The Derivation: Mathematic

University of Zakho
College basic education

Department of general science
2nd stage (2020-2021)
Mathematic
The Derivation
Prepared by: Supervised by: Ms. Shrooq

1.Jowayra Mossa Hussen
2.Halez Ameen Taher
3.Mahdi sndy Qaro
4.Shaker Mahmood Hussein
ms.shrooq ]Type text[ 2020.11.7
Derivative definition
The derivative of a function is the ratio of the difference of function value f(x) at points
x+Δx and x with Δx, when Δx is infinitesimally small. The derivative is the function
slope or slope of the tangent line at point x.
The Derivative tells us the slope of a function at any point.
There are rules we can follow to find many derivatives.
For example:
 The slope of a constant value (like 3) is

always 0
 The slope of a line like 2x is 2, or 3x is 3

etc
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Here are useful rules to help you work out the derivatives of many functions
(with examples below). Note: the little mark ’ means "Derivative of", and f and
g are functions.
"The derivative of" is also written dx

So dxsin(x) and sin(x)’ both mean "The derivative of sin(x)"
COMMON FUNCTIONS FUNCTION DERIVATIVE

CONSTANT c 0
LINE x 1
ax a
2
SQUARE x 2x
SQUARE ROOT √x (½)x-½
EXPONENTIAL ex ex
ax ln(a) ax
LOGARITHMS ln(x) 1/x
loga(x) 1 / (x ln(a))
TRIGONOMETRY (X IS sin(x) cos(x)
IN RADIANS)
cos(x) −sin(x)
tan(x) sec2(x)
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRY sin-1(x) 1/√(1−x2)
cos-1(x) −1/√(1−x2)
tan-1(x) 1/(1+x2)

RULES Function Derivative
POWER RULE xn nxn−1
SUM RULE f+g f’ + g’
DIFFERENCE RULE f-g f’ − g’
PRODUCT RULE fg f g’ + f’ g
QUOTIENT RULE f/g (f’ g − g’ f )/g2
RECIPROCAL RULE 1/f −f’/f2
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CHAIN RULE fºg (f’ º g) × g’
(AS "COMPOSITION OF
FUNCTIONS")
CHAIN RULE (USING ’ ) f(g(x)) f’(g(x))g’(x)
CHAIN RULE (USING DDX ) dydx = dydududx
Examples
Example: what is the derivative of sin(x) ?
From the table above it is listed as being cos(x)
It can be written as:
sin(x) = cos(x)
Or:
sin(x)’ = cos(x)
Power Rule
Example: What is x3 ?
The question is asking "what is the derivative of x3 ?"
We can use the Power Rule, where n=3:
xn = nxn−1
x3 = 3x3−1 = 3x2
(In other words the derivative of x3 is 3x2)
So it is simply this:
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"multiply by power
then reduce power by 1"
It can also be used in cases like this:
Example: What is (1/x) ?
1/x is also x-1
We can use the Power Rule, where n = −1:
xn = nxn−1
x−1 = −1x−1−1
= −x−2
= −1x2
So we just did this:
which simplifies to −1/x2
Multiplication by constant
Example: What is 5x3 ?
the derivative of cf = cf’
the derivative of 5f = 5f’
We know (from the Power Rule):
x3 = 3x3−1 = 3x2
So:
5x3 = 5 x3 = 5 × 3x2 = 15x2

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Sum Rule
Example: What is the derivative of x2+x3 ?
The Sum Rule says:
the derivative of f + g = f’ + g’
So we can work out each derivative separately and then add them.
Using the Power Rule:
 x2 = 2x
 x3 = 3x2
And so:
the derivative of x2 + x3 = 2x + 3x2
Difference Rule
It doesn't have to be x, we can differentiate with respect to, for example, v:
Example: What is (v3−v4) ?
The Difference Rule says
the derivative of f − g = f’ − g’
So we can work out each derivative separately and then subtract them.
 v3 = 3v2
 v4 = 4v3
And so:
the derivative of v3 − v4 = 3v2 − 4v3

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Sum, Difference, Constant Multiplication And Power Rules
Example: What is (5z2 + z3 − 7z4) ?
 z2 = 2z
 z3 = 3z2
 z4 = 4z3
And so:
(5z2 + z3 − 7z4) = 5 × 2z + 3z2 − 7 × 4z3 = 10z + 3z2 − 28z3
Product Rule
Example: What is the derivative of cos(x)sin(x) ?
The Product Rule says:
the derivative of fg = f g’ + f’ g
In our case:
 f = cos
 g = sin
We know (from the table above):
 cos(x) = −sin(x)
 sin(x) = cos(x)
So:
the derivative of cos(x)sin(x) = cos(x)cos(x) − sin(x)sin(x)
= cos2(x) − sin2(x)
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Quotient Rule
To help you remember:
(fg)’ = gf’ − fg’g2
The derivative of "High over Low" is:
"Low dHigh minus High dLow, over the line and square the Low"
Example: What is the derivative of cos(x)/x ?
In our case:
 f = cos
 g=x
We know (from the table above):
 f' = −sin(x)
 g' = 1
So:
the derivative of cos(x)x = Low dHigh minus High dLowover the line and
square the Low
= x(−sin(x)) − cos(x)(1)x2
= −xsin(x) + cos(x)x2
Reciprocal Rule
Example: What is (1/x) ?
The Reciprocal Rule says:
the derivative of 1f = −f’f2
With f(x)= x, we know that f’(x) = 1
So:
the derivative of 1x = −1x2

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Which is the same result we got above using the Power Rule.
Chain Rule
Example: What is ddxsin(x2) ?
sin(x2) is made up of sin() and x2:
 f(g) = sin(g)
 g(x) = x2
The Chain Rule says:
the derivative of f(g(x)) = f'(g(x))g'(x)
The individual derivatives are:
 f'(g) = cos(g)
 g'(x) = 2x
So:
ddxsin(x2) = cos(g(x)) (2x)
= 2x cos(x2)
Another way of writing the Chain Rule is: dydx = dydududx
Let's do the previous example again using that formula:
Example: What is ddxsin(x2) ?

dydx = dydududx
Have u = x2, so y = sin(u):
ddx sin(x2) = ddusin(u)ddxx2
Differentiate each:
ddx sin(x2) = cos(u) (2x)
Substitue back u = x2 and simplify:
ddx sin(x2) = 2x cos(x2)
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Same result as before (thank goodness!)
Another couple of examples of the Chain Rule:
Example: What is (1/cos(x)) ?
1/cos(x) is made up of 1/g and cos():
 f(g) = 1/g
 g(x) = cos(x)
the derivative of f(g(x)) = f’(g(x))g’(x)
 f'(g) = −1/(g2)
 g'(x) = −sin(x)
So:
(1/cos(x))’ = −1/(g(x))2 × −sin(x)
= sin(x)/cos2(x)
Note: sin(x)/cos2(x) is also tan(x)/cos(x), or many other forms.

8
Example: What is (5x−2)3 ?
the derivative of f(g(x)) = f’(g(x))g’(x)
(5x-2)3 is made up of g3 and 5x-2:
 f(g) = g3
 g(x) = 5x−2
 f'(g) = 3g2 (by the Power Rule)

 g'(x) = 5
So:
(5x−2)3 = 3g(x)2 × 5 = 15(5x−2)2

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University of Zakho

College basic education

Prepared by: Supervised by: Ms. Shrooq

The Derivative tells us the slope of a function at any point.

There are rules we can follow to find many derivatives.

 The slope of a constant value (like 3) is

 The slope of a line like 2x is 2, or 3x is 3

"The derivative of" is also written dx

COMMON FUNCTIONS FUNCTION DERIVATIVE

From the table above it is listed as being cos(x)

It can be written as:

Example: What is x3 ?

The question is asking "what is the derivative of x3 ?"

We can use the Power Rule, where n=3:

(In other words the derivative of x3 is 3x2)

It can also be used in cases like this:

Example: What is (1/x) ?

We can use the Power Rule, where n = −1:

So we just did this:

which simplifies to −1/x2

Example: What is 5x3 ?

the derivative of cf = cf’

the derivative of 5f = 5f’

We know (from the Power Rule):

x3 = 3x3−1 = 3x2

5x3 = 5 x3 = 5 × 3x2 = 15x2

The Sum Rule says:

Using the Power Rule:

the derivative of x2 + x3 = 2x + 3x2

Example: What is (v3−v4) ?

The Difference Rule says

Using the Power Rule:

the derivative of v3 − v4 = 3v2 − 4v3

Sum, Difference, Constant Multiplication And Power Rules

Example: What is (5z2 + z3 − 7z4) ?

Using the Power Rule:

(5z2 + z3 − 7z4) = 5 × 2z + 3z2 − 7 × 4z3 = 10z + 3z2 − 28z3

The Product Rule says:

We know (from the table above):

the derivative of cos(x)sin(x) = cos(x)cos(x) − sin(x)sin(x)

To help you remember:

(fg)’ = gf’ − fg’g2

The derivative of "High over Low" is:

Example: What is the derivative of cos(x)/x ?

We know (from the table above):

Example: What is (1/x) ?

The Reciprocal Rule says:

the derivative of 1f = −f’f2

With f(x)= x, we know that f’(x) = 1

the derivative of 1x = −1x2

sin(x2) is made up of sin() and x2:

The Chain Rule says:

the derivative of f(g(x)) = f'(g(x))g'(x)

The individual derivatives are:

ddxsin(x2) = cos(g(x)) (2x)

Another way of writing the Chain Rule is: dydx = dydududx

Let's do the previous example again using that formula:

Example: What is ddxsin(x2) ?