Parliamentary Rights: VI. Fill in The Blanks Using The Legal Concepts Below
Parliamentary Rights: VI. Fill in The Blanks Using The Legal Concepts Below
Parliamentary Rights: VI. Fill in The Blanks Using The Legal Concepts Below
The case can be demonstrated by _the Bill of Rights______ of 1689 and subsequent
developments. The Bill, a response to the situation in which a foreign king was invited to take
over the British throne, enumerated __civil rights______. A monarch could not _suspend a
law_____, _raise an army_____ in times of peace, or _impose
taxes_____ without _Parliament’s consent______. He was to allow Parliamentarians the right
to criticize: _freedom of speech______ was fundamental. The king also needed to recognize
that his subjects had rights too. They could not be imprisoned arbitrarily; they could not be
tortured. They also had _the right to petition_____ the monarch without being punished. The
process of establishing the two principles was underpinned (support, justify) by the
requirement (1694) that _Parliament had to be called_______ regularly, the establishment
of _the supremacy of the House of Commons________ over the _House of
Lords______ (1911) and the extension of the _suffrage_____. This view, traditionally that of
legal circles, maintains that the combination of _conventions_______, crown prerogative,
common law and _parliamentary statute________ has given to the British constitution a clear
set of rules. (Anne Corbett, “Towards a written constitution?”, Standpoint, June, 1990)
IX. Match the legal terms (1-10) below with their correct definitions (A-J), and then
translate these terms into Romanian:
1. devolved assembly = C; adunare decentralizata
2. the Act of Settlement = D; Actul de Instaurare
3. customs = H; cutume
4. primogeniture = F dreptul primului nascut
5. succession to the throne = G; succesiunea la tron
6. reprieve = E; grațiere, amanare
7. emanate from = J; a proveni din, a decurge din, a emana
8. legal norm = B; normă juridică
9. substantive provisions (the action of providing or supplying something for use.) = I; drept
material
10. amendment to the constitution (US) = A; modificare a constitutiei
A. a new clause added to a written constitution, changing it in some way;
B. a standard accepted voluntarily or involuntarily by society against which society judges
someone or something;
C. a representative body (local or regional) towards which power has been transferred from a
central authority;
D. an Act settling the question of the succession to the throne;
E. temporary postponement of the carrying out of a criminal sentence, especially a death
sentence;
F. the common law right of the first born to inherit his ancestor’s estate;
G. rules establishing the order in which a successor to the throne is decided when a sovereign
dies or abdicates;
H. practices that by common adoption and long, unvarying habit have come to have the force
of law;
I. stipulations (condition) that create, define, and regulate the rights, duties, and powers of
parties;
J. proceed or issue forth, as from a source
X. Find the verbs that best complete the collocations below:
1. The Sovereign must __act_____ on advice of ministers, especially the Prime minister. 2.
The Prime Minister __may seek/may recommend_____ the dissolution (dismissing) of
Parliament if the ministry loses the confidence of the House of Commons. 3. All money Bills
must __originate____ in the House of Commons. 4. The Sovereign must _appoint______ a
member of the House of Commons who can gain the confidence of the House as Prime
Minister. 5. The Prime Minister __calls_____ a general election after the dissolution of
Parliament.
Suveranul trebuie sa actioneze in conformitate cu recomandarea ministrilor, mai ales primul
ministru.
XI. Choose the correct alternative to complete the sentences below:
1. The ________ met urgently at 10 Downing Street to decide Government policy on the new
economic crisis.
a) civil service; b) Privy Council (Consiliu privat); c) Cabinet; d) ministers
2. The Road Traffic Act 1972 _______ that it is illegal to drive under the influence of drugs.
a) legislates; b) amends; c) requires; d) provides (prevede) (sub influenta narcoticelor)
3. The exact effect of legislation is influenced by judicial _________ .
a) interpretation; b) custom; c) sovereignty; d) codification
4. Parliament is a ________ body. (corp legislativ)
a) legislation; b) legislature; c) legislative; d) legislate
5.___________, codes and delegated legislation are all sources of written law.
a) Law reports; b) Statutes; c) rules of law; d) litigation (the proces of taking a legal
action/litigiu)
6. A court must follow ________ rules of precedent. (precedent juridic obligatoriu)
a) binding; b) arbitrary; c) entrenched; d) absolute
7. In general, a Bill becomes an Act of Parliament when it has received the ________ of both
Houses of Parliament and the Sovereign. = În general, un proiect de lege devine o lege atunci
când primeste aprobarea ambelor Camere ale Parlamentului și a Monarchului.
a) consent; b) ratification; c) enactment; d) assent
8. The Chancellor of the Exchequer (ministerul de finante) asked Parliament to _________
the exiting law on alcoholic drinks and replace it with a tax on all drinks except water.
a) establish; b) abolish; c) dissolve; d) enact (bauture alcolice; to abolish a law = a abroge o
lege)
9. The Minister presented the new Housing _______ to the House of Commons for reading
and debate. (proicetul de lege privind locuinta) (a inaintat o lege privind legea locuintelor)
a) Act; b) Code; c) Law; d) Bill
10. In the UK, prime-ministerial powers are defined and regulated by constitutional _______,
not by statute law.
a) rules; b) law; c) conventions; d) principles
XII. In the sentences below, replace the part of each sentence in italics by a suitable
word or phrase:
1. There are 650 elected representatives with the right to sit in the House of Commons in the
UK. = Members of Parliament
2. The system of rights and remedies developed by the Lord Chancellor and the Court of
Chancery is now administered by the ordinary English courts, side by side with the common
law. = Equity (justitia naturala)
3. In contrast to civil-law legal systems, which are based on codes, common-law legal
systems are based on decisions of judges in previous cases. = case law (jurisprudenta)
4. The UK is a State in which a single person called King or Queen holds the office of Head
of State for life, but does not have the power to govern the country. = constitutional
monarchy
5. The supreme power of Parliament to pass any law it wants is probably the most
fundamental rule of British constitutional law. = Parliamentary sovereignty
6. In the UK the monarch is head of all judges. = Judiciary
7. It may be difficult to find time in Parliament for revising and changing the law to make it
better when there is no urgent political reason which makes it necessary. = to amend
8. The Queen opens new sessions of Parliament with a speech from the throne. This act is
part of the remaining rights and powers of the Crown. = royal prerogatives
XIII. Decide which word or phrase in each group of five does not belong and why; use
the remaining four words/phrases in sentences of your own; translate the words/phrases
into Romanian:
1. (a) Bill (proiect de lege); (b) case (caz, dosar); (c) enactment (promulgare); (d)
statute (lege); (e) provision (dispozitie legala/the action of providing) = all the other ones
refer to legislation
2. (a) Crown (coroană in sensul de stat nu obiectul); (b) Monarchy (monarchie); (c) Royal
Assent (aprobare regală); (d) MP (parlamentar); (e) heir to the
throne (moștenitor al tronului) = all the others are related to the monarchy
3. (a) recommend (a recomanda); (b) pass (a adopta, a da); (c) abolish (a abroga); (d)
enact (a da, a legifera); (e) amend (a modifica) = all the other refer to the legislative process
4. (a) subject (supus); (b) British nationality Act (legea cetatenilor); (c)
citizenship (cetățenie): (d) treaty (tratat); (e) naturalization (naturalizare – a acorda
cetatenie) = all the others refer to citizenship
5. (a) the Labour Party (Partidul Laburist); (b) the Social Democratic Party (Partidul Social
Democrat); (c) the Conservative Party (Partidul Conservator); (d) the Social and Liberal
Democrats (Liberarii Democrați); (e) the Republican Party (Partidul Republican)
6. (a) constitutional convention (conventie constitutionala); (b) code (cod); (c) custom
(cutuma); (d) legislation (legislatie); (e) judicial precedent (predecent obligatoriu juridic) = it
is not a legal item
7. (a) criminal law (drept penal); (b) case law (jurisprudenta); (c) land law (legea
funciara); (d) jurisprudence (the theory, the study of law); (e) law of tort (the area of
the law that covers most civil suits; extremely broad area of civil law that covers
wrongdoings committed against another individual) (drept civil) = all the other ones are
branches of law
8. (a) opposition (opoziție); (b) majority party (partidul majoritar); (c) Cabinet; (d) Prime
Minister (prim-ministru/premier); (e) Home Secretary (ministrul de afaceri interne) = all the
others refer to the government in power
9. (a) binding precedent (precedent juridic obligatoriu); (b) judicial
decision (hotarare judecatoreasca); (c) parliamentary
sovereignty (suverenitatea parlamentara); (d) common law (drept comun); (e)
authority (autoritate) = all the thers refer to law making process
10. (a) life peerage (nobilime/aristograție ereditară); (b) delaying power (amanarea puterii);
(c) Lord Chancellor (resides over the meetings/ the secretary of state for
justice/ lordul cancelar); (d) House of Commons (Camera comuna) (e) Lords Spiritual (the
26 bishops of the established Church of England who serve in the House of Lords) = all the
other ones refer to the House of Lords
The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme law of the US. It
was drafted/composed/formulated between February 21 and September 17, 1787, and was
completed on September 17, 1787, when it was adopted by the Constitutional Convention of
the United States of America, which took place in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
and entered into force on March 4, 1789. It is well known that the American
nation derives from a world of settlers, at first predominantly of English origin, to which in
time millions joined, coming from all the around the world, mostly from Europe. Just like in
some European states (Italy, the Balkans, Poland, etc.), the people of the American and Asian
continents, found themselves under foreign domination/oppression/suppression, and formed
their national consciousness due to their struggles for liberty/liberation and establishment of
their own states. Thus, the combat of the English colonies in North America in the years
1774-1783 resulted in a revolution, which led to the formation of the US
Federal Republic. The combat based on the same interests, the establishment of a common
territory and a united economy contributed to the creation of a new nation - the American
nation - which continued to use the English language. The thirteen colonies on the Atlantic
coast already had a commander-in-chief and a joint government, called the Continental
Congress, when they announced the final break-up of the mother metropolis, England, on
July 4, 1776. The fights between the colonists and the royal armies that lasted almost a
year eventually turned into a war of independence for the colonies. During the War of
Independence, the thirteen British colonies that rebelled against the British Empire initially
formed a central government which was very weak and not very efficient, with the
Continental Congress component entity, according to the Articles of Confederation. The
Continental Congress was a strictly legislative body, which often could not even adopt laws
due to the frequent absence of its members. The executive and judicial powers did not exist.
As the Continental Congress was in fact only a legislative body, it had no power to impose
any laws, including the collection of taxes. The inexistence of executive and judicial branches
to enforce the laws and punish those who disobeyed them, respectively, meant that the power
of the Continental Congress was not only very limited, but often disregarded and ignored and
even ridiculed. The absence of the members was often intentional in order not to achieve the
quorum (minimal number of members) that was necessary in order to pass a law. Thus,
frequently, even the most moderate proposals or changes were blocked. The war lasted until
1783, at first with unfavorable results for the settlers who were revolting, who would later
recover, benefiting from help coming from oversee (French, Spanish and Dutch), along with
improvement in leadership and combat. The adoption of the Declaration of Independence by
the American Congress on July 4, 1776 gave a decisive impetus to the 13
colonies. Therefore, a new independent state appeared where, for the first time in history, the
principle of people's sovereignty was proclaimed in an official act. The new American
republic, through its diplomacy, brought to history a new spirit, new ideals, simplifying the
whole ritual, cumbersome, opposing monarchical diplomacy, the diplomacy of the nation.
From the very beginning, there was lack of a national government and Constitution. The
powerful crisis of 1776 prompted many undecided Americans to accept the new and powerful
central government. The contradictions were so strong that there was even a talk/ a
speculation of a war that might break out between the new independent states. Therefore, a
group of people within the circle of George Washigton, Alexander Hamilton and Robert
Morris, wishing to strengthen the state, to promote a powerful economy and ensure the
prestige of the new nation at the courts of Europe, tried to adopt a constitution. In September
1786, representatives of the five states met in what was to be called the Annapolis
Convention, to discuss the necessary changes to be made to the Articles of Confederation to
smooth out/arrange economic relations, in particular the trade/trading. On this occasion, the
participants invited all representatives of the 13 states to meet later in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, to discuss what they should do in order to improve and nuance the creation of
organs necessary for federal leadership. After the Annapolis conference in Maryland, the
Confederate Congress approved a plan to revise/amend/change the Articles of Confederation
scheduled for February 21, 1787. It was ratified in 1788 by conventions elected in each state,
with the promise of voting on a Bill of Rights that would guarantee individuals the freedoms
they had fought for. The Constitution of the United States of America expresses a set of
ideas essential for understanding the functioning and legitimacy of a free and modern state.
The principle of the rule of law, the idea of the representative regime, the separation of
powers or the guarantees of individual rights are just some of them.