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    Image Processing: Ch2: Digital Image Fundamentals

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    Navdeep Goel
    This document discusses digital image processing fundamentals. It covers image acquisition through sensors and analog-to-digital conversion. It then describes how continuous images are converted to digital images through sampling and quantization of coordinate values and intensity values. Digital images can be represented as matrices, with each element called a pixel. The number of bits per pixel determines the number of grayscale levels that can be represented. Higher spatial and grayscale resolution provide more image detail but require larger file sizes. Common image types include binary, grayscale, and color images.

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    Image Processing: Ch2: Digital Image Fundamentals

    Uploaded by

    Navdeep Goel
    126 views31 pages
    This document discusses digital image processing fundamentals. It covers image acquisition through sensors and analog-to-digital conversion. It then describes how continuous images are converted to digital images through sampling and quantization of coordinate values and intensity values. Digital images can be represented as matrices, with each element called a pixel. The number of bits per pixel determines the number of grayscale levels that can be represented. Higher spatial and grayscale resolution provide more image detail but require larger file sizes. Common image types include binary, grayscale, and color images.

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    Image Processing Book Chapter 1 Part 2

    Original Title

    Image_Processing-ch1_part_2

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    This document discusses digital image processing fundamentals. It covers image acquisition through sensors and analog-to-digital conversion. It then describes how continuous images are converted to digital images through sampling and quantization of coordinate values and intensity values. Digital images can be represented as matrices, with each element called a pixel. The number of bits per pixel determines the number of grayscale levels that can be represented. Higher spatial and grayscale resolution provide more image detail but require larger file sizes. Common image types include binary, grayscale, and color images.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    126 views31 pages

    Image Processing: Ch2: Digital Image Fundamentals

    Uploaded by

    Navdeep Goel
    This document discusses digital image processing fundamentals. It covers image acquisition through sensors and analog-to-digital conversion. It then describes how continuous images are converted to digital images through sampling and quantization of coordinate values and intensity values. Digital images can be represented as matrices, with each element called a pixel. The number of bits per pixel determines the number of grayscale levels that can be represented. Higher spatial and grayscale resolution provide more image detail but require larger file sizes. Common image types include binary, grayscale, and color images.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 31

    Image Processing

    Ch2: Digital image


    Fundamentals

    Prepared by: Hanan Hardan

    Hanan Hardan 1
    Image Acquisition:

    The image is captured by a sensor (eg. Camera), and digitized if


    the output of the camera or sensor is not already in digital form,
    using analogue-to-digital convertor

    Hanan Hardan 2
    Image sampling and quantization
     In order to process the image, it must be saved on
    computer.

     The image output of most sensors (eg: Camera) is


    continuous voltage waveform.

     But computer deals with digital images not with continuous


    images, thus: continuous images should be converted into
    digital form.

    Hanan Hardan 3
    Image sampling and quantization
    To convert continuous image (in real life) to digital image (in
    computer)
    we use Two processes:
    1.sampling
    2.quantization.

    Remember that:
    the image is a function f(x,y),
    x and y: are coordinates
    F: intensity value (Amplitude)

    Sampling: digitizing the coordinate values


    Quantization: digitizing the amplitude values
    Thus, when x, y and f are all finite, discrete quantities, we call the image
    a digital image.

    Hanan Hardan 4
    How does the computer digitize the continuous image?

    Ex:
    scan a line such as AB from the continuous image, and represent
    the gray intensities.

    Hanan Hardan 5
    How does the computer digitize the
    continuous image?

    Sampling: digitizing coordinates


    Quantization: digitizing intensities Gray-level scale that
    divides gray-level into 8
    discrete levels

    Quantization:
    converting each
    sample gray-
    level value into
    discrete digital
    quantity.

    sample is a small white square, located by a vertical tick


    mark as a point x,y Hanan Hardan 6
    How does the computer digitize the
    continuous image?

    Now:
    the digital scanned line AB
    representation on computer:

    The continuous image VS


    the result of digital image
    after sampling and
    quantization

    Hanan Hardan 7
    Digital Image Representation
     The result of sampling and quantization is a
    matrix of real numbers
    Assume that an image f(x,y) is sampled so that the resulting
    image has M rows and N columns. We say that the image is of
    size M x N.
    The values of the coordinates (x,y) are discrete quantities. For
    clarity, we use integer values for these discrete coordinates.

    Hanan Hardan 8
    Digital Image Representation
    Images as Matrices

     Each element of this array is called an


    image element, picture element, pixel or pel.
     A digital image can be represented naturally
    as a MATLAB matrix:

    Hanan Hardan 9
    Pixels!

     Every pixel has # of bits (k)


    so, the gray intensities ( L ) that the pixel can hold, is calculated
    according to a number of pixels it has (k).
    L= 2k
    Q: Suppose a pixel has 1 bit, how many gray levels can it
    represent?
    Answer: 2 intensity levels only, black and white.
    Bit (0,1)  0:black , 1: white

    Q:Suppose a pixel has 2 bit, how many gray levels can it represent?
    Answer: 4 gray intensity levels
    2Bit (00, 01, 10 ,11).
    Now ..
    if we want to represent 256 intensities of grayscale, how many bits
    do we need?
    Answer: 8 bits  which represents: 28=256
    Hanan Hardan 10
    Number of storage of bits:
    N * M: the no. of pixels in all the image.
    K: no. of bits in each pixel
    L: grayscale levels the pixel can represent
    L= 2K
    all bits in image= N*N*k

    Hanan Hardan 11
    Number of storage of bits:
    EX: Here: N=32, K=3, L = 23 =8
    # of pixels=N*N = 1024 . (because in this example: M=N)
    # of bits = N*N*K = 1024*3= 3072

    N=M in this table, which means no. of horizontal pixels= no. of


    vertical pixels. And thus:
    Hanan Hardan 12

    # of pixels in the image= N*N


    Spatial and gray-level resolution

    Hanan Hardan 13
    Spatial and gray-level resolution

    Resolution: How Much Is Enough?


     This all depends on what is in the image and
    what you would like to do with it
     Key questions include
     Can you see what you need to see within the image?

    Hanan Hardan 14
    Resolution: How Much Is Enough?
    (cont…)

    The picture on the right is fine for counting


    the number of cars, but not for reading the
    number plate
    Hanan Hardan 15
    ‫‪Spatial resolution:‬‬
    ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Sampling is the principal factor determining‬‬
    ‫‪the spatial resolution of an image‬‬
    ‫‪ Basically, spatial resolution is the smallest‬‬
    ‫‪discernible detail in an image.‬‬
    ‫‪ Spatial Resolution‬‬
    ‫)هي وحدة قياس الصغر جزء في الصورة يمكن تمييزة بالعين‪(.‬‬
    ‫عدد البكسالت في الصورة ال يحدد وضوحها‪ ,‬فهو فقط يحد ابعاد الصورة ‪,‬‬
    ‫اما ‪ Spatial resolution‬هو المسؤول عن تحديد الوضوح ‪ ,‬فكلما‬
    ‫كانت البكسالت متقاربة وتحمل قيم لونيه صحيحة اكثر كان لها قدرة‬
    ‫اعلى على توضيح معالم الصورة بشكل اوضح‪.‬‬
    ‫‪Hanan Hardan‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬
    How to choose the spatial resolution
    Spatial resolution = Sampling locations
    Original image
    Sampled image

    Hanan Hardan 17
    Under sampling, we lost some image details!
    How to choose the spatial resolution :
    Original image

    Sampled image

    1mm

    No detail is lost!
    Spatial resolution
    (sampling rate)

    Hanan Hardan 18
    Effect of Spatial Resolution
    Example:

    256x256 pixels 128x128 pixels

    insufficient spatial
    resolution 
    appearance of
    checkerboard pattern
    in the image

    Hanan Hardan 19
    64x64 pixels 32x32 pixels
    ‫‪Example: Spatial resolution‬‬

    ‫الصورة في اليسار تحمل عدد بكسالت اكبر من الصورة في الجهه اليمين‬


    ‫‪ ,‬ومع ذالك الصورة في اليسار تبدوا غير واضحة لماذا؟‬

    ‫‪Hanan Hardan‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬


    gray-level resolution
     Quantization is the principal factor
    determining the gray level resolution of an
    image
     Gray-level resolution refers to the smallest
    discernible change in gray level.
    ‫وهي تعني اصغر تغيير في الكثافة (كثافة اللون الرمادي) يمكن تمييزها‬
    ‫ورؤيتها‬
    Color depth/ levels is given by

    L2 k

    Hanan Hardan 21
    Effect of Quantization Levels
    Example:

    256 levels 128 levels

    64 levels Hanan Hardan 32 levels 22


    Effect of Quantization Levels (cont.)

    16 levels 8 levels
    In this image,
    it is easy to see
    false contour.

    4 levels
    Hanan Hardan 2 levels 23
    Digital Image Types:
     Binary image (B&W)
     Grayscale image
     Color image (RGB)

    Hanan Hardan 24
    Common image formats include:
     1 sample per point (B&W or Grayscale)
     3 samples per point (Red, Green, and Blue)

     For most of this course we will focus on grey-


    scale images
    Hanan Hardan 25
    Binary Images
    Binary images are images that have been
    quantized to two values, usually denoted 0
    and 1, but often with pixel values 0 and
    255, representing black and white.

    Hanan Hardan 26
    Image Types : Binary Image
    Binary image or black and white image
    Each pixel contains one bit :
    1 represent white
    0 represents black

    Binary data
    0 0 0 0
    0 0 0 0
     
    1 1 1 1
     
    1 1 1 1
    Hanan Hardan 27
    Grayscale Images

     A grayscale (or graylevel) image is simply


    one in which the only colors are shades of
    gray (0 – 255)

    Hanan Hardan 28
    Digital Image Types : Intensity Image

    Intensity (monochrome or gray scale) image


    each pixel corresponds to light intensity
    normally represented in gray scale (gray
    level).

    Gray scale values


    10 10 16 28
     9 6 26 37
     
    15 25 13 22
     
    32 15 87 39

    Hanan Hardan 29
    Color Images
     Color image: A color image contains pixels
    each of which holds three intensity values
    corresponding to the red, green, and blue
    or( RGB)

    Hanan Hardan 30
    Digital Image Types : RGB Image

    Color image or RGB image:


    each pixel contains a vector
    representing red, green and
    blue components.

    RGB components
    10 10 16 28
     9 656 70 26
    56  43
    3756  78
     32 99 54 96  67 
    70
    15  256013 902296   67
      21  54 47  42 
      85 85 43  92
    32 15 87 39
    Hanan Hardan
    54  65 65 39 31 
    32 65 87 99

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