B2022 REPORTS ANNOTATED VOL 32 [December 7, 2015]

Rosit v. Davao Doctors Hospital Rosit v. Davao Doctors Hospital

I. Recit-ready summary hand cars immediately following one another, upon which were piled lengthwise seven rails,
each weighing 560 pounds, so that the ends of the rails lay upon two crosspieces or sills
Rakes is a negro laborer of the defendant company. Rakes, was at work transporting iron rails secured to the cars, but without side pieces or guards to prevent them from slipping off.
from a barge in the harbor to the company’s yard. There were 2 hand cars used in this work According to the testimony of the plaintiff, the men were either in the rear of the car or at its
following one another, upon which were piled lengthwise seven rails, each weighing 560 sides. According to that defendant, some of them were also in front, hauling by a rope. At a
pounds, so that the ends of the rails lay upon two crosspieces or sills secured to the cars, but certain spot at or near the water's edge the track sagged, the tie broke, the car either canted or
without side pieces or guards to prevent them from slipping off. According to the testimony of upset, the rails slid off and caught the plaintiff, breaking his leg, which was afterwards
the plaintiff, the men were either in the rear of the car or at its sides. According to that of the amputated at about the knee.
defendant, some of them were also in front, hauling by a rope. At a certain spot at or near the
water’s edge the track sagged, the tie broke, the car either canted or upset, the rails slid off and
This first point for the Rakes to establish was that the accident happened through the
caught the plaintiff, breaking his leg, which was afterwards amputated at about the knee.
negligence of the defendant. The detailed description by the company's witnesses of the
construction and quality of the track proves that if was up to the general stranded of tramways
The cause of the sagging of the tracks and the breaking of the tie, which was the immediate
of that character, the foundation consisting on land of blocks or crosspieces of wood, upon
occasion of the accident as found by the trial court is the dislodging of the crosspiece or piling
which at a right angle, rested stringers of the same thickness. On the across the stringers,
under the stringer by the water of the bay raised by a recent typhoon. The superintendent of
parallel with the blocks were the ties to which the tracks were fastened. The tracks were each
the company attributed it to the giving way of the block laid in the sand. No effort was made
about 2 feet wide. It was admitted that there were no side pieces or guards on the car; that
to repair the injury at the time of the occurrence. According to Rakes’ witnesses, a depression
where no ends of the rails of the track met each other and also where the stringers joined, there
of the track, was thereafter apparent to the eye, and a fellow workman of Rakes swears that the
were no fish plates. The company has not effectually overcome the Rakes’ proof that the joints
day before the accident he called the attention of McKenna, the foreman, to it and asked by
between the rails were immediately above the joints between the underlying stringers.
simply straightening out the crosspiece, resetting the block under the stringer and renewing the
tie, but otherwise leaving the very same timbers as before. It has not proven that the
company inspected the track after the typhoon or had any proper system of inspection. The cause of the sagging of the tracks and the breaking of the tie, which was the immediate
occasion of the accident, is not clear in the evidence, but is found by the trial court to have
been the dislodging of the crosspiece or piling under the stringer by the water of the bay raised
Whether or not Rakes was (comparatively negligent). – YES.
by a recent typhoon. The superintendent of the company attributed it to the giving way of the
block laid in the sand. No effort was made to repair the injury at the time of the occurrence.
To what extent is his liability? See answer in disposition.
According to Rakes’ witnesses, a depression of the track, was thereafter apparent to the eye,
The act of the plaintiff in walking by the side of the car did not contribute, although it and a fellow workman of Rakes swears that the day before the accident he called the attention
was an element of the damage which came to himself. Had the crosspiece been out of place of McKenna, the foreman, to it and asked by simply straightening out the crosspiece, resetting
wholly or partly thorough his act of omission of duty, the last would have been one of the the block under the stringer and renewing the tie, but otherwise leaving the very same timbers
determining causes of the event or accident, for which he would have been responsible. Where as before. It has not proven that the company inspected the track after the typhoon or
he contributes to the principal occurrence, as one of its determining factors, he cannot recover. had any proper system of inspection.
Where, in conjunction with the occurrence, he contributes only to his own injury, he may
recover the amount that the defendant responsible for the event should pay for such injury,
In order to charge the defendant with negligence, it was necessary to show a breach of duty on
less a sum deemed a suitable equivalent for his own imprudence.
its part in failing either to properly secure the load on iron to vehicles transporting it, or to
skillfully build the tramway or to maintain it in proper condition, or to vigilantly inspect and
We 2,500 pesos, from the 5,000 persos damages awarded to the plaintiff, the amount fairly repair the roadway as soon as the depression in it became visible. It is upon the failure of the
attributable to his negligence. We direct judgment to be entered in favor of the plaintiff for the defendant to repair the weakened track, after notice of its condition, that the judge below
resulting sum of 2,500 pesos based his judgment.

II. Facts of the case This case presents many important matters for our decision, and first among them is the
This is an action for damages. Rakes, one of a gang of eight negro laborers in the employment standard of duty which we shall establish in our jurisprudence on the part of employees
of the defendant, was at work transporting iron rails from a barge in the harbor to the toward employees.
company's yard near the malecon in Manila. Rakes claims that a hand car was used in this
work. The Atlantic Gulf and Pacific Company (The Company) has proved that there were two III. Issue/s

G.R. NO: 210445 PONENTE: Velasco, Jr., J.

ARTICLE; TOPIC OF CASE: Res ipsa loquitur DIGEST MAKER: Julia Real
 B2022 REPORTS ANNOTATED VOL 32 [December 7, 2015]
Rosit v. Davao Doctors Hospital Rosit v. Davao Doctors Hospital

Whether or not Rakes was (comparatively negligent). – YES. not barred thereby unless by election of the injured person. Inasmuch as no criminal issue is
in question, the provisions of the Penal Code cannot affect this action.
To what extent is his liability? See answer in disposition.
The difficulty in construing the articles of the code above cited in this case appears from the
IV. Ratio/Legal Basis briefs before us to have arisen from the interpretation of the words of article 1093, "fault or
negligence not punished by law," as applied to the comprehensive definition of offenses in
Pertinent Laws: articles 568 and 590 of the Penal Code. It has been shown that the liability of an employer
arising out of his relation to his employee who is the offender is not to be regarded as derived
Art. 1092 of the Civil Code: Civil obligations, arising from crimes or misdemeanors, shall be from negligence punished by the law, within the meaning of articles 1092 and 1093. More
governed by the provisions of the Penal Code. than this, however, it cannot be said to fall within the class of acts unpunished by the law, the
consequences of which are regulated by articles 1902 and 1903 of the Civil Code.
Art. 568 of the Penal Code: He who shall execute through reckless negligence an act that if
done with malice would constitute a grave crime, shall be punished. The acts to which these articles are applicable are understood to be those and growing out of
preexisting duties of the parties to one another. But were relations already formed give rise to
Art. 590 of the Penal Code: the following shall be punished: 4. Those who by simple duties, whether springing from contract or quasi contract, then breaches of those duties are
imprudence or negligence, without committing any infraction of regulations, shall cause an subject to articles 1101, 1103, and 1104, of the same code. A typical application of the
injury which, had malice intervened, would have constituted a crime or misdemeanor. distinction may be found in the consequences of a railway accident due to defective machinery
supplied by the employer. His liability to his employee would arise out of the contract of
Arts. 19 and 20, the liability of owners and employers for the faults of their servants and employment, that to the passengers out of the contract for passage. while that to that injured
representatives is declared to be civil and subsidiary in its character. bystander would originate in the negligent act itself.

It is contented by the defendant, as its first defense to the action, that the necessary conclusion The hardships resulting from special exemptions inserted in contracts for employment led to
from these collated laws is that the remedy for injuries through negligence lies only in a the discovery of a third basis for liability in an article of the French Code making the
criminal action in which the official criminally responsible must be made primarily liable and possessor of any object answerable for damage done by it while in his charge. Our law having
his employer held only subsidiarily to him. According to this theory the plaintiff should have no counterpart of this article, applicable to every kind of object, we need consider neither the
procured the arrest of the representative of the company accountable for not repairing the tract, theory growing out of it nor that of "professional risk" more recently imposed by express
and on his prosecution a suitable fine should have been imposed, payable primarily by him legislation, but rather adopting the interpretation of our Civil Code above given, and a rule for
and secondarily by his employer. this case in the contractual obligation. This contractual obligation, implied from the relation
and perhaps so inherent in its nature to be invariable by the parties, binds the employer to
As an answer to the argument urged in this particular action it may be sufficient to point out provide safe appliances for the use of the employee. On these principles, it was the duty of the
that nowhere in our general statutes is the employer penalized for failure to provide or defendant (company) to build and to maintain its track in reasonably sound condition, so as to
maintain safe appliances for his workmen. His obligation therefore is one "not punished protect its workingmen from unnecessary danger. It is plain that in one respect or the other
by the law " and falls under civil rather than criminal jurisprudence. it failed in its duty, otherwise the accident could not have occurred; consequently, the
negligence of the defendant is established.
An examination of this topic might be carried much further, but the citations of these articles
suffices to show that the civil liability was not intended to be merged in the criminal nor even Another contention of the defense is that the injury resulted to the plaintiff as a risk incident to
to be suspended thereby, except as expressly provided by law. Where an individual is civilly his employment and, as such, one assumed by him. It is evident that this canot be the case if
liable for a negligent act or omission, it is not required that the inured party should seek out a the occurrence was due to the failure to repair the track or to duly inspect, it for the employee
third person criminally liable whose prosecution must be a condition precedent to the is not presumed to have stipulated that the employer might neglect his legal duty. Nor may it
enforcement of the civil right. be excused upon the ground that the negligence leading to the accident was that of a fellow-
servant of the injured man. It is not apparent to us that the intervention of a third person can
relieve the defendant from the performance of its duty nor impose upon the plaintiff the
Under article 20 of the Penal Code the responsibility of an employer may be regarded as
consequences of an act or omission not his own. This doctrine, known as "the fellow-
subsidiary in respect of criminal actions against his employees only while they are process of
servant, rule," we are not disposed to introduce into our jurisprudence.
prosecution, or in so far as they determinate the existence of the criminal act from which
liability arises, and his obligation under the civil law and its enforcement in the civil courts is
The most controverted question in the case is that of the negligence of the plaintiff,

G.R. NO: 210445 PONENTE: Velasco, Jr., J.

ARTICLE; TOPIC OF CASE: Res ipsa loquitur DIGEST MAKER: Julia Real
 B2022 REPORTS ANNOTATED VOL 32 [December 7, 2015]
Rosit v. Davao Doctors Hospital Rosit v. Davao Doctors Hospital

contributing to the accident, to what extent it existed in fact and what legal effect is to be damages?
given it. In two particulars is he charged with carelessness:
While a few of the American States have adopted to a greater or less extent the doctrine of
First. That having noticed the depression in the track he continued his work; and comparative negligence, allowing a recovery by a plaintiff whose own act contributed to his
injury, provided his negligence was slight as compared with that of the defendant, and some
Second. That he walked on the ends of the ties at the side of the car instead of along the others have accepted the theory of proportional damages, reducing the award to a plaintiff in
boards, either before or behind it. proportion to his responsibility for the accident, yet the overwhelming weight of
adjudication establishes the principle in American jurisprudence that any negligence,
As to the first point, the depression in the track night indicate either a serious or a rival however slight, on the part of the person injured which is one of the causes proximately
difficulty. There is nothing in the evidence to show that the plaintiff did or could see the contributing to his injury, bars his recovery.
displaced timber underneath the sleeper. The claim that he must have done so is a
conclusion drawn from what is assumed to have been a probable condition of things not In Grant Trunk Railway Company vs. Ives, the Supreme Court of the United States thus
before us, rather than a fair inference from the testimony. While the method of construction authoritatively states the present rule of law:
may have been known to the men who had helped build the road, it was otherwise with the
plaintiff who had worked at this job less than two days. A man may easily walk along a "Although the defendant's' negligence may have been the primary cause of the injury
railway without perceiving a displacement of the underlying timbers. The foreman testified complained of, yet an action for such injury cannot be maintained if the proximate and
that he knew the state of the track on the day of the accident and that it was then in good immediate cause of the injury can be traced to the want of ordinary care and caution in the
condition, and one Danridge, a witness for the defendant, working on the same job, swore that person injured; subject to this qualification, which has grown up in recent years that the
he never noticed the depression in the track and never saw any bad place in it. The sagging of contributory negligence of the party injured will not defeat the action if it be shown that the
the track this plaintiff did perceive, but that was reported in his hearing to the foreman who defendant might, by the exercise of reasonable care and prudence, have avoided the
neither promised nor refused to repair it. His lack of caution in continuing at his work after consequences of the injured party's negligence."
noticing the slight depression of the rail was not of so gross a nature as to constitute
negligence, barring his recovery under the severe American rule. On this point we accept Whatever may prove to be the doctrine finally adopted in Spain or in other countries under the
the conclusion of the trial judge who found as facts that "the plaintiff did not know the cause stress and counter stress of novel schemers of legislation, we find the theory of damages laid
of the one rail being lower than then other" and "it does not appear in this case that the down in the judgment the most consistent with the history and the principals of our law in
plaintiff knew before the accident occurred that the stringers and rails joined in the same these Islands and with its logical development.
place."
Difficulty seems to be apprehended in deciding which acts of the injured party shall be
In respect of the second charge of negligence against the plaintiff, the judgment below is not considered immediate causes of the accident. The test is simple. Distinction must be between
so specific, there is no specific finding upon the instruction given by the company to its the accident and the injury, between the event itself, without which there could have been no
employees to walk only upon the planks, nor upon the necessity of the plaintiff putting himself accident, and those acts of the victim not entering into it, independent of it, but contributing
upon the ties at the side in order to get hold upon the car. Therefore the findings of the judge under review was the displacement of the crosspiece or the failure to replace it. this produced
below leave the conduct of the plaintiff in walking along the side of the loaded car, upon the the event giving occasion for damages — that is, the sinking of the track and the sliding of the
open ties, over the depressed track, free to our inquiry. iron rails. To this event, the act of the plaintiff in walking by the side of the car did not
contribute, although it was an element of the damage which came to himself. Had the
While the plaintiff and his witnesses swear that not only were they not forbidden to proceed in crosspiece been out of place wholly or partly thorough his act of omission of duty, the last
this way, but were expressly directed by the foreman to do so, both the officers of the would have been one of the determining causes of the event or accident, for which he would
company and three of the workmen testify that there was a general prohibition have been responsible. Where he contributes to the principal occurrence, as one of its
frequently made known to all the gang against walking by the side of the car, and the foreman determining factors, he cannot recover. Where, in conjunction with the occurrence, he
swears that he repeated the prohibition before the starting of this particular load. On this contributes only to his own injury, he may recover the amount that the defendant responsible
contradiction of proof we think that the preponderance is in favor of the defendant's contention for the event should pay for such injury, less a sum deemed a suitable equivalent for his own
to the extent of the general order being made known to the workmen. If so, the disobedience imprudence.
of the plaintiff in placing himself in danger contributed in some degree to the injury as a
proximate, although not as its primary cause. This conclusion presents sharply the V. Disposition
question, What effect is to be given such an act of contributory negligence? Does it defeat
a recovery, according to the American rule, or is it to be taken only in reduction of Accepting, though with some hesitation, the judgment of the trial court, fixing the damage

G.R. NO: 210445 PONENTE: Velasco, Jr., J.

ARTICLE; TOPIC OF CASE: Res ipsa loquitur DIGEST MAKER: Julia Real
 B2022 REPORTS ANNOTATED VOL 32 [December 7, 2015]
Rosit v. Davao Doctors Hospital Rosit v. Davao Doctors Hospital

incurred by the plaintiff at 5,000 pesos, the equivalent of 2,500 dollars, United States money, be excused upon the ground that the negligence leading to the accident was that of a fellow-
we deduct therefrom 2,500 pesos, the amount fairly attributable to his negligence, and direct servant of the injured man. It is not apparent to us that the intervention of a third person can
judgment to be entered in favor of the plaintiff for the resulting sum of 2,500 pesos, with cost relieve the defendant from the performance of its duty nor impose upon the plaintiff the
of both instances, and ten days hereafter let the case be remanded to the court below for proper consequences of an act or omission not his own. Sua cuique culpa nocet. This doctrine, known
action. So ordered. as "the fellow-servant, rule," we are not disposed to introduce into our jurisprudence.

VI. Notes
Was the leg amputated?
No. It was the knee below only and he also got a bone infection.

Where should they

walk? Along the
board, front or back

What did the Court say about the negligence of Rakes, that he continued working
despite the fact that there was already something wrong?
There was no sufficient evidence to prove that rakes saw the displaced timber underneath the
sleeper.

What about the second one was there a general provision that the employees were
prohibited from walking along the side?
Yes.

What would’ve happened if Rake’s act was the proximate cause of the injury?
Rakes could not have claimed damages and if it was only contributory, the damages is merely
reduced.

What is the American Jurisprudence of comparative negligence doctrine?

Comparative negligence doctrine is the doctrine that allows a recovery by a plaintiff whose
own act contributed to his injury, provided his negligence was slight as compared with that of
the defendant, and some others have accepted the theory of proportional damages, reducing
the award to a plaintiff in proportion to his responsibility for the accident. Whereas,
contributory negligence in American jurisprudence is the doctrine that states if the negligence
of the person injured is one of the causes proximately contributing to his injury, then he is
barred from recovering damages.

Has those concepts been adopted in Philippine law?

Only comparative negligence by virtue of Art. 2179.
What is the fellow servant rule?
Another contention of the defense is that the injury resulted to the plaintiff as a risk incident to
his employment and, as such, one assumed by him. It is evident that this cannot be the case if
the occurrence was due to the failure to repair the track or to duly inspect, it for the employee
is not presumed to have stipulated that the employer might neglect his legal duty. Nor may it

G.R. NO: 210445 PONENTE: Velasco, Jr., J.

ARTICLE; TOPIC OF CASE: Res ipsa loquitur DIGEST MAKER: Julia Real