresident Nonstatutory Claim for Return of Funds Unlawfully Paid to the Government -Long, Form #15.001.. 79
Federal Pleading/Motion/Petition Attachment, Litigation Tool #01.002 ............................................................................... 80
First Amendment Law, Barron-Dienes, West Publishing, ISBN 0-314-22677-X, pp. 266-267 ............................................ 41
Flawed Tax Arguments to Avoid, Form #08.004, Section 8.11 ............................................................................................. 93
Flawed Tax Arguments to Avoid, Form #08.004, Section 8.12 ............................................................................................. 93
Flawed Tax Arguments to Avoid, Form #08.004, Section 8.5 ............................................................................................... 93
Foote, Priv. Int. L. ch. 8.......................................................................................................................................................... 23
Form #05.001 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 58
Form #05.007 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 58
Form #05.014 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 58
Form #05.025 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Form #05.030 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 58
Form #05.046 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 58
Form #08.020 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 58

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
Form #10.002 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 58
Form #12.020 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 59
Form #12.038 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Full Payment Rule of the U.S. Supreme Court....................................................................................................................... 93
Government Corruption: Causes and Remedies, Form #12.026 ........................................................................................... 86
Government Establishment of Religion, Form #05.038 ......................................................................................................... 76
Government Identity Theft, Form #05.046 ................................................................................................................ 58, 86, 93
Government Instituted Slavery Using Franchises, Form #05.030 .......................................................................................... 58
Gray, C. J................................................................................................................................................................................ 24
Gray, C. J., in Rosa v. Ross, 129 Mass. 243 (given infra, §32, note 2) .................................................................................. 23
Income Taxation of Real Estate Sales, Form #05.044............................................................................................................ 65
Injury Defense Franchise and Agreement, Form #09.007 ................................................................................................ 54, 57
Inst. 3, 14 ................................................................................................................................................................................ 15
Internal Revenue Manual (I.R.M.), Section 4.10.7.2.8 .......................................................................................................... 73
IRS Form 1040 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 80
IRS Form W-4 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 80
IRS Form W-8 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 80
IRS Form W-8 Instructions for Requester of Forms W-8BEN, W-8ECI, W-8EXp, and W-8IMF, Catalog 26698G............ 76
IRS Forms 1040 and 1040NR jurat/perjury statement ........................................................................................................... 78
James Madison. House of Representatives, February 7, 1792, On the Cod Fishery Bill, granting Bounties ......................... 59
Lawfully Avoiding Government Obligations Course, Form #12.040 .................................................................................... 23
Laws of the Bible, Litigation Tool #09.001 ........................................................................................................................... 19
Legal Deception, Propaganda, and Fraud, Form #05.014 ................................................................................................ 86, 93
Legal Fictions, Form #09.071 ................................................................................................................................................ 19
Legal Notice of Change in Domicile/Citizenship Records and Divorce from the United States, Form #10.001 ............. 87, 93
Legal Remedies that Protect Private Rights Course, Form #12.019....................................................................................... 89
Limited Liability Companies (LLCs) ..................................................................................................................................... 35
Lord Westbury........................................................................................................................................................................ 24
Mark Twain ............................................................................................................................................................................ 93
Meaning of the Word “Frivolous”, Form #05.027 ................................................................................................................ 80
Minimum Contacts Doctrine, U.S. Supreme Court .......................................................................................................... 23, 92
New Bible Dictionary. Third Edition. Wood, D. R. W., Wood, D. R. W., & Marshall, I. H. 1996, c1982, c1962;
InterVarsity Press: Downers Grove .................................................................................................................................... 64
Non-Resident Non-Person Position, Form #05.020 ................................................................................................... 44, 51, 53
Path to Freedom, Form #09.015, Section 2 ...................................................................................................................... 85, 86
Path to Freedom, Form #09.015, Section 5.4 ......................................................................................................................... 87
Patriot Pastor Garrett Lear at the Boston Tea Party 2008, Pastor Garrett Lear ...................................................................... 52
Phillimore, Int. L. vol. iv. ch. 17 ............................................................................................................................................ 23
Piggott, For. Judgments, ch. 10 .............................................................................................................................................. 23
Poth. Obl. 173, 191................................................................................................................................................................. 17
Poth. Obl. no. 176................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Poth. Obl. no. 182................................................................................................................................................................... 17
President William Howard Taft.............................................................................................................................................. 63
Presumption: Chief Weapon for Unlawfully Enlarging Federal Jurisdiction, Form #05.017 ............................................... 81
Proof of Claim: Your Main Defense Against Government Greed and Corruption, Form #09.073 ................................. 23, 58
Proof That There is a “Straw Man”, Form #05.042 ................................................................................................... 19, 67, 85
Public Employees and the First Amendment Petition Clause: Protecting the Rights of Citizen-Employees Who File
Legitimate Grievances and Lawsuits Against Their Government Employers. 90 N.W. U LR 304, Fall, 1995 ................. 40
Reasonable Belief About Income Tax Liability, Form #05.007............................................................................................. 75
Requirement for Consent, Form #05.003, Section 7 .............................................................................................................. 89
Requirement for Consent, Form #05.003, Sections 9.1 and 11.2 ........................................................................................... 87
Resignation of Compelled Social Security Trustee, Form #06.002.................................................................................. 54, 87
Restatement, Second, Contracts §3 ........................................................................................................................................ 92
Restatement, Second, Trusts, Q 2(c) ................................................................................................................................ 21, 25
Savigny, System, etc. vol. viii. §§ 362-365 (Guthrie's trans. p. 148 et. seq.) ......................................................................... 23
Section 1983 Litigation, Litigation Tool #08.008 .................................................................................................................. 87
SEDM Disclaimer, Section 4 ................................................................................................................................................. 18

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
SEDM Liberty University ...................................................................................................................................................... 93
Separation Between Public and Private, Form #12.025 ......................................................................................................... 82
Social Security Program Operations Manual System (POMS), Section RS 02640.040 Stateless Persons ............................ 44
Social Security: Mark of the Beast, Form #11.407 ............................................................................................................... 54
Socialism: The New American Civil Religion, Form #05.016........................................................................................ 60, 75
Socialism: The New American Civil Religion, Form #05.016, Section 16 ........................................................................... 87
Sovereignty Forms and Instructions Online, Form #10.004, Cites by Topic: “stateless persons” ........................................ 44
State Action Doctrine of the U.S. Supreme Court .................................................................................................................. 85
Story, Confl. Laws, c. 2 .......................................................................................................................................................... 30
Story, Confl. Laws, sect. 539 ................................................................................................................................................. 30
Story, Confl. of L. ch. 4.......................................................................................................................................................... 23
Tax Form Attachment, Form #04.201 ........................................................................................................................ 75, 79, 86
Tax Procedure and Tax Fraud, Patricia Morgan, 1999, ISBN 0-314-06586-5 ....................................................................... 73
The Law of Nations, Book 1, Section 213 ............................................................................................................................. 18
The Social Contract or Principles of Political Right, Jean Jacques Rousseau, 1762, Book IV, Chapter 2 ............................. 27
Treatise on the Law of Domicil, M.W. Jacobs, 1887; Little Brown and Company, §29, pp. 38-39 ...................................... 24
U.S. Department of Justice ..................................................................................................................................................... 60
U.S. Supreme Court ......................................................................................................................................................... 87, 90
Unconstitutional Conditions Doctrine of the U.S. Supreme Court......................................................................................... 58
United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights .................................................................................... 42
United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 1, Item 1 ........................................................ 42
United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 2, Item 1 ........................................................ 42
United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 26 .................................................................. 42
USA Passport Application Attachment, Form #06.007.................................................................................................... 69, 71
W. Anderson, A Dictionary of Law 261 (1893) ..................................................................................................................... 68
Webster’s New World Dictionary, 3rd College Ed.(1988), page 1283 .................................................................................. 32
Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, 1983, ISBN 0-87779-510-X, p. 1118 ............................................................. 22
Westlake, Priv. Int. L. 1st ed. ch. 13; id. 2d ed. ch. 2, 3 ......................................................................................................... 23
Wharton, Conf. of L. ch. 3 ..................................................................................................................................................... 23
What is “Justice”?, Form #05.050 .......................................................................................................................................... 23
What Is “Justice”?, Form #05.050 .......................................................................................................................................... 20
Wheat. Int. Law, pt. 2, c. 2 ..................................................................................................................................................... 30
When Freedoms Conflict: Party Discipline and the First Amendment. 11 JL &Pol 751, Fall, 1995 ..................................... 40
Who are “Taxpayers” and Who Needs a “Taxpayer Identification Number”?, Form #05.013 .............................................. 78
Why Domicile and Becoming a “Taxpayer” Require Your Consent, Form #05.002 ......................................29, 41, 44, 51, 53
Why It is Illegal for Me to Request or Use a Social Security Number, Form #04.205 .......................................................... 86
Why Penalties are Illegal for Anything But Government Franchisees, Employees, Contractors, and Agents, Form #05.010
............................................................................................................................................................................................ 79
Why Statutory Civil Law is Law for Government and Not Private Persons, Form #05.037...................................... 67, 85, 88
Why You are a “national”, “state national”, and Constitutional but not Statutory Citizen, Form #05.006 ...................... 42, 55
Why You Aren’t Eligible for Social Security, Form #06.001 .......................................................................................... 53, 54
Why Your Government is Either a Thief or You are a “Public Officer” for Income Tax Purposes, Form #05.008 ........ 67, 80
Wikipedia: Civil Law (legal system) ..................................................................................................................................... 33
William L. Bettison ................................................................................................................................................................ 38
Scriptures
1 Cor. 6:20 .............................................................................................................................................................................. 52
1 Cor. 7:23 .............................................................................................................................................................................. 52
Deuteronomy 10:12-14........................................................................................................................................................... 22
Exodus 20:1-17 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 53
Ezekial 20:10-20 .................................................................................................................................................................... 52
Isaiah 33:22 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 52
Isaiah 58:6 .............................................................................................................................................................................. 59
Isaiah 61:1-2 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 59
James 4:4 ................................................................................................................................................................................ 52
Judges 2:1-4 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 52
Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
Luke 16:13 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 68
Matt. 23:27-28 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 59
Matt. 5:33-37 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 69
Matt. 6:24 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 52
Peterson, E. H. (2005). The Message: the Bible in contemporary language (Php 2:5–11). Colorado Springs, CO: NavPress
............................................................................................................................................................................................ 43
Phil 2:5-11 .............................................................................................................................................................................. 43
Philippians 3:20 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 52
Psalm 89:11 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 22

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 1 Introduction
2 Before any lawful government enforcement action may be attempted, there must exist what is called a “privity” between the
3 enforcer and the target of the enforcement.
4 PRIVITY. Mutual or successive relationship to the same rights of property. 1 GreenL.Ev. § 189; Duffy v. Blake,
5 91 Wash. 140, 157 P. 480, 482; Haverhill v. International Ry. Co., 217 App.Div. 521, 217 N.Y.S. 522, 523. Thus,
6 the executor is in privity with the testator, the heir with the ancestor, the assignee with the assignor, the donee
7 with the donor, and the lessee with the lessor. Litchfield v. Crane, 8 S.Ct. 210, 123 U.S. 549, 31 L.Ed. 199.
8 Derivative interest founded on, or growing out of, contract, connection, or bond of union between parties;
9 mutuality of interest. Hodgson v. Midwest Oil Co., C.C.A.Wyo., 17 F.2d. 71, 75.
10 Private knowledge; joint knowledge with another of a private concern; cognizance implying a consent or
11 concurrence. Taylor v. Ferroman Properties, 103 Fla. 960, 139 So. 149, 150.
12 In a strict and technical sense a judgment creditor does not occupy such a relation to his debtor as to fall within
13 the meaning of the word "privity," for there is no succession to the property of the debtor until a sale under
14 execution is had and the judgment creditor has become vested with the title thereof. But a majority of the courts
15 have enlarged the meaning of the word, and consequently have held that there is privity between the two before
16 there ls an actual devolution of the title of the property owned by the debtor. Buss v. Kemp Lumber Co., 23 N.M.
17 567, 170 P. 54, 56, L.R.A.l918C, 1015.
18 Privity of blood exists between an heir and his ancestor, (privity in blood inheritable,) and between coparceners.
19 This privity was formerly of importance in the law of descent cast. Co. Litt. 271a, 242a; 2 Inst. 516; 8 Coke, 42b.
20 Privity of contract is that connection or relationship which exists between two or more contracting parties. It is
21 essential to the maintenance of an action on any contract that there should subsist a privity between the plaintiff
22 and defendant in respect of the matter sued on. Brown.
23 Privity of estate is that which exists between lessor and lessee, tenant for life and remainderman or reversioner,
24 etc., and their respective assignees, and between joint tenants and coparceners. Privity of estate is required for a
25 release by enlargement. Sweet.
26 [Black’s Law Dictionary, Fourth Edition, pp. 1361-1362]
27 To put it simply, a privity is a legal relationship consisting of a bundle or group of legal obligations that each party owes to
28 the other in the context of their legal relationship.
29 OBLIGATION. A generic word, derived from the Latin substantive "obligatio," having many, wide, and varied
30 meanings, according to the context in which it is used. Enyeart v. City of Lincoln, 136 Neb. 146, 285 N.W. 314,
31 318. That which a person is bound to do or forbear; any duty imposed by law, promise, contract, relations of
32 society, courtesy, kindness, etc. Goodwin v. Freadrich, 135 Neb. 203, 280 N.W. 917, 923. Duty. Rucks-Brandt
33 Const. Co. v. Price, 165 Okl. 178, 23 P.2d. 690. Duty imposed by law. Helvering v. British-American Tobacco
34 Co., C.C.A., 69 F.2d. 528, 530. Law or duty binding parties to perform their agreement. An undertaking to
35 perform. State v. Citrus County, 116 Fla. 676, 157 So. 4, 97 A.L.R. 431. That which constitutes a legal or moral
36 duty and which renders a person liable to coercion and punishment for neglecting it; a word of broad meaning,
37 and the particular meaning intended is to be gained by consideration of its context. An obligation or debt may
38 exist by reason of a judgment as well as an express contract, in either case there being a legal duty on the part of
39 the one bound to comply with the promise. Schwartz v. California Claim Service, 52 Cal.App.2d. 47, 125 P.2d.
40 883, 888. Liabilities created by contract or law, Rose v. W. B. Worthen Co., 186 Ark. 205, 53 S.W.2d. 15, 16, 85
41 A.L.R. 212; or tort. Exchange Bank v. Ford, 3 P. 449, 451, 7 Colo. 314. As legal term word originally meant a
42 sealed bond, but it now extends to any certain written promise to pay money or do a specific thing. Lee v. Kenan,
43 C.C.A.Fla., 78 F.2d. 425, 100 A.L.R. 869. A formal and binding agreement or acknowledgment of a liability to
44 pay a certain sum or do a certain thing. United States v. One Zumstein Briefmarken Katalog 1938, D.C. Pa., 24
45 F.Supp. 516, 519.
46 The binding power of a vow, promise, oath, or contract. or of law, civil, political, or moral, independent of a
47 promise; that which constitutes legal or moral duty, and which renders a person liable to coercion and
48 punishment for neglecting lt. Webster.
49 A tie which binds us to pay or do something agreeably to the laws and customs of the country in which the
50 obligation is made. Inst. 3, 14.
51 Obligation is (1) legal or moral duty, as opposed to physical compulsion: (2) a duty incumbent upon an individual,
52 or a specific and limited number of individuals, as opposed to a duty imposed upon the world at large; (3) the

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 right to enforce such a duty. (jus in personam,) as opposed to such a right as that of property, (jus in rent,) which
2 avails against the world at large: (4) a bond containing a penalty, with a condition annexed, for the payment of
3 money, performance of covenants, or the like. Mozley & Whitley.
4 "Obligation" is the correlative of "right." Taking the latter word in its politico-ethical sense, as a power of free
5 action lodged In a person, "obligation" 1s the corresponding duty, constraint, or binding force which should
6 prevent all other persona from denying, abridging, or obstructing such right, or interfering with its exercise. And
7 the same ie its meaning as the correlative of a "jus in rem.'' Taking "right" as meaning a "jus in personam," (a
8 power. demand, claim, or privilege inherent in one person, and incident upon another,) the "obligation" is the
9 coercive force or control imposed upon the person of incidence by the moral law and the positive law, (or the
10 moral law as recognized and sanctioned by the positive law,) constraining him to accede to the demand, render
11 up the thing claimed, pay the money due, or otherwise perform what is expected of him with respect to the subject-
12 matter of the right.
13 A penal bond or "writing obligatory." that is, a bond containing a penalty, with a condition annexed for the
14 payment of money, performance of covenants, or the like, and which differs from a bill, the latter being generally
15 without a penalty m condition, though it may be obligatory. Co.Litt. 172.
16 A deed whereby a man binds himself under a penalty to do a thing. Com.Dig. Obligation (A): Taylor v. Glaser. 2
17 Serg. & R., Pa., 502; Denton v. Adams, 6 Vt. 40. The word has a very broad and comprehensive legal
18 signification and embraces all instruments of writing, however informal, whereby one party contracts with
19 another for the payment of money or the delivery of specific articles. State v. Campbell, 103 N.C. 344, 9 S.E. 410;
20 Morrison v. Lovejoy, 6 Minn. 353, Gil. 224; Sinton v. Carter Co., 23 F. 535.
21 In English expositions of the Roman law, and works upon general jurisprudence. "obligation" is used to translate
22 the Latin "obligatio." In this sense its meaning is much wider than as a technical term of English law. See
23 Obligatio.
24 Absolute obligation. One which gives no alternative to the obligor, but requires fulfillment according to the
25 engagement.
26 Conjunctive or alternative obligation. The former is one in which the several objects in it are connected by a
27 copulative, or in any other manner which shows that all of them are severally comprised in the contract. This
28 contract creates as many different obligations as there are different objects; and the debtor, when he wishes to
29 discharge himself, may force the creditor to receive them separately. But where the things which form the object
30 of the contract are separated by a disjunctive, then the obligation is alternative, and the performance of either of
31 such things will discharge the obligor. The choice of performing one of the obligations belongs to the obligor,
32 unless it is expressly agreed that it shall belong to the creditor. Civ.Code La. art. 2068; Dougl. 14; 1 Ld. Rayrn.
33 279; Galloway v. Legan, 4 Mart. N. S. (La.) 167. A promise to deliver a certain thing or to pay a specified sum
34 of money is an example of an alternative obligation. Civ.Code La. arts. 2063, 2066, 2067.
35 Contractual obligation. One which arises from a contract or agreement.
36 Determinate or indeterminate obligation. A determinate obligation is one which has for its object a certain thing:
37 as, an obligation to deliver a certain horse named Bucephalus, in which case the obligation can be discharged
38 only by delivering the identical horse. An indeterminate obligation is one where the obligor binds himself to
39 deliver one of a certain species: as, to deliver a horse, where the delivery of any horse will discharge the
40 obligation.
41 Divisible or indivisible obligation. A divisible obligation is one which, being a unit, may nevertheless be lawfully
42 divided, with or without the consent of the parties. An indivisible obligation is one which is not susceptible of
43 division: as, for example, if I promise to pay you one hundred dollars, you cannot assign one-half of this to
44 another, so as to give him a right of action against me for his share.
45 Express or implied obligation. Express or conventional obligations are those by which the obligor binds himself
46 in express terms to perform his obligation, while implied obligations are such as are raised by the implication or
47 inference of the law from the nature of the transaction.
48 Failure to meet obligations. See Failure to Meet Obligations.
49 Joint or several obligation. A joint obligation is one by which two or more obligors bind themselves jointly for
50 the performance of the obligation. France v. France, 94 Or. 414, 185 P. 1108.
51 A several obligation is one where the obligors promise, each for himself, to fulfill the engagement.
52 Moral obligation. A duty which is valid and binding in conscience and according to natural justice, but is not
53 recognized by the law as adequate to set in motion the machinery of justice; that is, one which rests upon ethical
54 considerations alone, and is not imposed or enforced by positive law. Taylor v. Hotchkiss, 81 App.Div. 470, 80
Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 N.Y.S. 1042; Bailey v. Philadelphia, 167 Pa. 569, 31 A. 925, 46 Am.St.Rep. 691. A duty which would be
2 enforceable by law, were it not for some positive rule, which, with a view to general benefit, exempts the party in
3 that particular instance from legal liability. Backhaus v. Lee, 49 N.D. 821, 194 N.W. 887, 890; Longstreth v. City
4 of Philadelphia, 245 Pa. 233, 91 A. 667.
5 Natural or civil obligation. A natural obligation is one which cannot be enforced by action, but which is binding
6 on the party who makes it in conscience and according to natural justice; Blair v. Williams, 4 Litt., Ky., 41. As,
7 for instance, when the action is barred by the act of limitation, a natural obligation still subsists, although the
8 civil obligation is extinguished; Sturges v. Crowninshield, 4 Wheat. 197, 4 L.Ed. 529; Ogden v. Saunders, 12
9 Wheat. 318, 337, 6 L.Ed. 606. A civil obligation is a legal tie, which gives the party with whom it is contracted
10 the right of enforcing its performance by law. Civ.Code La. art. 1757; Poth. Obl. 173, 191.
11 Obediential obligation. One incumbent on parties in consequence of the situation or relationship in which they
12 are placed. Ersk. Prin. 60. Perfect or imperfect obligation. A perfect obligation is one recognized and sanctioned
13 by positive law; one of which the fulfillment can be enforced by the aid of the law. Aycock v. Martin, 37 Ga. 124,
14 92 Am.Dec. 56. But if the duty created by the obligation operates only on the moral sense, without being enforced
15 by any positive law, it is called an "imperfect obligation," and creates no right of action, nor has it any legal
16 operation. The duty of exercising gratitude, charity, and the other merely moral duties are examples of this kind
17 of obligation. Civ.Code La. art. 1757; Edwards v. Kearzey, 96 U.S. 600, 24 L.Ed. 793.
18 Personal or heritable obligation. An obligation is heritable when the heirs and assigns of one party may enforce
19 the performance against the heirs of the other. Civ.Code La. art. 1997. It is personal when the obligor binds
20 himself only, not his heirs or representatives. An obligation is strictly personal when none but the obligee can
21 enforce the performance, or when it can be enforced only against the obligor. Civ.Code La. art. 1997. An
22 obligation may be personal as to the obligee, and heritable as to the obligor, and it may in like manner be heritable
23 as to the obligee, and personal as to the obligor. Civ.Code La. art. 1998. For the term personal obligation, as
24 used in a different sense, see the next paragraph.
25 Personal or real obligation. A personal obligation is one by which the obligor binds himself to perform an act,
26 without directly binding his property for its performance. A real obligation is one by which real estate, and not
27 the person, is liable to the obligee for the performance.
28 Thus, when an estate owes an easement, as a right of way, it is the thing, and not the owner, who owes the
29 easement. Another instance of a real obligation occurs when a person buys an estate which has been mortgaged,
30 subject to the mortgage; he is not liable for the debt, though the estate Is. In these cases the owner has an interest
31 only because he is seized of the servient estate or the mortgaged premises, and he may discharge himself by
32 abandoning or parting with the property. The obligation is both personal and real when the obligor has bound
33 himself and pledged his estate for the fulfilment of the obligations. In the civil law and in Louisiana, a real
34 obligation is one which is attached to immovable property, and it passes with such property into whatever hands
35 the property may come, without making the third possessor personally responsible. Civ.Code La art. 1997.
36 Primary obligation. An obligation which is the principal object of the contract.
37 For example, the primary obligation of the seller is to deliver the thing sold, and to transfer the title to it. It is
38 distinguished from the accessory or secondary obligation to pay damages for not doing so., 1 Bouv.Inst. no. 702.
39 The words "primary" and "direct, contrasted with "secondary," when spoken with reference to an obligation,
40 refer to the remedy provided by law for enforcing the obligation, rather than to the character and limits of the
41 obligation itself. Kilton v. Providence Tool Co., 27, R.I. 605, 48 A. 1039.
42 Primitive or secondary obligation. A primitive obligation, which in one sense may also be called a principal
43 obligation, is one which is contracted with a design that it should itself be the first fulfilled. A secondary obligation
44 is one which is contracted and is to be performed in case the primitive cannot be. For example, if one sells his
45 house, he binds himself to give a title; but if he finds he cannot as when the title is in another, then his secondary
46 obligation is to pay damages for nonperformance of the obligation.
47 Principal or accessory obligation. A principal obligation is one which arises from the principal object of the
48 engagement of the contracting parties; while an accessory obligation depends upon or is collateral to the
49 principal. See Poth. Obl. no. 182.
50 For example, In the case of the sale of a house and lot of ground, the principal obligation on the part of the vendor
51 is to make title for it; the accessory obligation is to deliver all the title-papers which the vendor has relating to it,
52 to take care of the estate until it is delivered, and the like. See, further, the title Accessory Obligation.
53 Pure obligation. One which is not suspended by any condition, whether it has been contracted without any
54 condition, or, when thus contracted, the condition has been accomplished. Poth. Obl. no. 176. See simple
55 obligation.

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 Simple or conditional obligation. Simple obligations are such as are not dependent for their execution on any
2 event provided for by the parties, and which are not agreed to become void on the happening of any such event.
3 Conditional obligations are such as are made to depend on an uncertain event. If the obligation is not to take
4 effect until the event happens, it is a suspensive condition; if the obligation takes effect immediately, but is liable
5 to be defeated when the event happens, it is then a resolutory condition. Civ.Code La. arts. 2020, 2021; Moss v.
6 Smoker, 2 La.Ann. 989. A simple obligation is also defined as one which is not suspended by any condition, either
7 because it has been contracted without condition, or, having been contracted with one, the condition has been
8 fulfilled; and a conditional obligation is also defined as one the execution of which is suspended by a condition
9 which has not been accomplished, and subject to which it has been contracted.
10 Single or penal obligation. A penal obligation is one to which is attached a penal clause, which is to be enforced
11 if the principal obligation be not performed. A single obligation is one without any penalty: as where one simply
12 promises to pay another one hundred dollars. This is called a single bill, when it is under seal.
13 Solidary obligation. In the law of Louisiana, one which binds each of the obligors for the whole debt, as
14 distinguished from a "joint" obligation, which binds the parties each for his separate proportion of the debt.
15 Groves v. Sentell, 14 S.Ct. 898, 153 U.S. 465, 38 L.Ed. 785. See Solidary.
16 [Black’s Law Dictionary, Fourth Edition, pp. 1223-1226]
17 Obligations, in turn, can ONLY be created by:
18 1. An injury or tort. In this case consent of neither party is involved.

19 2. A contract entered into absent duress. In this case mutual consent and mutual obligation must exist or the contract is
20 invalid.
21 The output of the creation of the privity and the obligations it represents is what is called a “civil status”. A “civil status” is
22 effectively a label given to a party which identifies them as party to a privity with a SPECIFIC identified other party. The
23 most obvious example of a “civil status” is that of a “person” under civil statutory law. “Person” is what the courts call a
24 “res” which gives them civil control over you under one of three different systems of civil law. Civil status is VERY
25 important, because it is the source of civil statutory jurisdiction of courts over you and their right to “personal jurisdiction”
26 over you. It also describes how your actions affect “choice of law” and your “status” in any court cases you bring. This article
27 summarizes the major aspects of this important subject.
28 Human beings who are “sovereign” in fact:
29 3. Have no “civil status” under statutory law.

30 4. Only have a “civil status” under the constitution and the common law.
31 5. Are not party to the “social compact”, but “foreigners” among citizens. The Law of Nations, Book 1, Section 213 calls
32 them “inhabitants”.
33 6. Are not privileged “aliens”.
34 7. Participate in NO government franchises or privileges, but instead reserve all their PRIVATE, UNALIENABLE rights
35 (Form #12.038) and thereby remain exclusively private. See Form #05.030.
36 8. Were described as “idiots” under early Greek law. See:
Are You an “Idiot”?, Sovereignty Education and Defense Ministry (SEDM)
https://sedm.org/are-you-an-idiot-we-are/
37 9. Understand the distinctions between PUBLIC and PRIVATE and maintain absolute separation between the two in all
38 their interactions with any so-called “government”. They ensure that all of their property remains absolutely owned and
39 exclusively private. Thus, they can control and dictate all uses and everyone who wants to take or control it. See:
Separation Between Public and Private Course, Form #12.025
https://sedm.org/LibertyU/SeparatingPublicPrivate.pdf
40 10. Civilly govern themselves without external interference, except possibly of common law and criminal courts.
41 11. Replace the civil statutory protection franchise with private contracts and franchises of their own for everyone they do
42 business with, thus rendering “civil services” on the part of organized governments irrelevant and unnecessary. For a
43 definition of “civil services”, see the definition in our Disclaimer, Section 4. In that sense they have FIRED the
44 government from a civil perspective and retain all of their God given inalienable rights. All rights reserved, U.C.C.
45 §1-308.
46 12. Are governed mainly by the “civil laws” found in the Holy Bible. This is a protected First Amendment right to practice
47 their religion.

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
Laws of the Bible, Litigation Tool #09.001
https://sedm.org/Litigation/09-Reference/LawsOfTheBible.pdf
1 You cannot have a “civil status” under the laws a place WITHOUT at least one of the following conditions:
2 1. A physical presence in that place. The status would be under the COMMON law. Common law is based on physical
3 location of people on land rather than their statutory status.
4 2. CONSENSUALLY doing business in that place. The status would be under the common law. See the Foreign
5 Sovereign Immunities Act, 28 U.S.C. Chapter 97 and International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310 (1945).
6 3. A domicile in that place. This would be a status under the civil statutes of that place. See Federal Rule of Civil
7 Procedure 17(a).
8 4. CONSENSUALLY representing an artificial entity (a legal fiction) that has a domicile in that place. This would be a
9 status under the civil statutes of that place. See Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 17(b).
10 5. Consenting to a civil status under the laws of that place. Anything done consensually cannot form the basis for an
11 injury in a court of law. Such consent is usually manifested by filling out a government form identifying yourself with
12 a specific statutory status, such as a W-4, 1040, driver license application, etc. This is covered in:
Avoiding Traps in Government Forms Course, Form #12.023
https://sedm.org/Forms/FormIndex.htm
13 If any of the above rules are violated, you are a victim of criminal identity theft:
Government Identity Theft, Form #05.046

https://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/GovernmentIdentityTheft.pdf
14 "civil status" is further discussed in:
15 1. Civil Status (important!)-Article under "Litigation->Civil Status (important!) on the SEDM menus
16 https://sedm.org/civil-status/
17 2. Proof That There is a “Straw Man”, Form #05.042
18 https://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/StrawMan.pdf
19 3. Legal Fictions, Form #09.071
20 https://sedm.org/Forms/09-Procs/LegalFictions.pdf
21 A task that most Americans are frequently asked to engage in is to fill out government forms describing their status under
22 some system of civil law. For instance:
23 1. They are asked to fill out tax forms describing their status. All tax liability is a civil liability which requires domicile
24 within the forum in order to enforce.
25 2. They are asked to fill out forms describing their marriage status. Jurisdiction over marriage originates from one’s choice
26 of domicile within the forum.
27 3. They are asked to declare their citizenship status and domicile when they register to vote. The “right” to vote is actually
28 a franchise that springs from one’s choice of domicile.
29 4. They are asked to describe their citizenship status on jury summons forms when they report for jury service. Jury service
30 is also a derivative franchise that originates from one’s choice of domicile within the state in which one is acting as a
31 juror.
32 5. If they file a lawsuit against someone in court, they are expected to disclose their status and standing to entertain the suit
33 in the civil complaint. Even if they have the right status, if they don’t describe it properly in their complaint, their lawsuit
34 may be dismissed.
35 6. When they fill out an application for a government benefit, they are required usually to declare that they are a “citizen”
36 or “resident” of the civil laws of the government offering the benefit. What both of these two statuses have in common
37 is that they require you to have a domicile within the forum. This is true, for instance, in the case of Social Security. 20
38 C.F.R. §422.104 requires that you MUST be a “citizen” or “permanent resident”, both of whom have in common a
39 domicile on federal territory that is no part of any state of the Union.
40 What all of the above occasions have in common is that they:
41 1. Relate to the CIVIL STATUTORY status of the applicant.

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 2. Cannot and do not prescribe or impute any lawful civil status to a nonresident but only to those domiciled within the
2 jurisdiction of the specific government that created the form.
3 3. Require a statement under penalty of perjury before a government official.
4 4. Constitute testimony of a witness.
5 5. Often constitute an act of political association that is protected by the First Amendment prohibition against compelled
6 association.
7 6. Are an exercise of your sovereignty in declaring the status most desirable and advantageous to you.
8 7. Are often also an exercise of your right to contract. When you sign up for a benefit or a franchise such as Social Security,
9 you are signing a contract because all franchises are contracts between the grantor and the grantee:
10 As a rule, franchises spring from contracts between the sovereign power and private citizens, made upon
11 valuable considerations, for purposes of individual advantage as well as public benefit, 1 and thus a franchise
12 partakes of a double nature and character. So far as it affects or concerns the public, it is publici juris and is
13 subject to governmental control. The legislature may prescribe the manner of granting it, to whom it may be
14 granted, the conditions and terms upon which it may be held, and the duty of the grantee to the public in exercising
15 it, and may also provide for its forfeiture upon the failure of the grantee to perform that duty. But when granted,
16 it becomes the property of the grantee, and is a private right, subject only to the governmental control growing
17 out of its other nature as publici juris. 2
18 [American Jurisprudence 2d, Franchises, §4: Generally (1999)]
19 This document will prove that you have an unalienable right in declaring your civil AND statutory status:
20 1. To not have a civil statutory status.

21 2. To be LEFT ALONE by the government in a civil statutory context if you decide not to have any statutory civil status.
22 This is because “justice” itself is defined as the right to be let alone. See What Is “Justice”?, Form #05.050.
23 3. To not to be coerced or intimidated or subject to duress in any way in connection with a failure to adopt a specific status.
24 4. To invalidate and render inadmissible anything you signed in the presence of duress when it was signed under penalty
25 of perjury.
26 5. To not be called “frivolous” or be over-ruled by any judge or jury for refusing to adopt a specific status.
27 6. To define the meaning of all words appearing on government forms, regardless of how the government defines them.
28 7. To demand proof of consent to any status that the government seeks to enforce against you.
29 8. To contest and prosecute as unconstitutional the alienation of any constitutional right if you are standing on land protected
30 by the Constitution. That unconstitutional alienation usually occurs by offering or enforcing federal franchises within a
31 constitutional state of the Union.
32 9. If you are completing a government form that creates any rights on behalf of any government, you have a right to:
33 9.1. Not be compelled to contract or not to contract.
34 9.2. Make your consent contingent on a specific prerequisite.
35 9.3. Expect MUTUAL obligations on the part of both you and the grantor of the benefit.
36 2 Basis for your EXCLUSIVE right to declare and establish your civil status
37 The right to declare and establish your civil and statutory status is tied to the legal definition of “property” itself. “Property”
38 as legally defined is that which you EXCLUSIVELY own and control, and can deprive all others of using or benefitting from:
39 Property. That which is peculiar or proper to any person; that which belongs exclusively to one. In the strict
40 legal sense, an aggregate of rights which are guaranteed and protected by the government. Fulton Light, Heat
41 & Power Co. v. State, 65 Misc.Rep. 263, 121 N.Y.S. 536. The term is said to extend to every species of valuable
42 right and interest. More specifically, ownership; the unrestricted and exclusive right to a thing; the right to
43 dispose of a thing in every legal way, to possess it, to use it, and to exclude everyone else from interfering with it.
44 That dominion or indefinite right of use or disposition which one may lawfully exercise over particular things or
45 subjects. The exclusive right of possessing, enjoying, and disposing of a thing. The highest right a man can have
46 to anything; being used to refer to that right which one has to lands or tenements, goods or chattels, which no
47 way depends on another man's courtesy.
1
Georgia R. & Power Co. v. Atlanta, 154 Ga. 731, 115 S.E. 263; Lippencott v. Allander, 27 Iowa 460; State ex rel. Hutton v. Baton Rouge, 217 La. 857, 47
So.2d. 665; Tower v. Tower & S. Street R. Co. 68 Minn 500, 71 N.W. 691.
2
Georgia R. & Power Co. v. Atlanta, 154 Ga. 731, 115 S.E. 263; Lippencott v. Allander, 27 Iowa 460; State ex rel. Hutton v. Baton Rouge, 217 La. 857, 47
So.2d. 665; Tower v. Tower & S. Street R. Co. 68 Minn 500, 71 N.W. 691.

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 The word is also commonly used to denote everything which is the subject of ownership, corporeal or incorporeal,
2 tangible or intangible, visible or invisible, real or personal, everything that has an exchangeable value or which
3 goes to make up wealth or estate. It extends to every species of valuable right and interest, and includes real
4 and personal property, easements, franchises, and incorporeal hereditaments, and includes every invasion of
5 one's property rights by actionable wrong. Labberton v. General Cas. Co. of America, 53 Wash.2d. 180, 332
6 P.2d. 250, 252, 254.
7 Property embraces everything which is or may be the subject of ownership, whether a legal ownership. or whether
8 beneficial, or a private ownership. Davis v. Davis. TexCiv-App., 495 S.W.2d. 607. 611. Term includes not only
9 ownership and possession but also the right of use and enjoyment for lawful purposes. Hoffmann v. Kinealy, Mo.,
10 389 S.W.2d. 745, 752.
11 Property, within constitutional protection, denotes group of rights inhering in citizen's relation to physical thing,
12 as right to possess, use and dispose of it. Cereghino v. State By and Through State Highway Commission, 230
13 Or. 439, 370 P.2d. 694, 697.
14 Goodwill is property, Howell v. Bowden, TexCiv. App., 368 S.W.2d. 842, &18; as is an insurance policy and
15 rights incident thereto, including a right to the proceeds, Harris v. Harris, 83 N.M. 441,493 P.2d. 407, 408.
16 Criminal code. "Property" means anything of value. including real estate, tangible and intangible personal
17 property, contract rights, choses-in-action and other interests in or claims to wealth, admission or transportation
18 tickets, captured or domestic animals, food and drink, electric or other power. Model Penal Code. Q 223.0. See
19 also Property of another, infra. Dusts. Under definition in Restatement, Second, Trusts, Q 2(c), it denotes interest
20 in things and not the things themselves.
21 [Black’s Law Dictionary, Fifth Edition, p. 1095]
22 Note that YOUR BODY, your labor, and all that you own at least STARTS OUT as exclusively your property, and by
23 EXCLUSIVELY we mean that it is PRIVATE property beyond the civil control or regulation of any government. Only by
24 donating it or some portion of it to a “public use”, “public purpose”, or “public office” can its use be civilly regulated by any
25 government.
26 “Every man has a natural right to the fruits of his own labor, is generally admitted; and no other person can
27 rightfully deprive him of those fruits, and appropriate them against his will…”
28 [The Antelope, 23 U.S. 66, 10 Wheat 66, 6 L.Ed. 268 (1825)]
29 __________________________________________________________
30 “We have repeatedly held that, as to property reserved by its owner for private use, "the right to exclude [others
31 is] òne of the most essential sticks in the bundle of rights that are commonly characterized as property.' " Loretto
32 v. Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corp., 458 U.S. 419, 433 (1982), quoting Kaiser Aetna v. United States, 444
33 U.S. 164, 176 (1979). “
34 [Nollan v. California Coastal Comm’n, 483 U.S. 825 (1987)]
35 __________________________________________________________
36 “In this case, we hold that the "right to exclude," so universally held to be a fundamental element of the property
37 right,3 falls within this category of interests that the Government cannot take without compensation.”
38 [Kaiser Aetna v. United States, 444 U.S. 164 (1979)]
39 The only time a government can take away your property without compensation in return and without your consent is when
40 you have hurt someone with it, and that deprivation can only occur AFTER the injury, not BEFORE. Any deprivation
41 BEFORE the injury must involve your express consent to donate the property or some interest in the property to a “public
42 use”, “public purpose”, and/or “public office”. These rules were identified by the U.S. Supreme Court as follows:
43 “Men are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights,- 'life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness;'
44 and to 'secure,' not grant or create, these rights, governments are instituted. That property [or income] which a
45 man has honestly acquired he retains full control of, subject to these limitations: First, that he shall not use it
46 and that does not mean that he must use it for his
to his neighbor's injury,
47 neighbor's benefit [e.g. SOCIAL SECURITY, Medicare, and every other
48 public “benefit”]; second, that if he devotes it to a public use, he gives to the public a right to control
3
See, e. g., United States v. Pueblo of San Ildefonso, 206 Ct.Cl. 649, 669-670, 513 F.2d. 1383, 1394 (1975); United States v. Lutz, 295 F.2d. 736, 740 (CA5
1961). As stated by Mr. Justice Brandeis, "[a]n essential element of individual property is the legal right to exclude others from enjoying it." International
News Service v. Associated Press, 248 U.S. 215, 250 (1918) (dissenting opinion).

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 that use; and third, that whenever the public needs require, the public may take it upon payment of due
2 compensation.”
3 [Budd v. People of State of New York, 143 U.S. 517 (1892)]
4 The only way one can rationally disagree with the conclusions of this section is to advocate one of the following positions,
5 all of which corrupt and destroy the notion of private property that is behind any and every great republic:
6 1. That there is no PRIVATE property and that EVERYTHING is PUBLIC property owned by the government.
7 2. That the government is the LEGAL owner of EVERYTHING and that they only LOAN it to you.
8 3. That “taxes” are the “rent” you pay to use GOVERNMENT property. If you don’t pay the taxes, they can take it away
9 from you and thereby EXCLUDE you from using or benefitting from it.
10 All the above premises are the foundation of socialism, in which the government either completely owns or at least
11 CONTROLS ALL property.
12 “socialism n (1839) 1: any of various economic and political theories advocating collective or governmental
13 ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods 2 a: a system of society or
14 group living in which there is no private property b: a system or condition of society in which the means of
15 production are owned and controlled by the state 3: a stage of society in Marxist theory transitional between
16 capitalism and communism and distinguished by unequal distribution of goods and pay according to work done.”
17 [Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, 1983, ISBN 0-87779-510-X, p. 1118]
18 Lastly, we emphasize that the purpose for which ALL governments are established, is to protect PRIVATE rights and
19 PRIVATE property, according to our Declaration of Independence. Anyone who argues with this section indirectly is
20 advocating that we DO NOT have a “government” as defined by our founding documents:
21 “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator
22 with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure
23 these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the
24 governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the
25 People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and
26 organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.”
27 [Declaration of Independence]
28 Furthermore, anyone who takes the position that there is no PRIVATE property and that the GOVERNMENT owns
29 EVERYTHING, indirectly must advocate atheism and is a THIEF, because the Bible itself says that GOD owns THE
30 WHOLE EARTH AND THE HEAVENS. Caesar cannot own or even control that which does not belong to him:
31 “Behold, the heaven and the heaven of heavens is the LORD’s thy God, the earth also, with all that therein is.”
32 [Deuteronomy 10:12-14, Bible, NKJV]
33 “The heavens are Yours, the earth also is Yours; The world and all its fullness, You have founded them.”
34 [Psalm 89:11, Bible, NKJV]
35 3 What do we mean by “civil status”?

36 A civil status is a term defined or described in the either the constitution or statutes or the common law to which either
37 obligations or rights attach. Example “civil statuses” would be “person” (under a civil statute), “taxpayer” (under the tax
38 code), “driver” (under the vehicle code), “individual”, etc. Every obligation gives rise to a corresponding right on the part of
39 the entity or person to whom the obligation is owed. An obligation, in turn, could include the requirement to perform a
40 specific service, or it could include some measure of control over property in your custody or control. Obligations are always
41 enforceable through some type of legal penalty or administrative or judicial enforcement for non-performance.
42 California Civil Code - CIV

43 DIVISION 3. OBLIGATIONS [1427 - 3272.9]
44 ( Heading of Division 3 amended by Stats. 1988, Ch. 160, Sec. 14. )
45 PART 1. OBLIGATIONS IN GENERAL [1427 - 1543] ( Part 1 enacted 1872. )
46 TITLE 1. DEFINITION OF OBLIGATIONS [1427 - [1428.]] ( Title 1 enacted 1872.)
47 1427. An obligation is a legal duty, by which a person is bound to do or not to do a certain thing.
48 (Enacted 1872.)

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 The ONLY method for lawfully creating obligations is either through your consent in the form of a contract or “operation of
2 law”. “Operation of law” involves a case where your actions or inactions have injured the equal rights of someone else. That
3 injury violates the concept of “justice” itself, which is the “right to be let alone”.4
4 California Civil Code – CIV

8 TITLE 1. DEFINITION OF OBLIGATIONS [1427 - [1428.]] (Title 1 enacted 1872.)
9 [1428.] Section Fourteen Hundred and Twenty-eight.
10
11 An obligation arises either from:
12 One — The contract of the parties; or,
13 Two — The operation of law. An obligation arising from operation of law may be enforced in the manner
14 provided by law, or by civil action or proceeding.
15 (Amended by Code Amendments 1873-74, Ch. 612.)
16 A violation of the above rules for creating obligations constitutes one of the following:
17 1. Unconstitutional taking of private property under the Fifth Amendment or equivalent state constitution.
18 2. Involuntary servitude, in the case of the Thirteenth Amendment, if the thing compelled is some kind of service or
19 physical performance.
20 For a detailed study of obligations owed to governments or citizens protected by government statutes generally, see:
21 1. Lawfully Avoiding Government Obligations Course, Form #12.040

22 https://sedm.org/Forms/FormIndex.htm
23 2. Proof of Claim: Your Main Defense Against Government Greed and Corruption, Form #09.073
25 The use of the term “status” in this memorandum:
26 1. Is associated with the domicile of the party in question. Before one may have any kind of civil status, one must:
27 1.1. CONSENSUALLY have a domicile or residence within the forum or jurisdiction in question.
28 1.2. Have legal evidence of said domicile admissible in court to prove the domicile they claim.
29 1.3. Acquire statutory “citizen” or “resident” status under the civil laws of the place by virtue of choosing a domicile
30 within that place.
31 2. Relates exclusively to the civil status of a party under the CIVIL STATUTORY laws of a specific jurisdiction.
32 2.1. Civil statutory laws only pertain to those consensually domiciled within the forum or jurisdiction.
33 2.2. They may not be enforced against non-residents or those not domiciled within the forum or jurisdiction unless the
34 non-resident satisfies the “Minimum Contacts Doctrine” spoken of by the U.S. Supreme Court in International
35 Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310 (1945).
36 3. Does NOT relate to the CRIMINAL laws. Criminal laws do not attach to the status of the parties or to their consent in
37 any way. Instead, they attach at the point when a harmful act is committed against a specific party on the territory to
38 which said law attaches.
39 A well-known book on domicile explains the origin of “civil status” as follows:
40 § 29. Status.5 It may be laid down that the status-or, as it is sometimes called, civil status, in contradistinction to
41 political status - of a person depends largely, although not universally, upon domicil. The older jurists, whose
4
See What is “Justice”?, Form #05.050 for an exhaustive definition of “justice”; SOURCE: https://sedm.org/Forms/FormIndex.htm.
5
On this general subject, see Story, Confl. of L. ch. 4; Burge, For. & Col. L. vol. i ch. 3 et. seq.; Phillimore, Int. L. vol. iv. ch. 17; Westlake, Priv. Int. L. 1st
ed. ch. 13; id. 2d ed. ch. 2, 3; Foote, Priv. Int. L. ch. 8; Wharton, Conf. of L. ch. 3; Dicey, Dom. pt. 3, ch. 2; Piggott, For. Judgments, ch. 10; Savigny,
System, etc. vol. viii. §§ 362-365 (Guthrie's trans. p. 148 et. seq.); Bar, Int. Priv. und Strafrecht, §§ 42-46 (Gillespie's trans. p. 160 et. seq.); and see
particularly the leamed and elaborate opinion of Gray, C. J., in Rosa v. Ross, 129 Mass. 243 (given infra, §32, note 2). In these places the reader will find
collected almost all of the important authorities upon the subject of status.

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 opinions are fully collected by Story6 and Burge7 maintained, with few exceptions, the principle of the ubiquity of
2 status, conferred by the lex domicilii with little qualification. Lord Westbury, in Udny v. Udny8 thus states the
3 doctrine broadly: "The civil status is governed by one single principle, namely, that of domicil, which is the
4 criterion established by law for the purpose of determining civil status. For it is on this basis. that the personal
5 rights of the party - that is to say, the law which determines his majority and minority, his marriage, succession,
6 testacy, or intestacy-must depend." Gray, C. J., in the late Massachusetts case of Ross v. Ross9 speaking with
7 special reference to capacity to inherit, says: "It is a general principle that the status or condition of a person,
8 the relation in which he stands to another person, and by which he is qualified or made capable to take" certain
9 rights in that other's property, is fixed by the law of the domicil; and that this status and capacity are to be
10 recognized and upheld in every other State, so far as they are not inconsistent with its own laws and policy."
11 But great difficulty in the discussion of this subject has arisen by reason of the loose and varying use of the term
12 status and the want of any clear definition of what is meant by it. Savigny10 understood it to mean " capacity to
13 have rights and to act;" and this undoubtedly was the sense in which it was understood by the older jurists. In
14 Niboyet v. Niboyet,11 Brett, L. J., gives this definition: "The status of an individual, used as a legal term, means
15 the legal position of the individual in or with regard to the rest of a community." But whatever may be the
16 definition of the term, or whatever rules applicable to status in general may be looked upon as having received
17 general acceptance, there are certain prominent states or conditions of persons, which have been treated of by
18 writers and considered by the courts, and these it will be well to examine separately, with a view to ascertain how
19 far they are affected by domicil.
20 [Treatise on the Law of Domicil, M.W. Jacobs, 1887; Little Brown and Company, §29, pp. 38-39]
21 Below is an example of the above, from the U.S. Supreme Court. The “status” spoken in this case of is that of being “married”
22 under the laws of a specific state:
23 “To prevent any misapplication of the views expressed in this opinion, it is proper to observe that we do not mean
24 to assert, by any thing we have said, that a State may not authorize proceedings to determine the status of one
25 of its citizens towards a non-resident, which would be binding within the State, though made without service of
26 process or personal notice to the non-resident. The jurisdiction which every State possesses to determine the
27 civil status and capacities of all its inhabitants involves authority to prescribe the conditions on which
28 proceedings affecting them may be commenced and carried on within its territory. The State, for example, has
29 absolute 735*735 right to prescribe the conditions upon which the marriage relation between its own citizens
30 shall be created, and the causes for which it may be dissolved. One of the parties guilty of acts for which, by the
31 law of the State, a dissolution may be granted, may have removed to a State where no dissolution is permitted.
32 The complaining party would, therefore, fail if a divorce were sought in the State of the defendant; and if
33 application could not be made to the tribunals of the complainant's domicile in such case, and proceedings be
34 there instituted without personal service of process or personal notice to the offending party, the injured citizen
35 would be without redress. Bish. Marr. and Div., sect. 156.”
36 [Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714 (1878)]
37 “Domicile” and “Nationality” are distinguished in the following U.S. Supreme Court case:
38 In Udny v. Udny (1869) L. R. 1 H. L. Sc. 441, the point decided was one of inheritance, depending upon the
39 question whether the domicile of the father was in England or in Scotland, he being in either alternative a British
40 subject. Lord Chancellor Hatherley said: 'The question of naturalization and of allegiance is distinct from that
41 of domicile.' Page 452. Lord Westbury, in the passage relied on by the counsel for the United States, began by
42 saying: 'The law of England, and of almost all civilized countries, ascribes to each individual at his birth two
43 distinct legal states or conditions,—one by virtue of which he becomes the subject [NATIONAL] of some
44 particular country, binding him by the tie of natural allegiance, and which may be called his political status;
45 another by virtue of which he has ascribed to him the character of a citizen of some particular country, and as
46 such is possessed of certain municipal rights, and subject to certain obligations, which latter character is the
47 civil status or condition of the individual, and may be quite different from his political status.' And then, while
48 maintaining that the civil status is universally governed by the single principle of domicile (domicilium), the
49 criterion established by international law for the purpose of determining civil status, and the basis on which
50 'the personal rights of the party—that is to say, the law which determines his majority or minority, his
6
Ubi supra.
7
Ubi supra.
8
L.R. 1 Sch. App. 441, 457.
9
129 Mass. 243, 246.
10
System, etc. §361 (Guthrie's Trans, p. 139). Bar understands status in the same sense, §44 (Gillespie's trans. p.172). Gray, C. J., in the case above cited,
thus distinguishes the two phases of capacity which go to make up status: “The capacity or qualification to inherit or succeed to property, which is an
incident of the status or condition, requiring no action to give it effect, is to be distinguished from the capacity or competency to enter into contracts that
confer rights upon others. A capacity to take and have differs from a capacity to do and contract; in short, a capacity of holding from a capacity to act.”
Ross v. Ross, ubi supra.
11
L. B. 4 P. D. 1, 11.

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 marriage, succession, testacy, or intestacy— must depend,' he yet distinctly recognized that a man's political
2 status, his country (patria), and his 'nationality,—that is, natural allegiance,'—'may depend on different laws in
3 different countries.' Pages 457, 460. He evidently used the word 'citizen,' not as equivalent to 'subject,' but rather
4 to 'inhabitant'; and had no thought of impeaching the established rule that all persons born under British
5 dominion are natural-born subjects.
6 [United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U.S. 649, 18 S.Ct. 456, 42 L.Ed. 890 (1898) ;
7 SOURCE: http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=3381955771263111765]
8 In law, all rights are property. Hence, “civil rights” attach to the CIVIL STATUTORY STATUS of a “person”:
9 Property. That which is peculiar or proper to any person; that which belongs exclusively to one. In the strict
10 legal sense, an aggregate of rights which are guaranteed and protected by the government. Fulton Light, Heat
11 & Power Co. v. State, 65 Misc.Rep. 263, 121 N.Y.S. 536. The term is said to extend to every species of valuable
12 right and interest. More specifically, ownership; the unrestricted and exclusive right to a thing; the right to
13 dispose of a thing in every legal way, to possess it, to use it, and to exclude everyone else from interfering with it.
14 That dominion or indefinite right of use or disposition which one may lawfully exercise over particular things or
15 subjects. The exclusive right of possessing, enjoying, and disposing of a thing. The highest right a man can have
16 to anything; being used to refer to that right which one has to lands or tenements, goods or chattels, which no
17 way depends on another man's courtesy.
18 The word is also commonly used to denote everything which is the subject of ownership, corporeal or incorporeal,
19 tangible or intangible, visible or invisible, real or personal, everything that has an exchangeable value or which
20 goes to make up wealth or estate. It extends to every species of valuable right and interest, and includes real
21 and personal property, easements, franchises, and incorporeal hereditaments, and includes every invasion of
22 one's property rights by actionable wrong. Labberton v. General Cas. Co. of America, 53 Wash.2d. 180, 332
23 P.2d. 250, 252, 254.
24 Property embraces everything which is or may be the subject of ownership, whether a legal ownership. or whether
25 beneficial, or a private ownership. Davis v. Davis. TexCiv-App., 495 S.W.2d. 607. 611. Term includes not only
26 ownership and possession but also the right of use and enjoyment for lawful purposes. Hoffmann v. Kinealy, Mo.,
27 389 S.W.2d. 745, 752.
28 Property, within constitutional protection, denotes group of rights inhering in citizen's relation to physical thing,
29 as right to possess, use and dispose of it. Cereghino v. State By and Through State Highway Commission, 230
30 Or. 439, 370 P.2d. 694, 697.
31 Goodwill is property, Howell v. Bowden, TexCiv. App., 368 S.W.2d. 842, &18; as is an insurance policy and
32 rights incident thereto, including a right to the proceeds, Harris v. Harris, 83 N.M. 441,493 P.2d. 407, 408.
33 Criminal code. "Property" means anything of value. including real estate, tangible and intangible personal
34 property, contract rights, choses-in-action and other interests in or claims to wealth, admission or transportation
35 tickets, captured or domestic animals, food and drink, electric or other power. Model Penal Code. Q 223.0. See
36 also Property of another, infra. Dusts. Under definition in Restatement, Second, Trusts, Q 2(c), it denotes interest
37 in things and not the things themselves.
38 [Black’s Law Dictionary, Fifth Edition, p. 1095]
39 Those who do not have a domicile in a specific municipal jurisdiction are regarded as “non-residents”, and hence, they have
40 no “civil status” or “status” under the “civil laws” of the jurisdiction they are non-resident in relation to. An example of this
41 phenomenon is found in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 17(b) , in which jurisdiction is described as follows:
42 IV. PARTIES > Rule 17.

43 Rule 17. Parties Plaintiff and Defendant; Capacity
44 (b) Capacity to Sue or be Sued.
45 Capacity to sue or be sued is determined as follows:
46 (1) for an individual who is not acting in a representative capacity, by the law of the individual's domicile;
47 (2) for a corporation[the “United States”, in this case, or its officers on official duty representing the
48 corporation], by the law under which it was organized [laws of the District of Columbia]; and
49 (3) for all other parties, by the law of the state where the court is located, except that:
50 (A) a partnership or other unincorporated association with no such capacity under that state's law may sue
51 or be sued in its common name to enforce a substantive right existing under the United States Constitution
52 or laws; and
53 (B) 28 U.S.C. §§754 and 959(a) govern the capacity of a receiver appointed by a United States court to sue
54 or be sued in a United States court.
55 [SOURCE: http://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/Rule17.htm]

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 A human being with no domicile within federal territory, based on the above:
2 1. Has no capacity to sue or be sued in federal court under the CIVIL statutes of the national government.
3 2. Has no “status” or “civil status” under any federal civil statute, including:
4 2.1. “person”.
5 2.2. “individual”.
6 3. Is not a statutory “citizen” under federal law such as 26 U.S.C. §3121(e) and 26 C.F.R. §1.1-1(c), but rather a statutory
7 “non-resident non-person”. If they are ALSO a public officer in the national government, they are also a statutory
8 “individual” and “nonresident alien” (26 U.S.C. §7701(b)(1)(B)) in relation to the national government.
9 4. May STILL sue under the constitution and the common law because both of these sources of law attach to the
10 TERRITORY rather than the “civil status” of the physical people ON that physical territory. This is, in part, because
11 the CONSTITUTION is “self-executing” and needs no statutes to enforce:12:
12 “It is locality that is determinative of the application of the Constitution, in such matters as judicial procedure,
13 and not the status of the people who live in it.”
14 [Balzac v. Porto Rico, 258 U.S. 298 (1922)]
15 We must emphasize at this point that the ABSENCE of a STATUTORY “civil status” is ALSO a “civil status”, but under a
16 DIFFERENT system of law, which is that of the ORGANIC law rather than the STATUTORY law. As an extension of your
17 right to associate/disassociate and contract/not contract under the First Amendment, you can choose to be a
18 CONSTITUTIONAL “PERSON” WITHOUT being a STATUTORY “PERSON”. The state in such a case STILL has a duty
19 to protect THAT LACK OF STATUS under the CIVIL STATUTORY LAW and to protect the right to ONLY have a “civil
20 status” under the CONSTITUTION or the COMMON LAW:
21 “As independent sovereignty, it is State's province and duty to forbid interference by another state or foreign
22 power with status of its own citizens. Roberts v Roberts (1947) 81 CA.2d. 871, 185 P.2d. 381. “
23 [Black’s Law Dictionary, 4th Ed., p 1300]
24 If, in fact, “consent makes the law” per the maxims of the common law, then “consent” of the PARTY claiming OR NOT
25 CLAIMING the “civil status” makes the CIVIL STATUTORY “PERSON” as well:
26 Consensus facit legem. Consent makes the law. A contract is a law between the parties, which can acquire force
27 only by consent.
28 [Bouvier’s Maxims of Law, 1856;

29 https://famguardian.org/Publications/BouvierMaximsOfLaw/BouviersMaxims.htm]
30 An example of a “status” that one not domiciled on federal territory cannot lawfully have is that of statutory “taxpayer” as
31 defined in 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(14) . All tax liability is a CIVIL liability which attaches to a CIVIL statutory status:
32 TITLE 26 > Subtitle F > CHAPTER 79 > § 7701

33 § 7701. Definitions
12
On the subject of the “self-executing” nature of the Constitution, the U.S. Supreme Court has held:
The design of the Fourteenth Amendment has proved significant also in maintaining the traditional separation of
powers 524*524 between Congress and the Judiciary. The first eight Amendments to the Constitution set forth
self-executing prohibitions on governmental action, and this Court has had primary authority to interpret those
prohibitions. The Bingham draft, some thought, departed from that tradition by vesting in Congress primary
power to interpret and elaborate on the meaning of the new Amendment through legislation. Under it, "Congress,
and not the courts, was to judge whether or not any of the privileges or immunities were not secured to citizens
in the several States." Flack, supra, at 64. While this separation-of-powers aspect did not occasion the widespread
resistance which was caused by the proposal's threat to the federal balance, it nonetheless attracted the attention
of various Members. See Cong. Globe, 39th Cong., 1st Sess., at 1064 (statement of Rep. Hale) (noting that Bill of
Rights, unlike the Bingham proposal, "provide[s] safeguards to be enforced by the courts, and not to be
exercised by the Legislature"); id., at App. 133 (statement of Rep. Rogers) (prior to Bingham proposal it "was
left entirely for the courts . . . to enforce the privileges and immunities of the citizens"). As enacted, the Fourteenth
Amendment confers substantive rights against the States which, like the provisions of the Bill of Rights, are self-
executing. Cf. South Carolina v. Katzenbach, 383 U. S., at 325 (discussing Fifteenth Amendment). The power to
interpret the Constitution in a case or controversy remains in the Judiciary.
[City of Boerne v. Flores, 521 U.S. 507 (1997)]

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 (a)When used in this title, where not otherwise distinctly expressed or manifestly incompatible with the intent
2 thereof—
3 (14) Taxpayer
4 The term “taxpayer” means any person subject to any internal revenue tax.
5 In a sense then, all civil statutory law acts as the equivalent of a “protection franchise” that you have to consent to before you
6 become party to. “Privileges” under the protection franchise attach to the status of “citizen”. Those who are non-residents
7 are not parties to the franchise contract and are not bound by the franchise contract:
8 There is but one law which, from its nature, needs unanimous consent. This is the social compact; for civil
9 association is the most voluntary of all acts. Every man being born free and his own master, no one, under any
10 pretext whatsoever, can make any man subject without his consent. To decide that the son of a slave is born a
11 slave is to decide that he is not born a man.
12 If then there are opponents when the social compact is made, their opposition does not invalidate the contract,
13 but merely prevents them from being included in it. They are foreigners among citizens. When the State is
14 instituted, residence constitutes consent; to dwell within its territory is to submit to the Sovereign.[34]
15 Apart from this primitive contract, the vote of the majority always binds all the rest. This follows from the
16 contract itself. But it is asked how a man can be both free and forced to conform to wills that are not his own.
17 How are the opponents at once free and subject to laws they have not agreed to?
18 I retort that the question is wrongly put. The citizen gives his consent to all the laws, including those which are
19 passed in spite of his opposition, and even those which punish him when he dares to break any of them. The
20 constant will of all the members of the State is the general will; by virtue of it they are citizens and free[35]. When
21 in the popular assembly a law is proposed, what the people is asked is not exactly whether it approves or rejects
22 the proposal, but whether it is in conformity with the general will, which is their will. Each man, in giving his
23 vote, states his opinion on that point; and the general will is found by counting votes. When therefore the opinion
24 that is contrary to my own prevails, this proves neither more nor less than that I was mistaken, and that what I
25 thought to be the general will was not so. If my particular opinion had carried the day I should have achieved the
26 opposite of what was my will; and it is in that case that I should not have been free.
27 This presupposes, indeed, that all the qualities of the general will still reside in the majority: when they cease
28 to do so, whatever side a man may take, liberty is no longer possible.
29 In my earlier demonstration of how particular wills are substituted for the general will in public deliberation, I
30 have adequately pointed out the practicable methods of avoiding this abuse; and I shall have more to say of them
31 later on. I have also given the principles for determining the proportional number of votes for declaring that will.
32 A difference of one vote destroys equality; a single opponent destroys unanimity; but between equality and
33 unanimity, there are several grades of unequal division, at each of which this proportion may be fixed in
34 accordance with the condition and the needs of the body politic.
35 There are two general rules that may serve to regulate this relation. First, the more grave and important the
36 questions discussed, the nearer should the opinion that is to prevail approach unanimity. Secondly, the more the
37 matter in hand calls for speed, the smaller the prescribed difference in the numbers of votes may be allowed to
38 become: where an instant decision has to be reached, a majority of one vote should be enough. The first of these
39 two rules seems more in harmony with the laws, and the second with practical affairs. In any case, it is the
40 combination of them that gives the best proportions for determining the majority necessary.
41 [The Social Contract or Principles of Political Right, Jean Jacques Rousseau, 1762, Book IV, Chapter 2;
42 SOURCE: https://famguardian.org/Publications/TheSocialContract-
43 Rousseau/Rousseau%20Social%20Contract.htm]
44 _______________________________
45 FOOTNOTES:
46 [34] This should of course be understood as applying to a free State; for elsewhere family, goods, lack of a refuge,
47 necessity, or violence may detain a man in a country against his will; and then his dwelling there no longer by
48 itself implies his consent to the contract or to its violation.
49 [35] At Genoa, the word Liberty may be read over the front of the prisons and on the chains of the galley-slaves.
50 This application of the device is good and just. It is indeed only malefactors of all estates who prevent the citizen
51 from being free. In the country in which all such men were in the galleys, the most perfect liberty would be
52 enjoyed.
53 There is one last very important point we wish to make. That point is that the civil statutory laws and the domicile they attach
54 to are not the ONLY method of civilly protecting one’s rights. Some types of civil protection do not require consent of party.
Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 For instance, the U.S. Constitution is an example of a limitation upon government that does NOT require the express consent
2 of those who are protected by it.
3 1. The USA Constitution is a “compact” or contract.

4 2. It establishes a public trust, which is an artificial “person” in which:
5 2.1. The corpus of the trust is all public rights and public property.
6 2.2. The trustees of the trust are people working in the government.
7 2.3. All constitutional but not statutory citizens are the “beneficiaries”.
8 3. The parties who established this public trust are the States of the Union and the government they created. Individual
9 human beings are NOT party to it or trustees under it:
10 4. The Bill of Rights portion of the constitution attaches to LAND protected by the constitution, and NOT the civil status
11 of people ON the land:
15 5. The Bill of Rights is a “self-executing” restraint upon all government officers and agents upon all those physically
16 present but not necessarily domiciled on the land it attaches to. Because the rights it covers are “self-executing”, no
17 statutory civil law is needed to give them “the force of law” against any officer of the government in relation to a
18 person physically present upon land protected by the constitution.
19 The design of the Fourteenth Amendment has proved significant also in maintaining the traditional separation of
20 powers 524*524 between Congress and the Judiciary. The first eight Amendments to the Constitution set forth
21 self-executing prohibitions on governmental action, and this Court has had primary authority to interpret those
22 prohibitions. The Bingham draft, some thought, departed from that tradition by vesting in Congress primary
23 power to interpret and elaborate on the meaning of the new Amendment through legislation. Under it, "Congress,
24 and not the courts, was to judge whether or not any of the privileges or immunities were not secured to citizens
25 in the several States." Flack, supra, at 64. While this separation-of-powers aspect did not occasion the widespread
26 resistance which was caused by the proposal's threat to the federal balance, it nonetheless attracted the attention
27 of various Members. See Cong. Globe, 39th Cong., 1st Sess., at 1064 (statement of Rep. Hale) (noting that Bill of
28 Rights, unlike the Bingham proposal, "provide[s] safeguards to be enforced by the courts, and not to be
29 exercised by the Legislature"); id., at App. 133 (statement of Rep. Rogers) (prior to Bingham proposal it "was
30 left entirely for the courts . . . to enforce the privileges and immunities of the citizens"). As enacted, the Fourteenth
31 Amendment confers substantive rights against the States which, like the provisions of the Bill of Rights, are self-
32 executing. Cf. South Carolina v. Katzenbach, 383 U.S., at 325 (discussing Fifteenth Amendment). The power to
33 interpret the Constitution in a case or controversy remains in the Judiciary.
34 [City of Boerne v. Flores, 521 U.S. 507 (1997)]
35 Those injured by the actions of the government, whether civilly domiciled there and therefore a “citizen” there OR NOT, are
36 protected by the Bill of Rights and have standing to sue in ANY state or federal court for a violation of that right.
37 In confirmation of this section, examine the content of 1 U.S.C. §8:
38 1 U.S. Code § 8 - “Person”, “human being”, “child”, and “individual” as including born-alive infant
39 (a) In determining the meaning of any Act of Congress, or of any ruling, regulation, or interpretation of the
40 various administrative bureaus and agencies of the United States, the words “person”, “human being”, “child”,
41 and “individual”, shall include every infant member of the species homo sapiens who is born alive at any stage
42 of development.
43 (b) As used in this section, the term “born alive”, with respect to a member of the species homo sapiens, means
44 the complete expulsion or extraction from his or her mother of that member, at any stage of development, who
45 after such expulsion or extraction breathes or has a beating heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite
46 movement of voluntary muscles, regardless of whether the umbilical cord has been cut, and regardless of whether
47 the expulsion or extraction occurs as a result of natural or induced labor, cesarean section, or induced abortion.
48 (c) Nothing in this section shall be construed to affirm, deny, expand, or contract any legal status or legal right
49 applicable to any member of the species homo sapiens at any point prior to being “born alive” as defined in
50 this section.
51 [1 U.S.C. §8, Downloaded 9/13/2014]

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 4 Main Method of States of the Union in Controlling and Regulating its
2 Inhabitants are Attaching Obligations to Property or Civil Statuses
3 Pennoyer v. Neff is a foundational case to understand how jurisdiction is exercised over you or your property. There are only
4 TWO methods of asserting CIVIL STATUTORY jurisdiction over a party:
5 1. Jurisdiction over human beings having a domicile within the state. These are called “persons” in Pennoyer and they
6 are synonymous with “domicile”. “Person” is a STATUTORY civil status
7 2. Jurisdiction over property owned by human beings and physically situated in the state.
8 We establish in the following memorandum on our site that domicile is voluntary and may be avoided. Those without a
9 domicile in a specific forum or venue are beyond the civil statutory law of that jurisdiction:
Why Domicile and Becoming a “Taxpayer” Require Your Consent, Form #05.002
10 Since domicile is voluntary and is a necessary prerequisite to civil jurisdiction, then those not having a domicile within the
11 venue may only be reached by attaching obligations to their property. Actions against such property, under the circumstances,
12 would be called “in rem”. An obligation is defined as follows:

17 TITLE 1. DEFINITION OF OBLIGATIONS [1427 - [1428.]] ( Title 1 enacted 1872.)
18 1427. An obligation is a legal duty, by which a person is bound to do or not to do a certain thing.
19 (Enacted 1872.)
20 The California Civil Code then describe how obligations may lawfully be created. Section 22.2 of the California Civil Code
21 (“CCC”) shows that the common law shall be the rule of decision in all the courts of this State. CCC section 1428 establishes
22 that obligations are legal duties arising either from contract of the parties, or the operation of law (nothing else). CCC section
23 1708 states that the obligations imposed by operation of law are only to abstain from injuring the person or property of
24 another, or infringing upon any of his or her rights.

26 DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES OF LAW
27 (Heading added by Stats. 1951, Ch. 655, in conjunction with Sections 22, 22.1, and 22.2 )
28 22.2. The common law of England, so far as it is not repugnant to or inconsistent with the Constitution of the
29 United States, or the Constitution or laws of this State, is the rule of decision in all the courts of this State. (Added
30 by Stats. 1951, Ch. 655.)
31 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

36 TITLE 1. DEFINITION OF OBLIGATIONS [1427 - [1428.]] (Title 1 enacted 1872.)
37 [1428.] Section Fourteen Hundred and Twenty-eight.
38 An obligation arises either from:
39 One — The contract of the parties; or,

40 Two — The operation of law. An obligation arising from operation of law may be enforced in the manner
41 provided by law, or by civil action or proceeding.
42 (Amended by Code Amendments 1873-74, Ch. 612.)

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4 (Heading of Division 3 amended by Stats. 1988, Ch. 160, Sec. 14. )
5 PART 3. OBLIGATIONS IMPOSED BY LAW [1708 - 1725]
6 ( Part 3 enacted 1872. )
7 1708. Every person is bound, without contract, to abstain from injuring the person or property of another, or
8 infringing upon any of his or her rights.
9 (Amended by Stats. 2002, Ch. 664, Sec. 38.5. Effective January 1, 2003.)
10 Therefore, when anyone from the government seeks to enforce a “duty” or “obligation”, such as in tax correspondence, they
11 have the burden of proof (Form #05.025) to demonstrate one of the following two things:
12 1. That you expressly consented to a contract with them. This is one of the two mechanisms recognized in Osborn v.
13 Bank of U.S., 22 U.S. 738 (1824) …OR
14 2. That “operation of law” is involved. In other words, that you injured a specific, identified flesh and blood person and
15 that such a person has standing to sue in a civil or common law action.
16 The main difference between the above two methods of creating obligations is CONSENT or its ABSENCE. “Contracts”
17 require INFORMED CONSENT while “operation of law” does NOT.
18 Below is an excerpt from the above mentioned case demonstrating these principles for the edification of the reader:
19 The several States of the Union are not, it is true, in every respect independent, many of the rights and powers
20 which originally belonged to them being now vested in the government created by the Constitution. But, except
21 as restrained and limited by that instrument, they possess and exercise the authority of independent States, and
22 the principles of public law to which we have referred are applicable to them. One of these principles is, that
23 every State possesses exclusive jurisdiction and sovereignty over persons and property within its territory. As a
24 consequence, every State has the power to determine for itself the civil status and capacities of its inhabitants;
25 to prescribe the subjects upon which they may contract, the forms and solemnities with which their contracts
26 shall be executed, the rights and obligations arising from them, and the mode in which their validity shall be
27 determined and their obligations enforced; and also to regulate the manner and conditions upon which
28 property situated within such territory, both personal and real, may be acquired, enjoyed, and transferred. The
29 other principle of public law referred to follows from the one mentioned; that is, that no State can exercise
30 direct jurisdiction and authority over persons or property without its territory. Story, Confl. Laws, c. 2; Wheat.
31 Int. Law, pt. 2, c. 2. The several States are of equal dignity and authority, and the independence of one implies
32 the exclusion of power from all others. And so it is laid down by jurists, as an elementary principle, that the
33 laws of one State have no operation outside of its territory, except so far as is allowed by comity; and that no
34 tribunal established by it can extend its process beyond that territory so as to subject either persons or property
35 to its decisions. "Any exertion of authority of this sort beyond this limit," says Story, "is a mere nullity, and
36 incapable of binding 723*723 such persons or property in any other tribunals." Story, Confl. Laws, sect. 539.
37 But as contracts made in one State may be enforceable only in another State, and property may be held by non-
38 residents, the exercise of the jurisdiction which every State is admitted to possess over persons and property
39 within its own territory will often affect persons and property without it. To any influence exerted in this way
40 by a State affecting persons resident or property situated elsewhere, no objection can be justly taken; whilst
41 any direct exertion of authority upon them, in an attempt to give ex-territorial operation to its laws, or to
42 enforce an ex-territorial jurisdiction by its tribunals, would be deemed an encroachment upon the
43 independence of the State in which the persons are domiciled or the property is situated, and be resisted as
44 usurpation.
45 Thus the State, through its tribunals, may compel persons domiciled within its limits to execute, in pursuance of
46 their contracts respecting property elsewhere situated, instruments in such form and with such solemnities as to
47 transfer the title, so far as such formalities can be complied with; and the exercise of this jurisdiction in no manner
48 interferes with the supreme control over the property by the State within which it is situated. Penn v. Lord
49 Baltimore, 1 Ves. 444; Massie v. Watts, 6 Cranch, 148; Watkins v. Holman, 16 Pet. 25; Corbett v. Nutt, 10 Wall.
50 464.
51 So the State, through its tribunals, may subject property situated within its limits owned by non-residents to
52 the payment of the demand of its own citizens against them; and the exercise of this jurisdiction in no respect
53 infringes upon the sovereignty of the State where the owners are domiciled. Every State owes protection to its
54 own citizens; and, when non-residents deal with them, it is a legitimate and just exercise of authority to hold
55 and appropriate any property owned by such non-residents to satisfy the claims of its citizens. It is in virtue of

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 the State's jurisdiction over the property of the non-resident situated within its limits that its tribunals can
2 inquire into that non-resident's obligations to its own citizens, and the inquiry can then be carried only to the
3 extent necessary to control the disposition of the property. If the non-resident 724*724 have no property in the
4 State, there is nothing upon which the tribunals can adjudicate.
5 These views are not new. They have been frequently expressed, with more or less distinctness, in opinions of
6 eminent judges, and have been carried into adjudications in numerous cases. Thus, in Picquet v. Swan, 5 Mas.
7 35, Mr. Justice Story said: —
8 "Where a party is within a territory, he may justly be subjected to its process, and bound personally by the
9 judgment pronounced on such process against him. Where he is not within such territory, and is not personally
10 subject to its laws, if, on account of his supposed or actual property being within the territory, process by the
11 local laws may, by attachment, go to compel his appearance, and for his default to appear judgment may be
12 pronounced against him, such a judgment must, upon general principles, be deemed only to bind him to the
13 extent of such property, and cannot have the effect of a conclusive judgment in personam, for the plain reason,
14 that, except so far as the property is concerned, it is a judgment coram non judice."
15 And in Boswell's Lessee v. Otis, 9 How. 336, where the title of the plaintiff in ejectment was acquired on a sheriff's
16 sale, under a money decree rendered upon publication of notice against non-residents, in a suit brought to enforce
17 a contract relating to land, Mr. Justice McLean said: —
18 "Jurisdiction is acquired in one of two modes: first, as against the person of the defendant by the service of
19 process; or, secondly, by a procedure against the property of the defendant within the jurisdiction of the court.
20 In the latter case, the defendant is not personally bound by the judgment beyond the property in question. And
21 it is immaterial whether the proceeding against the property be by an attachment or bill in chancery. It must
22 be substantially a proceeding in rem."
23 These citations are not made as authoritative expositions of the law; for the language was perhaps not essential
24 to the decision of the cases in which it was used, but as expressions of the opinion of eminent jurists. But in Cooper
25 v. Reynolds, reported in the 10th of Wallace, it was essential to the disposition of the case to declare the effect of
26 a personal action against an absent party, without the jurisdiction of the court, not served 725*725 with process
27 or voluntarily submitting to the tribunal, when it was sought to subject his property to the payment of a demand
28 of a resident complainant; and in the opinion there delivered we have a clear statement of the law as to the
29 efficacy of such actions, and the jurisdiction of the court over them. In that case, the action was for damages for
30 alleged false imprisonment of the plaintiff; and, upon his affidavit that the defendants had fled from the State, or
31 had absconded or concealed themselves so that the ordinary process of law could not reach them, a writ of
32 attachment was sued out against their property. Publication was ordered by the court, giving notice to them to
33 appear and plead, answer or demur, or that the action would be taken as confessed and proceeded in ex parte as
34 to them. Publication was had; but they made default, and judgment was entered against them, and the attached
35 property was sold under it. The purchaser having been put into possession of the property, the original owner
36 brought ejectment for its recovery. In considering the character of the proceeding, the court, speaking through
37 Mr. Justice Miller, said: —
38 "Its essential purpose or nature is to establish, by the judgment of the court, a demand or claim against the
39 defendant, and subject his property lying within the territorial jurisdiction of the court to the payment of that
40 demand. But the plaintiff is met at the commencement of his proceedings by the fact that the defendant is not
41 within the territorial jurisdiction, and cannot be served with any process by which he can be brought personally
42 within the power of the court. For this difficulty the statute has provided a remedy. It says that, upon affidavit
43 being made of that fact, a writ of attachment may be issued and levied on any of the defendant's property, and a
44 publication may be made warning him to appear; and that thereafter the court may proceed in the case, whether
45 he appears or not. If the defendant appears, the cause becomes mainly a suit in personam, with the added incident,
46 that the property attached remains liable, under the control of the court, to answer to any demand which may be
47 established against the defendant by the final judgment of the court. But if there is no appearance of the defendant,
48 and no service of process on him, the case becomes in its essential nature a proceeding in rem, the only effect of
49 which is to subject the property attached to the payment of the demand which the court may find to be due to the
50 plaintiff. That such is 726*726 the nature of this proceeding in this latter class of cases is clearly evinced by two
51 well-established propositions: first, the judgment of the court, though in form a personal judgment against the
52 defendant, has no effect beyond the property attached in that suit. No general execution can be issued for any
53 balance unpaid after the attached property is exhausted. No suit can be maintained on such a judgment in the
54 same court, or in any other; nor can it be used as evidence in any other proceeding not affecting the attached
55 property; nor could the costs in that proceeding be collected of defendant out of any other property than that
56 attached in the suit. Second, the court, in such a suit, cannot proceed, unless the officer finds some property of
57 defendant on which to levy the writ of attachment. A return that none can be found is the end of the case, and
58 deprives the court of further jurisdiction, though the publication may have been duly made and proven in court."
59 [Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714 (1878); SOURCE:
60 https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13333263776496540273]
61 The principles established by the above case are that:

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 1. Domicile is the origin of “civil status”
2 2. Statutory “person” is a civil status.
3 3. If you don’t have a domicile in a venue or jurisdiction, you are called a “non-resident”.
4 4. Those who are non-residents may only be compelled by attaching property they have within the physical locality of the
5 jurisdiction or venue in question.
6 5. When proceedings are instituted against property of a non-resident, the proceeding is “in rem”.
7 6. Those who are physically within a state but not domiciled there would be subject to the common law of the state and
8 not the civil statutory law therein. This is because they would not have a civil status of “person” under the civil
9 statutes of the state but still have an obligation under the common law for damages they cause to the equal rights of
10 others. Common law does not require consent or domicile to be enforceable.
11 While we discuss jurisdiction in the context of states of the Union in relation to each other, the same principles of public law
12 apply between those in a Constitutional state and their interactions with the federal zone or federal government.
13 5 State’s FIRST and MOST IMPORTANT duty is to protect the civil “status” of
14 its own inhabitants
15 The reason for establishing all free de jure governments is to protect exclusively PRIVATE rights. The very FIRST step in
16 protecting PRIVATE rights is to:
17 1. Prevent PRIVATE rights from being involuntarily connected with or converted to PUBLIC rights and franchises by the
18 government.
19 2. Protect the civil STATUS of PRIVATE human beings. All public rights and franchises attach to a statutory status.
20 The act of imputing a PUBLIC or FRANCHISE status such as a “public officer” or government “employee” or
21 “taxpayer” to anyone against their will therefore constitutes THEFT of PRIVATE property and eminent domain
22 directed at such property if express consent of the affected party was NOT obtained and therefore , the conversion
23 occurred against their will.
24 Consistent with the above, below are some cites that demonstrate this concept:
25 “As independent sovereignty, it is State's province and duty to forbid interference by another state or foreign
26 power with status of its own citizens. Roberts v Roberts (1947) 81 CA.2d. 871, 185 P.2d. 381.”
27 [Black’s Law Dictionary, 4th Ed., p 1300]
28 “It is elementary that each state may determine the status of its own citizens. Milner v. Gatlin [139 Ga. 109, 76
29 S.E. 860] supra. The law that governs the status of any individual is the law of his legal situs, that is, the law
30 of his domicile. Minor, supra [139 Ga.] at page 131 [76 S.E. 860.] At least this jurisdictional fact--dominion
31 over the legal situs must be present before a court can presume to adjudicate a status, and in cases involving the
32 custody of children it is usually essential that their actual situs as well be within the jurisdiction of the court
33 before its decree will be accorded extraterritorial recognition.”
34 [Boor v. Boor, 241 Iowa 973, 43 N.W.2d. 155 (Iowa, 1950)]
35 “These parties, as man and wife, were domiciled in Pennsylvania. The husband went to Yucatan, Mexico, and
36 there obtained a divorce. The wife never was in Mexico. The right of the Republic of Mexico to regulate the
37 status of its own citizens cannot, on any principle of international law, justify the attempt to draw this wife's
38 domicile to her husband's alleged new abode.”
39 [Commonwealth v. Neal, 15 D.&C. 430 (Pa. D. & C., 1930)]
40 It is also important to point out the very ESSENCE of one’s sovereignty is, in fact, not only their STATUS, but their absolute
41 RIGHT to declare and establish what it is.
42 Sovereignty. 1) the state or quality of being sovereign 2) the status, dominion, rule, or power of a sovereign 3)
43 supreme and independent political authority 4) a sovereign state or governmental unit.
44 [Webster’s New World Dictionary, 3rd College Ed.(1988), page 1283]
45 In fact, we would argue that the right to declare and establish one’s civil status is the method by which one exercises their
46 absolute right to contract and associate, because the product of contracting and associating is the establishment of a particular
47 status under a civil contract and the civil laws of a specific jurisdiction.

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 Later in section 11, we will show that any attempt to impute a civil status to someone against their will is theft, identity theft,
2 and eminent domain. We will also describe both administrative and judicial remedies for those who are victimized by such
3 crimes. Most such criminal activity is, in fact, engaged in MAINLY by corrupted governments across the globe.
4 6 Four methods of acquiring a civil status

5 There are four methods of lawfully acquiring a civil status:
6 1. Physical presence in the venue without a domicile. This triggers common law jurisdiction. If the venue is protected by
7 the constitution, it also triggers constitutional jurisdiction.
8 2. Physical presence WITH a consensual domicile. This triggers civil statutory jurisdiction. If the venue is protected by
9 the constitution, it also triggers constitutional jurisdiction.
10 3. Not physically present in the venue but purposefully and consensually doing business in the venue. This triggers
11 common law jurisdiction. This ordinarily does NOT trigger constitutional jurisdiction, even if the venue is protected
12 by the constitution.
13 4. Not physically present in the venue but domiciled in the venue. This triggers statutory jurisdiction. This ordinarily
14 does NOT trigger constitutional jurisdiction, even if the venue is protected by the constitution.
15 Those who don’t fit any of the criteria must be considered by the civil courts to be:
16 1. “nonresidents”.
17 2. “transient foreigners”.
18 3. "stateless" but not civil statutory “persons”.
19 4. "in transitu".
20 5. "transient".
21 6. "sojourner".
22 7. "civilly dead".
23 Below is a table summarizing the above:

24 Table 1: Four method of acquiring civil status
# Physically present Civil Common law Constitutional Civil statutory Consent
in venue? Domicile? jurisdiction? protections? jurisdiction? implied?
1 Yes No Yes Yes No No
2 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes
(domicile)
3 No No Yes No No No
4 No Yes No No Yes Yes
(domicile)
25 NOTES:
26 1. Constitutional protection attaches to land and not to the civil status of the people physically ON that land.
30 2. Common law jurisdiction is the default law system applying equally to all in the absence of express or implied consent
31 of the party. See:
Wikipedia: Civil Law (legal system)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)
32 3. Domicile and civil statutory protection are synonymous. See Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 17(b).
33 4. Domicile and common law jurisdiction are mutually exclusive and cannot exist in the same place at the same time.
34 This is because domicile is consensual and anything you consent to cannot form the basis for a common law injury:
35 “Volunti non fit injuria.

36 He who consents cannot receive an injury. 2 Bouv. Inst. n. 2279, 2327; 4 T. R. 657; Shelf. on mar. & Div. 449.

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1 Consensus tollit errorem.
2 Consent removes or obviates a mistake. Co. Litt. 126.
3 Melius est omnia mala pati quam malo concentire.

4 It is better to suffer every wrong or ill, than to consent to it. 3 Co. Inst. 23.
5 Nemo videtur fraudare eos qui sciunt, et consentiunt.

6 One cannot complain of having been deceived when he knew the fact and gave his consent. Dig. 50, 17, 145.”
8 SOURCE: http://famguardian.org/Publications/BouvierMaximsOfLaw/BouviersMaxims.htm]
9 5. Accepting a “benefit” or claiming the “benefit” of a civil statute while physically outside the venue but domiciled there
10 causes a waiver of constitutional rights in the context of ONLY the statutes administering the “benefit”, if the granting
11 authority is not physically located on land protected by the Constitution. The District of Columbia, by the way, IS
12 protected by the constitution. See Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244, 251, 21 S.Ct. 770, 773, 45 L.Ed. 1088 (1901).
13 The Court developed, for its own governance in the cases confessedly within its jurisdiction, a series of rules
14 under which it has avoided passing upon a large part of all the constitutional questions pressed upon it for
15 decision. They are:
16 [. . .]
17 The Court will not pass upon the constitutionality of a statute at the instance of one who has availed
18 himself of its benefits.FN7 Great Falls Mfg. Co. v. Attorney General, 124 U.S. 581, 8 S.Ct. 631, 31 L.Ed. 527;
19 Wall v. Parrot Silver & Copper Co., 244 U.S. 407, 411, 412, 37 S.Ct. 609, 61 L.Ed. 1229; St. Louis Malleable
20 Casting Co. v. Prendergast Construction Co., 260 U.S. 469, 43 S.Ct. 178, 67 L.Ed. 351.
21 ________________________________________
22 FOOTNOTES:
23 FN7 Compare Electric Co. v. Dow, 166 U.S. 489, 17 S.Ct. 645, 41 L.Ed. 1088; Pierce v. Somerset Ry., 171 U.S.
24 641, 648, 19 S.Ct. 64, 43 L.Ed. 316; Leonard v. Vicksburg, etc., R. Co., 198 U.S. 416, 422, 25 S.Ct. 750, 49 L.Ed.
25 1108.
26 [Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority, 297 U.S. 288, 56 S.Ct. 466 (1936)]
27 6. You CANNOT accept a statutory “benefit” without a domicile in the location granting the benefit.
28 6.1. This is because you cannot claim the benefit without a civil status there and you can’t have a civil status
29 WITHOUT a domicile:
30 “There are certain general principles which control the disposition of this case. They are, in the main, well
31 settled; the difficulty lies in their application to the particular facts of the case in hand. It is elementary that
32 "every state has an undoubted right to determine the status, or domestic and social condition, of the persons
33 domiciled within its territory, except in so far as the powers of the states in this respect are restrained, or duties
34 and obligations imposed upon them by the constitution of the United States." Strader v. Graham, 10 How. 93.
35 Again, the civil status is governed universally by one single principle, namely, that of domicile, which is the
36 criterion established by law for the purpose of determining the civil status; for it is on this basis that the
37 personal rights of a party, — that is to say, the law which determines his majority or minority, his marriage,
38 succession, testacy, or intestacy, — must depend. Udny v. Udny, L.R., 1 H. L. Sc. 457.
39 [Woodward v. Woodward, 11 S.W. 892, 87 Tenn. 644 (Tenn., 1889)]
40 "domicile. A person's legal home. That place where a man has his true, fixed, and permanent home and principal
41 establishment, and to which whenever he is absent he has the intention of returning. Smith v. Smith, 206
42 Pa.Super. 310, 213 A.2d. 94. Generally, physical presence within a state and the intention to make it one's home
43 are the requisites of establishing a "domicile" therein. The permanent residence of a person or the place to which
44 he intends to return even though he may actually reside elsewhere. A person may have more than one residence
45 but only one domicile. The legal domicile of a person is important since it, rather than the actual residence,
46 often controls the jurisdiction of the taxing authorities and determines where a person may exercise the
47 privilege of voting and other legal rights and privileges."
48 [Black’s Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition, p. 485]
49 6.2. A government that offers or enforces a “benefit” to nonresidents with no domicile is a DE FACTO government as
50 described in:
De Facto Government Scam, Form #05.024
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1 7. You have a common law right to NOT receive or pay for a “benefit” or to terminate eligibility of a “benefit” you
2 previously consented to at any time. You also have a right to define HOW you consent to receive the benefit and can
3 specify that how consent is procured.
4 Cujus est commodum ejus debet esse incommodum.

5 He who receives the benefit should also bear the disadvantage.
6 Que sentit commodum, sentire debet et onus.

7 He who derives a benefit from a thing, ought to feel the disadvantages attending it. 2 Bouv. Inst. n. 1433.
8 Hominum caus jus constitutum est.

9 Law is established for the benefit of man.
10 Injuria propria non cadet in beneficium facientis.

11 One's own wrong shall not benefit the person doing it.
12 Privatum incommodum publico bono peusatur.

13 Private inconvenience is made up for by public benefit.
14 “Invito beneficium non datur.

15 No one is obliged to accept a benefit against his consent. Dig. 50, 17, 69. But if he does not dissent he will be
16 considered as assenting. Vide Assent.
17 Non videtur consensum retinuisse si quis ex praescripto minantis aliquid immutavit.

18 He does not appear to have retained his consent, if he have changed anything through the means of a party
19 threatening. Bacon's Max. Reg. 33.”
21 SOURCE: http://famguardian.org/Publications/BouvierMaximsOfLaw/BouviersMaxims.htm]
22 7 Effect of acting in a representative capacity upon the civil “status” of a party

23 Another very important consideration is the effect that operating in a representative capacity has on the civil “status” of a
24 party. This section will thoroughly examine this subject.
25 All “rights” in civil law attach to statutory “persons”. Before one can have “rights”, they must become a “person” by choosing
26 a civil domicile within the jurisdiction of the municipality that enacted the civil law which they are enforcing. Statutory
27 “persons” are of two types:
28 1. Human beings called “natural persons”.

29 2. Artificial “persons” such as corporations, trusts, Limited Liability Companies (LLCs), or estates.
30 Artificial “persons” must be created under the civil laws of a specific jurisdiction. For instance, all states within the United
31 States of America:
32 1. Have statutes regulating the creation of PUBLIC corporations.

33 2. Have a specific filing procedure that must be followed in order to be recognized by the state as a corporation and
34 therefore an artificial “person”.
35 3. Allow for the issuance of “business licenses” to those entities that are not PUBLIC corporations.
36 4. Have an office dedicated to verifying the lawful existence of PUBLIC corporations. Namely, the Secretary of State.
37 5. Have an office in the local municipality that verifies the lawful existence of a licensed business that is NOT a PUBLIC
38 corporation.
39 A trust or corporation may still lawfully be established WITHOUT either licensing or incorporating. This would be done by
40 recording an “Affidavit of Trust” with the County Recorder. Such an artificial “person” would therefore be regarded as
41 EXCLUSIVELY PRIVATE and therefore beyond the ability to regulate or directly control by the state or municipality.
42 This brings us to another important subject. There are TWO types of “persons” under the civil law: PUBLIC persons and
43 PRIVATE persons:
44 1. PUBLIC persons:
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1 1.1. Are statutory creations of the government.
2 1.2. Are subject to regulation, taxation, and control by the government.
3 1.3. Are viewed as a “franchise” of the government subject to excise taxation.
4 2. PRIVATE persons:
5 2.1. Are exclusively private.
6 2.2. May not lawfully be regulated, taxed, or burdened by the civil laws of a place.
7 Below is an example of the dividing line between “PUBLIC” and “PRIVATE” persons:
8 When one becomes a member of society, he necessarily parts with some rights or privileges which, as an
9 individual not affected by his relations to others, he might retain. "A body politic," as aptly defined in the
10 preamble of the Constitution of Massachusetts, "is a social compact by which the whole people covenants with
11 each citizen, and each citizen with the whole people, that all shall be governed by certain laws for the common
12 good." This does not confer power upon the whole people to control rights which are purely and exclusively
13 private, Thorpe v. R. & B. Railroad Co., 27 Vt. 143; but it does authorize the establishment of laws requiring
14 each citizen to so conduct himself, and so use his own property, as not unnecessarily to injure another. This is
15 the very essence of government, and 125*125 has found expression in the maxim sic utere tuo ut alienum non
16 lædas. From this source come the police powers, which, as was said by Mr. Chief Justice Taney in the License
17 Cases, 5 How. 583, "are nothing more or less than the powers of government inherent in every sovereignty, . .
18 . that is to say, . . . the power to govern men and things." Under these powers the government regulates the
19 conduct of its citizens one towards another, and the manner in which each shall use his own property, when such
20 regulation becomes necessary for the public good. In their exercise it has been customary in England from time
21 immemorial, and in this country from its first colonization, to regulate ferries, common carriers, hackmen, bakers,
22 millers, wharfingers, innkeepers, &c., and in so doing to fix a maximum of charge to be made for services
23 rendered, accommodations furnished, and articles sold. To this day, statutes are to be found in many of the States
24 upon some or all these subjects; and we think it has never yet been successfully contended that such legislation
25 came within any of the constitutional prohibitions against interference with private property. With the Fifth
26 Amendment in force, Congress, in 1820, conferred power upon the city of Washington "to regulate . . . the rates
27 of wharfage at private wharves, . . . the sweeping of chimneys, and to fix the rates of fees therefor, . . . and the
28 weight and quality of bread," 3 Stat. 587, sect. 7; and, in 1848, "to make all necessary regulations respecting
29 hackney carriages and the rates of fare of the same, and the rates of hauling by cartmen, wagoners, carmen, and
30 draymen, and the rates of commission of auctioneers," 9 id. 224, sect. 2.
31 [Munn. v. Illinois, 94 U.S. 113 (1876),
33 The important point to note about the above is that:
34 1. EXCLUSIVELY private rights and private property are beyond the civil control of government.
35 This does not confer power upon the whole people to control rights which are purely and exclusively private,
36 Thorpe v. R. & B. Railroad Co., 27 Vt. 143
39 2. By declaring or associating yourself with a domicile within the jurisdiction of a specific government, you:
40 2.1. Select or nominate a specific protector.
41 2.2. Become a “citizen” and a “person” under the civil laws of that place.
42 3. As a “citizen”, you implicitly consent and covenant to be protected by and therefore “governed” and bound by the civil
43 laws of that place. This produces a waiver of sovereign immunity which also causes a surrender of otherwise
44 EXCLUSIVELY PRIVATE rights.
45 “When one becomes a member of society, he necessarily parts with some rights or privileges which, as an
46 individual not affected by his relations to others, he might retain.”
49 All civil societies are run by “compact” and therefore contract and their civil laws “activate” and thereby “acquire the force
50 of law” AGAINST YOU PERSONALLY only by your consent in choosing a civil domicile. The status you voluntarily
51 declare and consent to is how you “contract” with and associate with specific municipal governments for protection.
52 "A body politic," as aptly defined in the preamble of the Constitution of Massachusetts, "is a social compact
53 by which the whole people covenants with each citizen, and each citizen with the whole people, that all shall
54 be governed by certain laws for the common good."
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1 Note from the above the use of the terms “compacts” and “covenants”, which are contracting terms:
2 “Compact, n. An agreement or contract between persons, nations, or states. Commonly applied to working
3 agreements between and among states concerning matters of mutual concern. A contract between parties, which
4 creates obligations and rights capable of being enforced and contemplated as such between the parties, in their
5 distinct and independent characters. A mutual consent of parties concerned respecting some property or right
6 that is the object of the stipulation, or something that is to be done or forborne. See also Compact clause;
7 Confederacy; Interstate compact; Treaty.”
9 By agreeing to act in representative capacity on behalf of an artificial entity such as a corporation, trust, or LLC, you:
10 1. Implicitly consent to all civil statuses associated with the entity you represent.
11 2. Implicitly consent to the civil laws associated with the specific place and associated government:
12 2.1. Where the PUBLIC entity such as a corporation was created.
13 2.2. Where the formerly PRIVATE entity was registered or licensed.
14 An example of item 2 above is found in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 17(b)(2), in which is established the requirement
15 that all corporations assume the civil domicile of the place where they were originally incorporated and thereby created:

26 or laws; and
30 An example of the above phenomenon is found in the Corpus Juris Secundum legal encyclopedia:
31 "A corporation is a citizen, resident, or inhabitant of the state or country by or under the laws of which it was
32 created, and of that state or country only."
33 [19 Corpus Juris Secundum (C.J.S.), Corporations, §886 (2003)]
34 Obviously, the above can only be referring to PUBLIC corporations rather than PRIVATE corporations, because the ability
35 to regulate EXCLUSIVELY PRIVATE rights is repugnant to the constitution as held by the U.S. Supreme Court.
36 8 Parties with no civil STATUS or therefore “standing”

37 A person who has no capacity to civilly sue in a civil court is a person with no “status”. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
38 17(b) describes the criteria one must meet in order to civilly sue, and the main criteria is DOMICILE within the state in
39 question:


Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
6 or laws; and
10 Parties who civilly sue in a federal court using civil statutes as their standing and who do not meet the above criteria will have
11 their cases dismissed for lack of “standing” to sue pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).
12 A party with no civil STATUS and therefore no capacity to civilly sue is referred to as any of the following:
13 1. “nonresident”.
14 2. “transient foreigner”.
15 3. "stateless person".
16 4. “in transitu”.
17 5. “transient”.
18 6. “sojourner”.
19 7. “civilly dead”.
20 The main behavior that imputes any of the above statuses to a specific party is a legislatively but not constitutionally foreign
21 domicile. By “foreign domicile” we mean someone with a civil domicile in a state OTHER than the one they are litigating
22 in. For instance:
23 1. A man domiciled in communist China, if he tried to civilly litigate in courts in California, would be statutory and
24 constitutional alien, nonresident, and transient foreigner in relation to California and those living in California. If he
25 changed his domicile legally to California, he would change to a statutory “resident”.
26 2. A man domiciled in New York, if he tried to civilly litigate in courts in California, would be statutory but not
27 constitutional alien, nonresident, and transient foreigner in relation to California. If he changed his domicile legally to
28 California, he would change to a statutory “citizen” but NOT “resident”. The reason he wouldn’t be a “resident” is that
29 you must be a constitutional alien to be a “resident”.
30 To say that one is “stateless” is to say that they are NOT domiciled in the state in which the court they are litigating is found.
31 Here is proof from the U.S. Supreme Court:
32 Petitioner Newman-Green, Inc., an Illinois corporation, brought this state law contract action in District Court
33 against a Venezuelan corporation, four Venezuelan citizens, and William L. Bettison, a United States citizen
34 domiciled in Caracas, Venezuela. Newman-Green's complaint alleged that the Venezuelan corporation had
35 breached a licensing agreement, and that the individual defendants, joint and several guarantors of royalty
36 payments due under the agreement, owed money to Newman-Green. Several years of discovery and pretrial
37 motions followed. The District Court ultimately granted partial summary judgment for the guarantors and partial
38 summary judgment for Newman-Green. 590 F.Supp. 1083 (ND Ill.1984). Only Newman-Green appealed.
39 At oral argument before a panel of the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals, Judge Easterbrook inquired as to the
40 statutory basis for diversity jurisdiction, an issue which had not been previously raised either by counsel or by
41 the District Court Judge. In its complaint, Newman-Green had invoked 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(3), which confers
42 jurisdiction in the District Court when a citizen of one State sues both aliens and citizens of a State (or States)
43 different from the plaintiff's. In order to be a citizen of a State within the meaning of the diversity statute, a
44 natural person must both be a citizen of the United States and be domiciled within the State. See Robertson v.
45 Cease, 97 U.S. 646, 648-649 (1878); Brown v. Keene, 8 Pet. 112, 115 (1834). The problem in this case is that
46 Bettison, although a United States citizen, has no domicile in any State. He is therefore "stateless" for purposes
47 of § 1332(a)(3). Subsection 1332(a)(2), which confers jurisdiction in the District Court when a citizen of a
48 State sues aliens only, also could not be satisfied because Bettison is a United States citizen. [490 U.S. 829]
49 When a plaintiff sues more than one defendant in a diversity action, the plaintiff must meet the requirements of
50 the diversity statute for each defendant or face dismissal. Strawbridge v. Curtiss, 3 Cranch 267 (1806).{1} Here,
51 Bettison's "stateless" status destroyed complete diversity under § 1332(a)(3), and his United States citizenship
52 destroyed complete diversity under § 1332(a)(2). Instead of dismissing the case, however, the Court of Appeals
53 panel granted Newman-Green's motion, which it had invited, to amend the complaint to drop Bettison as a party,
54 thereby producing complete diversity under § 1332(a)(2). 832 F.2d. 417 (1987). The panel, in an opinion by
55 Judge Easterbrook, relied both on 28 U.S.C. §1653 and on Rule 21 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure as
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1 sources of its authority to grant this motion. The panel noted that, because the guarantors are jointly and severally
2 liable, Bettison is not an indispensable party, and dismissing him would not prejudice the remaining guarantors.
3 832 F.2d. at 420, citing Fed.Rule Civ.Proc. 19(b). The panel then proceeded to the merits of the case, ruling in
4 Newman-Green's favor in large part, but remanding to allow the District Court to quantify damages and to
5 resolve certain minor issues.{2}
6 [Newman-Green v. Alfonso Larrain, 490 U.S. 826 (1989)]
7 Below is an authority from a federal appellate court recognizing that constitutional aliens cannot sue each other in a state
8 where neither one of them is domiciled. The implication is that they have no “status” and therefore “standing” to sue within
9 the forum:
10 The search for a constitutional basis for a § 1330 suit between two aliens brings us first, but only briefly, to
11 Article III's diversity grant. It provides, inter alia, that the judicial power shall extend to "Controversies between
12 a State, the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects." The phrase nowhere mentions a case
13 between two aliens. Accordingly, Congress is powerless to confer jurisdiction over such suits, at least on the basis
14 of the diversity grant, 16 Hodgson v. Bowerbank, supra, 9 U.S. at 303, 3 L.Ed. 108; Montalet v. Murray, 8 U.S.
15 (4 Cranch) 46, 2 L.Ed. 545 (1807), 17 and Verlinden must look elsewhere in Article III for language to support
16 its suit.
17 The clearest statement of the Framers' intent concerning Article III of the Constitution comes from Alexander
18 Hamilton, a delegate from New York. In The Federalist, No. 83, Hamilton wrote:
19 The judicial authority of the federal judicatures is declared by the Constitution to comprehend certain cases
20 particularly specified. The expression of those cases marks the precise limits, beyond which the federal courts
21 cannot extend their jurisdiction, because the objects of their cognizance being enumerated, the specification
22 would be nugatory if it did not exclude all ideas of more extensive authority.
23 A. Hamilton, The Federalist, No. 83, at 519 (Putnam ed. 1888). In other words, the Framers emphatically did not
24 intend to grant the legislature power to create jurisdiction over any cases Congress chose. Congressional
25 prerogative in this area is circumscribed.
26 “The first test of that Congressional power grew out of the Judiciary Act of 1789, ch. 20, 1 Stat. 73 (1789). In §
27 11 of that Act, Congress purported to confer on the district court’s jurisdiction over any case "where an alien is
28 a party." In Mossman v. Higginson, 4 U.S. (4 Dall.) 12, 1 L.Ed. 720 (1800), however, the Supreme Court found
29 that the judicial power did not extend to a suit between two aliens, even where the statute conferred it. 22
30 Accord, Hodgson v. Bowerbank, supra. The Court in Mossman discussed the diversity clause of Article III,
31 and found jurisdiction lacking for the reason set forth in section III-A, supra. The Court did not discuss, but
32 by its holding passed upon, the "arising under" clause as well. Since judicial power was found wanting in the
33 constitutional sense, the Court necessarily held that a suit brought under § 11 did not "arise under" a law of
34 the United States for purposes of Article III. That is, the Supreme Court in Mossman v. Higginson decided
35 that, despite a federal interest in suits involving aliens, 23 Congress by the mere act of passing a statute
36 conferring jurisdiction over a class of suits did not bring those suits within the judicial power. The reason is
37 clear: to allow Congress to do so places no limits on the judicial power at all, and a sine qua non of
38 constitutional analysis instructs that this power is limited.
39 [Verlinden B. V. v. Central Bank of Nigeria, 647 F.2d. 320 (C.A.2 (N.Y.), 1981)]
40 9 Relationship of Status to First Amendment Right of Free Association

41 Your right to declare your civil status is an extension of your right of free association and freedom from compelled association
42 protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.
43 9.1 American Jurisprudence 2d

44 By declaring your status, for instance, as a “citizen”, “resident”, “taxpayer”, etc., you are exercising your right to associate
45 politically with a group called a “state”.
46 “The right to associate or not to associate with others solely on the basis of individual choice, not being absolute,
13
47 may conflict with a societal interest in requiring one to associate with others, or to prohibit one from
48 associating with others, in order to accomplish what the state deems to be the common good. The Supreme Court,
49 though rarely called upon to examine this aspect of the right to freedom of association, has nevertheless
50 established certain basic rules which will cover many situations involving forced or prohibited associations.
51 Thus, where a sufficiently compelling state interest, outside the political spectrum, can be accomplished only by
13
§ 539.

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1 requiring individuals to associate together for the common good, then such forced association is constitutional.
14
2 But the Supreme Court has made it clear that compelling an individual to become a member of an
3 organization with political aspects [such as a state or municipality], or compelling an individual to become a
4 member of an organization which financially supports [through payment of taxes], in more than an
5 insignificant way, political personages or goals which the individual does not wish to support, is an
6 infringement of the individual's constitutional right to freedom of association. 15 The First Amendment
7 prevents the government, except in the most compelling circumstances, from wielding its power to interfere
8 with its employees' freedom to believe and associate, or to not believe and not associate; it is not merely a
9 tenure provision that protects public employees from actual or constructive discharge. 16 Thus, First
10 Amendment principles prohibit a state from compelling any individual to associate with a political party, as a
11 condition of retaining public employment. 17 The First Amendment protects nonpolicymaking public employees
12 from discrimination based on their political beliefs or affiliation. 18 But the First Amendment protects the right
13 of political party members to advocate that a specific person be elected or appointed to a particular office and
14 that a specific person be hired to perform a governmental function. 19 In the First Amendment context, the political
15 patronage exception to the First Amendment protection for public employees is to be construed broadly, so as
16 presumptively to encompass positions placed by legislature outside of “merit” civil service. Positions specifically
17 named in relevant federal, state, county, or municipal laws to which discretionary authority with respect to
18 enforcement of that law or carrying out of some other policy of political concern is granted, such as a secretary
19 of state given statutory authority over various state corporation law practices, fall within the political patronage
20 exception to First Amendment protection of public employees. 20 However, a supposed interest in ensuring
21 effective government and efficient government employees, political affiliation or loyalty, or high salaries paid to
14
Lathrop v. Donohue, 367 U.S. 820, 81 S.Ct. 1826, 6 L.Ed.2d. 1191 (1961), reh'g denied, 368 U.S. 871, 82 S.Ct. 23, 7 L.Ed.2d. 72 (1961) (a state supreme
court may order integration of the state bar); Railway Emp. Dept. v. Hanson, 351 U.S. 225, 76 S.Ct. 714, 100 L.Ed. 1112 (1956), motion denied, 351 U.S.
979, 76 S.Ct. 1044, 100 L.Ed. 1494 (1956) and reh'g denied, 352 U.S. 859, 77 S.Ct. 22, 1 L.Ed.2d. 69 (1956) (upholding the validity of the union shop
provision of the Railway Labor Act).
The First Amendment right to freedom of association of teachers was not violated by enforcement of a rule that white teachers whose children did not attend
public schools would not be rehired. Cook v. Hudson, 511 F.2d. 744, 9 Empl. Prac. Dec. (CCH) ¶ 10134 (5th Cir. 1975), reh'g denied, 515 F.2d. 762 (5th
Cir. 1975) and cert. granted, 424 U.S. 941, 96 S.Ct. 1408, 47 L.Ed.2d. 347 (1976) and cert. dismissed, 429 U.S. 165, 97 S.Ct. 543, 50 L.Ed.2d. 373, 12
Empl. Prac. Dec. (CCH) ¶ 11246 (1976).
Annotation: Supreme Court's views regarding Federal Constitution's First Amendment right of association as applied to elections and other political
activities, 116 L.Ed.2d. 997 , § 10.
15
Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois, 497 U.S. 62, 110 S.Ct. 2729, 111 L.Ed.2d. 52, 5 I.E.R. Cas. (BNA) 673 (1990), reh'g denied, 497 U.S. 1050, 111
S.Ct. 13, 111 L.Ed.2d. 828 (1990) and reh'g denied, 497 U.S. 1050, 111 S.Ct. 13, 111 L.Ed.2d. 828 (1990) (conditioning public employment hiring
decisions on political belief and association violates the First Amendment rights of applicants in the absence of some vital governmental interest).
16
Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois, 497 U.S. 62, 110 S.Ct. 2729, 111 L.Ed.2d. 52, 5 I.E.R. Cas. (BNA) 673 (1990), reh'g denied, 497 U.S. 1050, 111
S.Ct. 13, 111 L.Ed.2d. 828 (1990) and reh'g denied, 497 U.S. 1050, 111 S.Ct. 13, 111 L.Ed.2d. 828 (1990).
Annotation: Public employee's right of free speech under Federal Constitution's First Amendment–Supreme Court cases, 97 L.Ed.2d. 903.
First Amendment protection for law enforcement employees subjected to discharge, transfer, or discipline because of speech, 109 A.L.R. Fed. 9.
First Amendment protection for judges or government attorneys subjected to discharge, transfer, or discipline because of speech, 108 A.L.R. Fed. 117.
First Amendment protection for public hospital or health employees subjected to discharge, transfer, or discipline because of speech, 107 A.L.R. Fed. 21.
First Amendment protection for publicly employed firefighters subjected to discharge, transfer, or discipline because of speech, 106 A.L.R. Fed. 396.
17
Abood v. Detroit Bd. of Ed., 431 U.S. 209, 97 S.Ct. 1782, 52 L.Ed.2d. 261, 95 L.R.R.M. (BNA) 2411, 81 Lab. Cas. (CCH) ¶ 55041 (1977), reh'g denied,
433 U.S. 915, 97 S.Ct. 2989, 53 L.Ed.2d. 1102 (1977); Parrish v. Nikolits, 86 F.3d. 1088 (11th Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 117 S.Ct. 1818, 137 L.Ed.2d.
1027 (U.S. 1997).
18
LaRou v. Ridlon, 98 F.3d. 659 (1st Cir. 1996); Parrish v. Nikolits, 86 F.3d. 1088 (11th Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 117 S.Ct. 1818, 137 L.Ed.2d. 1027 (U.S.
1997).
19
Vickery v. Jones, 100 F.3d. 1334 (7th Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 117 S.Ct. 1553, 137 L.Ed.2d. 701 (U.S. 1997).
Responsibilities of the position of director of a municipality's office of federal programs resembled those of a policymaker, privy to confidential information,
a communicator, or some other office holder whose function was such that party affiliation was an equally important requirement for continued tenure.
Ortiz-Pinero v. Rivera-Arroyo, 84 F.3d. 7 (1st Cir. 1996).
20
McCloud v. Testa, 97 F.3d. 1536, 12 I.E.R. Cas. (BNA) 1833, 1996 Fed.App. 335P (6th Cir. 1996), reh'g and suggestion for reh'g en banc denied, (Feb.
13, 1997).
Law Reviews: Stokes, When Freedoms Conflict: Party Discipline and the First Amendment. 11 JL &Pol 751, Fall, 1995.
Pave, Public Employees and the First Amendment Petition Clause: Protecting the Rights of Citizen-Employees Who File Legitimate Grievances and
Lawsuits Against Their Government Employers. 90 N.W. U LR 304, Fall, 1995.
Singer, Conduct and Belief: Public Employees' First Amendment Rights to Free Expression and Political Affiliation. 59 U Chi LR 897, Spring, 1992.
As to political patronage jobs, see § 472.

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 the employees in question should not be counted as indicative of positions that require a particular party
2 affiliation. 21“
3 [American Jurisprudence 2d, Constitutional law, §546: Forced and Prohibited Associations (1999)]
4 Any of the following is an interference with your protected right of political affiliation:
5 1. Disregard evidence of your choice of domicile and “permanent address” on a government form.
6 2. Disregard your choice of which state or municipality you choose to be called a “citizen” or “resident” of.
7 3. Deciding over your objections that you are a member of a state or municipality called a “citizen” or a “resident” that you
8 do not want to associate with, be protected by, or subsidize.
9 For more on the above, see:
Why Domicile and Becoming a “Taxpayer” Require Your Consent, Form #05.002
http://sedm.org/Forms/FormIndex.htm
10 9.2 First Amendment Law in a Nutshell, West Group, pp. 266-267

11 The First Amendment Law in a Nutshell book confirms that freedom from compelled association is a crucial part of freedom
12 of expression.
13 Just as there is freedom to speak, to associate, and to believe, so also there is freedom not to speak, associate, or
14 believe “The right to speak and the right to refrain from speaking [on a government tax return, and in
15 violation of the Fifth Amendment when coerced, for instance] are complementary components of the broader
16 concept of 'individual freedom of mind.'' Wooley v. Maynard, [430 U.S. 703] (1977). Freedom of conscience
17 dictates that no individual may be forced to espouse ideological causes with which he disagrees:
18 “[A]t the heart of the First Amendment is the notion that the individual should be free to believe as he will, and
19 that in a free society one's beliefs should be shaped by his mind and by his conscience rather than coerced by the
20 State [through illegal enforcement of the revenue laws].” Abood v. Detroit Board of Education [431 U.S. 209]
21 (1977)
22 Freedom from compelled association is a vital component of freedom of expression. Indeed, freedom from
23 compelled association illustrates the significance of the liberty or personal autonomy model of the First
24 Amendment. As a general constitutional principle, it is for the individual and not for the state to choose one's
25 associations and to define the persona which he holds out to the world.
26 [First Amendment Law, Barron-Dienes, West Publishing, ISBN 0-314-22677-X, pp. 266-267]
27 Notice the key phrase above about your right to declare your status, in which the word “persona” is synonymous with “status”:
28 “As a general constitutional principle, it is for the individual and not for the state to choose one's associations
29 and to define the persona which he holds out to the world.”
30 10 Authorities on the Exclusive Right to Declare One’s Civil Status

31 10.1 United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
32 The United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights acknowledges that EQUALITY of all is the
33 foundation of freedom:
34 United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
35 Preamble
36 The States Parties to the present Covenant,
21
Parrish v. Nikolits, 86 F.3d. 1088 (11th Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 117 S.Ct. 1818, 137 L.Ed.2d. 1027 (U.S. 1997).

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition
2 of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the
3 foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,
4 Recognizing that these rights derive from the inherent dignity of the human person,
5 Recognizing that, in accordance with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the ideal of free human beings
6 enjoying civil and political freedom and freedom from fear and want can only be achieved if conditions are
7 created whereby everyone may enjoy his civil and political rights, as well as his economic, social and cultural
8 rights,
9 Considering the obligation of States under the Charter of the United Nations to promote universal respect for,
10 and observance of, human rights and freedoms,
11 Realizing that the individual, having duties to other individuals and to the community to which he belongs, is
12 under a responsibility to strive for the promotion and observance of the rights recognized in the present Covenant,
13 Agree upon the following articles:

14 [United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,
15 SOURCE: http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cpr.html]
16 By “political status”, they can only mean whether one chooses to be a “national” of their country or a full “citizen” who can
17 also vote and serve on jury duty. Domicile is the main difference distinguishing a “national” from a “citizen”. If you don’t
18 choose a domicile in your country, you remain a “national” but not a full “citizen”. The choice to transition from a “national”
19 to a “citizen” is a voluntary act that cannot be coerced and is a product of your First Amendment right to either ASSOCIATE
20 or NOT associate and your right to contract or NOT contract. You can be one without the other. For further details, see;
Why You are a “national”, “state national”, and Constitutional but not Statutory Citizen, Form #05.006
21 The Covenant further acknowledges your right to choose BOTH your POLITICAL status (nationality and whether you want
22 to be treated as a CONSTITUTIONAL citizen) and your CIVIL status:
23 United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
24 Article 1, item 1
25 All peoples have the right of self-determination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political
26 status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development.
27 Article 2, Item 1
28 Each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes to respect and to ensure to all individuals within its territory
29 and subject to its jurisdiction the rights recognized in the present Covenant, without distinction of any kind, such
30 as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or
31 other status.
32 Article 26
33 All persons are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to the equal protection of the
34 law. In this respect, the law shall prohibit any discrimination and guarantee to all persons equal and effective
35 protection against discrimination on any ground such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other
36 opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
37 [United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,
38 SOURCE: http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cpr.html]
39 We emphasize that one of the “statuses” they are describing above that you cannot be penalized or persecuted for is called
40 “stateless”, “nonresident”, “in transitu”, or “transient foreigner”. A “nonresident” or “stateless” person is someone who has
41 no “civil status” under the civil statutory franchise codes and no civil domicile in the forum. Domicile is a mandatory
42 prerequisite of all civil statuses and Jesus had NONE so Christians can’t have any EITHER.
43 The Humbled and Exalted Christ

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 “Let this mind be in you which was also in Christ Jesus, who, being in the form of God, did not consider it robbery
2 to be equal with God, but made Himself of no reputation, taking the form of a bondservant, and coming in the
3 likeness of men. And being found in appearance as a man, He humbled Himself and became obedient to the
4 point of death, even the death of the cross. Therefore God also has highly exalted Him and given Him the name
5 which is above every name, that at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of those in heaven, and of those on
6 earth, and of those under the earth, and that every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory
7 of God the Father.”
8 [Phil 2:5-11, Bible, NKJV]
9 “Think of yourselves the way Christ Jesus thought of himself. He had equal status with God but didn’t think so
10 much of himself that he had to cling to the advantages of that status no matter what. Not at all. When the time
11 came, he set aside the privileges of deity and took on the status of a slave, became human! Having become
12 human, he stayed human. It was an incredibly humbling process. He didn’t claim special privileges. Instead,
13 he lived a selfless, obedient life and then died a selfless, obedient death—and the worst kind of death at that—
14 a crucifixion.”
15 “Because of that obedience, God lifted him high and honored him far beyond anyone or anything, ever, so that
16 all created beings in heaven and on earth—even those long ago dead and buried—will bow in worship before
17 this Jesus Christ, and call out in praise that he is the Master of all, to the glorious honor of God the Father.”
18 [Peterson, E. H. (2005). The Message: the Bible in contemporary language (Php 2:5–11). Colorado Springs, CO:
19 NavPress]
20 Below is a summary of lessons learned from the above amplified version of the same passage, put into the context of
21 privileges, civil status, and franchises:
22 1. Jesus forsook having a civil status and the privileges and franchises of the Kingdom of Heaven franchise that made that
23 status possible.
24 2. He instead chose a civil status lower for Himself than other mere humans below him in status.
25 3. BECAUSE He forsook the “benefits”, privileges, and franchises associated with the civil status of “God” while here on
26 earth, he was blessed beyond all measure by God.
27 Moral of the Story: We can only be blessed by God if we do not seek to use benefits, privileges, and franchises to elevate
28 ourself above anyone else or to pursue a civil status above others.
29 “Pure and undefiled religion before God and the Father is this: to visit orphans and widows in their trouble, and
30 to keep oneself unspotted [“foreign”, “sovereign”, and/or “alien”] from the world [and the corrupt BEAST
31 governments and rulers of the world].”
32 [James 1:27, Bible, NKJV]
33 One cannot be “unspotted from the world” without surrendering and not pursuing any and all HUMAN civil statuses,
34 franchises, or benefits. Those who are Christians, however, cannot avoid the privileged status and office of “Christian” under
35 God’s laws.
36 Below is a definition of “stateless”, which is what Jesus was:
37 Social Security Program Operations Manual System (POMS)
38 RS 02640.040 Stateless Persons
39 A. DEFINITIONS
40 There are two classes of stateless persons:
41 DE JURE—Persons who do not have nationality in any country.
42 DE FACTO—Persons who have left the country of which they were nationals and no longer enjoy its protection
43 and assistance. They are usually political refugees. They are legally citizens of a country because its laws do not
44 permit denaturalization or only permit it with the country's approval.
45 B. POLICY
46 1. De Jure Status

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 Once it is established that a person is de jure stateless, he/she keeps this status until he/she acquires nationality
2 in some country.
3 Any of the following establish an individual is de jure stateless:
4 a. a “travel document” issued by the individual's country of residence showing the:
5 • holder is stateless; and
6 • document is issued under the United Nations Convention of 28 September 1954 Relating to the Status
7 of Stateless Persons. (The document shows the phrase “Convention of 28 September 1954” on the
8 cover and sometimes on each page.)
9 b. a “travel document” issued by the International Refugee Organization showing the person is stateless.
10 c. a document issued by the officials of the country of former citizenship showing the individual has been deprived
11 of citizenship in that country.
12 2. De Facto Status
13 Assume an individual is de facto stateless if he/she:
14 a. says he/she is stateless but cannot establish he/she is de jure stateless; and
15 b. establishes that:
16 • he/she has taken up residence outside the country of his/her nationality;
17 • there has been an event which is hostile to him/her, such as a sudden or radical change in the
18 government, in the country of nationality; and
19 • NOTE: In determining whether an event was hostile to the individual, it is sufficient to show the
20 individual had reason to believe it would be hostile to him/her.
21 • he/she renounces, in a sworn statement, the protection and assistance of the government of the country
22 of which he/she is a national and declares he/she is stateless. The statement must be sworn to before
23 an individual legally authorized to administer oaths and the original statement must be submitted to
24 SSA.
25 De facto status stays in effect only as long as the conditions in b. continue to exist. If, for example, the individual
26 returns to his/her country of nationality, de facto statelessness ends.
27 [Social Security Program Operations Manual System (POMS), Section RS 02640.040 Stateless Persons;
28 SOURCE: https://secure.ssa.gov/apps10/]
29 For more on people who choose to be “stateless”, “nonresident”, or “transient foreigners” under the CIVIL franchise codes,
30 see:
31 1. Non-Resident Non-Person Position, Form #05.020

33 2. Why Domicile and Becoming a “Taxpayer” Require Your Consent, Form #05.002
35 3. Sovereignty Forms and Instructions Online, Form #10.004, Cites by Topic: “stateless persons”
36 https://famguardian.org/TaxFreedom/CitesByTopic/StatelessPerson.htm
37 10.2 Corrigan v. Secretary of the Army, 211 F.2d. 293 (1954)

38 The following case deals with the military draft. Those who are drafted must undergo “induction” in order to change their
39 status from civil to military. The point at which that status change becomes effective is when they CONSENT to it by
40 voluntarily undergoing a ceremony and thereby consent to change their status. That ceremony can and usually is either an
41 act of stepping over a physical line or taking an oath, both of which are voluntary acts. Without these outward manifestations
42 of consent to voluntarily change one’s status from civilian to military, those drafted are presumed to retain their civilian status
43 and not be under military jurisdiction.
Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 Laughlin E. Waters, U.S. Atty., Max F. Deutz, Asst. U.S. Atty., and Clyde C. Downing, Asst. U.S. Atty., Los
2 Angeles, Cal., for appellees.
3 Before STEPHENS, BONE, and POPE, Circuit Judges.
4 STEPHENS, Circuit Judge.
5 Ronald J. Corrigan, Hereinafter called ‘petitioner’, upon relation of his mother, through a petition for the
6 issuance of the writ of habeas corpus, seeks his release from restraint of the United States Army officers who hold
7 him as a member of the United States Armed Services. A hearing was had on the petition, the return thereto and
8 an order to show cause pursuant to stipulation that the return should be considered as a traverse and that the
9 proceedings should have the same force and effect that the issuance of the writ would have had, had it issued and
10 had the hearing been held thereon. However, petitioner was present throughout the proceedings. The court
11 declined to order petitioner's release and instead dismissed the petition. Petitioner appealed.
12 The issue of fact is whether petitioner was ever inducted into the Service.
13 On the 15th day of April, 1953, petitioner, having been regularly processed through the Selective Service law, 50
14 U.S.C.A. Appendix, §451 et seq., and declared a Selectee with the A-1 classification, was, with about fifty
15 Selectees, taken to a room around 9:00 A.M. where he was given physical and psychological examinations and
16 near the middle of the day, the fifty Selectees were directed to take places in folding chairs which had been placed
17 out in the room. The chairs occupied a space about twelve by eighteen feet in rows twelve inches apart with a
18 center aisle the width of a chair. Petitioner was in the rear row.
19 Captain Earl S. Beydler entered the room and gave them a short orientation talk and then addressed them as
20 follows: ‘You are about to be inducted into the Armed Services of the United States. In just a moment I will
21 ask you to stand and I will call off each of your names. As I call you name I want you to answer ‘present’ and
22 to take one step forward. The step forward will constitute your induction into the Armed Services *295 of the
23 United States-into the Army.'FN1 The call was completed and the men were given the accustomed oath. Petitioner
24 claims that he did not take a step forward nor did he raise his hand and take the oath. However, he made no
25 protest at the time of the ceremony.
26 It is not contended that either the step forward or the taking or giving of the oath is required by the Selective
27 Service Act as necessary to induction. As said in Billings v. Truesdell, 1944, 321 U.S. 542, 559, 64 S.Ct. 737, 746,
28 88 L.Ed. 917; ‘a selectee becomes ‘actually inducted’ within the meaning of § 11 of the Act FN2 when in obedience
29 to the order of his board and after the Army has found him acceptable for service he undergoes whatever
30 ceremony or requirements of admission the War Department has prescribed.' Therefore, since the selectee is
31 subject to civil authority until the moment of completion of the induction, at which moment he becomes subject
32 to military authority, it is highly important that such moment should be marked with certainty. See Billings v.
33 Truesdell, 1944, 321 U.S. 542, 64 S.Ct. 737, 88 L.Ed. 917.
34 For a time the [voluntary] oath marked the dividing line between the civilian and military status, but difficulties
35 and uncertainties arose as to whether, in fact, the selectee had taken the oath. See our opinion in Lawrence v.
36 Yost, 9 Cir., 1946, en banc, 157 F.2d. 44. Thereafter, the regulation (Army Special Regulation No. 615-180-1,
37 paragraph 23), providing for the step forward, was promulgated.
38 [1] However, one may emerge from a selectee to a soldier without taking the step forward; that is, by conduct
39 consistent with the soldier status;FN3 but the fact of the step forward, whether or not it was taken, is of high
40 importance in this case. As to that issue of fact, it is claimed by petitioner that it was impossible for the men,
41 other than those in the front row, to step forward and the physical set-up and the testimony practically
42 demonstrate the truth of the claim. The inducting Captain testified in answer to a question as to space, ‘There is
43 space, not much.’ ‘Q. You mean he could shuffle? A. Correct.’
44 At no time does the inducting Captain claim that he saw petitioner take the step forward. As to the procedure,
45 he testified on direct examination that when he calls a name at induction ceremonies, ‘I wait for a response, * *
46 * or if they are near the front of the room where I can see them, I see if they step forward.’ Afterward, he would
47 call the next name. ‘Q. Did you at any time look to see if a man had taken a step forward? A. I look up each time
48 I call a name. Q. What do you look for when you look up? A. For movement, for a man stepping forward. * * *
49 Q. On that day did you see any man fail to step forward after his name was called by you? A. No.’ On re-cross-
50 examination, Captain Beydler was asked, ‘Can you tell us that you recall whether or not you saw this petitioner
51 move forward on April 15- after you called his name?’ The Captain answered, ‘No, I cannot.’
52 Petitioner testified that his mother and grandmother belonged to Jehovah's Witnesses; on re-cross-examination
53 petitioner was asked, ‘Were you a member of the enlisted reserves in the Army of the United States?’ To which
54 he replied in the affirmative. The record does not reveal how long or under what circumstances he was in such
55 service. On *296 cross-examination, petitioner was asked, ‘When did you become a conscientious objector?’
56 Petitioner answered, ‘While sitting in the room. I just thought. The material together, I would say, filled my
57 mind, and this is one thing I wanted to do. * * * Q. When your name was called did you take a step forward?

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 A. No.’ He also testified that some of the selectees shuffled their feet or didn't move when their names were
2 called.
3 Petitioner on cross-examination was asked, ‘When was the first time that you advised anybody in the Army that
4 you were a conscientious objector? * * * A. After the ceremony. The Court: What do you mean ‘after the
5 ceremony’? The Witness: Well, after the ceremony was over, I thought- well, there isn't much use in making a
6 scene, and I just walked outside and told the Captain in charge. * * * I told him I did not take (the) oath or
7 step forward. * * * He says, ‘No. You are in the Army.’ * * * Q. Isn't it a fact that when you saw Captain
8 Beydler, after leaving the induction room that you told him you had changed your mind, that you were now a
9 conscientious objector? A. I didn't say ‘I changed my mind’, No, sir. * * * I said ‘I am’.'
10 Sergeant Frias, the chief coordinator at the induction station, testified that petitioner approached him on the
11 floor of the induction room saying he was a conscientious objector. The Sergeant asked him if he had just been
12 inducted and he answered ‘Yes', to which the Sergeant responded, ‘I said, ‘It is too late. I can't do anything for
13 you’.'
14 After that, according to petitioner's testimony, he made three telephone calls and then told a Sergeant, ‘I am
15 going home’. Petitioner further testified, ‘I had some friends and I went over to see and talked with them. * * * I
16 went over to another friend's and stayed all night. * * * I stayed another day and then I went on home.’
17 Petitioner did not respond to the call to board the bus for the railroad station the next morning, whereupon he
18 was noted as an ‘absentee’. Petitioner was forceably taken from his home by military personnel, put in the Post
19 stockade at Camp Irwin, and then transported to Camp Roberts a few weeks thereafter. The court asked the
20 witness, ‘Have you been with that training company (at Camp Roberts) since? The Witness: No. That was a
21 Thursday, and then Friday morning they took me to the orderly room and to the company commander and I
22 refused the company commander(‘s suggestion that I submit to training). * * * That was about 5:10. I went back
23 to the M.P. lock-up at Camp Roberts. I stayed there until Sunday morning. Sunday morning- The Court:
24 Yesterday? The Witness: Yes, yesterday at 10:45. And then I stayed at this M.P. lock-up Sunday and then here
25 today. * * * The Court: Did you ever tell the Colonel that, as long as you did not have to bear arms, you would
26 be willing to undergo training? A. I told him I would not accept any training.’
27 [2] [3] We are of the opinion that the unnecessarily crowded set-up in the induction room made it physically
28 impossible for the inducting officer to have seen whether petitioner took the step forward and that it was in fact
29 impossible for petitioner to take a step forward. Therefore, we think, the court's finding on this factual issue was
30 in error. The evidence reveals no act after the induction ceremonies from which it could be found that petitioner
31 had in fact acquiesced in induction,FN4 but on the contrary his conduct is entirely consistent with his claim that
32 he did not submit to induction, and is not consistent with any theory of acquiescence. However, the court made
33 no finding on the subject of acquiescence.
34 [4] We hold that the evidence does not support the conclusion of the trial court that petitioner was inducted
35 into the Armed Services of the United States. *297 The judgment is reversed and remanded with instructions
36 to order petitioner's release from the custody of the Army officers.
37 Reversed and remanded.
38 _________________________
39 FOOTNOTES:
40 FN1. The quotation is from the affidavit of Captain Earl S. Beydler which was attached to the return and made
41 a part thereof. The affidavit was stipulated as the Captain's evidence in chief. The procedure followed by the
42 Captain was exactly in accord with Army Special Regulations 615-180-1, paragraph 23, issued by the
43 Department of the Army April 10, 1953.
44 FN2. Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, 54 Stat. 894, 50 U.S.C.A.Appendix, § 311; now 50
45 U.S.C.A.App. § 462, Selective Service Act of 1948, 62 Stat. 604, 622.
46 FN3. Mayborn v. Heflebower, 5 Cir., 1945, 145 F.2d. 864; Sanford v. Callan, 5 Cir., 1945, 148 F.2d. 376; cf.
47 Cox v. Wedemeyer, 9 Cir., 1951, 192 F.2d. 920, 923-924.
48 FN4. See footnote 3, supra.
49 [Corrigan v. Secretary of the Army, 211 F.2d. 293 (1954)

50 http://famguardian.org/Subjects/Military/Draft/CorriganVSecretaryOfArmy-211-F.2d-293-1954.pdf]
51 For further information on the above, please also read Billings v. Truesdell, 321 U.S. 542, 64 S.Ct. 737, U.S. (1944).

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 10.3 People ex rel. Campbell v. Dewey, 23 Misc. 267, 50 N.Y.S. 1013, N.Y.Sup. 1898.
2 At the time, then, of the Texas proceeding, both mother and child were domiciled in the state of New York, and it
3 was beyond the power of the Texas court to regulate the relations between them. The relation of parent and child
4 is a civil status. 1 Bish. Mar. & Div. § 16. “It is plain that every state has the right to determine the status or
5 domestic or social condition of persons domiciled within its territory.” Hunt v. Hunt, 72 N. Y. 217, 227; Strader
6 v. Graham, 10 How. 82. “Every nation may determine the status of its own domiciled subjects, and any
7 interference by foreign tribunals would be an officious intermeddling with a matter in which they have no
8 concern. The parties cannot consent to the change of status, and the judgment is not binding in a third
9 country.” Black, Jur. § 77. When the Texas proceeding was instituted the respondent and her child were
10 transiently in that state, upon a temporary occasion, and with the intention of returning to their domicile in New
11 York. “Though a state may have a right to declare the condition of all persons within her limits, the right only
12 exists while that person remains there. She has not the power of giving a condition or status that will adhere
13 to the person everywhere, but upon his return to his place of domicile he will occupy his former position.”
14 Maria v. Kirby, 12 B.Mon. 542, 545,- a case in which the decision is an adjudication of the precise point in
15 controversy.
16 It results, therefore, that the Texas decree is of no effect in this state upon the right of the respondent to the
17 custody of the child. The validity of that decree is further impugned for fatal irregularities in the proceeding, but,
18 its futility as an estoppel being already apparent, the discussion need not be prolonged.
19 The writ is dismissed, and, as the respondent's fitness for the care and control of the child is not questioned, it is
20 remanded to her custody.
21 [People ex rel. Campbell v. Dewey, 23 Misc. 267, 50 N.Y.S. 1013, N.Y.Sup. (1898)]
22 We can learn a lot from the above case:
23 1. Choosing a domicile is what makes you into a “subject” rather than a sovereign. In that sense, it causes a surrender of
24 sovereign immunity:
25 “Every nation may determine the status of its own domiciled subjects, and any interference by foreign tribunals
26 would be an officious intermeddling with a matter in which they have no concern.”
27 2. The right to make determinations about or changes in the civil status of someone originates from one’s voluntary choice
28 of domicile. See the above.
29 2.1. That authority is delegated to a specific government by your choice of domicile.
30 “It is plain that every state has the right to determine the status or domestic or social condition of persons
31 domiciled within its territory.” Hunt v. Hunt, 72 N. Y. 217, 227; Strader v. Graham, 10 How. 82. “Every nation
32 may determine the status of its own domiciled subjects, and any interference by foreign tribunals would be an
33 officious intermeddling with a matter in which they have no concern. The parties cannot consent to the change
34 of status, and the judgment is not binding in a third country.” Black, Jur. § 77. When the Texas proceeding was
35 instituted the respondent and her child were transiently in that state, upon a temporary occasion, and with the
36 intention of returning to their domicile in New York. “Though a state may have a right to declare the condition
37 of all persons within her limits, the right only exists while that person remains there. She has not the power of
38 giving a condition or status that will adhere to the person everywhere, but upon his return to his place of
39 domicile he will occupy his former position.” Maria v. Kirby, 12 B.Mon. 542, 545,- a case in which the decision
40 is an adjudication of the precise point in controversy.
41 2.2. The authority of the government is delegated by we the people.

42 2.3. If you never delegate the authority to make declarations of status by choosing a domicile within any government,
43 then you MUST have reserve it to yourself.
44 3. What makes a state or government “foreign” is the fact that you don’t have a domicile within their jurisdiction. It is an
45 intrusion into your sovereignty for a foreign state to determine your civil status.
48 4. When you are physically in a state or jurisdiction other than the one in which you are domiciled, the status declaration is
49 nonbinding on the foreign jurisdiction that you are in.

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 10.4 U. S. v. Grimley, 137 U.S. 147, 11 S.Ct. 54, U.S. (1890)
2 This case describes how:
3 1. Consent conveyed in the making contracts works a change in one’s status.

4 2. No misrepresentation can undo the change in status made by the giving of consent unless the party injured by the
5 misrepresentation takes advantage of it.
6 3. Changes in status include marriage and enlistment in the military, which can only be undone by the consent of BOTH
7 parties.
8 Grimly enlisted in the armed services and made a deliberate misrepresentation in the application and then tried to undo the
9 contract using the misrepresentation. The party injured by the misrepresentation was the government, but because they did
10 not take advantage of the misrepresentation to undo the contract, then Grimly couldn’t either and had to honor the change in
11 status. Grimly therefore was not able to undo the contract and had to do time in prison for desertion.
12 This case involves a matter of contractual relation between the parties; and the law of contracts, as applicable
13 thereto, is worthy of notice. The government, as contracting party, offers contract and service. Grimley accepts
14 such contract, declaring that he possesses all the qualifications prescribed in the government's offer. The contract
15 is duly signed. Grimley has made an untrue statement in regard to his qualifications.*151 The government
16 makes no objection because of the untruth. The qualification is one for the benefit of the government, one of
17 the contracting parties. Who can take advantage of Grimley's lack of qualification? Obviously only the party
18 for whose benefit it was inserted. Such is the ordinary law of contracts. Suppose A., an individual, were to offer
19 to enter into contract with persons of Anglo-Saxon descent, and B., representing that he is such descent, accepts
20 the offer and enters into contract; can he thereafter, A. making no objection, repudiate the contract on the ground
21 that he is not of Anglo-Saxon descent? A. has prescribed the terms. He contracts with B. upon the strength of his
22 representations that he comes within those terms. Can B. thereafter plead his disability in avoidance of the
23 contract? On the other hand, suppose for any reason it could be contended that the proviso as to age was for the
24 benefit of the party enlisting, is Grimley in any better position? The matter of age is merely incidental, and not of
25 the substance of the contract. And can a party by false representations as to such incidental matter obtain a
26 contract, and thereafter disown and repudiate its obligations **55 on the simple ground that the fact in
27 reference to this incidental matter was contrary to his representations? May he utter a falsehood to acquire a
28 contract, and plead the truth to avoid it, when the matter in respect to which the falsehood is stated is for his
29 benefit? It must be noted here that in the present contract is involved no matter of duress, imposition,
30 ignorance, or intoxication. Grimley was sober, and of his own volition went to the recruiting office and enlisted.
31 There was no compulsion, no solicitation, no misrepresentation. A man of mature years, he entered freely into
32 the contract. But in this transaction something more is involved than the making of a contract, whose breach
33 exposes to an action for damages. Enlistment is a contract, but it is one of those contracts which changes the
34 status, and where that is changed, no breach of the contract destroys the new status or relieves from the
35 obligations which its existence imposes. Marriage is a contract; but it is one which creates a status. Its contract
36 *152 obligations are mutual faithfulness; but a breach of those obligations does not destroy the status or
37 change the relation of the parties to each other. The parties remain husband and wife no matter what their
38 conduct to each other,-no matter how great their disregard of marital obligations. It is true that courts have
39 power, under the statutes of most states, to terminate those contract obligations, and put an end to the marital
40 relations. But this is never done at the instance of the wrong-door. The injured party, and the injured party
41 alone, can obtain relief and a change of status by judicial action. So, also, a foreigner by naturalization enters
42 into new obligations. More than that, he thereby changes his status; he ceases to be an alien, and becomes a
43 citizen, and, when that change is once accomplished, no disloyalty on his part, no breach of the obligations of
44 citizenship, of itself, destroys his citizenship. In other words, it is a general rule accompanying a change of status,
45 that when once accomplished it is not destroyed by the mere misconduct of one of the parties, and the guilty party
46 cannot plead his own wrong as working a termination and destruction thereof. Especially is he debarred from
47 pleading the existence of facts personal to himself, existing before the change of status , the entrance into new
48 relations, which would have excused him from entering into those relations and making the change, or, if
49 disclosed to the other party, would have led it to decline admission into the relation, or consent to the change. By
50 enlistment the citizen becomes a soldier. His relations to the state and the public are changed. He acquires a
51 new status, with correlative rights and duties; and although he may violate his contract obligations, his status
52 as a soldier is unchanged. He cannot of his own volition throw off the garments he has once put on, nor can he,
53 the state not objecting, renounce his relations and destroy his status on the plea that, if he had disclosed truthfully
54 the facts, the other party, the state, would not have entered into the new relations with him, or permitted him to
55 change his status. Of course these considerations may not apply where there is insanity, idiocy, infancy, or any
56 other disability which, in its nature, disables a *153 party from changing his status or entering into new relations.
57 But where a party is sui juris, without any disability to enter into the new relations, the rule generally applies as
58 stated. A naturalized citizen would not be permitted, as a defense to a charge of treason, to say that he had
59 acquired his citizenship through perjury, that he had not been a resident of the United States for five years, or
60 within the state or territory where he was naturalized one year, or that he was not a man of good moral character,
61 or that he was not attached to the constitution. No more can an enlisted soldier avoid a charge of desertion, and
62 escape the consequences of such act, by proof that he was over age at the time of enlistment, or that he was
63 not able-bodied, or that he had been convicted of a felony, or that before his enlistment he had been a deserter
64 from the military service of the United States. These are matters which do not inhere in the substance of the
Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 contract, do not prevent a change of status, do not render the new relations assumed absolutely void; and in
2 the case of a soldier, these considerations become of vast public importance. While our regular army is small
3 compared with those of European nations, yet its vigor and efficiency are equally important. An army is not a
4 deliberative body. It is the executive arm. Its law is that of obedience. No question can be left open as to the right
5 to command in the officer, or the duty of obedience in the soldier. Vigor and efficiency on the part of the officer,
6 and confidence among the soldiers in one another, are impaired if any question be left open as to their attitude
7 to each other. So, unless there be in the nature of things some inherent vice in the existence of the relation, or
8 natural wrong in the manner in which it was established, public policy requires that it should not be disturbed.
9 Now, there is no inherent vice in the military service of a man 40 years of age. The age of 35, as prescribed in
10 the statute, is one of convenience merely. The government has the right to the military service of all its able-
11 bodied citizens; and may, when emergency arises, justly exact that service from all. And if, for its own
12 convenience, and with a view to the selection of the best material, it has fixed the age at 35, it is a matter *154
13 which in any given case it may waive; and it does not lie in the mouth of any one above that age on that account
14 alone, to demand release from an obligation voluntarily assumed, and discharge from a service voluntarily
15 entered into. The government, and the government alone, is the party to the transaction that can raise
16 objections on that ground. We conclude, therefore, that the age of the petitioner was no ground for his
17 discharge.”
18 [U. S. v. Grimley, 137 U.S. 147, 11 S.Ct. 54, U.S. (1890)]
19 10.5 In re Meador, 1 Abb.U.S. 317, 16 F.Cas. 1294, D.C.Ga. (1869)

20 In this particular case, the litigants sued the government because they were having the liabilities of the status of “taxpayer”
21 enforced against them. In response, the court essentially declared that they had consented to become “taxpayers” subject to
22 the revenue acts by applying for a license. Thus the change in status from “nontaxpayer” to “taxpayer” was a consequence
23 of their own voluntary act, required their consent, and thus could not be challenged by them.
24 “And here a thought suggests itself. As the Meadors, subsequently to the passage of this act of July 20, 1868,
25 applied for and obtained from the government a license or permit to deal in manufactured tobacco, snuff and
26 cigars, I am inclined to be of the opinion that they are, by this their own voluntary act, precluded from assailing
27 the constitutionality of this law, or otherwise controverting it. For the granting of a license or permit-the yielding
28 of a particular privilege-and its acceptance by the Meadors, was a contract, in which it was implied that the
29 provisions of the statute which governed, or in any way affected their business, and all other statutes previously
30 passed, which were in pari materia with those provisions, should be recognized and obeyed by them. When the
31 Meadors sought and accepted the privilege, the law was before them. And can they now impugn its
32 constitutionality or refuse to obey its provisions and stipulations, and so exempt themselves from the
33 consequences of their own acts?”
34 [In re Meador, 1 Abb.U.S. 317, 16 F.Cas. 1294, D.C.Ga. (1869)]
35 10.6 United States v. Malinowski, 347 F.Supp. 352 (1992)

36 The following case establishes that companies accepting withholding forms are not authorized to dishonor whatever the
37 employee puts on the withholding form. They must honor the worker’s claim or declaration of status without modification.
38 "The Company is not authorized to alter the form [W-4 or its equivalent] or to dishonor the worker's claim. The
39 certificate goes into effect automatically"
40 [U.S. District Court Judge Huyett, United States v. Malinowski, 347 F.Supp. 352 (1992)]
41 10.7 Roberts v. Roberts, 81 Cal.App.2d 871 (1947)

42 [4] In all domestic concerns each state of the Union is to be deemed an independent sovereignty. As such, it is
43 its province and its duty to forbid interference by another state as well as by any foreign power with the status of
44 its own citizens. Unless at least one of the spouses is a resident thereof in good faith, the courts of such sister
45 state or of such foreign power cannot acquire jurisdiction to dissolve the marriage of those who have an
46 established domicile in the state which resents such interference with matters which disturb its social serenity
47 or affect the morals of its inhabitants. [5] Jurisdiction over divorce proceedings of residents of California by the
48 courts of a sister state cannot be conferred by agreement of the litigants. [6] As protector of the morals of her
49 people it is the duty of a court of this commonwealth to prevent the dissolution of a marriage by the decree of a
50 court of another jurisdiction pursuant to the collusion of the spouses. If by surrendering its power it evades the
51 performance of such duty, marriage will ultimately be considered as a formal device and its dissolution freed
52 from legal inhibitions. [7] Not only is a divorce of California [81 Cal.App.2d 880] residents by a court of another
53 state void because of the plaintiff's lack of bona fide residence in the foreign state, but it is void also for lack of
54 the court's jurisdiction over the State of California. [8] This state is a party to every marriage contract of its own
55 residents as well as the guardian of their morals. Not only can the litigants by their collusion not confer
56 jurisdiction upon Nevada courts over themselves but neither can they confer such jurisdiction over this state.

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 [9] It therefore follows that a judgment of divorce by a court of Nevada without first having pursuant to its own
2 laws acquired...
3 [Roberts v. Roberts, 81 Cal.App.2d 871 [Civ. No. 15818. Second Dist., Div. Two. Oct. 17, 1947]
4 The above case illustrates that whenever you enter into a licensed transaction or request a license from the government:
5 1. You are entering into a contract with the government.

6 2. You consent to be subject to all the statutes that regulate those who hold such licenses.
7 3. The license creates property interests in both you and the government.
8 4. The state granting the license only has jurisdiction over the parties to the license so long as one or both are domiciled
9 within the state that granted the license. Another way of saying this is that the grantor of the franchise is only required
10 to recognize the change in status while the parties to the franchise are domiciled within their jurisdiction. Otherwise, the
11 status change is not binding on the grantor of the franchise.
12 11 Civil status in relation to governments

13 Next, we will cover how civil statutory status affects the relationships between people and governments. This subject will
14 be covered in the following subsections.
15 11.1 Passports
16 Passports issued by the national governments represent your political association with a specific country. That political
17 association is called “nationality”. In statutes it equates with the status of “national” under 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(21):
18 8 U.S.C. §1101
19 (a) As used in this chapter—
20 (21) The term “national” means a person owing permanent allegiance to a state.
21 The authority for issuance of national passports originates from 22 U.S.C. §212 and the regulations which implement it,
22 which say:
23 22 U.S.C. §212
24 No passport shall be granted or issued to or verified for any other persons than those owing allegiance, whether
25 citizens or not, to the United States
26 ______________________________________________________________________________________
27 Title 22: Foreign Relations

28 PART 51—PASSPORTS
29 Subpart A—General
30 §51.2 Passport issued to nationals only.
31 (a) A United States passport shall be issued only to a national of the United States (22 U.S.C. 212).
32 (b) Unless authorized by the Department no person shall bear more than one valid or potentially valid U.S.
33 passport at any one time.
34 [SD–165, 46 FR 2343, Jan. 9, 1981]
35 The status of being a “national” is a product of either physical birth within a country OR the act of being naturalized. Birth
36 is not a voluntary act and one that you can’t control or undo. Naturalization, however, is a voluntary act and requires your
37 consent.
38 Being a STATUTORY “national” under 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(21) does not make people “subjects” under the civil statutes of
39 any jurisdiction. Domicile does that:

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 In Udny v. Udny (1869) L. R. 1 H. L. Sc. 441, the point decided was one of inheritance, depending upon the
2 question whether the domicile of the father was in England or in Scotland, he being in either alternative a British
3 subject. Lord Chancellor Hatherley said: 'The question of naturalization and of allegiance is distinct from that
4 of domicile.' Page 452. Lord Westbury, in the passage relied on by the counsel for the United States, began by
5 saying: 'The law of England, and of almost all civilized countries, ascribes to each individual at his birth two
6 distinct legal states or conditions,—one by virtue of which he becomes the subject [NATIONAL] of some
7 particular country, binding him by the tie of natural allegiance, and which may be called his political status;
8 another by virtue of which he has ascribed to him the character of a citizen of some particular country, and as
9 such is possessed of certain municipal rights, and subject to certain obligations, which latter character is the
10 civil status or condition of the individual, and may be quite different from his political status.' And then, while
11 maintaining that the civil status is universally governed by the single principle of domicile (domicilium), the
12 criterion established by international law for the purpose of determining civil status, and the basis on which
13 'the personal rights of the party—that is to say, the law which determines his majority or minority, his
14 marriage, succession, testacy, or intestacy— must depend,' he yet distinctly recognized that a man's political
15 status, his country (patria), and his 'nationality,—that is, natural allegiance,'—'may depend on different laws in
16 different countries.' Pages 457, 460. He evidently used the word 'citizen,' not as equivalent to 'subject,' but rather
17 to 'inhabitant'; and had no thought of impeaching the established rule that all persons born under British
18 dominion are natural-born subjects.
19 [United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U.S. 649, 18 S.Ct. 456, 42 L.Ed. 890 (1898) ;
21 The only way you can be a statutory “citizen” or “resident” in a specific place is to have a consensual domicile there. Those
22 who have not consented to a domicile may only be protected by the common law and the Constitution and not the statute law.
23 Domicile requires your consent and those who have not provided said consent and thereby exercised their right of freedom
24 from compelled association thereby become “non-resident non-persons” within the place they are physically located. This is
25 further discussed in:
26 1. Why Domicile and Becoming a “Taxpayer” Require Your Consent, Form #05.002
28 2. Non-Resident Non-Person Position, Form #05.020
30 In recognition of the above principles, our USA Passport Application Attachment, Form #06.007, contains the following
31 language, beginning after the line. The text included is not the entire document, but only the subset dealing with your right
32 to declare and establish your civil status:
33 _______________________
34 LIMITATIONS APPLYING TO REVOCATION OR REFUSAL TO ISSUE U.S. PASSPORTS
35 1. When passports CANNOT be denied or revoked:
36 22 U.S. Code § 2721. Impermissible basis for denial of passports
37 A passport may not be denied issuance, revoked, restricted, or otherwise limited because
38 of any speech, activity, belief, affiliation, or membership, within or outside the United
39 States, which, if held or conducted within the United States, would be protected by the first
40 amendment to the Constitution of the United States.
41 (Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 841, title I, § 49, as added Pub. L. 102–138, title I, § 113, Oct. 28, 1991,
42 105 Stat. 655.)
43 2. In my case, my religious beliefs forbid me to associate with, contract away rights to, do business with, or have a civil
44 statutory domicile within any government as a statutory “citizen”, “resident”, “person”, “taxpayer”, “individual”, etc.
45 They allow me to ONLY be protected and subject to the common law, the Constitution, and the criminal law.
46 “I [God] brought you up from Egypt [government slavery to a civil ruler who claimed to be a deity] and brought
47 you to the land of which I swore to your fathers; and I said, ‘I will never break My covenant with you. And you
48 shall make no covenant [contract or franchise or agreement of ANY kind] with the inhabitants of this [corrupt
49 pagan] land; you shall tear down their [man/government worshipping socialist] altars.‘ But you have not
50 obeyed Me. Why have you done this?

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 “Therefore I also said, ‘I will not drive them out before you; but they will become as thorns [terrorists and
2 persecutors] in your side and their gods will be a snare [slavery!] to you.'”
3 So it was, when the Angel of the LORD spoke these words to all the children of Israel, that the people lifted up
4 their voices and wept.
5 [Judges 2:1-4, Bible, NKJV]
6 _________________________________________
7 “Do you not know that friendship with the world is enmity with God? Whoever therefore wants to be a friend
8 [“citizen”, “resident”, “taxpayer”, “inhabitant”, or “subject” under a king or political ruler] of the world [or
9 any man-made kingdom other than God’s Kingdom] makes himself an enemy of God.”
11 _________________________________________
12 “You shall make no covenant [contract or franchise] with them [foreigners, pagans], nor with their [pagan
13 government] gods [laws or judges]. They shall not dwell in your land [and you shall not dwell in theirs by
14 becoming a “resident” in the process of contracting with them], lest they make you sin against Me [God]. For if
15 you serve their gods [under contract or agreement or franchise], it will surely be a snare to you.”
16 [Exodus 23:32-33, Bible, NKJV]
17 _________________________________________
18 “Pure and undefiled religion before God and the Father is this: to visit orphans and widows in their trouble, and
19 to keep oneself unspotted from the world [the obligations and concerns of the world].”
21 _________________________________________
22 “Do not walk in the statutes of your fathers [the heathens], nor observe their judgments, nor defile yourselves
23 with their [pagan government] idols. I am the LORD your God: Walk in [obey] My statutes, keep My
24 judgments, and do them; hallow My Sabbaths, and they will be a sign between Me and you, that you may
25 know that I am the LORD your God.”
26 [Ezekial 20:10-20, Bible, NKJV]
27 _________________________________________
28 “You were bought at a price; do not become slaves of men.”

29 [1 Cor. 7:23, Bible, NKJV]
30 _________________________________________
31 “For you were bought at a price; therefore glorify God in your body and in your spirit, which are God’s [and
32 NOT Caesar’s].”
33 [1 Cor. 6:20, Bible, NKJV]
34 SOURCE: https://nikeinsights.famguardian.org/forums/topic/the-blood-bond-and-the-duty-to-resist-tyranny/
35 The only domicile my God permits me to have under my delegation order (the Holy Bible) is the Kingdom of Heaven.
36 Philippians 3:20. Furthermore, God warns me in my delegation order in Psalm 91 that I will be removed from His
37 protection by choosing any other domicile. God owns the Heavens AND the Earth (Gen. 1:1, Psalm 24:1) so my domicile
38 is within His Kingdom and He is my ONLY King. I will have NO KING other King Jesus! I am not permitted to allow
39 the United States government to become my Lord and King. No man can serve two masters: Christ and State. Matt.
40 6:24. There cannot be a Kingdom with two kings.
Patriot Pastor Garrett Lear at the Boston Tea Party 2008, Pastor Garrett Lear
https://youtu.be/9351KGbkDrc
41 Domicile and the statutory obligations associated with it, including those in ALL civil statutes (“person”, “individual”,
42 “taxpayer”, “citizen”, “resident”), are voluntary. I do not volunteer and have no delegated authority under My God’s
43 law as his full time ambassador in chains to volunteer. God’s delegation order says my ONLY civil lawgiver is Jesus
44 Christ and not any vain man or Earthly government (Isaiah 33:22). The Declaration of Independence says all such rights

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 are UNALIENABLE and therefore I am legally incapable of volunteering as long as I am standing on land protected by
2 the Constitution as I am now. That, in fact, is why the Constitution calls itself “the law of the land”:
5 these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,
6 -“
8 “Unalienable. Inalienable; incapable of being aliened, that is, sold and transferred.”
9 [Black’s Law Dictionary, Fourth Edition, p. 1693]
10 The Declaration of Independence was enacted into LAW on the first page of the Statutes at Large as the first official act
11 of Congress, and therefore the above limitation is binding on our interactions. My First Amendment right to civilly
12 disassociate and become a statutory “non-resident non-person” not protected by or subject to the civil statutes, as a matter
13 of religious right, is proven with court admissible evidence in:
14 2.1. Why Domicile and Becoming a “Taxpayer” Require Your Consent, Form #05.002
15 https://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/Domicile.pdf
16 2.2. Non-Resident Non-Person Position, Form #05.020
17 https://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/NonresidentNonPersonPosition.pdf
18 3. I do not “have” a STATUTORY “Social Security Number” (20 C.F.R §422.103) and cannot have or own or even
19 control that which I did not create and does not belong to me.
20 3.1. The regulations found at 20 C.F.R. §422.103(d) say the number and card belong the government and NOT me.
21 You will note that Title 20 of the U.S. Code identifies itself as “Employees’ benefits” and I am NOT such a
22 statutory employee defined in 5 U.S.C. §2105(a) or 26 C.F.R. §31.3401-1(c). There is NO statutory definition
23 that expressly identifies statutory “employee” as including PRIVATE people protected ONLY by the Constitution
24 and NOT the statutes and therefore these people are purposefully excluded per the rules of statutory construction:
25 26 C.F.R. §31.3401(c)-1 Employee
26 "...the term [employee] includes officers and employees, whether elected or appointed, of the United States, a
27 [federal] State, Territory, Puerto Rico or any political subdivision, thereof, or the District of Columbia, or any
28 agency or instrumentality of any one or more of the foregoing. The term 'employee' also includes an officer of
29 a corporation."
30 3.2. I must be a public officer or government STATUTORY “employee” (5 U.S.C. §2105(a)) on official business to
31 use or possess such government property such as a STATUTORY “Social Security Number” and I hereby certify
32 UNDER PENALTY OF PERJURY that I am NOT such an officer and have no delegated authority from God
33 under the Holy Bible trust indenture (as his full time “trustee”) to BECOME such an officer. See Exodus 20:1-
34 17.
35 3.3. I would be committing the crime of impersonating a public officer to possess or use public property such as a
36 STATUTORY Social Security Number or card in violation of 18 U.S.C. §912. You would also be guilty of the
37 same crime to compel me to use a STATUTORY SSN or TIN in the context of this interaction. I am PRIVATE
38 and not PUBLIC while I am in this physical office.
39 3.4. It is illegal to offer Social Security in states of the Union, and the U.S. Government has already agreed with me
40 on this subject in responding to the following that I sent them:
Why You Aren’t Eligible for Social Security, Form #06.001
https://sedm.org/Forms/06-AvoidingFranch/SSNotEligible.pdf
41 3.5. To even ask me whether I have ever been issued a number, knowing that such an issuance to a PRIVATE NON-
42 RESIDENT party is illegal, and/or penalizing me by denial of a passport for a failure to provide said number
43 (fruit of a poisonous tree that cannot be used as legal evidence) would be compelling me to admit what I now
44 know is a criminal violation in violation of the Fifth Amendment. The ONLY thing I can lawfully say to you
45 about such a situation WITHOUT violating the Fifth Amendment is the following:
46 “I have never LAWFULLY been issued a Social Security Number. Any evidence that such a number was lawfully
47 issued is KNOWINGLY FALSE and must be destroyed. If it is NOT destroyed, then you are guilty of the crimes
48 found under 18 U.S.C. §1030, 18 U.S.C. §912, 18 U.S.C. §201, etc. It would be a violation of my Fifth Amendment
49 right against self-incrimination to compel me admit to UNLAWFULLY applying for such a number under penalty
50 of perjury. If you believe it was LAWFULLY issued, you MUST contradict the evidence that the U.S. Attorney
51 General ALREADY admitted to in separate correspondence and located again below:

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 1. Why You Aren’t Eligible for Social Security, Form #06.001
2 https://sedm.org/Forms/06-AvoidingFranch/SSNotEligible.pdf
3 2. Resignation of Compelled Social Security Trustee, Form #06.002

4 https://sedm.org/Forms/06-AvoidingFranch/SSTrustIndenture.pdf
5 A failure to deny any aspects of the attachments that are false IN WRITING signed under penalty of perjury shall
6 constitute an equitable estoppel against any future controversy on this subject per Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
7 8(b)(6).
8 "Silence can only be equated with fraud where there is a legal or moral duty to speak, or where an inquiry left
9 unanswered would be intentionally misleading. . . This sort of deception will not be tolerated and if this is routine
10 it should be corrected immediately." U.S. v. Tweel, 550 F.2d. 297, 299. See also U.S. v. Prudden, 424 F.2d. 1021,
11 1032; Carmine v. Bowen, 64 A. 932.; “Silence is a species of conduct, and constitutes an implied representation
12 of the existence of facts in question. When silence is of such character and under such circumstances that it would
13 become a fraud, it will operate as an Estoppel." Carmine v. Bowen, 64 A. 932…. "Fraud in its elementary common
14 law sense of deceit… includes the deliberate concealment of material information in a setting of fiduciary
15 obligation. A public official is a fiduciary toward the public,… and if he deliberately conceals material
16 information from them he is guilty of fraud." McNally v. U.S., 483 U.S. 350, 371-372, Quoting U.S. v Holzer, 816
17 F.2d. 304, 307.
18 3.6. It is a violation of my religious beliefs and practices to have or use a STATUTORY Social Security Number
19 mentioned in 20 C.F.R. §422.103. See: Social Security: Mark of the Beast, Form #11.407;
20 https://famguardian.org/Publications/SocialSecurity/TOC.htm. Hence, any mention of the of the term “Social
21 Security Number” or “Taxpayer Identification Number” in this submission and ALL government records
22 pertaining to me are hereby defined to EXCLUDE any statutory or regulatory uses published by the national
23 government. Instead, the terms shall be defined to mean a franchise license TO THE GOVERNMENT which
24 enfranchises their uses of my private property and private rights under the following. The ability to define terms
25 as I have done here is a legislative function that the recipient of this form has no delegated authority to engage in:
Injury Defense Franchise and Agreement, Form #09.007
https://sedm.org/Forms/06-AvoidingFranch/InjuryDefenseFranchise.pdf
26 4. Authority to deny or revoke passports is found in:
27 4.1. Public Law 114-94, Section 32101.
28 4.2. No SSN provided on application: 22 U.S.C. §2714a(e)
29 4.3. Tax debt greater than $50K: 26 U.S.C. §7345.
30 5. The above provisions do NOT apply to me BECAUSE:
31 5.1. I am NOT domiciled in the STATUTORY “United States” as defined in 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(9) and (a)(10) and 4
32 U.S.C. §110(d). Therefore per Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 17(b), the civil statutory acts of Congress are
33 applicable ONLY there DO NOT apply to me.
34 5.2. I am not THE statutory “individual” mentioned in 26 U.S.C. §7345(a) within the context of the Internal Revenue
35 Code:
36 26 U.S. Code § 7345. Revocation or denial of passport in case of certain tax delinquencies
37 (a) IN GENERAL
38 If the Secretary receives certification by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue that an individual has a seriously
39 delinquent tax debt, the Secretary shall transmit such certification to the Secretary of State for action with respect
40 to denial, revocation, or limitation of a passport pursuant to section 32101 of the FAST Act.
41 __________________________________________________________________________________
42 26 C.F.R. §1.1441-1 Requirement for the deduction and withholding of tax on payments to foreign persons.
43 (c ) Definitions
44 (3) Individual.
45 (i) Alien individual.
46 The term alien individual means an individual who is not a citizen or a national of the United States. See Sec.
47 1.1-1(c).

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 There is NO other definition of statutory “individual” OTHER than the above. Even the “qualified individual”
2 mentioned in 26 U.S.C. §911(d)(1) is an ALIEN in relation to the foreign country he or she is temporarily within.
3 Even that “qualified individual” is a citizen of federal territory and not a constitutional state, so I am NOT the
4 party mentioned in 26 U.S.C. §911 either and I am CERTAINLY not abroad in this case. See:
Why You are a “national”, “state national”, and Constitutional but not Statutory Citizen, Form #05.006
https://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/WhyANational.pdf
5 5.3. Not in the STATUTORY geographical “United States”:
6 TITLE 26 > Subtitle F> CHAPTER 79 > Sec. 7701. [Internal Revenue Code]
7 Sec. 7701. - Definitions
8 (a) When used in this title, where not otherwise distinctly expressed or manifestly incompatible with the intent
9 thereof—
10 (9) United States
11 The term ''United States'' when used in a geographical sense includes only the States and the District of Columbia.
12 (10)State
13 The term ''State'' shall be construed to include the District of Columbia, where such construction is necessary to
14 carry out provisions of this title.
15 5.4. Not a STATUTORY “citizen” OF THE above geographical “United States” (federal territory not within the
16 exclusive jurisdiction of a constitutional state) defined in 8 U.S.C. §1401, 26 C.F.R. §1.1-1(c). State citizens and
17 territorial citizens are NOT equivalent and in fact are TWO, non-overlapping, mutually exclusive groups. See
18 Rogers v. Bellei, 401 U.S. 815 (1971), Valmonte v. I.N.S., 136 F.3d. 914 (C.A.2, 1998).
19 5.5. Not the statutory “person” who is the proper object of penalties such as denial or revocation of passports:
20 26 U.S. Code § 6671. Rules for application of assessable penalties
21 (b) PERSON DEFINED
22 The term “person”, as used in this subchapter, includes an officer or employee of a corporation, or a member or
23 employee of a partnership, who as such officer, employee, or member is under a duty to perform the act in respect
24 of which the violation occurs.
25 5.6. Not the lawful target of enforcement as required by 26 U.S.C. §7345(b):
26 26 U.S. Code § 6331. Levy and distraint
27 (a) AUTHORITY OF SECRETARY
28 If any person liable to pay any tax neglects or refuses to pay the same within 10 days after notice and demand, it
29 shall be lawful for the Secretary to collect such tax (and such further sum as shall be sufficient to cover the
30 expenses of the levy) by levy upon all property and rights to property (except such property as is exempt under
31 section 6334) belonging to such person or on which there is a lien provided in this chapter for the payment of
32 such tax. Levy may be made upon the accrued salary or wages of any officer, employee, or elected official, of
33 the United States, the District of Columbia, or any agency or instrumentality of the United States or the District
34 of Columbia, by serving a notice of levy on the employer (as defined in section 3401(d)) of such officer, employee,
35 or elected official. If the Secretary makes a finding that the collection of such tax is in jeopardy, notice and
36 demand for immediate payment of such tax may be made by the Secretary and, upon failure or refusal to pay such
37 tax, collection thereof by levy shall be lawful with
38 5.7. 26 U.S.C. §7345 has no implementing regulations under 26 C.F.R. Part 1, and hence, does NOT apply to anyone
39 BUT government public officers or STATUTORY “employees” under 5 U.S.C. §2105(a) and 26 U.S.C.
40 §3401(c), and DOES NOT apply to most people, and especially either me or those PRIVATE humans in states of
41 the Union protected by the Constitution:
42 5.7.1. 44 U.S.C. §1505(a) requires publication in the Federal Register of regulations that implement any kind of
43 penalty.
44 5.7.2. 5 U.S.C. §552(a)(1) says statutes may not be enforced until implementing regulations are published.
Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 TITLE 5 > PART I > CHAPTER 5 > SUBCHAPTER II > §552
2 §552. Public information; agency rules, opinions, orders, records, and proceedings
3 (a)(1) Except to the extent that a person has actual and timely notice of the terms thereof, a person may not in
4 any manner be required to resort to, or be adversely affected by, a matter required to be published in the
5 Federal Register and not so published. For the purpose of this paragraph, matter reasonably available to the
6 class of persons affected thereby is deemed published in the Federal Register when incorporated by reference
7 therein with the approval of the Director of the Federal Register.
8 5.7.3. 26 C.F.R. §601.702(a)(2)(ii) says that a failure to publish regulations applying the statute to a specific tax
9 shall not affect rights.
10 26 C.F.R. §601.702 Publication and public inspection
11 (a)(2)(ii) Effect of failure to publish.
12 Except to the extent that a person has actual and timely notice of the terms of any matter referred to in
13 subparagraph (1) of this paragraph which is required to be published in the Federal Register, such person is not
14 required in any manner to resort to, or be adversely affected by, such matter if it is not so published or is not
15 incorporated by reference therein pursuant to subdivision (i) of this subparagraph. Thus, for example, any
16 such matter which imposes an obligation and which is not so published or incorporated by reference will not
17 adversely change or affect a person's rights.
18 5.8. There is no requirement to publish implementing regulations in the case of any of the following specifically
19 exempted groups, NONE of which I am a member of:
20 5.8.1. A military or foreign affairs function of the United States. 5 U.S.C. §553(a)(1) .
21 5.8.2. A matter relating to agency management or personnel or to public property, loans, grants, benefits, or
22 contracts. 5 U.S.C. §553(a)(2) .
23 5.8.3. Federal agencies or persons in their capacity as officers, agents, or employees thereof. 44 U.S.C.
24 §1505(a)(1).
25 5.9. There are no implementing regulations under 26 C.F.R. Part 1 for 26 U.S.C. §7345, which would apply this
26 statute to the income tax.
27 5.10. There are no implementing regulations for 22 U.S.C. §2714a(e) that would apply the provisions of 26 U.S.C.
28 §7345. Therefore, pursuant to step 4.8 above, these provisions ONLY apply to STATUTORY government
29 “employees” or officers on official business and DO NOT apply to most people, and especially to ME as a private
30 human. These provisions are missing from:
31 5.10.1. 20 C.F.R.
32 https://law.justia.com/cfr/title22/22cfr51_main_02.html
33 5.10.2. 20 C.F.R. §51.70 pertaining to denial.
34 https://law.justia.com/cfr/title22/22-1.0.1.6.33.5.5.1.html
35 5.10.3. 20 C.F.R. §51.72 pertaining to revocation
36 https://law.justia.com/cfr/title22/22-1.0.1.6.33.5.5.3.html
37 5.11. 1 U.S.C. §204 says Title 26 is NOT positive law, and therefore is only “prima facie” evidence. That means it is
38 NOT evidence but a mere statutory presumption that cannot impair constitutionally protected rights SUCH as my
39 right to travel in this case.
40 (1) [8:4993] Conclusive presumptions affecting protected interests:
41 A conclusive presumption may be defeated where its application would impair a party's constitutionally-protected
42 liberty or property interests. In such cases, conclusive presumptions have been held to violate a party's due
43 process and equal protection rights. [Vlandis v. Kline (1973) 412 U.S. 441, 449, 93 S.Ct. 2230, 2235; Cleveland
44 Bed. of Ed. v. LaFleur (1974) 414 U.S. 632, 639-640, 94 S.Ct. 1208, 1215-presumption under Illinois law that
45 unmarried fathers are unfit violates process]
46 [Federal Civil Trials and Evidence, Rutter Group, paragraph 8:4993, p. 8K-34]
47 ___________________________________________________________________________________
48 Statutes creating permanent irrebuttable presumptions have long been disfavored under the Due Process
49 Clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. In Heiner v. Donnan, 285 U.S. 312, 52 S.Ct. 358, 76 L.Ed.
50 772 (1932), the Court was faced with a constitutional challenge to a federal statute that created a conclusive
51 presumption that gifts made within two years prior to the donor's death were made in contemplation of death,
52 thus requiring payment by his estate of a higher tax. In holding that this irrefutable assumption was so arbitrary

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 and unreasonable as to deprive the taxpayer of his property without due process of law, the Court stated that it
2 had ‘held more than once that a statute creating a presumption which operates to deny a fair opportunity to rebut
3 it violates the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.’ Id., at 329, 52 S.Ct., at 362. See, e.g., Schlesinger
4 v. Wisconsin, 270 U.S. 230, 46 S.Ct. 260, 70 L.Ed. 557 (1926); Hoeper v. Tax Comm'n, 284 U.S. 206, 52 S.Ct.
5 120, 76 L.Ed. 248 (1931). See also Tot v. United States, 319 U.S. 463, 468-469, 63 S.Ct. 1241, 1245-1246, 87
6 L.Ed. 1519 (1943); Leary v. United States, 395 U.S. 6, 29-53, 89 S.Ct. 1532, 1544-1557, 23 L.Ed.2d. 57 (1969).
7 Cf. Turner v. United States, 396 U.S. 398, 418-419, 90 S.Ct. 642, 653-654, 24 L.Ed.2d. 610 (1970).
8 [Vlandis v. Kline, 412 U.S. 441 (1973)]
9 5.12. Under the rules of statutory construction, NO executive branch employee or even a judge CAN lawfully add or
10 PRESUME to add anything to the definitions in the statutes and doing so is acting in a LEGISLATIVE capacity
11 that they have not delegated authority to exercise.
12 "When a statute includes an explicit definition, we must follow that definition, even if it varies from that term's
13 ordinary meaning. Meese v. Keene, 481 U.S. 465, 484-485 (1987) ("It is axiomatic that the statutory definition of
14 the term excludes unstated meanings of that term"); Colautti v. Franklin, 439 U.S. at 392-393, n. 10 ("As a rule,
15 à definition which declares what a term "means" . . . excludes any meaning that is not stated'"); Western Union
16 Telegraph Co. v. Lenroot, 323 U.S. 490, 502 (1945); Fox v. Standard Oil Co. of N.J., 294 U.S. 87, 95-96 (1935)
17 (Cardozo, J.); see also 2A N. Singer, Sutherland on Statutes and Statutory Construction § 47.07, p. 152, and n.
18 10 (5th ed. 1992) (collecting cases). That is to say, the statute, read "as a whole," post at 998 [530 U.S. 943]
19 (THOMAS, J., dissenting), leads the reader to a definition. That definition does not include the Attorney General's
20 restriction -- "the child up to the head." Its words, "substantial portion," indicate the contrary."
21 [Stenberg v. Carhart, 530 U.S. 914 (2000)]
22 "It is apparent that a constitutional prohibition cannot be transgressed indirectly by the creation of a statutory
23 presumption any more than it can be violated by direct enactment. The power to create presumptions is not a
24 means of escape from constitutional restrictions."
25 [Bailey v. Alabama, 219 U.S. 219 (1911)]
26 “Expressio unius est exclusio alterius. A maxim of statutory interpretation meaning that the expression of one
27 thing is the exclusion of another. Burgin v. Forbes, 293 Ky. 456, 169 S.W.2d. 321, 325; Newblock v. Bowles,
28 170 Okl. 487, 40 P.2d. 1097, 1100. Mention of one thing implies exclusion of another. When certain persons
29 or things are specified in a law, contract, or will, an intention to exclude all others from its operation may
30 be inferred. Under this maxim, if statute specifies one exception to a general rule or assumes to specify the
31 effects of a certain provision, other exceptions or effects are excluded.”
33 5.13. If you believe the statutes impose the obligations indicated upon those who are not expressly mentioned, you as
34 the Recipient and the moving party asserting said obligation MUST demonstrate your authority enforce against
35 groups and parties not mentioned with legally admissible evidence signed under penalty of perjury.
36 5.14. In the absence of said proof, you are STEALING private property you have no right and the property you are
37 stealing comes with the following strings attached to the temporary loan.
Injury Defense Franchise and Agreement, Form #09.007
https://sedm.org/Forms/06-AvoidingFranch/InjuryDefenseFranchise.pdf
38 The above agreement forbids you from removing any litigation in a state court to a federal court and mandates
39 financial penalties for the theft and non-consensual use of my private property. You also are required to pay the
40 ENTIRE amount of the litigation cost can cannot accept an appointed government attorney.
41 5.15. The above terms of the loan of my PRIVATE property and PRIVATE constitutionally protected rights continue
42 until the value of the property plus consideration is returned under the terms of the above loan. That property
43 consists of my constitutional right to travel and the value of the labor and services you STOLEN from me in
44 protecting or defending that right and in complying with your baseless demands and FRAUDULENT claim of
45 obligations. Those terms persist until you compensate me for the value of the property STOLEN in violation of
46 the Fifth Amendment. That theft of property will require you to eventually compensate me, and there is a waiver
47 of sovereign immunity implied in your THEFT per Armstrong v. United States, 364 U.S. 40 (1960).
48 5.16. Lastly, the following document exhaustively proves all of the above with court admissible legal authorities:
Challenge to Income Tax Enforcement Authority within Constitutional States of the Union, Form #05.052
https://sedm.org/Forms/05-Memlaw/ChallengeToIRSEnforcementAuth.pdf
49 6. It is a violation of the Thirteenth Amendment to impose any involuntary obligation upon me, including statutory
50 obligations imposed extraterritorially to nonresident parties such as myself. The Thirteenth Amendment applies BOTH
51 to constitutional states AND to federal territory. It applies EVERYWHERE in the Union, in fact. Clyatt v. U.S., 197
52 U.S. 207 (1905). I do not consent to any such obligations. See:

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
Proof of Claim: Your Main Defense Against Government Greed and Corruption, Form #09.073
https://sedm.org/Forms/09-Procs/ProofOfClaim.pdf
1 7. You may not use extraterritorial loans of government property under Constitution Article 4, Section 3, Clause 2 to
2 destroy constitutional rights. This includes loans of the passport book itself or any “privileges” associated with
3 receiving government “protection”. I don’t want your protection and waive all rights to receive it or pay for it when
4 abroad. It is therefore a violation of the Unconstitutional Conditions Doctrine of the U.S. Supreme Court to attach
5 legal “strings” to the issuance of a passport. I paid for the issuance of the passport book so I own the book. See and
6 rebut:
Government Instituted Slavery Using Franchises, Form #05.030
https://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/Franchises.pdf
7 8. If you continue to try to enforce the DUTES of a public office against me, knowing full well as I have informed you
8 that I am NOT such a public officer, you will be prosecuted for criminal identity theft, criminal peonage (18 U.S.C.
9 §1589, 18 U.S.C. §1592-1593), and human trafficking (18 U.S.C. §1593A) as extensively documented in the following
10 and under the conditions of the Injury Defense Franchise identified earlier:
https://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/GovernmentIdentityTheft.pdf
11 The U.S. Congress has legally defined ANY attempt by you, the recipient, to evade or avoid the requirements of statutory or
12 constitutional law documented herein and in all the associated attachment(s) as the very ESSENCE of communism itself!
13 Any attempt therefore to penalize me by denying me a passport for bringing these up, which is my First Amendment right
14 under 22 U.S.C. §2721 therefore ALSO constitutes communism as Congress defines it:
15 TITLE 50 > CHAPTER 23 > SUBCHAPTER IV > Sec. 841.

16 Sec. 841. - Findings and declarations of fact
17 The Congress finds and declares that the Communist Party of the United States [consisting of the IRS, DOJ,
18 and a corrupted federal judiciary], although purportedly a political party, is in fact an instrumentality of a
19 conspiracy to overthrow the [de jure] Government of the United States [and replace it with a de facto
20 government ruled by the judiciary]. It constitutes an authoritarian dictatorship [IRS, DOJ, and corrupted
21 federal judiciary in collusion] within a [constitutional] republic, demanding for itself the rights and
22 [FRANCHISE] privileges [including immunity from prosecution for their wrongdoing in violation of Article 1,
23 Section 9, Clause 8 of the Constitution] accorded to political parties, but denying to all others the liberties [Bill
24 of Rights] guaranteed by the Constitution [Form #10.002]. Unlike political parties, which evolve their policies
25 and programs through public means, by the reconciliation of a wide variety of individual views, and submit those
26 policies and programs to the electorate at large for approval or disapproval, the policies and programs of the
27 Communist Party are secretly [by corrupt judges and the IRS in complete disregard of, Form #05.014, the
28 tax franchise "codes", Form #05.001] prescribed for it by the foreign leaders of the world Communist movement
29 [the IRS and Federal Reserve]. Its members [the Congress, which was terrorized to do IRS bidding by the
30 framing of Congressman Traficant] have no part in determining its goals, and are not permitted to voice dissent
31 to party objectives. Unlike members of political parties, members of the Communist Party are recruited for
32 indoctrination [in the public FOOL system by homosexuals, liberals, and socialists] with respect to its objectives
33 and methods, and are organized, instructed, and disciplined [by the IRS and a corrupted judiciary] to carry into
34 action slavishly the assignments given them by their hierarchical chieftains. Unlike political parties, the
35 Communist Party [thanks to a corrupted federal judiciary] acknowledges no constitutional or statutory
36 limitations upon its conduct or upon that of its members [ANARCHISTS!, Form #08.020]. The Communist
37 Party is relatively small numerically, and gives scant indication of capacity ever to attain its ends by lawful
38 political means. The peril inherent in its operation arises not from its numbers, but from its failure to
39 acknowledge any limitation as to the nature of its activities, and its dedication to the proposition that the
40 present constitutional Government of the United States ultimately must be brought to ruin by any available
41 means, including resort to force and violence [or using income taxes]. Holding that doctrine, its role as the
42 agency of a hostile foreign power [the Federal Reserve and the American Bar Association (ABA)] renders
43 its existence a clear present and continuing danger to the security of the United States. It is the means
44 whereby individuals are seduced [illegally KIDNAPPED via identity theft!, Form #05.046] into the service
45 of the world Communist movement [using FALSE information returns and other PERJURIOUS
46 government forms, Form #04.001], trained to do its bidding [by FALSE government publications and
47 statements that the government is not accountable for the accuracy of, Form #05.007], and directed and
48 controlled [using FRANCHISES illegally enforced upon NONRESIDENTS, Form #05.030] in the
49 conspiratorial performance of their revolutionary services. Therefore, the Communist Party should be
50 outlawed
51 It is QUITE ironic and hypocritical that as the ONLY agency within the United States government responsible for tracking
52 Human Trafficking worldwide, you are the WORST possible violator of it in the issuance of passports to state citizens who
53 are non-resident to your civil legislative jurisdiction. You are kidnapping people’s civil identity into your jurisdiction with

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 criminal identity theft as documented in Government Identity Theft, Form #05.046; https://sedm.org/Forms/05-
2 MemLaw/GovernmentIdentityTheft.pdf:
Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Department of State

https://www.state.gov/j/tip/
3 On the subject of such hypocrisy, Jesus (God) said to the lawyers who implemented it the following, which was written by
4 a former tax collector and the first person Jesus called to repentance in the New Testament. This tax collector quit his job
5 in DISGUST after Jesus showed him the lawlessness and hypocrisy of his profession:
6 “Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees [lawyers], hypocrites! For you are like whitewashed tombs which indeed
7 appear beautiful outwardly, but inside are full of dead men’s bones and all uncleanness. 28 Even so you also
8 outwardly appear righteous to men, but inside you are full of hypocrisy and lawlessness.
9 [Matt. 23:27-28, Bible, NKJV]
10 Thomas Jefferson warned in the Declaration of Independence that governments would invade the states as follows: “He has
11 erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people and eat out their substance.” In
12 this case, you are doing this by ILLEGALLY appointing EVERY citizen as such officer without their consent, without
13 compensation, without the necessary oath or appointment, and in the process making a profitable business out of alienating
14 rights that the same Declaration says are “inalienable”. It is an unconstitutional, commercial invasion of the states in violation
15 of Article 4, Section 4 of the Constitution. The states CANNOT consent to such an invasion. In the process you have turned
16 an entire nation into not only a DEBTOR’S PRISON, but a literal cattle farm where STATUTORY “citizens” are cattle to be
17 milked (How to Leave the Government Farm; https://youtu.be/Mp1gJ3iF2Ik) and made into involuntary surety for an endless
18 mountain of intergenerational debt that will never be paid off and which constitutes criminal PEONAGE. The slaves built
19 the pyramids and they are STILL doing so. Today we call them STATUTORY “citizens”.
20 “For the love of money is a root of all kinds of evil, for which some have strayed from the faith in their greediness,
21 and pierced themselves through with many sorrows.” [1 Tim. 6:10, Bible, NKJV]
22 "Is this not the fast [act of faith, worship, and OBEDIENCE] that I [God] have chosen [for believers]: To loose
23 the bonds of wickedness, To undo the heavy burdens, To let the oppressed go free, And that you break every yoke
24 [franchise, contract, tie, dependency, or “benefit” with the government]?" [Isaiah 58:6, Bible, NKJV]
25 "The Spirit of the Lord God is upon Me, Because the Lord has anointed Me To preach good tidings to the poor;
26 He has sent Me to heal the brokenhearted, To proclaim liberty to the [government] captives And the opening
27 of the prison [government FARM, Form #12.020] to those who are bound; To proclaim the acceptable year of
28 the Lord, And the day of vengeance of our God;" [Isaiah 61:1-2, Bible, NKJV]
29 The AUTHOR of the Constitution wrote on the subject of this UNCONSTITUTIONAL commercial invasion of the states
30 the following:
31 “With respect to the words general welfare, I have always regarded them as qualified by the detail of powers
32 connected with them. To take them in a literal and unlimited sense would be a metamorphosis of the Constitution
33 into a character which there is a host of proofs was not contemplated by its creator.”
34 “If Congress can employ money indefinitely to the general welfare, and are the sole and supreme judges of the
35 general welfare, they may take the care of religion into their own hands; they may appoint teachers in every
36 State, county and parish and pay them out of their public treasury; they may take into their own hands the
37 education of children, establishing in like manner schools throughout the Union; they may assume the
38 provision of the poor; they may undertake the regulation of all roads other than post-roads; in short, every
39 thing, from the highest object of state legislation down to the most minute object of police, would be thrown
40 under the power of Congress…. Were the power of Congress to be established in the latitude contended for, it
41 would subvert the very foundations, and transmute the very nature of the limited Government established by
42 the people of America.”
43 “If Congress can do whatever in their discretion can be done by money, and will promote the general welfare,
44 the government is no longer a limited one possessing enumerated powers, but an indefinite one subject to
45 particular exceptions.”
46 [James Madison. House of Representatives, February 7, 1792, On the Cod Fishery Bill, granting Bounties;
47 Source: Socialism: The New American Civil Religion, Form #05.016; https://sedm.org/Forms/05-
48 MemLaw/SocialismCivilReligion.pdf]

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 I declare under penalty of perjury under the laws of the United States of America, from without the “United States” pursuant
2 to 28 U.S.C. §1746(1), that the foregoing and the entire contents of this form and all those attached to it are true, correct, and
3 complete to the best of my knowledge and belief. I also declare that the accompanying passport application is rendered false,
4 fraudulent, misleading, and perjurious BY THE ACCEPTANCE AGENT if NOT accompanied AT ALL TIMES by this
5 mandatory attachment.
6 Submitter Signature Date
7 11.2 Conditions under which a state-domiciled human can lawfully acquire a civil status under
8 the FOREIGN laws of the national government
9 It is very important to understand the circumstances under which you can lawfully acquire a civil statutory status under the
10 laws of a legislatively FOREIGN government, such as the case between a state domiciled human and the national government.
11 This subject is called “EXTRATERRITORIAL JURISDICTION” by the U.S. Department of Justice. We will preface this
12 discussion by saying that the following requirements must be met in order for the separation of powers doctrine and the equal
13 protection clauses of the constitution to NOT be violated:
14 1. The civil status must be acquired CONSENSUALLY and absent DURESS while the party is physically on federal
15 territory not within any state. Otherwise, they would be alienating an unalienable right, which is not permitted by the
16 Declaration of Independence.
20 -“
22 2. The rights associated with the civil status may only lawfully be enforced in the courts of the national government as a
23 contract under Article 4, Section 3, Clause 2 of the Constitution.
24 3. The property or rights to property connected to the status extinguishes at the border between federal territory and state
25 territory.
26 4. The contract or agreement may not enforce or require any OTHER status under the civil laws of the national
27 government than the one immediately incident to the office it creates. For instance, if it is the public office franchise, it
28 may not enforce the status of “citizen”, “resident”, “driver” or any other type of civil franchise under the laws of the
29 national government. Otherwise:
30 4.1. The parties entering into such an agreement will have criminal and illegal conflicts of interest that violate the
31 separation of powers and most state constitutions. Most states have laws that prohibit a public officer in the
32 national government from also serving in a public office in the state government.
33 4.2. The purpose of government will be violated, which is the protection of PRIVATE property and PRIVATE rights.
34 The first step in accomplishing that protection is to prevent the conversion of PRIVATE property to PUBLIC
35 property to the maximum extent possible. If they won’t protect you from their OWN thefts, then you shouldn’t
36 be hiring a government to protect you from other PRIVATE people.
37 5. If the human contracting with the government is domiciled in a state of the Union at the time of the contract or
38 franchise or its enforcement, then the government must be treated as a PRIVATE party and may not enforce sovereign,
39 official, or judicial immunity in the enforcement and the case must be heard in an Article III court in equity where the
40 judge does not have an economic interest in the outcome. This ensure that due process of law is not violated. If equity
41 is not allowed in court or sovereign immunity is enforced against the government, then the government in essence is
42 creating an unconstitutional state-sponsored religion in violation of the First Amendment. It is making ITSELF into an
43 entity to be worshipped by YOU by enforcing SUPERIOR or SUPER-NATURAL powers, meaning powers greater
44 than YOU personally have as a natural human. See:
Socialism: The New American Civil Religion, Form #05.016
45 Most of the above ought to be common sense. We will now proceed to explain WHY these must be the case.

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 The main vehicle for creating and enforcing civil statuses within states of the Union is through government franchises. All
2 franchises are implemented with excise taxes. All excises are upon specific activities which are usually licensed. The
3 Constitutional authority for excise taxation is found in Article 1, Section 8, Clause 1 of the United States Constitution:
4 United States Constitution

5 Article I: Legislative Department
6 Section 8.
7 The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and
8 provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises
9 shall be uniform throughout the United States;
10 The interpretation of the U.S. Supreme Court upon the above provision is that it pertains ONLY to imports coming into the
11 country and to no other type of tax. The “activity” subject to excise taxation is therefore that of IMPORTING goods from
12 foreign countries:
13 "The difficulties arising out of our dual form of government and the opportunities for differing opinions
14 concerning the relative rights of state and national governments are many; but for a very long time this court
15 has steadfastly adhered to the doctrine that the taxing power of Congress does not extend to the states or their
16 political subdivisions. The same basic reasoning which leads to that conclusion, we think, requires like limitation
17 upon the power which springs from the bankruptcy clause. United States v. Butler, supra."
18 [Ashton v. Cameron County Water Improvement District No. 1, 298 U.S. 513, 56 S.Ct. 892 (1936)]
19 “It is no longer open to question that the general government, unlike the states, Hammer v. Dagenhart, 247 U.S.
20 251, 275 , 38 S.Ct. 529, 3 A.L.R. 649, Ann.Cas.1918E 724, possesses no inherent power in respect of the internal
21 affairs of the states; and emphatically not with regard to legislation.“
22 [Carter v. Carter Coal Co., 298 U.S. 238, 56 S.Ct. 855 (1936)]
23 “The States, after they formed the Union, continued to have the same range of taxing power which they had
24 before, barring only duties affecting exports, imports, and on tonnage. 2 Congress, on the other hand, to lay
475H3
25 taxes in order 'to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States',
26 Art. 1, Sec. 8, U.S.C.A.Const., can reach every person and every dollar in the land with due regard to
27 Constitutional limitations as to the method of laying taxes.”
28 [Graves v. People of State of New York, 306 U.S. 466 (1939)]
29 The phrase “every person” as used in the last case above relates to:
30 1. “persons” domiciled on federal territory and licensed to engage in the regulated activity.. . OR
31 2. Those lawfully serving as public officers in the NATIONAL and not STATE government.
32 The term “every person” as used in Graves above does NOT include EVERYONE, or those domiciled in states of the Union.
33 The foregoing considerations would lead, in case of doubt, to a construction of any statute as intended to be
34 confined in its operation and effect to the territorial limits over which the lawmaker has general and legitimate
35 power. 'All legislation is prima facie territorial.' Ex parte Blain, L. R. 12 Ch.Div. 522, 528; State v. Carter, 27
36 N.J.L. 499; People v. Merrill, 2 Park.Crim.Rep. 590, 596. Words having universal scope, such as 'every
37 contract in restraint of trade,' 'every person who shall monopolize,' etc., will be taken, as a matter of course,
38 to mean only everyone subject to such legislation, not all that the legislator subsequently may be able to catch.
39 In the case of the present statute, the improbability of the United States attempting to make acts done in Panama
40 or Costa Rica criminal is obvious, yet the law begins by making criminal the acts for which it gives a right to sue.
41 We think it entirely plain that what the defendant did in Panama or Costa Rica is not within the scope of the
42 statute so far as the present suit is concerned. Other objections of a serious nature are urged, but need not be
43 discussed.
44 [American Banana Co. v. U.S. Fruit, 213 U.S. 347 at 357-358]
45 “The canon of construction which teaches that legislation of Congress, unless a contrary intent appears, is meant
46 to apply only within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States, Blackmer v. United States, supra, at 437, is a
47 valid approach whereby unexpressed congressional intent may be ascertained. It is based on the assumption that
48 Congress is primarily concerned with domestic conditions.”
49 [Foley Brothers, Inc. v. Filardo, 336 U.S. 281 (1949)]
50 “The laws of Congress in respect to those matters [outside of Constitutionally delegated powers] do not extend
51 into the territorial limits of the states, but have force only in the District of Columbia, and other places that are
52 within the exclusive jurisdiction of the national government.”)
53 [Caha v. U.S., 152 U.S. 211 (1894)]

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 “There is a canon of legislative construction which teaches Congress that, unless a contrary intent appears
2 [legislation] is meant to apply only within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States.”)
3 [U.S. v. Spelar, 338 U.S. 217 at 222]
4 By “territory” above is meant TERRITORIES of the United States and not land subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of a state
5 of the Union.
6 Corpus Juris Secundum (C.J.S.) Secundum Legal Encyclopedia

7 Volume 86: Territories
8 "§1. Definitions, Nature, and Distinctions
9 "The word 'territory,' when used to designate a political organization has a distinctive, fixed, and legal
10 meaning under the political institutions of the United States, and does not necessarily include all the territorial
11 possessions of the United States, but may include only the portions thereof which are organized and exercise
12 governmental functions under act of congress."
13 "While the term 'territory' is often loosely used, and has even been construed to include municipal subdivisions
14 of a territory, and 'territories of the' United States is sometimes used to refer to the entire domain over which the
15 United States exercises dominion, the word 'territory,' when used to designate a political organization, has a
16 distinctive, fixed, and legal meaning under the political institutions of the United States, and the term 'territory'
17 or 'territories' does not necessarily include only a portion or the portions thereof which are organized and
18 exercise government functions under acts of congress. The term 'territories' has been defined to be political
19 subdivisions of the outlying dominion of the United States, and in this sense the term 'territory' is not a description
20 of a definite area of land but of a political unit governing and being governed as such. The question whether a
21 particular subdivision or entity is a territory is not determined by the particular form of government with which
22 it is, more or less temporarily, invested.
23 "Territories' or 'territory' as including 'state' or 'states." While the term 'territories of the' United States may,
24 under certain circumstances, include the states of the Union, as used in the federal Constitution and in
25 ordinary acts of congress "territory" does not include a foreign state.
26 "As used in this title, the term 'territories' generally refers to the political subdivisions created by congress,
27 and not within the boundaries of any of the several states."
28 [86 Corpus Juris Secundum (C.J.S.), Territories, §1 (2003)]
29 Congress can only reach “persons” via civil law by their consent expressed in the following form:
30 1. They must choose a civil domicile within exclusive federal jurisdiction on federal territory to be subject to federal civil
31 law…AND
32 2. They must apply for a license or run for a public office, both of which are federal franchises. All franchises are
33 implemented with the civil statutory law of the NATIONAL but not FEDERAL government.
34 Unless and until they have done the above, they are NOT statutory “persons” under federal law and cannot be reached by the
35 civil law of the national government. The Constitution protects states of the Union and all those domiciled therein by ensuring
36 that nearly all federal legislation cannot reach beyond federal territory and is therefore legislatively “foreign” and “alien” in
37 relation to the states. That is why we allege that the word “INTERNAL” within the phrase “INTERNAL Revenue Service”
38 only relates to activities and offices executed on federal territory by federal officers. However, there are places where the
39 Constitution does not apply, such as:
40 1. In a foreign country.
41 2. In a territory or possession of the United States. See 4 U.S.C. §110(d).
42 People in any of the above circumstances don’t have any rights to protect, but only statutorily granted privileges and
43 franchises. The U.S. Supreme Court recognized this when it held the following:
44 “Indeed, the practical interpretation put by Congress upon the Constitution has been long continued and uniform
45 to the effect [182 U.S. 244, 279] that the Constitution is applicable to territories acquired by purchase or
46 conquest, only when and so far as Congress shall so direct. Notwithstanding its duty to 'guarantee to every
47 state in this Union a republican form of government' (art. 4, 4), by which we understand, according to the
48 definition of Webster, 'a government in which the supreme power resides in the whole body of the people, and
49 is exercised by representatives elected by them,' Congress did not hesitate, in the original organization of the
50 territories of Louisiana, Florida, the Northwest Territory, and its subdivisions of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan,
51 Illinois, and Wisconsin and still more recently in the case of Alaska, to establish a form of government bearing
Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 a much greater analogy to a British Crown colony than a republican state of America, and to vest the legislative
2 power either in a governor and council, or a governor and judges, to be appointed by the President. It was not
3 until they had attained a certain population that power was given them to organize a legislature by vote of the
4 people. In all these cases, as well as in territories subsequently organized west of the Mississippi, Congress
5 thought it necessary either to extend to Constitution and laws of the United States over them, or to declare that
6 the inhabitants should be entitled to enjoy the right of trial by jury, of bail, and of the privilege of the writ of
7 habeas corpus, as well as other privileges of the bill of rights.”
8 [Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244 (1901)]
9 All legitimate governments are established primarily to protect private rights of those who expressly CONSENT to be
10 protected. However, that protection is only mandated by the Constitution and by law in places where the Constitution applies.
11 The Constitution, in turn attaches to the land and not to your status as a “person”, “citizen”, or “resident” (alien). The
12 Constitution doesn’t travel with you wherever you go but instead attaches to the land you are standing on at the moment you
13 receive an injury to your rights. THAT is why the Constitution calls itself “the law of the land”.
14 "There could be no doubt as to the correctness of this conclusion, so far, at least, as it applied to the District of
15 Columbia. This District had been a part of the states of Maryland and [182 U.S. 244, 261] Virginia. It had been
16 subject to the Constitution, and was a part of the United States[***]. The Constitution had attached to it
17 irrevocably. There are steps which can never be taken backward. The tie that bound the states of Maryland
18 and Virginia to the Constitution could not be dissolved, without at least the consent of the Federal and state
19 governments to a formal separation. The mere cession of the District of Columbia to the Federal government
20 relinquished the authority of the states, but it did not take it out of the United States or from under the aegis of
21 the Constitution. Neither party had ever consented to that construction of the cession. If, before the District
22 was set off, Congress had passed an unconstitutional act affecting its inhabitants, it would have been void. If
23 done after the District was created, it would have been equally void; in other words, Congress could not do
24 indirectly, by carving out the District, what it could not do directly. The District still remained a part of the United
25 States, protected by the Constitution. Indeed, it would have been a fanciful construction to hold that territory
26 which had been once a part of the United States ceased to be such by being ceded directly to the Federal
27 government."
29 Former President William Howard Taft, the person most responsible for the introduction and ratification of the Sixteenth
30 Amendment, understood these concepts well when he made the following ruling as a U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice after
31 leaving the office of President:
35 The Constitution protects your rights by making them “unalienable” in relation to the government. The Declaration of
36 Independence declares that these rights are “unalienable”.
40 -“
42 Below is the definition of “unalienable”:
43 “Unalienable. Inalienable; incapable of being aliened, that is, sold and transferred [to the government].”
45 The implication of the above is that it is ILLEGAL for you to bargain away any of your constitutional rights to a real, de jure
46 government through any commercial process. Franchises are a commercial process that exchange rights for privileges.
47 Therefore, franchises cannot lawfully be offered within states of the Union without violating organic/fundamental law and
48 may only be offered where rights do not exist within the meaning of the Constitution, which is federal territory or a foreign
49 country.
50 Let’s examine this restriction even further. The Constitution requires that the federal government must protect the states of
51 the Union from invasion by “foreigners”.

53 Article IV: States Relations, Section 4.

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall
2 protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the
3 Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic Violence.
4 Well, guess what? The District of Columbia is “foreign” for the purposes of legislative jurisdiction with respect to people
5 domiciled in states of the Union.
6 “The United States government is a foreign corporation with respect to a state.”

7 [19 Corpus Juris Secundum (C.J.S.), Corporations, §§883-884 (2003);
8 SOURCE: http://famguardian.org/TaxFreedom/CitesByTopic/UnitedStates-19CJS883to884.pdf]
9 “It is clear that Congress, as a legislative body, exercise two species of legislative power: the one, limited as to
10 its objects, but extending all over the Union: the other, an absolute, exclusive legislative power over the District
11 of Columbia. The preliminary inquiry in the case now before the Court, is, by virtue of which of these authorities
12 was the law in question passed?”
13 [Cohens v. Virginia, 19 U.S. 264, 6 Wheat. 265; 5 L.Ed. 257 (1821)]
14 Foreign States: “Nations outside of the United States…Term may also refer to another state; i.e. a sister state.
15 The term ‘foreign nations’, …should be construed to mean all nations and states other than that in which the
16 action is brought; and hence, one state of the Union is foreign to another, in that sense.”
18 Foreign Laws: “The laws of a foreign country or sister state.”

20 Certainly, any attempt by the general government to offer franchises that destroy, regulate, and tax rights protected by the
21 Constitution within legislatively “foreign” states of the Union would constitute an “invasion” within the meaning of Article
22 4, Section 4 of the Constitution and an unconstitutional act of Treason. Our Bible dictionary says on the subject of “taxes”
23 that they constitute an act of war against a hostile state, in fact. In older times, “taxes” were called “tribute”. Nearly all such
24 “taxes” and “tribute” are collected as franchise taxes:
25 “TRIBUTE. Tribute in the sense of an impost paid by one state to another, as a mark of subjugation, is a common
26 feature of international relationships in the biblical world. The tributary could be either a hostile state or an ally.
27 Like deportation, its purpose was to weaken a hostile state. Deportation aimed at depleting the man-power. The
28 aim of tribute was probably twofold: to impoverish the subjugated state and at the same time to increase the
29 conqueror’s own revenues and to acquire commodities in short supply in his own country. As an instrument of
30 administration it was one of the simplest ever devised: the subjugated country could be made responsible for the
31 payment of a yearly tribute. Its non-arrival would be taken as a sign of rebellion, and an expedition would then
32 be sent to deal with the recalcitrant. This was probably the reason for the attack recorded in Gn. 14.
33 [New Bible Dictionary. Third Edition. Wood, D. R. W., Wood, D. R. W., & Marshall, I. H. 1996, c1982, c1962;
34 InterVarsity Press: Downers Grove]
35 The U.S. Supreme Court recognized that the central government cannot lawfully offer licenses or franchises within a state of
36 the Union without violating the Constitution when it held the following:
37 “Thus, Congress having power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and
38 with the Indian tribes, may, without doubt, provide for granting coasting licenses, licenses to pilots, licenses to
39 trade with the Indians, and any other licenses necessary or proper for the exercise of that great and extensive
40 power; and the same observation is applicable to every other power of Congress, to the exercise of which the
41 granting of licenses may be incident. All such licenses confer authority, and give rights to the licensee.
42 But very different considerations apply to the internal commerce or domestic trade of the States. Over this
43 commerce and trade Congress has no power of regulation nor any direct control. This power belongs
44 exclusively to the States. No interference by Congress with the business of citizens transacted within a State is
45 warranted by the Constitution, except such as is strictly incidental to the exercise of powers clearly granted to
46 the legislature. The power to authorize a business within a State is plainly repugnant to the exclusive power of
47 the State over the same subject. It is true that the power of Congress to tax is a very extensive power. It is given
48 in the Constitution, with only one exception and only two qualifications. Congress cannot tax exports, and it must
49 impose direct taxes by the rule of apportionment, and indirect taxes by the rule of uniformity. Thus limited, and
50 thus only, it reaches every subject, and may be exercised at discretion. But, it reaches only existing subjects.
51 Congress cannot authorize [e.g. LICENSE, using a Social Security Number (SSN) or Taxpayer Identification
52 Number (TIN)] a trade or business [per 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(26)] within a State in order to tax it.”
53 [License Tax Cases, 72 U.S. 462, 18 L.Ed. 497, 5 Wall. 462, 2 A.F.T.R. 2224 (1866) ]

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 11.3 Status declarations that make you party to contracts, franchises, or government “benefits”
2 The Constitution protects your right to contract by requiring that no state may enact any law that impairs your right to contract.

4 Article 1, Section 10
5 No State shall . . . pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts,
6 or grant any Title of Nobility.
7 Implicit in the meaning of “impair”, includes the following:
8 1. Dictating the terms of the contract.

9 2. Compelling either party to act as an agent of the state called a “public officer” under the terms of the contract against
10 their will. For instance, when you sell real property, the Federal Investment in Real Property Transfer Act, 26 U.S.C.
11 §§897 and 1445, requires the Buyer to withhold or deduct on the Seller an income tax and thereby to act as an assessor
12 and collector of income tax. Congress cannot delegate its authority to tax to a private citizen and it resides ONLY in the
13 legislative branch. That requirement can only pertain to public officers already serving in the legislative branch of the
14 government before they entertained a real estate transaction. See:
Income Taxation of Real Estate Sales, Form #05.044
15 3. Compelling you to make a state a party to any aspect of a contract between otherwise private parties. This amounts to
16 theft of property, because all rights are property and the conveyance of rights under the agreement without consideration
17 is a theft of property.
18 4. Compelling you to donate any portion of the consideration passing between the private parties to a public use, a public
19 purpose, or a public office within the government and thereby subject it to taxation. All sales taxes, in fact, occur only
20 on federal territory and the decision as a vendor to collect them amounts to consent to become a resident of federal
21 territory. See, for instance, California Revenue and Taxation Code, Section 6017.
22 5. Refusing to enforce any provision of the contract that is not violative of the criminal law and therefore not already
23 unenforceable. This amounts to a violation of constitutionally protected rights through omission.
24 6. Compelling you to contract with the state or participate in any franchise, including, but not limited to:
25 6.1. Social Security.
26 6.2. Medicare.
27 6.3. Income taxes.
28 6.4. Sales taxes.
29 6.5. Property taxes.
30 6.6. Unemployment insurance.
31 In support of the above, the U.S. Supreme Court has held the following:
32 “Surely the matters in which the public has the most interest are the supplies of food and clothing; yet can it be
33 that by reason of this interest the state may fix the price [impair the contract!] at which the butcher must sell his
34 meat, or the vendor of boots and shoes his goods? Men are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable
35 rights,-'life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness;' and to 'secure,' not grant or create, these rights, governments
36 are instituted. That property which a man has honestly acquired he retains full control of, subject to these
37 limitations: First, that he shall not use it to his neighbor's injury, and that does not mean that he must use it
38 for his neighbor's benefit; second, that if he devotes [donates it] it to a public use, he gives to the public a right
39 to control that use; and third, that whenever the public needs require, the public may take it upon payment of
40 due compensation. “
42 An example of a status associated with a government franchise is the status of being “married”:
43 1. The rights of the parties associated with that status attach to the marriage contract.
44 2. The DEFAULT marriage contract, in turn, is codified in the family code of the state. That code is subject to continual
45 revision by the legislature. You can replace or circumvent that DEFAULT marriage contract only through private
46 contract between the spouses.
47 3. The collection of all the rights affected by the contract is called a “res” by the courts:
48 “It is universally conceded that a divorce proceeding, in so far as it affects the status of the parties, is an action
49 in rem. 19 Cor. Jur. 22, § 24; 3 Freeman on Judgments (5th Ed.) 3152. It is usually said that the ‘marriage

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 status' is the res. Both parties to the marriage, and the state of the residence of each party to the marriage, has
2 an interest in the marriage status. In order that any court may obtain jurisdiction over an action for divorce that
3 court must in some way get jurisdiction over the res (the marriage status). The early cases assumed that such
4 jurisdiction was obtained when the petitioning party was properly domiciled in the jurisdiction. Ditson v. Ditson,
5 4 R. I. 87, is the leading case so holding; see, also, Andrews v. Andrews, 188 U.S. 14, 23 S.Ct. 237, 47 L.Ed.
6 366..”
7 [Delanoy v. Delanoy, 216 Cal. 27, 13 P.2d. 719 (CA. 1932)]
8 4. The “res” is defined as follows:
9 Res. Lat. The subject matter of a trust or will. In the civil law, a thing; an object. As a term of the law, this
10 word has a very wide and extensive signification, including not only things which are objects of property, but also
11 such as are not capable of individual ownership. And in old English law it is said to have a general import,
12 comprehending both corporeal and incorporeal things of whatever kind, nature, or species. By "res," according
13 to the modern civilians, is meant everything that may form an object of rights, in opposition to "persona," which
14 is regarded as a subject of rights. "Res," therefore, in its general meaning, comprises actions of all kinds; while
15 in its restricted sense it comprehends every object of right, except actions. This has reference to the fundamental
16 division of the Institutes that all law relates either to persons, to things, or to actions.
17 Res is everything that may form an object of rights and includes an object, subject-matter or status. In re
18 Riggle's Will, 11 A.D.2d. 51 205 N.Y.S.2d. 19, 21, 22. The term is particularly applied to an object, subject-
19 matter, or status, considered as the defendant in an action, or as an object against which, directly, proceedings
20 are taken. Thus, in a prize case, the captured vessel is "the res"; and proceedings of this character are said to
21 be in rem. (See In personam; In Rem.) "Res" may also denote the action or proceeding, as when a cause, which
22 is not between adversary parties, it entitled "In re ______".
23 [Black’s Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition, pp. 1304-1306]
24 5. The “res”, or rights created by the marriage contract are created by mutual, voluntary, informed consent of the parties to
25 the contract, meaning the act of executing a valid marriage.
26 6. The “res” extinguishes when the domicile of either party extinguishes because the state offering the franchise does not
27 have jurisdiction over BOTH parties to the contract and therefore cannot enforce its obligations against BOTH parties:
28 “If marriage is a civil contract, whereby the domicile of the husband is the domicile of the wife, and whereby
29 the contract between them was to be located in that domicile, it is difficult to see how the absence in another
30 state of either party to such contract from the state where was located the domicile of the marriage could be
31 said to carry such contract to another state, even if we were to concede that an idea, a mental apprehension,
32 or metaphysical existence could be transmuted so as to become capable of attaching to it some process of a
33 court, whereby it might be said to be under the exclusive jurisdiction of such court. If Mrs. McCreery could
34 carry that res in the state of Illinois, then Mr. McCreery had the same res in the state of South Carolina at the
35 same time. In other words, the same thing could be in two distinct places at one and the same time, which res
36 the courts of Illinois would have the power to control as if it were a physical entity, and which res the courts
37 of South Carolina would have the power, at the same moment of time, to control as if it were a physical entity.
38 Such a conclusion would be absurd. [. . .] The jurisdiction which every state possesses, to determine the civil
39 status and capacity of all of its inhabitants, involves authority to prescribe the conditions on which proceedings
40 which affect them may be commenced and carried on within its territory. The state, for example, has absolute
41 right to prescribe the conditions upon which the marriage relation [STATUS] between its own citizens shall be
42 created, and the causes for which it may be dissolved.
43 [. . .]
44 Charles W. McCreery, and Rhoda, his wife, whether it be said their contract should be governed by the laws
45 of the state of New York, where the marriage was solemnized, or whether of the state of South Carolina, which
46 was the husband's domicile, and where he is still domiciled, and where the marriage was to be performed,
47 never agreed that their rights, duties, and liabilities as husband or wife should be determined by the state of
48 Illinois, or that the determination of these rights, duties, and liabilities might be had in an action for divorce
49 for saevitia, where service upon either of them might be made by publication; and when, therefore, a judgment
50 of this last-named state was rendered in an action to which Charles W. McCreery was no real party, such
51 judgment was a nullity as to him.
52 [Mccreery v. Davis, 44 S.C. 195, 28 L.R.A. 655, 22 S.E. 178, 51 Am. St. Rep. 794 (S.C., 1895)]
53 7. A valid marriage usually requires a public ceremony, accompanied by witnesses, and which the parties attended
54 voluntarily and without duress. The presence of duress at the ceremony invalidates the contract and thereby destroys the
55 “res”.
56 8. The parties to the licensed marriage contract include the two spouses AND the government. Hence, those who obtain
57 STATE marriages using the DEFAULT marriage contract in effect are practicing criminal polygamy, because they are

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 marrying not only each other, but the STATE as well. An unlicensed marriage using a PRIVATE contract removes the
2 State as party:
3 JUSTICE MAAG delivered the opinion of the court: This action was brought in April of 1993 by Carolyn and
4 John West (grandparents) to obtain visitation rights with their grandson, Jacob Dean West. Jacob was born
5 January 27, 1992. He is the biological son of Ginger West and Gregory West, Carolyn and John's deceased son…
6 However, this constitutionally protected parental interest is not wholly without limit or beyond regulation. Prince
7 v. Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 321 U.S. 158, 166, 88 L.Ed. 645, 64 S.Ct. 438, 442 (1944). "[T]he state has
8 a wide range of power for limiting parental freedom and authority in things affecting the child's welfare." Prince,
9 321 U.S. at 167, 88 L.Ed. 645, 64 S.Ct. at 442. In fact, the entire familial relationship involves the State. When
10 two people decide to get married, they are required to first procure a license from the State. If they have children
11 of this marriage, they are required by the State to submit their children to certain things, such as school
12 attendance and vaccinations. Furthermore, if at some time in the future the couple decides the marriage is not
13 working, they must petition the State for a divorce. Marriage is a three-party contract between the man, the
14 woman, and the State. Linneman v. Linneman, 1 Ill. App. 2d 48, 50, 116 N.E.2d. 182, 183 (1953), citing Van
15 Koten v. Van Koten, 323 Ill. 323, 326, 154 N.E. 146 (1926). The State represents the public interest in the
16 institution of marriage. Linneman, 1 Ill.App. 2d at 50, 116 N.E.2d. at 183. This public interest is what allows
17 the State to intervene in certain situations to protect the interests of members of the family. The State is like a
18 silent partner in the family who is not active in the everyday running of the family but becomes active and
19 exercises its power and authority only when necessary to protect some important interest of family life. Taking
20 all of this into consideration, the question no longer is whether the State has an interest or place in disputes such
21 as the one at bar, but it becomes a question of timing and necessity. Has the State intervened too early or perhaps
22 intervened where no intervention was warranted? This question then directs our discussion to an analysis of the
23 provision of the Act that allows the challenged State intervention (750 ILCS 5/607(b) (West 1996)).
24 [West v. West, 689 N.E.2d. 1215 (1998)]
25 Nearly all civil law passed by government may be enforced only against those engaged in “public conduct” as public officers
26 within the government. This is exhaustively proven by the following:
27 1. Why Statutory Civil Law is Law for Government and Not Private Persons, Form #05.037
28 http://sedm.org/Forms/FormIndex.htm
29 2. Why Your Government is Either a Thief or You are a “Public Officer” for Income Tax Purposes, Form #05.008
31 3. Proof That There is a “Straw Man”, Form #05.042
33 As the above authorities clearly demonstrate, nearly all civil laws passed by government are crafted in such a way that all the
34 following statuses are synonyms for what is actually a “public office” within the government and describe the status of the
35 office itself, rather than the human being holding said office or who is surety for said office:
36 1. “citizen” or “resident”.
37 2. “person”, “individual”, “trust”, or “estate”.
38 3. Franchisee such as a “taxpayer” in the case of income taxes under I.R.C. Subtitle A.
39 4. Franchisees such as “beneficiaries” within the Social Security Act.
40 5. “United States”, which both 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(9) and (a)(10) and 26 U.S.C. §864(c)(3) confirm is the government and
41 not the geographical states of the Union.
42 TITLE 26 > Subtitle F > CHAPTER 79 > Sec. 7701. [Internal Revenue Code]
43 Sec. 7701. - Definitions
44 (a) When used in this title, where not otherwise distinctly expressed or manifestly incompatible with the intent
45 thereof—
46 (9) United States
47 The term ''United States'' when used in a geographical sense includes only the States and the District of
48 Columbia.
49 (10) State
50 The term ''State'' shall be construed to include the District of Columbia, where such construction is necessary to
51 carry out provisions of this title.

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 _________________________________________________________________________________________
2 Uniform Commercial Code (U.C.C.)

3 § 9-307. LOCATION OF DEBTOR.
4 (h) [Location of United States.]
5 The United States is located in the District of Columbia.

6 [SOURCE:
7 http://www.law.cornell.edu/ucc/search/display.html?terms=district%20of%20columbia&url=/ucc/9/article9.htm
8 #s9-307]
9 6. “State”, which is a federal territory and/or a federal corporation under federal law, rather than a sovereign state of the
10 Union pursuant to 4 U.S.C. §110(d), 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(10), and the following:
11 At common law, a "corporation" was an "artificial perso[n] endowed with the legal capacity of perpetual
12 succession" consisting either of a single individual (termed a "corporation sole") or of a collection of several
13 individuals (a "corporation aggregate"). 3 H. Stephen, Commentaries on the Laws of England 166, 168 (1st Am.
14 ed. 1845) . The sovereign was considered a corporation. See id., at 170; see also 1 W. Blackstone, Commentaries
15 *467. Under the definitions supplied by contemporary law dictionaries, Territories would have been classified
16 as "corporations" (and hence as "persons") at the time that 1983 was enacted and the Dictionary Act
17 recodified. See W. Anderson, A Dictionary of Law 261 (1893) ("All corporations were originally modeled upon
18 a state or nation"); 1 J. Bouvier, A Law Dictionary Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States
19 of America 318-319 (11th ed. 1866) ("In this extensive sense the United States may be termed a corporation");
20 Van Brocklin v. Tennessee, 117 U.S. 151, 154 (1886) ("`The United States is a . . . great corporation . . .
21 ordained and established by the American people'") (quoting United [495 U.S. 182, 202] States v. Maurice, 26
22 F. Cas. 1211, 1216 (No. 15,747) (CC Va. 1823) (Marshall, C. J.)); Cotton v. United States, 11 How. 229, 231
23 (1851) (United States is "a corporation"). See generally Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 4 Wheat.
24 518, 561-562 (1819) (explaining history of term "corporation").
25 [Ngiraingas v. Sanchez, 495 U.S. 182 (1990) ]
26 Consequently, when you fill out a form describing or declaring or associating yourself with any of the above statuses or as a
27 “person” domiciled or resident in any of the above, indirectly the form you are filling out constitutes all the following,
28 regardless of what it actually says:
29 1. An application or request to occupy a public office in the government.

30 2. An application for “benefits” under the terms of an existing government franchise agreement.
31 3. A waiver of sovereign immunity under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, 28 U.S.C. §1605(a)(2), which requires
32 that those who engage in commerce within the legislative jurisdiction of the sovereign waive their sovereign immunity
33 and their sovereignty and become a “person” or “resident” within the jurisdiction they are doing business in.
34 4. A disclosure of the de facto license number to act in the capacity as a public officer. That license number is called a
35 Taxpayer Identification Number (T.I.N.) or a Social Security Number (S.S.N.).
36 5. A request to donate any property described on the form or connected with the de facto license number to a public use, a
37 public office, and a public purpose in order to procure “benefits” under the terms of the franchise agreement that governs
38 the submission and processing of the “benefit” form.
39 6. Because the form contains a perjury oath, it represents an abdication of God as your sovereign Lord and the redirection
40 of your allegiance, trust, and sponsorship to a new pagan deity and provider called government:
41 "The doctrine is, that allegiance cannot be due to two sovereigns [God v. Government]; and taking an oath of
42 allegiance to a new [on government form using a perjury statement], is the strongest evidence of withdrawing
43 allegiance from a previous, sovereign [GOD]….”
44 [Talbot v. Janson, 3 U.S. 133 (1795)]
45 __________________________________________________________________________________________
46 "No servant can serve two masters [God and government]; for either he will hate the one and love the other, or
47 else he will be loyal to the one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and mammon [government]."
48 [Luke 16:13, Bible, NKJV]
49 __________________________________________________________________________________________
50 "Again you have heard that it was said to those of old, 'You shall not swear falsely, but shall perform your oaths
51 to the Lord.'

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 "But I say to you, do not swear at all [on government form, for instance, using a perjury oath]: neither by
2 heaven, for it is God's throne; nor by the earth, for it is His footstool; nor by Jerusalem, for it is the city of the
3 great King.
4 "Nor shall you swear by your head, because you cannot make one hair white or black.
5 "But let your 'Yes' be 'Yes,' and your 'No,' 'No.' For whatever is more than these is from the evil one. “
6 [Jesus in Matt. 5:33-37, Bible, NKJV]
7 In the above sense, all forms of governing franchises within the government represent an opportunity to contract with the
8 government because they create opportunities for you to accept “benefits” and all the obligations or strings attached to the
9 “benefits”:
10 CALIFORNIA CIVIL CODE

11 DIVISION 3. OBLIGATIONS
12 PART 2. CONTRACTS
13 CHAPTER 3. CONSENT
14 Section 1589
15
16 1589. A voluntary acceptance of the benefit of a transaction is equivalent to a consent to all the obligations
17 arising from it, so far as the facts are known, or ought to be known, to the person accepting.
18 Since the Constitution forbids the government from compelling you to contract with them, then by implication, no one, and
19 especially an officer of the government, may dictate your status on a government form in such a way that any of your
20 Constitutionally protected rights are impaired or prejudiced in any way. If they do, they are engaged in theft and slavery in
21 violation of the Fifth Amendment takings clause and the Thirteenth Amendment.
22 11.4 Compelled or Non-Consensual Changes to Your Status on Government Forms is a Tort

23 Those who are members of this ministry are required to refrain from submitting any government form, and especially tax
24 forms. There are likely to be occasions where third parties may:
25 1. Attempt to compel members to submit a government form.

26 2. Attempt to determine what form is appropriate.
27 3. Attempt to dictate what may go on the form before it will be accepted.
28 Nearly all government forms are submitted under penalty of perjury, and especially tax forms. Consequently, if you are
29 compelled to submit a government form containing information that you know is not true and to sign it under penalty of
30 perjury, then the following criminal torts have occurred:
31 1. Witness tampering in violation of 18 U.S.C. §1512.

32 2. Subornation of perjury in violation of 18 U.S.C. §1622.
33 3. Perjury in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§1001 and 1621.
34 4. Perjury in violation of 18 U.S.C. §1542 if the form is a passport application.
35 Below is an example of effective language we recommend that discourages others from trying to coach or advise you on what
36 to put on a government form that is signed under penalty of perjury and which asks you about your citizenship status. This
37 comes from our USA Passport Application Attachment, Form #06.007:
38 This form is provided as a mandatory attachment to U.S. Department of State form DS-11 or DS-82 in order to
39 carefully define my citizenship status and legal domicile. The attached DS-11 or DS-82 passport application is
40 INVALID and not useful as evidence in any legal proceeding WITHOUT this mandatory attachment also included
41 in its entirety with no information altered or redacted on either the DS-11, DS-82, or this form by anyone other
42 than me.
43 I sincerely apologize in advance for any extra work, effort, or inconvenience this attachment might have on your
44 work schedule. I don’t hate you or any government and I thank you for the important service you provide to us
45 all. I know you, the recipient, work hard and I don’t want to force you to have to work even harder. My intention
46 is not to hurt you, make you feel inferior, or make more work for you, but to sincerely and vigilantly ensure that
47 ALL laws are scrupulously known, applied, and obeyed by both myself and all who handle my application and all
48 information connected with it. This is a fulfillment of the U.S. Supreme Court’s requirement that:

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 "All persons in the United States are chargeable with knowledge of the Statutes-at-
2 Large....[I]t is well established that anyone who deals with the government assumes the
3 risk that the agent acting in the government's behalf has exceeded the bounds of his
4 authority,"
5 [Bollow v. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, 650 F.2d. 1093 (9th Cir. 1981)]
6 “Every man [including employees of the department of state] is supposed to know the law.
7 A party who makes a contract with an officer [of the government or claims a status that
8 makes him a party to a franchise contract] without having it reduced to writing is
9 knowingly accessory to a violation of duty on his part. Such a party aids in the violation of
10 the law.”
11 [Clark v. United States, 95 U.S. 539 (1877)]
12 The reason why it is necessary to for me to attach this form to the passport application form is that there are
13 certain terms used on the form which have multiple legal contents and meanings, yet, no provisions are provided
14 on the form for the applicant to indicate which one of the multiple legal meanings applies to the applicant. This
15 leaves undue discretion to any judge or government bureaucrat to make unfounded presumptions about the
16 meaning and context that are injurious to my constitutional rights.
17 “To avoid an arbitrary discretion in the courts, it is indispensable that they should be
18 bound down by strict rules [of statutory construction and interpretation] and precedents,
19 which serve to define and point out their duty in every particular case that comes before
20 them;”
21 [Federalist Paper No. 78, Alexander Hamilton]
22 “When we consider the nature and theory of our institutions of government, the principles
23 upon which they are supposed to rest, and review the history of their development, we are
24 constrained to conclude that they do not mean to leave room for the play and action of
25 purely personal and arbitrary power. Sovereignty itself is, of course, not subject to law,
26 for it is the author and source of law; but in our system, while sovereign powers are
27 delegated to the agencies of government, sovereignty itself remains with the people, by
28 whom and for whom all government exists and acts. And the law is the definition and
29 limitation of [GOVERNMENT] power.”
30 [Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244 (1901) ]
31 Also, there are certain terms used on the passport application form which are not defined either statutorily or on
32 the form itself. The use of undefined or general terms is the main means of effecting unconstitutional arbitrary
33 power and fraud upon the public.
34 "Dolosus versatur generalibus. A deceiver deals in generals. 2 Co. 34."

35 "Fraus latet in generalibus. Fraud lies hid in general expressions."
36 Generale nihil certum implicat. A general expression implies nothing certain. 2 Co. 34.
37 [Bouvier's Maxims of Law, 1856]
38 Therefore, this attached form is necessary to remove the DELIBERATE ambiguity contained on the passport
39 application form. Without the clarifications contained in this form, it would be possible for you to misconstrue
40 my status as that of a statutory “citizen of the United States” pursuant to 8 U.S.C. §1401, resulting in me becoming
41 the undeserving subject of unjust, illegal, and unconstitutional government enforcement activities. A statutory
42 “U.S. citizen” cannot be a “foreign sovereign” by virtue of their statutory citizenship as described in 28 U.S.C.
43 §1603(b)(3) and I do not wish to forfeit the same sovereign immunity that the government itself enjoys under the
44 concept of equal protection and equal treatment.
45 I also wish to prevent crimes that could result from making presumptions about my status. The following crimes
46 inevitably will result if any status OTHER than that documented here is presumed by the Recipient:
47 1. Perjury or subornation of perjury pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1542, 18 U.S.C. §1001, and 18 U.S.C. §1621.
48 2. Human trafficking pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Chapter 77, which is effected by withholding or taking identity
49 documents from those abroad or intending to go abroad such as myself, and using withholding the
50 documents as an excuse to impose government peonage to pay off the public debt or become surety for such
51 debt. The civil or statutory statuses and obligations I am avoiding are the obligations being involuntarily
52 imposed through the passport application process.
53 3. Compelled use of identifying numbers under 42 U.S.C. §408(a)(8).
54 4. Identity theft under 42 U.S.C. §405(c)(2)(C)(i), 42 U.S.C. §408(a)(7), 18 U.S.C. §1028(a)(7), and 18 U.S.C.
55 §1028A for the commercial abuse of my identity for the gain of the government without my consent. I hope
56 you don’t intend to force me to consent to criminal identity theft on your party merely to obtain an identity
57 document, and to do so under the “auspices” of trying to provide protection I don’t consent to or need.
58 That would be the most egregious and ironic injury of all;

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 5. Impersonating a STATUTORY “national and citizen of the United States” under 18 U.S.C. §911. State
2 citizens cannot declare themselves to be a statutory “citizen of the United States” pursuant to 8 U.S.C.
3 §1401.
4 6. The offering or enforcing of national franchises in a constitutional State. Statutory “U.S. citizen” status is
5 a franchise status that has been made the subject of the income tax in 26 U.S.C. §1, and the U.S. Supreme
6 Court has held in the License Tax Cases that Congress cannot authorize a “trade or business” (such as
7 “U.S. citizen” under 8 U.S.C. §1401) in a state in order to tax it. The License Tax Cases were a response
8 to attempts to institute the first income tax in states of the Union in 1862, during the Civil War.
9 Applicant doesn’t ever want to be a criminal by saying anything on a government form that I know either isn’t
10 true or which I can’t prove with legally admissible evidence is true. The submission of this form is therefore
11 provided at the advice of my counsel as an act of self-defense intended to protect my constitutional rights from
12 being injured by false presumptions, being coerced under unlawful duress to engage in compelled association,
13 or from having my legal identity kidnapped and moved to the District of Columbia pursuant to 26 U.S.C.
14 §§7701(a)(39) and 7408(d) without my consent. It constitutes the same type of liability limitation and protection
15 that you use against me during the passport application process. You refuse to provide your full legal birthname,
16 interfere with taking pictures at the facility during the application process that might document your coercion,
17 refuse to provide a return number to call you personally, refuse to corresponding with me by email or in writing,
18 etc. If you can limit your liability, then so can I under the concept of equal protection and equal treatment.
19 Otherwise, “United States” is an unconstitutional Title of Nobility.
20 DO NOT therefore attempt to:
21 1. Contact me to persuade me to change my citizenship or domicile status as documented on this form or to

22 change any answer provided on the attached DS-11 or DS-82 form.
23 2. Remove, redact, or disassociate this form with the attached forms DS-11, DS-82, or DS-71 form(s).
24 Doing either of the above will cause you to engage in a criminal conspiracy to tamper with a witness in violation
25 of 18 U.S.C. §1512 and to commit all of the crimes documented above. The penalty for violating these statutes
26 is up to 25 years in jail. If you have a problem with my status as documented herein, please in your response
27 copy this form and complete Section 11 of this form and send the completed signed form back to me.
28 [USA Passport Application Attachment, Form #06.007]
29 11.5 Federal Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. §2201(a)

30 The federal Declaratory Judgments Act, 28 U.S.C. §2201, allows federal courts to declare the rights and status of parties who
31 petition for a declaratory judgment. It exempts from its jurisdiction your status under the tax code:
32 United States Code

33 TITLE 28 - JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE
34 PART VI - PARTICULAR PROCEEDINGS
35 CHAPTER 151 - DECLARATORY JUDGMENTS
36 Sec. 2201. Creation of remedy
37 (a) In a case of actual controversy within its jurisdiction,except with respect to Federal taxes other than
38 actions brought under section 7428 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, a proceeding under section 505 or
39 1146 of title 11, or in any civil action involving an antidumping or countervailing duty proceeding regarding a
40 class or kind of merchandise of a free trade area country (as defined in section 516A(f)(10) of the Tariff Act of
41 1930), as determined by the administering authority, any court of the United States, upon the filing of an
42 appropriate pleading, may declare the rights and other legal relations of any interested party seeking such
43 declaration, whether or not further relief is or could be sought. Any such declaration shall have the force and
44 effect of a final judgment or decree and shall be reviewable as such.
45 Consistent with the federal Declaratory Judgments Act, federal courts who have been petitioned to declare a litigant to be a
46 “taxpayer” have declined to do so and have cited the above act as authority:
47 Specifically, Rowen seeks a declaratory judgment against the United States of America with respect to "whether
48 or not the plaintiff is a taxpayer pursuant to, and/or under 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(14) ." (See Compl. at 2.) This
49 Court lacks jurisdiction to issue a declaratory judgment "with respect to Federal taxes other than actions
50 brought under section 7428 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986," a code section that is not at issue in the
51 instant action. See 28 U.S.C. §2201; see also Hughes v. United States, 953 F.2d. 531, 536-537 (9th Cir. 1991)
52 (affirming dismissal of claim for declaratory relief under § 2201 where claim concerned question of tax liability).
53 Accordingly, defendant's motion to dismiss is hereby GRANTED, and the instant action is hereby DISMISSED.
54 [Rowen v. U.S., 05-3766MMC. (N.D.Cal. 11/02/2005)]
55 The implications of the above are that:

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 1. The federal courts have no lawful delegated authority to determine or declare whether you are a “taxpayer”.
2 2. If federal courts cannot directly declare you a “taxpayer”, then they also cannot do it indirectly by, for instance:
3 2.1. Presuming that you are a “taxpayer”.
4 2.2. Calling you a “taxpayer” before you have called yourself one.
5 2.3. Arguing with you if you rebut others from calling you a “taxpayer”.
6 2.4. Treating you as a “taxpayer” if you provide evidence to the contrary by enforcing any provision of the I.R.C.
7 Subtitle A “taxpayer” franchise agreement against you as a “nontaxpayer”.
8 “Revenue Laws relate to taxpayers [instrumentalities, officers, employees, and elected officials of the national
9 Government] and not to non-taxpayers [non-citizen nationals domiciled within the exclusive jurisdiction of a
10 state of the Union and not subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the national Government]. The latter are without
11 their scope. No procedures are prescribed for non-taxpayers and no attempt is made to annul any of their Rights
12 or Remedies in due course of law.”
13 [Economy Plumbing & Heating v. U.S., 470 F.2d. 585 (1972)]
14 Authorities supporting the above include the following:
15 “It is almost unnecessary to say, that what the legislature cannot do directly, it cannot do indirectly. The stream
16 can mount no higher than its source. The legislature cannot create corporations with illegal powers, nor grant
17 unconstitutional powers to those already granted.”
18 [Gelpcke v. City of Dubuque, 68 U.S. 175, 1863 WL 6638 (1863)]
19 __________________________________________________________________________________________
20 “Congress cannot do indirectly what the Constitution prohibits directly.”

21 [Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393, 1856 WL 8721 (1856)]
22 __________________________________________________________________________________________
23
24 “In essence, the district court used attorney's fees in this case as an alternative to, or substitute for, punitive
25 damages (which were not available). The district court cannot do indirectly what it is prohibited from doing
26 directly.”
27 [Simpson v. Sheahan, 104 F.3d. 998, C.A.7 (Ill.) (1997)]
28 __________________________________________________________________________________________
29
30 “It is axiomatic that the government cannot do indirectly (i.e. through funding decisions) what it cannot do
31 directly.”
32 [Com. of Mass. v. Secretary of Health and Human Services, 899 F.2d. 53, C.A.1 (Mass.) (1990)]
33 __________________________________________________________________________________________
34
35 “Almost half a century ago, this Court made clear that the government “may not enact a regulation providing
36 that no Republican ... shall be appointed to federal office.” Public Workers v. Mitchell, 330 U.S. 75, 100, 67 S.Ct.
37 556, 569, 91 L.Ed. 754 (1947). What the *78 First Amendment precludes the government**2739 from
38 commanding directly, it also precludes the government from accomplishing indirectly. See Perry, 408 U.S., at
39 597, 92 S.Ct., at 2697 (citing Speiser v. Randall, 357 U.S. 513, 526, 78 S.Ct. 1332, 1342, 2 L.Ed.2d. 1460
40 (1958)); see supra, at 2735.”
41 [Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois, 497 U.S. 62, 110 S.Ct. 2729, U.S.Ill. (1990)]
42 __________________________________________________________________________________________
43 “Similarly, numerous cases have held that governmental entities cannot do indirectly that which they cannot
44 do directly. See *841 Board of County Comm'rs v. Umbehr, 518 U.S. 668, 674, 116 S.Ct. 2342, 135 L.Ed.2d.
45 843 (1996) (holding that the First Amendment protects an independent contractor from termination or
46 prevention of the automatic renewal of his at-will government contract in retaliation for exercising his freedom
47 of speech); El Dia, Inc. v. Rossello, 165 F.3d. 106, 109 (1st Cir.1999) (holding that a government could not
48 withdraw advertising from a newspaper which published articles critical of that administration because it
49 violated clearly established First Amendment law prohibiting retaliation for the exercising of freedom of
50 speech); North Mississippi Communications v. Jones, 792 F.2d. 1330, 1337 (5th Cir.1986) (same). The
51 defendants violated clearly established Due Process and First Amendment law by boycotting the plaintiffs'
52 business in an effort to get them removed from the college.”
53 [Kinney v. Weaver, 111 F.Supp.2d. 831, E.D.Tex. (2000)]

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 12 Defending Yourself against involuntary changes to your civil status by
2 governments
3 12.1 You have a right to define words on government forms or even make your own forms
4 The purpose of government forms is almost exclusively to create usually false presumptions that prejudice your status, forfeit
5 usually a Constitutional right, and connect you to some form of government franchise in the process. As we pointed out
6 earlier in section 12.3.1, presumptions about your status are a constitutional tort if engaged in by anyone from the government.
7 The Bible also makes presumptions a sin:
8 “But the person who does anything presumptuously, whether he is native-born or a stranger, that one brings
9 reproach on the Lord, and he shall be cut off from among his people.”
10 [Numbers 15:30, Bible, NKJV]
11 Those who are Christians therefore owe a duty God not to engage in presumptions and not to encourage, condone, or
12 participate in presumptions by others. Consequently, they have a corresponding duty and a RIGHT to define every word that
13 appears on any government form they fill out that is undefined or whose definition is not legally admissible as evidence in
14 order to prevent being victimized by presumptions about the meaning of words used on the form. This, we might add, is not
15 only an act of self-defense, but a “religious practice” of all Christians who take their faith and God’s law seriously and which
16 is protected by the First Amendment to the Constitution. Why is this important? Because:
17 1. The IRS says you can’t and shouldn’t rely on anything they publish or print, which means anything on any one of their
18 forms or publications or on their website:
19 "IRS Publications, issued by the National Office, explain the law in plain language for taxpayers and their
20 advisors... While a good source of general information, publications should not be cited to sustain a position."
21 [Internal Revenue Manual (I.R.M.), Section 4.10.7.2.8 (05-14-1999)]
22 2. Private publications also confirm the above:
23 p. 21: "As discussed in §2.3.3, the IRS is not bound by its statements or positions in unofficial pamphlets and
24 publications."
25 p. 34: "6. IRS Pamphlets and Booklets. The IRS is not bound by statements or positions in its unofficial
26 publications, such as handbooks and pamphlets."
27 p. 34: "7. Other Written and Oral Advice. Most taxpayers' requests for advice from the IRS are made
28 orally. Unfortunately, the IRS is not bound by answers or positions stated by its employees orally, whether in
29 person or by telephone. According to the procedural regulations, 'oral advice is advisory only and the Service is
30 not bound to recognize it in the examination of the taxpayer's return.' 26 C.F.R. §601.201(k)(2). In rare cases,
31 however, the IRS has been held to be equitably estopped to take a position different from that stated orally to, and
32 justifiably relied on by, the taxpayer. The Omnibus Taxpayer Bill of Rights Act, enacted as part of the Technical
33 and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988, gives taxpayers some comfort, however. It amended section 6404 to
34 require the Service to abate any penalty or addition to tax that is attributable to advice furnished in writing by
35 any IRS agent or employee acting within the scope of his official capacity. Section 6404 as amended protects the
36 taxpayer only if the following conditions are satisfied: the written advice from the IRS was issued in response to
37 a written request from the taxpayer; reliance on the advice was reasonable; and the error in the advice did not
38 result from inaccurate or incomplete information having been furnished by the taxpayer. Thus, it will still be
39 difficult to bind the IRS even to written statements made by its employees. As was true before, taxpayers may be
40 penalized for following oral advice from the IRS."
41 [Tax Procedure and Tax Fraud, Patricia Morgan, 1999, ISBN 0-314-06586-5, West Group]
42 3. The courts have also repeatedly held that you cannot rely on anything a government employee tells you or which the
43 government prints as a reasonable basis for belief.
44 "It is unfortunately all too common for government manuals, handbooks, and in-house publications to contain
45 statements that were not meant or are not wholly reliable. If they go counter to governing statutes and
46 regulations of the highest or higher dignity, e.g. regulations published in the Federal Register, they do not bind
47 the government, and persons relying on them do so at their peril. Caterpillar Tractor Co. v. United States, 589
48 F.2d. 1040, 1043, 218 Ct.Cl. 517 (1978) (A Handbook for Exporters, a Treasury publication). Dunphy v. United
49 States, 529 F.2d. 532, 208 Ct.Cl. 986 (1975)], supra (Navy publication entitled All Hands). In such cases it is
50 necessary to examine any informal publication to see if it was really written to fasten legal consequences on the

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 government. Dunphy, supra. See also Donovan v. United States, 139 U.S. App. D.C. 364, 433 F.2d. 522
2 (D.C.Cir.), cert. denied, 401 U.S. 944, 91 S.Ct. 955, 28 L. Ed. 2d 225 (1971). (Employees Performance
3 Improvement Handbook, an FAA publication)(merely advisory and directory publications do not have mandatory
4 consequences). Bartholomew v. United States, 740 F.2d. 526, 532 n. 3 (7th Cir. 1984)(quoting Fiorentino v.
5 United States, 607 F.2d. 963, 968, 221 Ct.Cl. 545 (1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1083, 100 S.Ct. 1039, 62 L. Ed.
6 2d 768 (1980).
7 Lecroy 's proposition that the statements in the handbook were binding is inapposite to the accepted law among
8 the circuits that publications are not binding.*fn15 We find that the Commissioner did not abuse his discretion
9 in promulgating the challenged regulations. First, Farms and International did not justifiably rely on the
10 Handbook. Taxpayers who rely on Treasury publications, which are mere guidelines, do so at their peril.
11 Caterpillar Tractor v. United States, 589 F.2d. 1040, 1043, 218 Ct.Cl. 517 (1978). Further, the Treasury's
12 position on the sixty-day rule was made public through proposed section 1.993-2(d)(2) in 1972, before the taxable
13 years at issue. Charbonnet v. United States, 455 F.2d. 1195, 1199- 1200 (5th Cir.1972). See also Wendland v.
14 Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 739 F.2d. 580, 581 (11th Cir.1984). Second, whatever harm has been
15 suffered by Farms and International resulted from a lack of prudence. As even the Lecroy 751 F.2d. at 127.
16 See also 79 T.C. at 1069. "
17 [CWT Farms Inc. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 755 F.2d. 790 (11th Cir. 03/19/1985) ]
18 4. The Courts have also said you can’t rely on anything the government or the IRS says. See Boulez v. C.I.R., 258
19 U.S.App.D.C. 90, 810 F.2d. 209 (1987).
20 Consequently, there is no reason to believe that you understand the meaning of words used on government forms and it is a
21 hazard to your liberty to allow or permit a government employee to ASSUME that they know what the words mean either.
22 Words that would fall into such a category include all the following “words of art”, for instance:
23 1. “United States”
24 2. “State”
25 3. “income”
26 4. “employee”
27 5. “employer”
28 6. “trade or business”
29 7. “wages”
30 8. “gross income”
31 Not even the Internal Revenue Code, in fact, counts as evidence upon which to base a belief about what the above words
32 mean. 1 U.S.C. §204 indicates that the entire title is “prima facie evidence”, which means that it is nothing more than a
33 “presumption”:
34 TITLE 1 > CHAPTER 3 > § 204

35 § 204. Codes and Supplements as evidence of the laws of United States and District of Columbia; citation of
36 Codes and Supplements
37 In all courts, tribunals, and public offices of the United States, at home or abroad, of the District of Columbia,
38 and of each State, Territory, or insular possession of the United States—
39 (a) United States Code.—
40 The matter set forth in the edition of the Code of Laws of the United States current at any time shall, together
41 with the then current supplement, if any, establish prima facie the laws of the United States, general and
42 permanent in their nature, in force on the day preceding the commencement of the session following the last
43 session the legislation of which is included: Provided, however, That whenever titles of such Code shall have
44 been enacted into positive law the text thereof shall be legal evidence of the laws therein contained, in all the
45 courts of the United States, the several States, and the Territories and insular possessions of the United States
46 Below is the definition of “prima facie”:
47 “Prima facie. Lat. At first sight; on the first appearance; on the face of it; so far as can be judged from the first
48 disclosure; presumably; a fact presumed to be true unless disproved by some evidence to the contrary. State ex
49 rel. Herbert v. Whims, 68 Ohio.App. 39, 28 N.E.2d. 596, 599, 22 O.O. 110. See also Presumption”

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 The courts have repeatedly held that presumptions are not evidence. Therefore anything that is “prima facie” is not evidence
2 and a court cannot by its own authority turn a presumption into evidence without violating due process of law:
3 This court has never treated a presumption as any form of evidence. See, e.g., A.C. Aukerman Co. v. R.L. Chaides
4 Constr. Co., 960 F.2d. 1020, 1037 (Fed.Cir.1992) (“[A] presumption is not evidence.”); see also Del Vecchio v.
5 Bowers, 296 U.S. 280, 286, 56 S.Ct. 190, 193, 80 L.Ed. 229 (1935) (“[A presumption] cannot acquire the attribute
6 of evidence in the claimant's favor.”); New York Life Ins. Co. v. Gamer, 303 U.S. 161, 171, 58 S.Ct. 500, 503,
7 82 L.Ed. 726 (1938) (“[A] presumption is not evidence and may not be given weight as evidence.”). Although a
8 decision of this court, Jensen v. Brown, 19 F.3d. 1413, 1415 (Fed.Cir.1994), dealing with presumptions in VA
9 law is cited for the contrary proposition, the Jensen court did not so decide.
10 [Routen v. West, 142 F.3d. 1434 C.A.Fed.,1998]
11 The entire Internal Revenue Code, Title 26 is “statutory law”, and anything that is a “statute” which creates presumption that
12 prejudices a constitutionally protected right is a violation of due process of law by the party imposing or enforcing the
13 statutory presumption to impair the rights of the litigants:
27 Furthermore, the statutes that predated the Internal Revenue Code were all repealed when the Internal Revenue Code was
28 first enacted in 1939. 53 Stat. 1, Section 4. See also:
SEDM Exhibit 1023, 53 Stat. 1

http://sedm.org/Exhibits/ExhibitIndex.htm
29 Therefore, the Statutes At Large prior to the enactment of the Internal Revenue Code in 1939 are also unreliable and not
30 admissible as evidence of what the words mean because they are all repealed. Therefore, there is NO basis at all, even within
31 any statute, upon which to base a “reasonable belief” about what the words appearing on tax forms REALLY mean! If you
32 would like to learn more about what the government and the legal profession themselves say about this monumental scam
33 and why the tax system is really little more than a state-sponsored religion regulating tithes to a state-sponsored church, see:
34 1. Reasonable Belief About Income Tax Liability, Form #05.007

36 2. Socialism: The New American Civil Religion, Form #05.016
38 Anyone who would therefore take a tax form that not even the IRS will guarantee the accuracy of and sign it under penalty
39 of perjury as being truthful and accurate is a DAMN FOOL without at least defining each and every critical “word of art”
40 appearing on the form in an attachment, and making the attachment an inseparable part of the form. Below is an example of
41 a MANDATORY attachment that every member of this ministry must attach to any government tax form they fill out and
42 submit which satisfies this purpose. We would argue that anyone who is a Christian owes a duty to God to attach the above
43 form in order to prevent the sin of presumption on anyone’s part, and especially their own:
Tax Form Attachment, Form #04.201

44 We therefore assert that:
45 1. Everyone has a right of self-defense. Implicit in that right is the right to define the meaning of what you say or put on
46 government forms to prevent being injured by what you said or wrote.
Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 2. The First Amendment guarantees us a right to:
2 2.1. Speak
3 2.2. Not speak.
4 2.3. Define the intended meaning and significance of every word that we speak.
5 3. It is an unalienable right protected by the First Amendment to define and declare the MEANING and significance of
6 every word that proceeds out of our mouth.
7 3.1. Only the Creator of a thing can define its significance and relationship to the hearer or recipient of the thing.
8 3.2. The Creator of a thing is the OWNER of a thing. Implicit in the right of ownership is the right to EXCLUDE any
9 meaning that would commercially benefit the hearer.
10 3.3. No one may interfere with that right by redefining the words to contradict the definition or meaning intended by
11 the speaker. If they do, they are STEALING.
12 4. The moment that the hearer defines the speech to have a meaning not intended by the speaker or in conflict with the way
13 the speaker defined it is the minute that:
14 4.1. The speech ceases to be the responsibility or property of the “speaker”.
15 4.2. The hearer at that point then becomes exclusively responsible and the “owner” of their false perception of the
16 speech and the speaker then ceases to have any liability for the reaction of the hearer to the speech.
17 5. The only occasion where the hearer can have a reason or motive to define the words used by the speaker is when the
18 speaker does not define them him or her self.
19 6. In law rights are property and anything that creates rights is property. If speech is abused by the hearer to create legal
20 rights against you by attributing a status or intention to you that you did not have, then they are depriving you of the use
21 of your property using your own speech, which is your property. The very essence of owning “property” is the right to
22 exclude others from using or benefitting or enjoying it and to control HOW people use it. It’s not your speech or your
23 “property” if:
24 6.1. You can’t even define whether it is even factual and therefore reliable.
25 6.2. You can’t control how, when, or by whom it is used to advantage.
26 6.3. You can’t prevent others from using it against you.
27 7. It is an interference with your First Amendment right and an injury for anyone to interfere with your efforts to define the
28 words you use, and especially on government forms, by either penalizing you for defining the meaning of the words or
29 refusing to accept the form that includes definitions because:
30 7.1. They are interfering with your religious practice by forcing you to either engage in presumption, which is a sin, or
31 in encouraging others to engage in the sin.
32 7.2. They have deprived you of the right to communicate in the way you see fit. The essence of having a right is that
33 its exercise cannot be regulated or interfered with or else it isn’t a right but a privilege.
34 7.3. They are abusing PRESUMPTION to unconstitutionally establish a civil religion. That civil religion recognizes or
35 enforces an UNEQUAL relationship between you and the government, imputes SUPERNATURAL powers to a
36 government, and makes you a compelled “worshipper” of that religion who owes “tithes” called “taxes”. See:
Government Establishment of Religion, Form #05.038
37 The IRS obviously knows the above, which is why they publish specifications on how you can make your OWN forms as
38 substitute for theirs. As an example, see:
IRS Form W-8 Instructions for Requester of Forms W-8BEN, W-8ECI, W-8EXp, and W-8IMF, Catalog 26698G
http://sedm.org/Forms/Tax/W-8BEN/IRSFormW-8Inst-RequesterOfForms-0506.pdf
39 12.2 You have a right to define the meaning of the perjury statement as an extension of your
40 right to contract
41 Signing a perjury statement not only constitutes the taking of an oath, but also constitutes the conveying of consent to be held
42 accountable for the accuracy and truthfulness of what appears on the form. It therefore constitutes an act of contracting that
43 conveys consent and rights to the government to hold you accountable for the accuracy of what is on the form. Governments
44 are created to protect your right to contract and the Constitution forbids them from interfering with or impairing the exercise
45 of that inalienable right. Governments are created to ensure that every occasion you give consent or contract is not coerced.
46 "Independent of these views, there are many considerations which lead to the conclusion that the power to
47 impair contracts, by direct action to that end, does not exist with the general [federal] government. In the first
48 place, one of the objects of the Constitution, expressed in its preamble, was the establishment of justice, and

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 what that meant in its relations to contracts is not left, as was justly said by the late Chief Justice, in Hepburn
2 v. Griswold, to inference or conjecture. As he observes, at the time the Constitution was undergoing discussion
3 in the convention, the Congress of the Confederation was engaged in framing the ordinance for the government
4 of the Northwestern Territory, in which certain articles of compact were established between the people of the
5 original States and the people of the Territory, for the purpose, as expressed in the instrument, of extending the
6 fundamental principles of civil and religious liberty, upon which the States, their laws and constitutions, were
7 erected. By that ordinance it was declared, that, in the just preservation of rights and property, 'no law ought
8 ever to be made, or have force in the said Territory, that shall, in any manner, interfere with or affect private
9 contracts or engagements bona fide and without fraud previously formed.' The same provision, adds the Chief
10 Justice, found more condensed expression in the prohibition upon the States [in Article 1, Section 10 of the
11 Constitution] against impairing the obligation of contracts, which has ever been recognized as an efficient
12 safeguard against injustice; and though the prohibition is not applied in terms to the government of the United
13 States, he expressed the opinion, speaking for himself and the majority of the court at the time, that it was clear
14 'that those who framed and those who adopted the Constitution intended that the spirit of this prohibition
15 should pervade the entire body of legislation, and that the justice which the Constitution was ordained to
16 establish was not thought by them to be compatible with legislation [or judicial precedent] of an opposite
17 tendency.' 8 Wall. 623. [99 U.S. 700, 765] Similar views are found expressed in the opinions of other judges of
18 this court."
19 [Sinking Fund Cases, 99 U.S. 700 (1878)]
20 The presence of coercion, penalties, or duress of any kind in the process of giving consent renders the contract unenforceable
21 and void.
22 “An agreement [consensual contract] obtained by duress, coercion, or intimidation is invalid, since the party
23 coerced is not exercising his free will, and the test is not so much the means by which the party is compelled to
24 execute the agreement as the state of mind induced. 22 Duress, like fraud, rarely becomes material, except where
25 a contract or conveyance has been made which the maker wishes to avoid. As a general rule, duress renders the
26 contract or conveyance voidable, not void, at the option of the person coerced, 23 and it is susceptible of
27 ratification. Like other voidable contracts, it is valid until it is avoided by the person entitled to avoid it. 24
28 However, duress in the form of physical compulsion, in which a party is caused to appear to assent when he has
29 no intention of doing so, is generally deemed to render the resulting purported contract void. 25”
30 [American Jurisprudence 2d, Duress, §21 (1999)]
31 Any instance where you are required to give consent cannot be coerced or subject to penalty and must therefore be voluntary.
32 Any penalty or threat of penalty in specifying the terms under which you provide your consent is an interference or impairment
33 with your right to contract. This sort of unlawful interference with your right to contract happens all the time when the IRS
34 illegally penalizes people for specifying the terms under which they consent to be held accountable on a tax form.
35 The perjury statement found at the end of nearly every IRS Form is based on the content of 28 U.S.C. §1746:
36 TITLE 28 > PART V > CHAPTER 115 > § 1746

37 §1746. Unsworn declarations under penalty of perjury
38 Wherever, under any law of the United States or under any rule, regulation, order, or requirement made pursuant
39 to law, any matter is required or permitted to be supported, evidenced, established, or proved by the sworn
40 declaration, verification, certificate, statement, oath, or affidavit, in writing of the person making the same (other
41 than a deposition, or an oath of office, or an oath required to be taken before a specified official other than a
42 notary public), such matter may, with like force and effect, be supported, evidenced, established, or proved by the
43 unsworn declaration, certificate, verification, or statement, in writing of such person which is subscribed by him,
44 as true under penalty of perjury, and dated, in substantially the following form:
45 (1) If executed without the United States: “I declare (or certify, verify, or state) under penalty of perjury under
46 the laws of the United States of America that the foregoing is true and correct. Executed on (date).
47 (Signature)”.
22
Brown v. Pierce, 74 U.S. 205, 7 Wall 205, 19 L.Ed. 134
23
Barnette v. Wells Fargo Nevada Nat’l Bank, 270 U.S. 438, 70 L.Ed. 669, 46 S.Ct. 326 (holding that acts induced by duress which operate solely on the
mind, and fall short of actual physical compulsion, are not void at law, but are voidable only, at the election of him whose acts were induced by it); Faske v.
Gershman, 30 Misc.2d. 442, 215 N.Y.S.2d. 144; Glenney v. Crane (Tex Civ App Houston (1st Dist)) 352 S.W.2d. 773, writ ref n r e (May 16, 1962); Carroll
v. Fetty, 121 W.Va 215, 2 S.E.2d. 521, cert den 308 U.S. 571, 84 L.Ed. 479, 60 S.Ct. 85.
24
Faske v. Gershman, 30 Misc.2d. 442, 215 N.Y.S.2d. 144; Heider v. Unicume, 142 Or 416, 20 P.2d. 384; Glenney v. Crane (Tex Civ App Houston (1st
Dist)) 352 S.W.2d. 773, writ ref n r e (May 16, 1962)
25
Restatement 2d, Contracts § 174, stating that if conduct that appears to be a manifestation of assent by a party who does not intend to engage in that
conduct is physically compelled by duress, the conduct is not effective as a manifestation of assent.

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 (2) If executed within the United States, its territories, possessions, or commonwealths: “I declare (or certify,
2 verify, or state) under penalty of perjury that the foregoing is true and correct. Executed on (date).
3 (Signature)”.
4 The term “United States” as used above means the territories and possessions of the United States and the District of Columbia
5 and excludes states of the Union mentioned in the Constitution. Below is the perjury statement found on the IRS Form 1040
6 and 1040NR:
7 “Under penalty of perjury, I declare that I have examined this return and accompanying schedules and
8 statements, and to the best of my knowledge and belief, they are true, correct, and complete. Declaration of
9 preparer (other than taxpayer) is based on all information of which preparer has any knowledge.”
10 [IRS Forms 1040 and 1040NR jurat/perjury statement]
11 Notice, based on the above perjury statement, that:
12 1. You are a “taxpayer”. Notice it uses the words “(other than taxpayer)”. The implication is that you can’t use any standard
13 IRS Form WITHOUT being a “nontaxpayer”. As a consequence, signing any standard IRS Form makes you a “taxpayer”
14 and a “resident alien”. See:
Who are “Taxpayers” and Who Needs a “Taxpayer Identification Number”?, Form #05.013
15 2. The perjury statement indicated in 28 U.S.C. §1746(2) is assumed and established, which means that you are creating a
16 presumption that you maintain a domicile on federal territory.
17 Those who want to avoid committing perjury under penalty of perjury by correcting the IRS form to reflect the fact that they
18 are not a “taxpayer” and are not within the “United States” face an even bigger hurdle. If they try to modify the perjury
19 statement to conform with 28 U.S.C. §1746(1), frequently the IRS or government entity receiving the form will try to penalize
20 them for modifying the form. The penalty is usually $500 for modifying the jurat. This leaves them with the unpleasant
21 prospect of choosing the lesser of the following two evils:
22 1. Committing perjury under penalty of perjury by misrepresenting themselves as a resident of the federal zone and
23 destroying their sovereignty immunity in the process pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §1603(b).
24 2. Changing the jurat statement, being the object of a $500 penalty, and then risking having them reject the form.
25 How do we work around the above perjury statement at the end of most IRS Forms in order to avoid either becoming a
26 “resident” of the federal “United States” or a presumed “taxpayer”? Below are a few examples of how to do this:
27 1. You can write a statement above the signature stating “signature not valid without the attached signed STATEMENT
28 and all enclosures” and then on the attachment, redefine the ENTIRE perjury statement:
29 “IRS frequently and illegally penalizes parties not subject to their jurisdiction such as ‘nontaxpayers” who
30 attempt to physically modify language on their forms. They may only lawfully administer penalties to public
31 officers and not private persons, because the U.S. Supreme Court has held that the ability to regulate private
32 conduct is ‘repugnant to the constitution’. I, as a private person and a ‘nontaxpayer’ not subject to IRS penalties,
33 am forced to create this attachment because I would be committing perjury if I signed the form as it is without
34 making the perjury statement consistent with my circumstances as indicated in 28 U.S.C. §1746. Therefore,
35 regardless of what the perjury statement says on your form, here is what I define the words in your perjury
36 statement paragraph to mean:
37 “Under penalties of perjury from without the ‘United States” pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §1746(1), I declare that I
38 have examined this return and accompanying schedules and statements, and to the best of my knowledge and
39 belief, they are true, correct, and complete. I declare that I am a ‘nontaxpayer’ not subject to the Internal
40 Revenue Code, not domiciled in the ‘United States’, and not participating in a ‘trade or business’ and that it is a
41 Constitutional tort to enforce the I.R.C. against me. I also declare that any attempt to use the content of this form
42 to enforce any provision of the I.R.C. against me shall render everything on this form as religious and political
43 statements and beliefs rather than facts which are not admissible as evidence pursuant to Fed.Rul.Ev. 610.
44 If you attempt to penalize me, you will be penalizing a person for refusing to commit perjury and will become an
45 accessory to a conspiracy to commit perjury.”
46 2. You can write a statement above the signature stating “signature not valid without the attached signed STATEMENT
47 and all enclosures” and then attach the following form:

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 3. You can make your own form or tax return and use whatever you want on the form. They can only penalize persons
2 who use THEIR forms. If you make your own form, you can penalize THEM for misusing YOUR forms or the
3 information on those forms. This is the approach taken by the following form. Pay particular attention to section 1 of
4 the form:
Federal Nonresident Nonstatutory Claim for Return of Funds Unlawfully Paid to the Government -Long, Form
#15.001
5 12.3 Rebutting challenges or changes to your declaration of status by the government

6 12.3.1 Presumptions by others about your status unsupported by evidence are a tort
7 Your civil status is how to define your rights and standing in relation to others. All presumptions by the government which
8 impair constitutionally protected rights are unconstitutional:
13 Bed. of Ed. v. LaFleur (1974) 414 US 632, 639-640, 94 S.Ct. 1208, 1215-presumption under Illinois law that
16 Likewise, statutes that create presumptions about your status are similarly impermissible:
30 12.3.2 Calling your declaration of status “frivolous”
31 Those who lawfully deprive the government of jurisdiction and revenues by choosing their status carefully and accurately
32 and truthfully declaring that status under penalty of perjury on government forms can and often are accused of being
33 “frivolous” and may even be unlawfully penalized for doing so. It is important to remember that:
34 1. All such accusations and reactions to your declaration of status cannot and do not affect your status in the least.
35 2. The only thing that can effectively be used to challenge your declaration of status under penalty of perjury is a
36 contradictory affidavit of equal or greater weight or authority signed under penalty of perjury by someone who has
37 personal knowledge of your circumstances.
38 If you penalized by a taxing authority, for instance, because they don’t like your status declaration or the way you filled out
39 a tax form, then we recommend using the following to respond:
Why Penalties are Illegal for Anything But Government Franchisees, Employees, Contractors, and Agents, Form
#05.010

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 If a court responds to your status declaration or determination by calling it “frivolous” or you expect that they will, we
2 recommend the following resources:
3 1. Federal Pleading/Motion/Petition Attachment, Litigation Tool #01.002- this form defines the word “frivolous” as
4 “truthful, accurate, and consistent with prevailing law”.
5 http://sedm.org/Litigation/LitIndex.htm
6 2. Meaning of the Word “Frivolous”, Form #05.027
8 13 Remedies for government identity theft, compelled association, compelled

9 contracting (franchises), compelled false status declarations
10 Having thoroughly established by now that you have an unalienable right to contract, not contract, associate, and disassociate,
11 the last thing we need to discuss are legal remedies provided for those who have been compelled to contract or associate by
12 the government. This type of compulsion usually takes one or more of the following forms:
13 1. Being compelled to declare a specific status on a government form that you KNOW you do not have.
14 2. Not being provided with ALL the options available in the status block on a tax withholding form or not being allowed
15 or threatened for submitting the correct form. This includes:
16 2.1. Being compelled to submit an IRS Form W-4 for withholding instead of the proper IRS Form W-8. See:
About IRS Form W-8BEN, Form #04.202
17 2.2. Not being provided with the option for “nonresident” or “transient foreigner” in block 3 of the IRS Form W-8.
18 The only option provided for human beings is “individual” and the ONLY individuals are public officers in the
19 U.S. government. See:
Why Your Government is Either a Thief or You are a “Public Officer” for Income Tax Purposes, Form
#05.008
20 3. Being compelled to submit a resident tax form as a nonresident. For instance:
21 3.1. Being compelled to submit an IRS Form 1040, which is a RESIDENT ALIEN tax form, as a condition of parole
22 release for tax convictions when you are a NONRESIDENT.
23 3.2. Being compelled to submit a driver license application as a NONRESIDENT of federal territory within the state,
24 while only those who are RESIDENTS can lawfully apply.
25 4. Being compelled or threatened to provide a Social Security Number (SSN) or Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN)
26 that you are NOT even eligible for as a prerequisite to getting a specific government service. See:
About SSNs and TINs on Government Forms and Correspondence, Form #05.012
27 5. Being compelled to falsely declare yourself a statutory franchisee called a “taxpayer” on a tax form before they will
28 give you any kind of administrative remedy for their violations of your constitutional rights. The withholding of
29 remedies to nontaxpayers constitutes a bill of attainder AND a denial of equal protection of the laws.
30 13.1 False Presumptions About Your Status by Government Actors

31 The foundation of American jurisprudence is innocent until proven guilty WITH EVIDENCE:
32 The presumption of innocence plays a unique role in criminal proceedings. As Chief Justice Burger explained
33 in his opinion for the Court in Estelle v. Williams, 425 U.S. 501 (1976): [507 U.S. 284]:
34 The presumption of innocence, although not articulated in the Constitution, is a basic component
35 of a fair trial under our system of criminal justice. Long ago this Court stated:
36 The principle that there is a presumption of innocence in favor of the accused is the undoubted law,
37 axiomatic and elementary, and its enforcement lies at the foundation of the administration of our
38 criminal law. Coffin v. United States, 156 U.S. 432, 453 (1895).
39 To implement the presumption, courts must be alert to factors that may undermine the fairness of the factfinding
40 process. In the administration of criminal justice, courts must carefully guard against dilution of the principle

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 that guilt is to be established by probative evidence and beyond a reasonable doubt. In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358,
2 364 (1970). [425 U.S. 501, 504]
3 [Delo v. Lashely, 507 U.S. 272 (1993)]
4 The above presumption of innocence certainly applies in criminal tax proceedings.
5 In the context of government administrative enforcement, which is always civil in nature, government actors may not make
6 any presumptions which impair constitutionally protected rights:
11 Bed. of Ed. v. LaFleur (1974) 414 U.S. 632, 639-640, 94 S.Ct. 1208, 1215-presumption under Illinois law that
14 ______________________________________________________________________________________
15 "The power to create presumptions is not a means of escape from constitutional restrictions,"
16 [New York Times v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964) ]
17 Also, no statute may implement a permanent irrebuttable presumption:
18 “Statutes creating permanent irrebuttable presumptions have long been disfavored under the Due Process
31 We emphasize that presumptions are NEITHER legally admissible evidence nor can they act as a SUBSTITUTE for legally
32 admissible evidence. Every attempt to violate this requirement is a violation of due process of law. See:
Presumption: Chief Weapon for Unlawfully Enlarging Federal Jurisdiction, Form #05.017
33 13.2 Burden of Proof Upon the Government in Civil Enforcement Proceedings

34 The implications of the preceding section relating to presumptions are the following burden of proof upon government
35 actors in the context of all civil enforcement proceedings:
36 1. Your property is presumed to be PRIVATE until the GOVERNMENT proves with evidence that you expressly and
37 lawfully consented (on federal territory where inalienable rights do not exist) to convert it or some portion of it to
38 PUBLIC. That means:
39 1.1. You have a right to exclude EVERYONE else, including government, from using or benefitting from the use of
40 your exclusively or absolutely owned PRIVATE property.
41 “We have repeatedly held that, as to property reserved by its owner for private use, "the right to exclude [others
42 is] òne of the most essential sticks in the bundle of rights that are commonly characterized as property.' "
43 Loretto v. Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corp., 458 U.S. 419, 433 (1982), quoting Kaiser Aetna v. United
44 States, 444 U.S. 164, 176 (1979). “
45 [Nollan v. California Coastal Comm’n, 483 U.S. 825 (1987)]
46 ________________________________________________________________________________

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 “In this case, we hold that the "right to exclude," so universally held to be a fundamental element of the
2 property right,[11] falls within this category of interests that the Government cannot take without
3 compensation.”
4 [Kaiser Aetna v. United States, 444 U.S. 164 (1979)]
5 [11] See, e. g., United States v. Pueblo of San Ildefonso, 206 Ct.Cl. 649, 669-670, 513 F.2d. 1383, 1394 (1975);
6 United States v. Lutz, 295 F.2d. 736, 740 (CA5 1961). As stated by Mr. Justice Brandeis, "[a]n essential element
7 of individual property is the legal right to exclude others from enjoying it." International News Service v.
8 Associated Press, 248 U.S. 215, 250 (1918) (dissenting opinion).
9 1.2. They must demonstrate that it was lawfully converted from PRIVATE to PUBLIC by one of the following
10 documented methods:
11 “Men are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights,- 'life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness;'
12 and to 'secure,' not grant or create, these rights, governments are instituted. That property [or income] which a
13 man has honestly acquired he retains full control of, subject to these limitations: First, that he shall not use it
14 and that does not mean that he must use it for his
to his neighbor's injury,
15 neighbor's benefit [e.g. SOCIAL SECURITY, Medicare, and every other
16 public “benefit”]; second, that if he devotes it to a public use, he gives to the public a right to control
17 that use; and third, that whenever the public needs require, the public may take it upon payment of due
18 compensation.”
20 1.3. The above is summarized in the following:
21 “All rights and property are PRESUMED to be EXCLUSIVELY PRIVATE and beyond the control of government
22 or the CIVIL law unless and until the government meets the burden of proving, WITH EVIDENCE, on the record
23 of the proceeding that:
24 1. A SPECIFIC formerly PRIVATE owner consented IN WRITING to convert said property to PUBLIC property.
25 2. The owner was domiciled on federal territory NOT protected by the Constitution and therefore had the legal
26 capacity to ALIENATE a Constitutional right or relieve a public servant of the fiduciary obligation to respect
27 and protect the right. Those domiciled in a constitutional but not statutory state and who are “citizens” or
28 “residents” protected by the constitution cannot alienate rights to a real, de jure government.
29 3. If the government refuses to meet the above burden of proof, it shall be CONCLUSIVELY PRESUMED to be
30 operating in a PRIVATE, corporate capacity on an EQUAL footing with every other private corporation and
31 which is therefore NOT protected by official, judicial, or sovereign immunity.
32 1.4. If the government insists that it is not bound by the above requirements or property law, then they:
33 1.4.1. Have become “anarchists”.
34 1.4.2. Are imputing superior or supernatural powers above everyone else to themselves.
35 1.4.3. Are Establishing an unconstitutional “Title of Nobility” to the term “U.S. Inc”.
36 1.4.4. Are making themselves the object of religious obedience and worship, as the source of the supernatural
37 powers. “Taxes” are the tithes to a state-sponsored church.
38 1.5. More on the above subject can be found at:
Separation Between Public and Private, Form #12.025
39 2. You are presumed to NOT BE LEGALLY ABLE to consent to anything a government wants to do to you any place
40 other than on federal territory and in the context of your contractual obligations towards government.
41 2.1. This is the true significance of an “inalienable right” as described in the Declaration of Independence, which is
42 organic law enacted in the first official act of Congress on page 1 of the Statutes at Large:
46 -“
48 “Unalienable. Inalienable; incapable of being aliened, that is, sold and transferred.”
50 2.2. The reason consent can lawfully be given on federal territory is because there are not constitutional rights to
51 protect there:
Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 “Indeed, the practical interpretation put by Congress upon the Constitution has been long continued and uniform
2 to the effect [182 U.S. 244, 279] that the Constitution is applicable to territories acquired by purchase or
3 conquest, only when and so far as Congress shall so direct. Notwithstanding its duty to 'guarantee to every state
4 in this Union a republican form of government' (art. 4, 4), by which we understand, according to the definition of
5 Webster, 'a government in which the supreme power resides in the whole body of the people, and is exercised by
6 representatives elected by them,' Congress did not hesitate, in the original organization of the territories of
7 Louisiana, Florida, the Northwest Territory, and its subdivisions of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, and
8 Wisconsin and still more recently in the case of Alaska, to establish a form of government bearing a much
9 greater analogy to a British Crown colony than a republican state of America, and to vest the legislative power
10 either in a governor and council, or a governor and judges, to be appointed by the President. It was not until
11 they had attained a certain population that power was given them to organize a legislature by vote of the people.
12 In all these cases, as well as in territories subsequently organized west of the Mississippi, Congress thought it
13 necessary either to extend to Constitution and laws of the United States over them, or to declare that the
14 inhabitants should be entitled to enjoy the right of trial by jury, of bail, and of the privilege of the writ of habeas
15 corpus, as well as other privileges of the bill of rights.”
17 3. You are presumed to exclusively own your own body and all the fruits of that body and EXPRESSLY consent to share
18 ownership and control with NO ONE until the GOVERNMENT proves you consented to give up a portion of that
19 ownership. That consent can only lawfully (INALIENABLE RIGHTS) be given on federal territory and relate to
20 property physically situated there. Otherwise, you are engaging in involuntary servitude in violation of the Thirteenth
21 Amendment and aiding the government in violating the Declaration of Independence requirement for the CONSENT
22 of the governed.
23 “That it does not conflict with the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery and involuntary servitude,
24 except as a punishment for crime, is too clear for argument. Slavery implies involuntary servitude—a state of
25 bondage; the ownership of mankind as a chattel, or at least the control of the labor and services of one man for
26 the benefit of another, and the absence of a legal right to the disposal of his own person, property, and services
27 [in their entirety]. This amendment was said in the Slaughter House Cases, 16 Wall, 36, to have been intended
28 primarily to abolish slavery, as it had been previously known in this country, and that it equally forbade Mexican
29 peonage or the Chinese coolie trade, when they amounted to slavery or involuntary servitude and that the use of
30 the word ‘servitude’ was intended to prohibit the use of all forms of involuntary slavery, of whatever class or
31 name.”
32 [Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537, 542 (1896)]
33 “Other authorities to the same effect might be cited. It is not open to doubt that Congress may enforce the
34 Thirteenth Amendment by direct legislation, punishing the holding of a person in slavery or in involuntary
35 servitude except as a punishment for a crime. In the exercise of that power Congress has enacted these sections
36 denouncing peonage, and punishing one who holds another in that condition of involuntary servitude. This
37 legislation is not limited to the territories or other parts of the strictly national domain, but is operative in the
38 states and wherever the sovereignty of the United States extends. We entertain no doubt of the validity of this
39 legislation, or of its applicability to the case of any person holding another in a state of peonage, and this whether
40 there be municipal ordinance or state law sanctioning such holding. It operates directly on every citizen of the
41 Republic, wherever his residence may be.”
42 [Clyatt v. U.S., 197 U.S. 207 (1905)]
43 4. You are presumed to be PRIVATE until the GOVERNMENT proves you consented to become PUBLIC. The purpose
44 of establishing government is to protect PRIVATE property, according to the Declaration of Independence. The first
45 step in providing that protection is to prevent the conversion of PRIVATE property into PUBLIC property without the
46 express consent of the owner. It is a violation of fiduciary duty for a public officer to undermine this protection:
47 “As expressed otherwise, the powers delegated [delegated by the Constitution and all statutes enacted in
48 furtherance of it] to a public officer are held in trust for the people and are to be exercised in behalf of the
49 government or of all citizens who may need the intervention of the officer. 26 Furthermore, the view has been
50 expressed that all public officers, within whatever branch and whatever level of government, and whatever be
51 their private vocations, are trustees of the people, and accordingly labor under every disability and prohibition
52 imposed by law upon trustees relative to the making of personal financial gain from a discharge of their trusts.
27
53 That is, a public officer occupies a fiduciary relationship to the political entity on whose behalf he or she
26
State ex rel. Nagle v. Sullivan, 98 Mont. 425, 40P.2d. 995, 99 A.L.R. 321; Jersey City v. Hague, 18 N.J. 584, 115 A.2d. 8.
27
Georgia Dep’t of Human Resources v. Sistrunk, 249 Ga. 543, 291 S.E.2d. 524. A public official is held in public trust. Madlener v. Finley (1st Dist), 161
Ill.App.3d. 796, 113 Ill.Dec. 712, 515 N.E.2d. 697, app gr 117 Ill.Dec. 226, 520 N.E.2d. 387 and revd on other grounds 128 Ill.2d. 147, 131 Ill.Dec. 145,
538 N.E.2d. 520.

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 serves. 28 and owes a fiduciary duty to the public. 29 It has been said that the fiduciary responsibilities of a
2 public officer cannot be less than those of a private individual. 30 Furthermore, it has been stated that any
3 enterprise undertaken by the public official which tends to weaken public confidence and undermine the sense of
4 security for individual rights is against public policy.31”
5 [63C American Jurisprudence 2d, Public Officers and Employees, §247 (1999)]
6 5. You are presumed to be a STATUTORY “nonresident” until the national GOVERNMENT as moving party proves that
7 you are domiciled or physically present on federal territory.
8 “The government thus lays a tax, through the [GOVERNMENT] instrumentality [PUBLIC OFFICE] of the
9 company [a FEDERAL and not STATE corporation], upon the income of a non-resident alien over whom it
10 cannot justly exercise any control, nor upon whom it can justly lay any burden.”
11 [United States v. Erie R. Co., 106 U.S. 327 (1882)]
12 Foreign States: “Nations outside of the United States…Term may also refer to another state; i.e. a sister state.
13 The term ‘foreign nations’, …should be construed to mean all nations and states other than that in which the
14 action is brought; and hence, one state of the Union is foreign to another, in that sense.”
16 Foreign Laws: “The laws of a foreign country or sister state. In conflicts of law, the legal principles of
17 jurisprudence which are part of the law of a sister state or nation. Foreign laws are additions to our own laws,
18 and in that respect are called 'jus receptum'."
20 “The United States Government is a foreign corporation with respect to a state.” [N.Y. v. re Merriam 36 N.E.
21 505, 141 N.Y. 479, affirmed 16 S.Ct. 1073, 41 L.Ed. 287]
22 [19 Corpus Juris Secundum (C.J.S.), Corporations, §884 (2003)]
23 5.1. Everything OUTSIDE the above “foreign corporation” is legislatively foreign from a civil statutory perspective.
24 To become “domestic” requires that one must become a public officer within the corporation and therefore
25 LEGALLY but not PHYSICALLY within that corporate fiction. That is also why the ONLY definition of
26 “foreign” within the Internal Revenue Code relates to corporations.
27 5.2. This is a product of the separation of powers doctrine.
28 5.3. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 17 says the civil law which is applicable is that of your legislatively foreign
29 domicile, meaning state law. All law is prima facie territorial:
30 “It is a well established principle of law that all federal regulation applies only within the territorial jurisdiction
31 of the United States unless a contrary intent appears.”
32 [Foley Brothers, Inc. v. Filardo, 336 U.S. 281 (1949)]
33 “The laws of Congress in respect to those matters [outside of Constitutionally delegated powers] do not extend
34 into the territorial limits of the states, but have force only in the District of Columbia, and other places that are
35 within the exclusive jurisdiction of the national government.”)
36 [Caha v. U.S., 152 U.S. 211 (1894)]
37 “There is a canon of legislative construction which teaches Congress that, unless a contrary intent appears
38 [legislation] is meant to apply only within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States.”)
39 [U.S. v. Spelar, 338 U.S. 217 at 222]
40 “The foregoing considerations would lead, in case of doubt, to a construction of any statute as intended to be
41 confined in its operation and effect to the territorial limits over which the lawmaker has general and legitimate
42 power. 'All legislation is prima facie territorial.' Ex parte Blain, L. R. 12 Ch.Div. 522, 528; State v. Carter, 27
43 N.J.L. 499; People v. Merrill, 2 Park.Crim.Rep. 590, 596. Words having universal scope, such as 'every
28
Chicago Park Dist. v. Kenroy, Inc., 78 Ill.2d. 555, 37 Ill.Dec. 291, 402 N.E.2d. 181, appeal after remand (1st Dist) 107 Ill.App.3d. 222, 63 Ill.Dec. 134,
437 N.E.2d. 783.
29
United States v. Holzer (CA7 Ill), 816 F.2d. 304 and vacated, remanded on other grounds 484 U.S. 807, 98 L.Ed.2d. 18, 108 S Ct 53, on remand (CA7
Ill) 840 F.2d. 1343, cert den 486 U.S. 1035, 100 L.Ed.2d. 608, 108 S Ct 2022 and (criticized on other grounds by United States v. Osser (CA3 Pa) 864
F.2d. 1056) and (superseded by statute on other grounds as stated in United States v. Little (CA5 Miss) 889 F.2d. 1367) and (among conflicting authorities
on other grounds noted in United States v. Boylan (CA1 Mass), 898 F.2d. 230, 29 Fed.Rules.Evid.Serv. 1223).
30
Chicago ex rel. Cohen v. Keane, 64 Ill.2d. 559, 2 Ill.Dec. 285, 357 N.E.2d. 452, later proceeding (1st Dist) 105 Ill.App.3d. 298, 61 Ill.Dec. 172, 434
N.E.2d. 325.
31
Indiana State Ethics Comm’n v. Nelson (Ind App), 656 N.E.2d. 1172, reh gr (Ind App) 659 N.E.2d. 260, reh den (Jan 24, 1996) and transfer den (May 28,
1996).

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 contract in restraint of trade,' 'every person who shall monopolize,' etc., will be taken, as a matter of course,
2 to mean only everyone subject to such legislation, not all that the legislator subsequently may be able to catch
3 [E.G. DECEIVE]. In the case of the present statute, the improbability of the United States attempting to make
4 acts done in Panama or Costa Rica criminal is obvious, yet the law begins by making criminal the acts for which
5 it gives a right to sue. We think it entirely plain that what the defendant did in Panama or Costa Rica is not within
6 the scope of the statute so far as the present suit is concerned. Other objections of a serious nature are urged, but
7 need not be discussed.”
8 [American Banana Co. v. U.S. Fruit, 213 U.S. 347 at 357-358]
9 6. You are presumed to be a “non-taxpayer” until the GOVERNMENT proves that you are a STATUTORY “taxpayer”
10 as defined in 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(14) domiciled on federal territory or representing a public office that is so domiciled
11 under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 17.
12 7. You are presumed to be CONSTITUTIONAL person (meaning a man or woman) if you have a state mailing address
13 and therefore NOT a STATUTORY “person” under most acts of national Congress. Nearly all statutory persons under
14 ordinary acts of Congress are fictions of law and AGENTS AND OFFICERS OF THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT.
15 “All the powers of the government [including ALL of its enforcement powers] must be carried into operation by
16 individual agency, either through the medium of public officers, or contracts made with individuals.”
17 [Osborn v. Bank of U.S., 22 U.S. 738 (1824)]
18 “A private person cannot make constitutions or laws, nor can he with authority construe them, nor can he
19 administer or execute them.”
20 [United States v. Harris, 106 U.S. 629, 1 S.Ct. 601, 27 L.Ed. 290 (1883)]
21 “The reason why States are “bodies politic and corporate” is simple: just as a corporation is an entity that can
22 act [AND ENFORCE!] only through its agents, “[t]he State is a political corporate body, can act only through
23 agents, and can command only by laws.” Poindexter v. Greenhow, supra, 114 U.S., at 288, 5 S.Ct. at 912-913.
24 See also Black’s Law Dictionary 159 (5th ed. 1979) (“[B]ody politic or corporate”: “A social compact by which
25 the whole people covenants with each citizen, and each citizen with the whole people, that all shall be governed
26 by certain laws for the common good”). As a “body politic and corporate,” a State falls squarely within the
27 Dictionary Act's definition of a “person.”
28 [Will v. Michigan Dept. of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 109 S.Ct. 2304 (U.S.Mich.,1989)]
29 For extensive proof that civil statutory laws only apply to officers or agents of the state, see:
30 7.1. Proof That There is a “Straw Man”, Form #05.042
32 7.2. Why Statutory Civil Law is Law for Government and Not Private Persons, Form #05.037
34 Any attempt by a government to violate the above presumptions by treating you AS IF they are untrue should be forcefully
35 challenged. The Path to Freedom, Form #09.015, Section 2 process ensures that all the above presumptions are established
36 in your administrative record before any disputes or illegal enforcement occur, thus making any violation willful and knowing
37 on the part of any and every government actor. That is why we insist on completing the Path to Freedom, Form #09.015,
38 Section 2 process before you may engage us to help you with the “use” of our “tax information or services” in interacting
39 with the de facto government. This ensures that you win the presumption war before the battle even begins.
40 13.3 Prosecuting government identity theft

41 1. Everyone who claims to be enforcing any government law is, by definition, a government actor, even if they work for
42 an otherwise private entity. See:
43 1.1. Why Statutory Civil Law is Law for Government and Not Private Persons, Form #05.037
45 1.2. Proof That There is a “Straw Man”, Form #05.042
47 2. If you are being told by a private company that you have to comply with a specific law, fill out a specific form, or fill it
48 out in a specific way, and especially if they invoke a statute as authority for their demand, then:
49 2.1. They are a government actor AND are trying to compel you to become one as well.
50 2.2. If you are physically on land protected by the Constitution, they must OBEY the constitution even as a private
51 company. This is proven by the State Action Doctrine of the U.S. Supreme Court.
52 3. Deception on government forms and rigging forms are the main method for committing government identity theft and
53 changing your civil status without your consent. These abuses are described in:

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
Avoiding Traps in Government Forms, Form #12.023
1 4. The most prevalent type of government deception on government forms is to abuse “words of art” to deceive the hearer
2 using “legalese”. This deception is exhaustively described in:
Legal Deception, Propaganda, and Fraud, Form #05.014
3 5. The following memorandum of law proves that any attempt to change your civil status without your consent is a
4 criminal act of identity theft. It also provides remedies and tools for prosecuting such crimes.
5 6. Criminal conflicts of interest by government prosecutors, judges, jurists, administrators is the MAIN thing that protects
6 the above types of abuses. If you want to ensure that you get a remedy for government identity theft, you MUST file
7 criminal complaints you’re your legal pleadings to FORCE the conflicted parties to speak about and prosecute their
8 own attempts to interfere with remedies for the above. If not, judges are much more likely to criminally obstruct
9 justice, censor the court record, censor you, and interfere with remedy. See:
Government Corruption: Causes and Remedies, Form #12.026
10 13.4 Administrative remedies

11 The main administrative remedy for preventing compulsion and preventing misrepresenting your status on government forms
12 submitted to private third parties is to:
13 1. Keep in mind that most government forms are signed under penalty of perjury and therefore constitute “testimony of a
14 witness”. Warn the person instituting the duress of the criminal consequences of tampering with, influencing, or
15 threatening such witnesses. Any attempt to influence, threaten, or intimidate the filer constitutes:
16 1.1. Perjury in violation of 18 U.S.C. §1542, 18 U.S.C. §911, 18 U.S.C. §1001, and 18 U.S.C. §1621.
17 1.2. Conspiracy to commit perjury.
18 1.3. Criminal witness tampering in violation of 18 U.S.C. §1512 and state law.
19 2. Write on the form you are compelled to submit or sign
20 “Not valid, false, perjurious, and fraudulent without the following signed attachment included.”
21 3. Including the appropriate attachment to the form from our website. For instance:
22 3.1. For compelled use of Social Security Numbers, include the following attachment:
Why It is Illegal for Me to Request or Use a Social Security Number, Form #04.205
23 3.2. For forms that ask for your citizenship, domicile, or “permanent address”, include the following attachment:
Affidavit of Citizenship, Domicile, and Tax Status, Form #02.001
24 3.3. For tax forms, include the following attachment:
25 3.4. For submissions to judicial tribunals, include the following attachment to the initial response or complaint:
Citizenship, Domicile, and Tax Status Options and Relationships, Form #10.003
26 4. If they refuse to accept the submission above with the attachment, delay the submission and sent it to them certified
27 mail with a proof of service several days BEFORE the in-person submission, and indicate that this submission replaces
28 and is included by reference in ALL future submissions to them, and that a refusal to do so is a criminal conspiracy to
29 commit perjury. Wait until you get the proof of service back and then go in and submit it in person. This will generate
30 legal evidence of their conspiracy against your rights that you can use to procure judicial remedies described in the
31 next section.
32 As far as developing the same kind of evidence in your direct interactions with the government, the following forms
33 accomplish this as a mandatory part of the process of becoming a member. See Path to Freedom, Form #09.015, Section 2:

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 1. Legal Notice of Change in Domicile/Citizenship Records and Divorce from the United States, Form #10.001
3 2. Resignation of Compelled Social Security Trustee, Form #06.002
5 In conclusion, for further details on the content of this section, see:
6 1. Avoiding Traps in Government Forms, Form #12.023 -common methods of committing identity theft using
7 government forms
9 2. Path to Freedom, Form #09.015, Section 5.4-mandates that you MUST define all terms on government forms to leave
10 NO ROOM for a covetous public servant to PRESUME anything.
12 3. Requirement for Consent, Form #05.003, Sections 9.1 and 11.2 – describes how to use the UCC to undermine the
13 illegal or non-consensual enforcement of any government franchise.
15 4. Federal and State Tax Withholding Options for Private Employers, Form #09.001, Section 24
17 5. Socialism: The New American Civil Religion, Form #05.016, Section 16 –shows how to undermine the civil religion of
18 socialism using the beast’s own forms.
20 13.5 Judicial remedies

21 On a basic level, any and every attempt to connect an otherwise EXCLUSIVELY PRIVATE human being to a civil status
22 that they do not consent to violates every state constitution in the country because it converts PRIVATE rights and property
23 into PUBLIC rights, property and franchises without the consent of the owner and therefore constitutes:
24 1. Eminent domain without compensation. Eminent domain without compensation violates every state compensation.
25 2. A violation of due process of law if officiated by a franchise court against a non-franchisee. There is no due process of
26 law in a franchise court AND it is THEFT for a franchise court to hear a case against a non-franchisee. All they
27 technically are allowed to do is DISMISS the case for lack of jurisdiction and NOT impair any of the rights of the non-
28 franchisee.
29 3. THEFT, larceny, and even grand theft, because the economic value of the rights and property it usurps possession of is
30 extreme.
31 Remedies for the above crimes and thefts vary based on the forum one intends to litigate. First of all we will summarize the
32 main constraints to any remedy as we understand them:
33 1. 42 U.S.C. §1983 is only useful as a remedy against actors of a constitutional state who have deprived you of a
34 constitutional right, meaning a right guaranteed by the Bill of Rights.
35 1.1. The right must be vindicated ONLY in a federal court. The remedy is NOT available in state court.
36 1.2. The remedy is NOT available against federal government actors.
37 1.3. For further information, see:
Section 1983 Litigation, Litigation Tool #08.008
http://sedm.org/Litigation/LitIndex.htm
38 2. Bivens Actions are only useful in the case of wrongful search or seizure by federal actors in violation of the Fourth
39 Amendment. They are not available against state actors. See Bivens v. Six Unknown Federal Narcotics Agents, 403
40 U.S. 388 (1971).
41 3. The first eight amendments to the United States Constitution are the ONLY thing needed to be cited as authority to
42 civilly sue a federal actor who violated your constitutional rights. According to the U.S. Supreme Court, these
43 amendments are “self-executing”, meaning that no federal statute need by invoked to avail oneself of their protections.
44 The design of the Fourteenth Amendment has proved significant also in maintaining the traditional separation of
45 powers 524*524 between Congress and the Judiciary. The first eight Amendments to the Constitution set forth
46 self-executing prohibitions on governmental action, and this Court has had primary authority to interpret those
47 prohibitions. The Bingham draft, some thought, departed from that tradition by vesting in Congress primary
48 power to interpret and elaborate on the meaning of the new Amendment through legislation. Under it, "Congress,

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 and not the courts, was to judge whether or not any of the privileges or immunities were not secured to citizens
2 in the several States." Flack, supra, at 64. While this separation-of-powers aspect did not occasion the widespread
3 resistance which was caused by the proposal's threat to the federal balance, it nonetheless attracted the attention
4 of various Members. See Cong. Globe, 39th Cong., 1st Sess., at 1064 (statement of Rep. Hale) (noting that Bill of
5 Rights, unlike the Bingham proposal, "provide[s] safeguards to be enforced by the courts, and not to be
6 exercised by the Legislature"); id., at App. 133 (statement of Rep. Rogers) (prior to Bingham proposal it "was
7 left entirely for the courts . . . to enforce the privileges and immunities of the citizens"). As enacted, the Fourteenth
8 Amendment confers substantive rights against the States which, like the provisions of the Bill of Rights, are self-
9 executing. Cf. South Carolina v. Katzenbach, 383 U.S., at 325 (discussing Fifteenth Amendment). The power to
10 interpret the Constitution in a case or controversy remains in the Judiciary.
11 [City of Boerne v. Flores, 521 U.S. 507 (1997)]
12 4. Federal civil statutory law is limited to federal territory and those domiciled or resident on federal territory wherever
13 physically situated. To cite or use any portion of it as a remedy while domiciled within a constitutional state is to:
14 4.1. Confer unwarranted and unconstitutional jurisdiction to the court.
15 4.2. Contradict yourself if you used the constitution as a basis to sue.
16 4.3. Change the choice of law to federal law under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 17 and remove all state law from
17 consideration.
18 4.4. For further details, see:
19 4.4.1. Federal Jurisdiction, Form #05.018
21 4.4.2. Why Statutory Civil Law is Law for Government and Not Private Persons, Form #05.037
23 5. The common law (case law) or the constitution are the only thing that can be cited as authority by a state domiciled
24 exclusively private party.
25 5.1. All cases cited MUST involve those similarly situated as you, meaning domiciled within a constitutional but not
26 statutory “State”, and not subject to federal civil law.
27 5.2. Any citation of any other case constitutes kidnapping, misuse of case law for political purposes, and a violation of
28 due process of law.
29 We have prepared the following table listing identity theft criminal statutes for all 50 states. You can use these as a start for
30 your remedy:
31 Table 2: Criminal Identity Theft Statutes by Jurisdiction

JurName AuthorityTypes.AuthTitle LegalCite
Alabama Crime: Identity Theft C.O.A. Title 13A, Article 10
Alaska Crime: Identity Theft A.S. § 11.46.160
Arizona Crime: Identity Theft A.R.S. §13-2006
California Crime: Identity Theft Penal Code §484.1
Colorado Crime: Identity Theft C.R.S. §18-5-902
Connecticut Crime: Identity Theft C.G.S.A. §53a-129a to 53a-129c
Delaware Crime: Identity Theft D.C. Title 11, Section 854
Florida Crime: Identity Theft F.S. §817.568, 831.29
Georgia Crime: Identity Theft O.C.G.A. §16-9-121
Hawaii Crime: Identity Theft H.R.S. §708-839.6
Illinois Crime: Identity Theft 720 ILCS 5/16-30
Indiana Crime: Identity Theft I.C. §35-43-5-3.5
Iowa Crime: Identity Theft I.C. §714.16B
Kansas Crime: Identity Theft K.R.S. §21-4018
Kentucky Crime: Identity Theft K.R.S. §514.160;K.R.S. §532.034
Louisiana Crime: Identity Theft RS §14:67.16
Maine Crime: Identity Theft 17-A M.R.S. §905-A
Maryland Crime: Identity Theft M.C. §8-301
Massachusetts Crime: Identity Theft 266 G.L.M. §37E
Minnesota Crime: Identity Theft M.S. § 609.527

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
JurName AuthorityTypes.AuthTitle LegalCite
Mississippi Crime: Identity Theft M.C. §97-19-85, 97-45-19
Missouri Crime: Identity Theft M.R.S. §570.223
Montana Crime: Identity Theft M.C.A. §§ 45-6-332
Nebraska Crime: Identity Theft N.R.S. §28-639
New Hampshire Crime: Identity Theft N.H.R.S. §638:26
New Jersey Crime: Identity Theft N.J.S.A. §2C:21-17
New Mexico Crime: Identity Theft N.M.S.A. §30-16-21.1; N.M.S. §30-16-24.1
New York Crime: Identity Theft General Business Code 380-S;Penal Code §190.78
North Carolina Crime: Identity Theft N.C.G.S. §14-113.20
Ohio Crime: Identity Theft O.R.C. §2913.49
Oklahoma Crime: Identity Theft 21 O.S. § 1533.1
Oregon Crime: Identity Theft O.R.S. §165.803
Pennsylvania Crime: Identity Theft 18 Pa.C.S.A. §4120
Rhode Island Crime: Identity Theft G.L.R.I. §11-18-20.1, 11-49.1-3
South Carolina Crime: Identity Theft S.C.C.O.L. §16-13-450, 510
South Dakota Crime: Identity Theft S.D.C.L. §22-40-8
Tennessee Crime: Identity Theft T.C. §39-14-150, 39-16-303
Texas Crime: Identity Theft Penal Code §32.51
Utah Crime: Identity Theft U.C. §76-6-1105
Virginia Crime: Identity Theft C.O.V. §18.2-186.3
Washington Crime: Identity Theft R.C.W. §9.35.020, 9A.58.020
West Virginia Crime: Identity Theft W.V.C. § 61-3-54
Wisconsin Crime: Identity Theft W.S. § 943.201
Wyoming Crime: Identity Theft W.S. § 6-3-901, 6-3-615
1 If you would like more information about remedies useful in prosecuting compelled association or contracting, or in being
2 compelled to assume a franchise status that you don’t consent to, please see:
3 1. Legal Remedies that Protect Private Rights Course, Form #12.019

5 2. Civil Causes of Action, Litigation Tool #10.012
7 3. Common Law Practice Guide, Litigation Tool #10.013
9 4. Enumeration of Unalienable Rights, Form #10.002
11 14 Conclusions
12 This section summarizes the findings of this document:
13 1. The foundation of all free government is the consent of the governed, according to the Declaration of independence. The
14 Declaration of Independence is LAW, because it was published in Volume 1 of the Statutes At Large as law in the very
15 first enactment of Congress. It is NOT just “policy” that can be violated.
16 “That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent
17 of the governed.”
19 2. There are things that YOU AREN”T ALLOWED BY LAW to consent to. This includes any and all attempts to surrender
20 any constitutional right to a government when standing on land protected by the Constitution. See:
Requirement for Consent, Form #05.003, Section 7
Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 3. Any attempt within a state of the Union to offer or enforce franchises is a direct violation of the Declaration of
2 Independence because:
3 3.1. It is an attempt to alienate rights that are supposed to be inalienable.
4 3.2. It makes a profitable business out of alienating rights that are supposed to be inalienable.
5 3.3. It creates a criminal financial conflict of interest and a breach of fiduciary duty in the government.
6 3.4. It encourages government identity theft through the abuse of “words of art”.
7 4. The consent of the governed is the origin of the great divide between civil and criminal law:
8 4.1. Criminal laws do not require your consent to enforce. If you hurt someone, then you are subject to the criminal
9 laws whether you have a domicile in the forum or not.
10 4.2. Civil laws require a choice of domicile within the jurisdiction of a specific government in order to enforce against
11 you. Enforcing the civil laws against persons not domiciled within a jurisdiction can and often does result in a
12 violation of due process of law and a void judgment.
13 5. Choosing a civil domicile within a specific government is how one:
14 5.1. Becomes a “subject” under the civil statutory law.
15 5.2. Surrenders sovereign immunity pursuant to 26 U.S.C. §1603(b)(3).
16 5.3. Changes their statutory status from a “nonresident” to a “citizen” or “resident”.
17 5.4. Changes their statutory status from a “transient foreigner” to a civil statutory “person” or “inhabitant”.
18 5.5. Acquires the ability to enforce the civil obligations associated with a specific government franchise.
19 6. One cannot be coerced to select or have a domicile in any specific place and if they do, the government of that place is:
20 6.1. Exercising a taking in violation of the Fifth Amendment.
21 6.2. Engaging in identity theft and kidnapping.
22 7. All CIVIL statutory terms TO WHICH OBLIGATIONS AND PRIVILEGES attach are limited to territory over which
23 Congress has EXCLUSIVE GENERAL jurisdiction. All of the statuses TO WHICH CIVIL STATUTORY
24 OBLIGATIONS AND PRIVILEGES ATTACH indicted in the statutes (including those in 8 U.S.C. §§1401 and 1408)
25 STOP at the border to federal territory and do not apply within states of the Union. You cannot have a civil status in a
26 place that you are not civilly domiciled, and especially a status that you do NOT consent to and to which rights and
27 obligations attach. Otherwise, the Declaration of Independence is violated because you are subjected to obligations that
28 you didn't consent to and are therefore a slave.
29 8. As the U.S. Supreme Court held, all law is prima facie territorial and confined to the territory of the specific state.
30 8.1. The states of the Union are NOT "territory" as defined, and therefore, all of the CIVIL STATUSES found in Title
31 8 of the U.S. code CONNECTED WITH UNITED STATES TERRITORY AND DOMICILIARIES do not
32 extend into or relate to anyone civilly domiciled in a constitutional state, regardless of what the definition of
33 "United States" is and whether it is GEOGRAPHICAL or GOVERNMENT sense.
34 8.2. As held by the U.S. Supreme Court in License Tax Cases, 72 U.S. 462, 18 L.Ed. 497, 5 Wall. 462, 2 A.F.T.R.
35 2224 (1866), Congress cannot lawfully offer or extend any federal franchise or the statuses that enforce it into a
36 foreign jurisdiction such as a state of the Union. If it does, it is engaging in a “commercial invasion” in violation
37 of Article 4, Section 4 of the United States Constitution. That is why a public offices, which are a franchise, are
38 limited by 4 U.S.C. §72 to being exercised ONLY in the District of Columbia and NOT ELSEWHERE.
39 8.3. It is a violation of the legislative intent of the constitution and criminal activity to:
40 8.3.1. Make an ordinary CONSTITUTIONAL and PRIVATE citizen into a PRIVATE officer in the government.
41 8.3.2. Pay PUBLIC monies or "benefits" to ordinary PRIVATE CITIZENS.
42 8.3.3. Bribe or entice and PRIVATE human to become a PUBLIC OFFICER in exchange for "benefits". This
43 would eliminate all PRIVATE property and replace a CONSTITUTIONAL government with a gigantic,
44 corporate monopoly and employer of EVERYONE in violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
45 9. Examples of civil disputes that are governed by civil statutory law from one’s voluntary choice of domicile include:
46 9.1. Marriage licenses.
47 9.2. Income tax.
48 9.3. Contract disputes between you and the government.
49 9.4. Government benefits, such as Social Security, Medicare, Unemployment, etc.
50 10. The right to make determinations about or changes in the civil status of someone originates from one’s voluntary choice
51 of domicile. See the above.
52 10.1. That authority is delegated to a specific government by your choice of domicile.
53 “It is plain that every state has the right to determine the status or domestic or social condition of persons
54 domiciled within its territory.” Hunt v. Hunt, 72 N. Y. 217, 227; Strader v. Graham, 10 How. 82. “Every nation
55 may determine the status of its own domiciled subjects, and any interference by foreign tribunals would be an
56 officious intermeddling with a matter in which they have no concern. The parties cannot consent to the change

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 of status, and the judgment is not binding in a third country.” Black, Jur. § 77. When the Texas proceeding was
2 instituted the respondent and her child were transiently in that state, upon a temporary occasion, and with the
3 intention of returning to their domicile in New York. “Though a state may have a right to declare the condition
4 of all persons within her limits, the right only exists while that person remains there. She has not the power of
5 giving a condition or status that will adhere to the person everywhere, but upon his return to his place of
6 domicile he will occupy his former position.” Maria v. Kirby, 12 B.Mon. 542, 545,- a case in which the decision
7 is an adjudication of the precise point in controversy.
8 [People ex rel. Campbell v. Dewey, 23 Misc. 267, 50 N.Y.S. 1013, N.Y.Sup. (1898)]
9 10.2. The authority of the government is delegated by we the people.

10 10.3. If you never delegated the authority to make declarations of status by choosing a domicile within any government,
11 then you MUST have reserved it to yourself.
12 11. What makes a state or government “foreign” is the fact that you don’t have a domicile within their jurisdiction AND are
13 not consensually engaged in a public office or contract with them. It is an injury to your sovereignty for a “foreign state”
14 to determine your civil status.
17 12. When you are physically in a state or jurisdiction or venue other than the one in which you are domiciled, all status
18 declarations made by the state or government at the place of your domicile are nonbinding on the foreign jurisdiction
19 that you are physically in.
20 13. The words you use to describe and declare your status in a legal setting may be characterized as:
21 13.1. An exercise of your right to politically or legally associate protected by the First Amendment.
22 13.2. An exercise of your right to contract protected by Article 1, Section 10 of the Constitution if the status carries with
23 it obligations under any system of civil law.
24 13.3. An exercise of your right to speak, to not speak, and to define the significance of the words you use that is protected
25 by the First Amendment.
26 14. Any attempt by an officer or agent of the government to describe you with any civil status other than what you describe
27 yourself under the civil law or to enforce any of the legal obligations associated with that status constitutes:
28 14.1. Involuntary servitude in violation of the Thirteenth Amendment.
29 14.2. A violation of your right to contract, by compelling you to contract with the party who is advantaged by the status.
30 14.3. Compelled association, by compelling you to associate politically, legally, or both with the “state” or government
31 associated with that status.
32 15. You can declare or acquire a new status:
33 15.1. Expressly either in writing or vocally. For instance, they could fill out a government application for benefits and
34 thereby declare themselves to be a franchisee under the laws that administer the franchise.
35 15.2. Impliedly by their decision to accept a government “benefit”.
36 CALIFORNIA CIVIL CODE

37 DIVISION 3. OBLIGATIONS
38 PART 2. CONTRACTS
39 CHAPTER 3. CONSENT
40 Section 1589
41
42 1589. A voluntary acceptance of the benefit of a transaction is equivalent to a consent to all the obligations
43 arising from it, so far as the facts are known, or ought to be known, to the person accepting.
44 16. Once you acquire a given legal status under the terms of a franchise or contract, that status can be changed usually only
45 by:
46 16.1. The consent of all parties consistent with the contract or franchise itself.
47 16.2. One or more parties proving a misrepresentation of the contract and resulting injury to the victimized party which
48 warrants termination of the contract for fraud.
49 16.3. One or more parties demonstrating the existence of duress.
50 “An agreement [consensual contract] obtained by duress, coercion, or intimidation is invalid, since the party
51 coerced is not exercising his free will, and the test is not so much the means by which the party is compelled to
52 execute the agreement as the state of mind induced. 32 Duress, like fraud, rarely becomes material, except where
53 a contract or conveyance has been made which the maker wishes to avoid. As a general rule, duress renders the
32
Brown v. Pierce, 74 U.S. 205, 7 Wall 205, 19 L.Ed. 134

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 contract or conveyance voidable, not void, at the option of the person coerced, 33 and it is susceptible of
2 ratification. Like other voidable contracts, it is valid until it is avoided by the person entitled to avoid it. 34
3 However, duress in the form of physical compulsion, in which a party is caused to appear to assent when he has
4 no intention of doing so, is generally deemed to render the resulting purported contract void. 35”
5 [American Jurisprudence 2d, Duress, §21 (1999)]
6 17. A contract which conveys a new status is not enforceable unless it conveys MUTUAL consideration or benefits and
7 obligations to both parties. If only one party receives consideration, then the change of status cannot be considered
8 enforceable.
9 Contract. An agreement between two or more [sovereign] persons which creates an obligation to do or not to
10 do a particular thing. As defined in Restatement, Second, Contracts §3: “A contract is a promise or a set of
11 promises for the breach of which the law gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way
12 recognizes as a duty.” A legal relationships consisting of the rights and duties of the contracting parties; a
13 promise or set of promises constituting an agreement between the parties that gives each a legal duty to the other
14 and also the right to seek a remedy for the breach of those duties. Its essentials are competent parties, subject
15 matter, a legal consideration, mutuality of agreement, and mutuality of consideration. Lamoureaux v.
16 Burrillville Racing Ass’n, 91 R.I. 94, 161 A.2d. 213, 215.
17 Under U.C.C., term refers to total legal obligation which results from parties’ agreement as affected by the Code.
18 Section 1-201(11). As to sales, “contract” and “agreement” are limited to those relating to present or future
19 sales of goods, and “contract for sale” includes both a present sale of goods and a contract to sell goods at a
20 future time. U.C.C. §2-106(a).
21 The writing which contains the agreement of parties with the terms and conditions, and which serves as a proof
22 of the obligation
24 18. In law, all government franchises behave as contracts or at least oral or “parole” agreements:
25 As a rule, franchises spring from contracts between the sovereign power and private citizens, made upon
26 valuable considerations, for purposes of individual advantage as well as public benefit, 36 and thus a franchise
27 partakes of a double nature and character. So far as it affects or concerns the public, it is publici juris and is
28 subject to governmental control. The legislature may prescribe the manner of granting it, to whom it may be
29 granted, the conditions and terms upon which it may be held, and the duty of the grantee to the public in exercising
30 it, and may also provide for its forfeiture upon the failure of the grantee to perform that duty. But when granted,
31 it becomes the property of the grantee, and is a private right, subject only to the governmental control growing
32 out of its other nature as publici juris. 37
33 [American Jurisprudence 2d, Franchises, §4: Generally (1999)]
34 19. All government franchises are enforced with civil statutory law. Therefore:
35 19.1. You cannot maintain a specific status under a franchise agreement without also having a domicile within the
36 exclusive jurisdiction of the government grantor of the franchise.
37 19.2. When the domicile extinguishes in the territory the franchise is offered, the obligations under the franchise ALSO
38 extinguish with it. If they don’t, the government offering the franchise is NOT acting as a government, but a
39 PRIVATE corporation in equity. If the government interferes with your ability to extinguish the civil status, they
40 are engaging in an unconstitutional taking of property in violation of the Fifth Amendment.
41 19.3. It is a violation of due process of law and of the Minimum Contacts Doctrine, U.S. Supreme Court to enforce
42 franchises against parties domiciled outside of the territory of the government grantor of the franchise.
33
Barnette v. Wells Fargo Nevada Nat’l Bank, 270 U.S. 438, 70 L.Ed. 669, 46 S.Ct. 326 (holding that acts induced by duress which operate solely on the
mind, and fall short of actual physical compulsion, are not void at law, but are voidable only, at the election of him whose acts were induced by it); Faske v.
Gershman, 30 Misc.2d. 442, 215 N.Y.S.2d. 144; Glenney v. Crane (Tex Civ App Houston (1st Dist)) 352 S.W.2d. 773, writ ref n r e (May 16, 1962); Carroll
v. Fetty, 121 W.Va 215, 2 S.E.2d. 521, cert den 308 U.S. 571, 84 L.Ed. 479, 60 S.Ct. 85.
34
Faske v. Gershman, 30 Misc.2d. 442, 215 N.Y.S.2d. 144; Heider v. Unicume, 142 Or 416, 20 P.2d. 384; Glenney v. Crane (Tex Civ App Houston (1st
Dist)) 352 S.W.2d. 773, writ ref n r e (May 16, 1962)
35
Restatement 2d, Contracts § 174, stating that if conduct that appears to be a manifestation of assent by a party who does not intend to engage in that
conduct is physically compelled by duress, the conduct is not effective as a manifestation of assent.
36
Georgia R. & Power Co. v. Atlanta, 154 Ga. 731, 115 S.E. 263; Lippencott v. Allander, 27 Iowa 460; State ex rel. Hutton v. Baton Rouge, 217 La. 857,
47 So.2d. 665; Tower v. Tower & S. Street R. Co. 68 Minn 500, 71 N.W. 691.
37
Georgia R. & Power Co. v. Atlanta, 154 Ga. 731, 115 S.E. 263; Lippencott v. Allander, 27 Iowa 460; State ex rel. Hutton v. Baton Rouge, 217 La. 857,
47 So.2d. 665; Tower v. Tower & S. Street R. Co. 68 Minn 500, 71 N.W. 691.

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 19.4. Any government enforcing the terms of a franchise against nonresident parties must satisfy the Minimum Contacts
2 Doctrine, U.S. Supreme Court against the object of their enforcement.
3 20. Those wishing to challenge a status determination of a government agent or officer in conflict with their wishes may
4 challenge that determination by showing that:
5 20.1. One or more of the parties to the contract or franchise lacked the capacity to enter into the contract because, for
6 instance, they were either not sui juris or had no delegated authority to do so if they were acting in a representative
7 capacity on behalf of another.
8 20.2. They are injured by the status.
9 20.3. Duress existed in the contract or application that gave rise to the status.
10 20.4. No consideration was conveyed which made the contract enforceable that gave rise to the change in status.
11 21. Every attempt to change your civil status without your express consent is a criminal act of identity theft. For
12 documentation on how to prove you are the victim of such a crime and how to prosecute it, see:
13 22. Those who are victims of identity theft, who are nonresident to the franchise grantor, or who cannot lawfully participate
14 in an extraterritorial franchise of a foreign entity DO NOT have an obligation to obey the provisions of a franchise to get
15 a remedy to LEAVE it or stop the illegal enforcement directed against them. For instance, those who are not
16 STATUTORY “taxpayers”:
17 22.1. Do NOT need to exhaust administrative remedies applicable ONLY to statutory “taxpayers”. 38
18 22.2. Do NOT need to pay the alleged FRAUDULENTLY enforced tax under the Full Payment Rule of the U.S. Supreme
19 Court before they can challenge it. 39
20 22.3. Cannot have the Declaratory Judgments Act, 28 U.S.C. §2201, enforced against them as nonresidents, which
21 interferes with attempts to get a declaratory judgment identifying their proper status. The act DOES NOT apply to
22 foreign domiciled parties born and domiciled within a Constitutional state of the Union.40
23 22.4. Cannot have the Anti-Injunction Act, 26 U.S.C. §7421, enforced against them because they aren’t subject to it.41
24 15 Resources for Further Study and Rebuttal

25 If you would like to study the subjects covered in this short pamphlet in further detail, may we recommend the following
26 authoritative sources, and also welcome you to rebut any part of this pamphlet after you have read it and studied the subject
27 carefully yourself just as we have:
28 1. Government Identity Theft, Form #05.046-proves that any attempt to change your civil status without your consent is a
29 criminal act of identity theft. Provides remedies and tools for prosecuting such crimes.
31 2. Legal Deception, Propaganda, and Fraud, Form #05.014-the main method of deceiving people on government forms
32 and in statutes is abuse of “words of art”, legalese, and equivocation. Shows how these mechanisms are unlawfully and
33 even CRIMINALLY abused to commit identity theft and transport your legal identity to what Mark Twain called “the
34 District of Criminals”.
36 3. Legal Notice of Change in Domicile/Citizenship Records and Divorce from the United States, Form #10.001-provides a
37 way to change government records describing your citizenship and domicile, restore your PRIVATE status, and restore
38 the protections of the Constitution and common law
40 4. Declaratory Judgments Act, 28 U.S.C. §2201
41 https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/2201
42 5. SEDM Liberty University- Free educational materials for regaining your sovereignty as an entrepreneur or private person
43 http://sedm.org/LibertyU/LibertyU.htm
38
See Flawed Tax Arguments to Avoid, Form #08.004, Section 8.5.
39
See Court Remedies for Sovereigns: Taxation, Litigation Tool #10.002, Section 6.2; http://sedm.org/Litigation/LitIndex.htm.
40
41

Form 13.008, Rev. 5-4-2014 EXHIBIT:________

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YOUR EXCLUSIVE RIGHT TO DECLARE

OR ESTABLISH YOUR CIVIL STATUS

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TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................... 2

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35 Contractual obligation. One which arises from a contract or agreement.

48 Failure to meet obligations. See Failure to Meet Obligations.

36 Primary obligation. An obligation which is the principal object of the contract.

Your Exclusive Right to Declare or Establish Your Civil Status 17 of 93

16 [Black’s Law Dictionary, Fourth Edition, pp. 1223-1226]

17 Obligations, in turn, can ONLY be created by:

18 1. An injury or tort. In this case consent of neither party is involved.

28 Human beings who are “sovereign” in fact:

29 3. Have no “civil status” under statutory law.

Your Exclusive Right to Declare or Establish Your Civil Status 18 of 93

Government Identity Theft, Form #05.046

14 "civil status" is further discussed in:

40 What all of the above occasions have in common is that they:

41 1. Relate to the CIVIL STATUTORY status of the applicant.

20 1. To not have a civil statutory status.

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35 3 What do we mean by “civil status”?

42 California Civil Code - CIV

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4 California Civil Code – CIV

12 One — The contract of the parties; or,

15 (Amended by Code Amendments 1873-74, Ch. 612.)

21 1. Lawfully Avoiding Government Obligations Course, Form #12.040

25 The use of the term “status” in this memorandum:

39 A well-known book on domicile explains the origin of “civil status” as follows:

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42 IV. PARTIES > Rule 17.

44 (b) Capacity to Sue or be Sued.

45 Capacity to sue or be sued is determined as follows:

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28 [Bouvier’s Maxims of Law, 1856;

32 TITLE 26 > Subtitle F > CHAPTER 79 > § 7701

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3 1. The USA Constitution is a “compact” or contract.

37 In confirmation of this section, examine the content of 1 U.S.C. §8:

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13 California Civil Code - CIV

25 California Civil Code - CIV