Mpbuh en PDF
Mpbuh en PDF
Mpbuh en PDF
MUHAMMAD
A Biography and Pictorial Guide,
Featuring the Moral Bases of the Islamic Civilization
Fifth Edition
POCKET GUIDE
Disclaimer &
Important Notes
Published by
Osoul Global Center in cooperation with the Australian Science and
Research Academy. When Muslims mention Muhammad’s name, it is a religious
requirement to express respect by saying “peace be upon
Copyright © Osoul Global Center, 2017 him” which is commonly abbreviated as (pbuh). In Arabic, it is
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced written like this ( ).
or transmitted in any form or by any means without a written
permission from the Center. However, since this is a summarized pocket guide where
Prophet Muhammad’s name is frequently mentioned, it is
skipped in some locations in order to save space and not to
distract non-Muslim readers. No disrespect is intended.
Printed and bound in Kuwait by KHT Press
Page and cover design by Taylor & Toglaw
Muslims believe in one God (one deity) Who created the
universe and all beings. His name is “Allah”. Whenever the
word God or Lord is mentioned in this pocket guide, it means
Allah, the Glorified and Exalted.
ISBN 978-0-9807277-6-0
Fifth edition, Jan. 2017
Arabic words that have become recognized in English usage
will follow Webster’s spelling, for example, the cities of Makkah
and Medina. However, when helpful, an exact transliteration
of the original Arabic word may be used.
Makkah is often written "Makkah" in many Islamic books.
Similarly, Medina is written "Madinah" or "Al Madinah Al
Munawwarah" which means the "Enlightened City". " My similitude in comparison with other
Information provided in this pocket guide was obtained from prophets before me, is that of a man
authentic sources according to the best knowledge of the
author. Readers may email their comments to: who built and completed a house
[email protected] except for one missing brick.
When people see the house,
they admire its beauty and say:
How splendid the house will be
if the missing brick is put in its place!
So I am that brick, and
I am the last of the Prophets."
Muhammad
(peace be upon him)
However, Prophet Muhammad peace be upon The current complications in the world are escalating
him was distinguished by some important violence and terrorism. They are causing negative
characteristics. God chose him to convey the last media and unfair association with Prophet Muhammad
Acknowledgements
teachings. After reading this book which is supported by
authentic narrations, we invite our non-Muslim readers to
be objective and unbiased.
IAC A-Dubai
We ask our Lord, the creator of the universe and all beings
to guide us to the true and straight path. Special thanks and gratitude to the following organizations
for their kind support and cooperation:
Osoul Global Center
Testimonials
John Adair
Testimonials
Author of “The Leadership of Muhammad”. Chair of Leadership
Studies United Nations System Staff College in Turin
14 15
Testimonials
Testimonials
“I wanted to know the best one who holds today “His name, meaning, “highly praised,” lent itself well to
undisputed sway (controlling influence) over the hearts of certain Biblical passages as predicting his advent.
millions of mankind. I became more than convinced that it Muhammad was never known to write anything himself.
was not the sword that won a place for Islam in those days His apparent illiteracy did not prevent him from reciting
in the scheme of life. It was the rigid simplicity, the utter the Quran which is the most famous and eloquent book in
self-effacement (humbleness) of Prophet Muhammad, the Arabic tongue.
the scrupulous regard (extreme care) for his pledges, his
intense devotion to his friends and followers, his intrepidity
(fearlessness) and his absolute trust in God and in his own
mission. When I closed the second volume (of the book
about his life) I was sorry that there was not more for me to
read about his great life.”
16 17
Testimonials
Testimonials
“How one man single-handedly, could weld warring “There is no doubt that Prophet Muhammad is one of
tribes and wandering Bedouins into a most powerful and the greatest reformers who served the social framework
civilized nation in less than two decades.” profoundly. It suffices him that he led a whole nation to the
Note: Thomas Carlyle made an attempt to draw a picture of the development of
enlightenment of truth and made it more inclined towards
human intellect by using historical people as coordinates and accorded the Prophet tranquility and peace, and prevented it from shedding
Muhammad a special place in the book under the chapter title “Hero as a Prophet”. In his blood and giving human sacrifices. He widely opened to
work, Carlyle declared his admiration with a passionate championship of Muhammad his nation the gate to development and civilization. This is
as a Hegelian agent of reform.
a great deed that only a strong man can do and a man like
that deserves to be regarded with respect and admiration.”
His Character
Muslims have no drawings or pictures for prophet
Muhammad or the prophets before him. However, unlike
His Character
the founders of the great faith traditions prior to his time,
the Prophet Muhammad is much more a recognizable
historical figure as his companions and family members
described him very well and recorded many stories from
his life for posterity.
His Character
by nature, and mild mannered. He never resorted firm control. When annoyed, he
His Character
to offensive speech or obscenities. He did not would turn aside or keep silent. When
find fault with others nor did he overly praise someone committed an act that
the others. violates God’s law, he used to show
serious anger and a firm stand. No one
The way he spoke would stand against his anger in matters
Muhammad did not speak unnecessarily of the Lord’s truth being opposed, he would stand fast in
and what he said was always to the point and without protecting the truth as revealed in the Quran. Muhammad
any padding. His sayings were precise and concise having never got angry for his own sake.
complete meaning in few words. He spoke with excellence,
and there was no excess in it and no abnormal brevity. His interactions with people
Muhammad was always the first to greet others and would
When he emphasized a point, he used to repeat it three not withdraw his hand from a hand shake until the other
times with a gesture. He spoke of nothing unless he hoped man withdrew his.
a reward from God for it. He told his companions:
Whoever saw him unexpectedly would admire and revere
him. And whoever socialized or associated with him
familiarly, loved him. He was gentle by nature. He was
"I am a guarantor for a house at the outskirts of the Paradise
neither coarse nor disdainful of anyone.
for those who quit arguing even if they were right and I am
a guarantor for a house in the middle of the Paradise for When he looked at the others, he looked at them in full
those who quit lying even if they were kidding and I am a face. If someone called him he didn't turn his face only, but
guarantor for a house in the highest part in the Paradise for gave attention with his whole body.
those who behave with good manners." (Sahih Abu Dawood)
22 23
When he used to visit a group, he would sit in the nearest He declared unlawful for himself and his family
available spot. He did not like reserving seats for others anything given by people by way of the alms (zakat
and he ordered his companions to follow his practice. given by Muslims for the welfare of those in need).
His Character
His Character
Also, he used to give those seated near him his full share He was so particular about this, that he would
of attention in such a way that no one would think others not appoint any member of his family as a
had been given precedence over him. collector of alms for the community.
He was fair with his companions and all
people. They were distinguished only by His house was but a hut with walls of unbaked clay and a
virtue and devotion to God. roof of palm leaves covered by camel skin.
Biography
Name Muhammad
Father’s Name Abdullah, son of Abdul-Muttalib (ancestry
Biography
reaches back to the Prophet Ishmael son of
Prophet Abraham)
Surname He was from Bani-Hashim family (Bani-Hashim
(Clan) was from Quraysh, a tribe that was highly ranked
in Arabia)
Date of Birth 20th - 22nd April, 570 CE 1 Approximately
Place of Birth City of Mecca (Makkah) – Arabian Peninsula
(currently in Saudi Arabia)
Date of Death 6th June, 632 CE. (Approximately, he was 63
years old when he passed away)
Death & Burial City of Madinah (about 400 km north of Makkah)
Place
26 27
Childhood & Adolescence Working Life
Birth - Muhammad had no brothers or sisters. His Childhood – He worked as a shepherd for some time
2 years old
Biography
father passed away before he was born. His
Biography
Biography
Biography
his children.
noble family called Asad.
She was a respected woman in her community and she was
a widow. Muhammad worked for her for two years before
she proposed marriage to him through a third party. She
found him a very loyal, transparent and an ethical person.
30 31
Mission Accomplished in 23 Years Also, they tried to prevent people from listening to him.
They showed increased hostility towards new Muslims.
610 CE They persecuted and tortured the poor and weak Muslims.
Biography
Biography
Divine revelation commenced Muhammad supported his followers and sent some
Muhammad received the first revelation from God and was of them to Abyssinia: Muhammad was very close to his
appointed as the Messenger of God to all people. A mission followers. He used to meet them at Al-Arqam House which
that required strong belief, dedication, commitment and was like a small college. He taught them values and morals
honesty. and instilled feelings of responsibility and commitment.
32 33
616- 618 CE New Muslims pledged allegiance to Muhammad
Muhammad boycotted: Meccan leaders boycotted
The same group returned the following year (621 CE)
Muhammad and his followers and imposed a social and
with six more people. They pledged their allegiance to
Biography
Biography
620- 622 CE
A glimpse of hope: Muhammad met six people from
Aqaba or Al-Bay’aa “Pledge” Mosque 5
Yathrib (a city located 400 km north of Makkah) during
the pilgrimage time and talked to them about Islam.
They believed Muhammad and returned to their city with
intentions to invite more people from their own tribe and
other tribes in Yathrib. They agreed to return to Makkah
the next year at the time of pilgrimage to meet again with
Muhammad “the Prophet and the Messenger of God”.
34 35
A new Muslim community formed 400 km north of Muhammad changed the name of Yathrib the
Makkah: The leaders of the two main tribes in Yathrib (Aws multicultural society: “Madinah” was the new name
& Khazraj) embraced Islam and subsequently their people Muhammad gave to the city of Yathrib.
Biography
Biography
Biography
Biography
Most of the Jews hoped that the last Prophet would Sufyan, which would pass through a trade route close to
come from a Jewish background. Although the majority Madinah.
of Jews did not accept Muhammad as a Messenger of
God, Muhammad (as the ruler of the state) signed an Muhammad called upon Muslims to take the caravan in
agreement with them which was like a “Constitution and return for their wealth that was confiscated in Makkah. A
Charter of Human Rights and Liberties” to which all Arab force of only 313 Muslims took up the mission. The Meccan
and Jewish tribes agreed upon. intelligence advised Abu-Sufyan to change the route of
the trade caravan. In addition, Makkah sent an army of 950
soldiers to fight the Muslim force, which was not prepared
The agreement guaranteed the freedom of worship
for war and was far less equipped than the Meccan army.
for Muslims and Jews as well as Arabs who did not
accept Islam.
It was astonishing and beyond expectation that Muslims
In addition, the agreement protected the safety and
won their first battle against the Meccan chiefs. Many
security of all citizens in Madinah and required all
parties to be part of the national defense should Meccan chiefs and important figures were killed in this
Madinah be attacked by enemies. The agreement battle.
stated justice, human rights, liberties and
prohibition of crime and immoral practices.
624 CE
The unavoidable battle of Badr: When Muslims migrated
from Makkah to Madinah, many of them were forced to
abandon their homes and their properties were confiscated.
38 39
625 CE 626 CE
Meccan chiefs attacked Muhammad and his followers Meccans and other tribes attacked Muhammad and
in the battle of Uhud: In retaliation for their loss in the his followers in the battle of trench: This battle is also
Biography
Biography
battle of Badr and their fear of losing their leading role in called the “Battle of Confederates”. Since Muhammad
Arabia, Meccan chiefs with some Arab allies, sent an army was not killed in the previous battle, Meccan chiefs and
of 3000 soldiers to attack Muslims at the mount of Uhud some Arab & Jewish tribes called for a united effort and a
north of Madinah. comprehensive assault to kill Muhammad and destroy the
Muslim community.
Location of Uhud - Madinah - Saudi Arabia
10,000 soldiers marched towards Madinah. After consulting
his companions, Muhammad decided to adopt the
proposal of a Persian Muslim named Salman to dig a
trench on the northern access of Madinah (5.5 km long X
4.6 m wide).
Biography
Biography
After several negotiations, a truce was made between the In response to this shocking act, Muhammad marched
Meccan chiefs and Muhammad for 10 years during which with 10,000 Muslims to conquer Makkah but asked his
time Muhammad and his companions returned soldiers not to fight any one unless they were fought.7
to their homes with a condition to come again
to visit Makkah in the following year (628 CE). The Meccan chiefs were
The truce had many other terms which were embarrassed and were
disappointing for Muslims because they not prepared to fight
weighed heavily in favor of the Meccan side. the Muslims. When the
Muslim army arrived
628- 629 CE in Makkah, Muhammad
During the truce, Muhammad conveyed God’s Message addressed the whole people of
inside & outside Arabia: The truce was a golden chance for Makkah confirming the oneness of God, referring victory
Muhammad to freely speak to people about Islam without to Him and reminding people that all of them descended
being stopped or intercepted by other forces. from Adam and Adam was created from dust of the
ground.
Muhammad sent delegations to other Arab tribes in Arabia
and wrote letters to the rulers and kings of neighboring
countries and superpowers
such as Persia, Byzantine
and Egypt inviting them
to accept Islam as “the
Message of God”. Muslims
increased in numbers as
people found the truth in
Islam.
42 43
Then he asked the people of Makkah: “What do you expect
me to do with you? They replied: “We hope for the best.
After all, you have been a gracious brother and a courteous
Biography
Biography
cousin”.
46 47
Aerial view of Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
Showing the Sacred Mosque (Al-Masjid Al-Haram).
Courtesy of professional photographer Suzan Eskander
48 49
Mount of Noor
Makkah - Saudi Arabia
Hira Cave
Qubaa Mosque; the first mosque in Islam, 8 km
south of the Nabawi Mosque Madinah, KSA
52 53
An imaginary view of Madinah city showing Prophet
Muhammad's mosque (Nabawi Mosque) surrounded by houses
and palm trees.
(Courtesy of : Madinah Research and Studies Center, Saudi Arabia)
54 55
The development of the Prophet Mosque
56 57
Among the known prophets of God,
Muhammad is the only prophet whose
burial place is precisely identified and
his followers are certain about the exact
location of his tomb.
Muhammad was buried at his house, which
is attached to his mosque “Al Nabawi
Mosque” in Madinah.
This photo shows the side of the mosque
building where people can enter to see the
tomb of Prophet Muhammad and his house
which is currently caged. The tomb of Prophet Muhammad¤ at the Nabawi Mosque in
Madinah (first on the left). Next to it are the tombs of the first
Please note that the Prophet was buried Caliph (successor) and ruler of the Islamic state Abu Bakr Al
in his house not in the mosque. When the Siddiq and the second Caliph Omar Bin Al-Khattab.
mosque was expanded by Al-Waleed Bin
Abdul-Malik, the Prophet's house became
part of the new building of the mosque.
58 59
The Prophet Mosque (Al-Masjid Al-Nabawi Al-Sharif )
Courtesy of Photographer Noushad Ali
60 61
Endnotes
1 According to some narrations and calculations Muhammad
was born in the year 571 CE.
2 There is one and only one Quran which was revealed to
Muhammad in original Arabic. However, there are many
translations for the meanings of the verses in the Quran to
different languages such as English, French, Chinese, etc.
The quoted verses in this pocket guide from the Quran are
presented in simple English based on the English translation
mentioned in the cited references.
3 Some narrations state that the marriage of Muhammad and O my Lord, it is to You that I bring my weakness,
Khadijah lasted for 24 years and several months. helplessness & humiliation.
4 Muhammad was attacked in Tai'f and experienced the worst O The Most Merciful of the merciful ones,
treatment there. When he left Taif he was very disappointed. You are the Sustainer of those who are deemed weak
According to some narrations, he called God with a wonderful and You are my Sustainer.
supplication (see next page).
On whom (but You) shall I rely? On somebody distant
5 Aqaba or Al-Bay’aa Mosque (Pledge Mosque): established by who regards me with displeasure or on a foe (enemy) to
the Abbasside Caliph Abu Jaafar Al Manssour on the same whom I have surrendered.
place that is believed the new Muslims from Madinah pledged
commitment to Prophet Muhammad as they embraced Islam.
So long as You are not displeased with me, then I
have no cause for sadness.
6 A small Muslim community stayed in Makkah and were not
able to migrate to Yathrib (Madinah). I take refuge in your light by which the darkness is
illuminated and in which both this world and the next
7 The Islamic calendar starts from the date Muhammad migrated are set aright.
from Makkah to Madinah (13th Sep 622 CE approx. The peaceful
taking over of Makkah was on the 8th Jan 630 CE approx). The well-being which You bestow upon me is too
all-encompassing for You to pour out Your anger or
displeasure upon me.
To You I shall continue to turn until I have won Your
favour.
62 63
Chapter 4
Chapter
Muhammad & Prophecy
4
Prophecy
Muhammad didn’t know that he would be a Prophet: He
led an ethical and ordinary life. He was known for his fidelity,
Prophecy
integrity and trustworthiness. He never worshipped idols
when idol worship was rife in a polytheistic society.
"And We have not sent you but to all people The cave is known as Hira cave which is on a mount
as a bearer of glad tidings and as a warner." called "Jabal Al Noor" (i.e. Mount of light). This is because
Quran, 34:28 Muhammad received the first revelation from God when he
was meditating in this cave.
It wasn’t illusion !
and it wasn’t a Read
dream: When
Muhammad
reached forty years old,
he used to meditate frequently
in Cave Hira. At the month of
Ramadan (the ninth month of
the lunar year, 610 CE approx),
Archangel Gabriel appeared
to him for the first time while
Mount of Noor he was in the cave and asked
Makkah - Saudi Arabia him to “Read”. Muhammad was
Hira Cave
64 frightened. 65
As he was illiterate, he could not read and did not know A divine revelation or satanic whisperings? Muhammad
what to read. Archangel Gabriel repeated his word “read” was afraid that he was possessed by evil. He went with
again and again then he recited the following verses from his wife Khadijah to tell the whole story to Waraqa Bin
Prophecy
God: Nawfal (a relative of Khadijah) who was a religious Christian
Prophecy
Prophecy
Prophecy
Faitd h Law; the system and regulations that (5) And don’t kill any soul which God made
govern people’s day to day transactions,
an sacred except by way of justice and law. This is
Law activities and practices. what He commands you, thus you may learn
Shariah is divided into three main branches: wisdom;
(6) And don’t touch the orphans’ wealth or
(1) Worship: such as daily prayers, fasting, property, except to improve it, until he or she
supplications, giving Zakat (alms), etc. (2) Life transactions reaches maturity;
and dealings with others such as rules of justice, people’s
rights, commerce and business ethics, inheritance, etc. (7) And give measure and (8) weight with
(3) Morals: such as right actions, etiquettes and values (full) justice (when buying & selling and when
(honesty, sincerity, fidelity, love, cooperation, etc). doing financial & non financial transactions),
We place no burdens on any one but that
which he or she can bear; (9) And whenever
you speak (or bear witness) speak justly even if
Note: After receiving divine revelation, Muhammad focused on teaching near relative is concerned; (10) And fulfill the
people monotheism (Aqidah) for thirteen years. After migration to Covenant of God. This is what He commands
Madinah, there was more focus on explaining and implementing Shariah. you that you may remember ”
The Quran, 6:151-152
68 69
A practical introduction of Muhammad's teachings in A Christian King acknowledged Muhammad’s religion:
Abyssinia: Ja’far bin Abi-Talib was among eighty Muslims After Ja’far delivered his talk, the King of Abyssinia (who was
who fled for protection in the land of Abyssinia (currently a religious and God fearing person) asked Ja’far to recite
Prophecy
Ethiopia in Africa). Speaking to the King of Abyssinia on some verses from the "Book" revealed to Muhammad.
Prophecy
70 71
The Message of Islam "He is Allah besides Whom there is no God: The
Knower of the unseen and the seen; He is the
Islam in simple words: “Islam” Beneficent, the Merciful.
Prophecy
Prophecy
Courtesy of
nor was he begotten (neither
gives birth nor was born). He He is Allah; the Creator, the Maker, the Fashioner:
created the whole universe and all His are the most beautiful names. Whatever is in the
beings. No one shares with Him His Divinity and no one has heavens and the earth declares His glory; and He is the
the right to be worshiped or prayed to but Him alone. Mighty, the Wise".
The Quran, 59:22-24
What is the name of God? His name is "Allah". It is
pronounced Allaah with a long vowel “a”. Also, God
has many beautiful names and attributes. Some of Muhammad and Islam: When a man
these attributes were mentioned in the Old Testament. asked Muhammad to explain Islam in Be
ht
For example, the name Quddous in Arabic is simple words so that he should not seek
any further clarification from anyone
Straig
similar to the name Qadosh or Hakkadosh in
Hebrew, which means "The Holy". The name Ahad else, Muhammad concisely said:
in Arabic is similar to the name Echad in Hebrew,
which means "The One". In Islam, God is often “Say, I believe in Allah (the one God) and then be straight.”
described as "The Most Gracious, The Most Merciful".
Embracing the Islamic faith requires following a balanced
English Arabic Hebrew Aramaic
way of life without diversion to extremism in words,
God Elah Eloha Elaha actions or deeds.
Note:
In the Arabic Bible, the word Allah is frequently mentioned to indicate God.
In Islam there are 99 acknowledged "beautiful names" and attributes for God.
72 73
Islam and peace: Linguistically the word “Islam” in Arabic Pillars of Islam, practicing the Islamic faith
comes from the root word “salama”, which means free of harm
The Islamic religion is based on five pillars that a Muslim
and is related to the word “Salaam” , which means peace.
must perform.
Prophecy
Prophecy
Prophet Muhammad defined a Muslim as “the one whom 1 Shahada Uttering (verbally saying) the creed
other people are safe from harm coming from his tongue of Islam (there is no God but Allah and
and hands”, i.e. people should not receive any harm from Muhammad is a messenger of Allah)
his actions and words. 2 Salat Performing daily prescribed prayers
In Islam, “The Peace” is one of the 3 Siyam Fasting the lunar month of Ramadan
magnificent names and attributes of 4 Zakat Paying alms as charity once a year
God (Allah). The one who submits to
Allah should find inner peace within him/ 5 Hajj Pilgrimage to the Sacred Mosque (the
herself and should be at peace with the House of God) in Makkah once in a life
environment and the people. time for those who have the physical
and financial ability
74 75
Pillars of Islam Pillars of Islam
Prophecy
Prophecy
rful
Acknowledging Muhammad as a Powe tion
ta
Prophet and a Messenger of God requires In fact, the word ‘salat’ literally means ‘hot Medi
the acknowledgement of all Prophets and connection’. It is a practical demonstration of
messengers God sent before him. faith. Each prayer includes physical movements
This is a testimony in Arabic calligraphy, which was designed in an of bowing and prostrating to Allah. Prayer show
artistic way. It states: I witness that there is no God except Allah and progressively increasing levels of submission to Allah.
Muhammad is His servant and His messenger. It requires full concentration and isolation from worldly
matters. Prophet Muhammad said: "A person is closest to
...
2. Prescribed Daily Prayers, Salat Islam Allah during prostration."
in
Prayer (Salat) in Islam is an act of Faith e Praying five times a day may seem excessive to some
ic
worship that enables the individual to Pract people. In reality, it is a type of meditation that does not
communicate with his creator and get close take more than forty minutes a day. Just as we eat three or
to Him. There are five daily-prescribed prayers in four times a day and we never complain because we need
Islam, which are distributed during the whole day cycle. physical nourishment to survive, we also need spiritual
The essence of worship is to glorify, exalt and praise God nourishment for our soul. Salat at spaced intervals
with the heart, tongue and body. throughout the day provides such spiritual nourishment.
76 77
Pillars of Islam Pillars of Islam
3. Zakat, Alms Giving When people feel the pangs of Lunar Months
2.5n%
hunger, they experience the suffering
Zakat is an essential pillar of Islam. It needy people go through specially 1 Al-Muharram
nual
Prophecy
means giving alms (paying a charity) of A ings in areas that starve or lack the basic 2 Safar
Prophecy
78 79
One God, One Message
Verily We sent messengers before you, among them
The prophets and messengers of God in the Quran those of whom We have told you (their story), and
Prophecy
Prophecy
Islam acknowledges all prophets some of whom We have not told you (their story);
and messengers God sent before and it was not given to any messenger that he
Muhammad for the guidance of should bring a sign (miracle) except by God’s leave
humanity. They confirmed one (permission)
message, monotheism, which is The Quran, 40:78
the belief in God's existence and
oneness. Say : We have believed in Allah and that which is
God sent them to educate people revealed unto us and that which was revealed unto
about the purpose of life, protect Abraham, and Ishmael, and Isaac, and Jacob and the
them from falling astray and teach tribes, and that which Moses and Jesus received, and
them good morals. that which the Prophets received from their Lord. We
make no distinction between any of them, and unto
The Quran mentioned 25 prophets and messengers by
name and focused on the stories of some of them. For Him we have surrendered.
The Quran, 2:136
example, in the Quran Adam was mentioned 25 times,
Noah was mentioned 43 times, Abraham was mentioned
69 times, Moses was mentioned 136 times and Jesus was
mentioned 25 times.
Muhammad said: "My similitude in comparison with the Torah, Gospel and Quran are God’s revelations to
other prophets before me, is that of a man who has built humankind: Believing in God’s revealed Books before the
and completed a house except for a place of one missing Quran is an essential pillar of the Islamic faith. Muslims
brick. When people see the house, they admire its beauty believe that the Quran does not contradict the previous
and say: how splendid the house will be if the missing brick revelations but it does point out and correct deviations
is put in its place. So I am that brick, and I am the last of the from truth that happened through the history.
Prophets. " (Narrated by Bukhari 4.734, 4.735)
80 81
We did reveal the Torah, where in it there is guidance and Muhammad and Abraham
a light. The Quran, 5:44 Abraham is considered as the father of
prophets in the Jewish, Christian and Islamic Adam
And We sent following in their footsteps, Jesus, the son of
Prophecy
Prophecy
guidance and instructions for the righteous. through his first son Ishmael who was also
The Quran, 5:46
the father of many Arab tribes. On the
Noah
other hand, the nation of Israel and many
And unto you (Muhammad) We revealed the Book (The prophets such as Jacob, Joseph, Aaron
Quran) with the truth, confirming whatever Scripture and Moses have descended from his
was before it, and a watcher (criterion) over it. second son Isaac.
Abraham
Prophecy
Prophecy
Hajj Every year, more than three million Muslims Then Muhammad prayed behind Abraham's station.
perform pilgrimage “Hajj” to the Sacred places Currently it is an enclosure that contains Abraham's
in Makkah. It is the fifth pillar of Islam that must footprint on a piece of rock. Muslims call it Maqam Ibrahim.
be done once in a lifetime by those who have the financial
and health capabilities to perform it.
Prophecy
Prophecy
90 91
Finally, as God saved Abraham’s It is believed that Abraham was buried in Hebron, Palestine.
son and instead substituted a The building complex that contains the cenotaph of
ram, Muhammad taught Muslims Abraham is called “Al-Masjid Al-Ibrahimi” (Abraham’s
Mosque). Also called by non-Muslims “Tombs of the
Prophecy
to provide a sacrifice to God by
Prophecy
92 93
The building is primarily a
Prophecy
large mosque (rectangular
Prophecy
Prophecy
Cenotaph of Abraham
The northern room of
the building contains the
cenotaphs of Jacob and
Leah. It is widely believed
the remnants of Abraham,
Isaac, Jacob, Sarah, Rebecca,
and Leah were enshrined in
the subterranean chambers
below the building.
Prophecy
were sent to the children of Israel such as Aaron, Zachariah
Prophecy
an
The Mpoke and John.
S
God im The Quran mentions that God
Muhammad and Moses to H spoke to Moses and described
him as one of the five messengers
Muhammad praised highly the Prophet Moses and prophets who had heavy
and indicated that on the Day of Resurrection he will see missions (Ulu Al Azm). God took
Moses standing and holding the side of the Throne of from them a solemn covenant.
Allah. ( Sahih Al-Bukhari, 4/157, 3408. 4/159, 3414) The five messengers are Noah,
Abraham, Moses, Jesus and
Muhammad peace be upon all of them.
On another occasion when (See Quran, 33:7).
Muhammad came to Madinah
and found that Jews fasted
Moses died near or at the mount Nebo which overlooks
on the day of "Ashura" (which
the Dead Sea and the land of Palestine. A memorial was
God saved the children of
built on the mount, which became an important tourist
Israel from Pharaoh of Egypt),
attraction in Jordan.
he asked Muslims to fast
this day voluntarily because
Moses fasted that day as an
expression of thanks to God
(The day of "Ashura" is on the 10th of the first month of the lunar calendar).
96 97
Muhammad and Jesus
According to authentic narrations Muhammad said:
Prophecy
Prophecy
"I am the nearest of all the people to the son of Mary and
all the prophets are paternal brothers, and there has been
no prophet between me and him (i.e. Jesus)”.
98 99
Also, the Quran describes Jesus as illustrious (memorable Muslims believe that Jesus will return.
and prominent) in the world and the Hereafter, and one Prophet Muhammad indicated that the Jesus
rn
of the righteous and those brought near unto God. Day of Resurrection will not take place
Retu
Prophecy
until Jesus descends from the heavens.
Prophecy
Photos from Bethlehem: The Church of the Nativity is one of the oldest
operating churches in the world. It is believed by many Christians it marks Photos from Damascus, Syria: According to some narrations, Prophet
the birthplace of Jesus the Christ. Muhammad indicated that Jesus will descend in the eastern side of
Damascus.
100 101
Universality of the "Message" conveyed by Muhammad Heraclius : Which social class of the society does Muhammad
Muslims believe that Muhammad received the same come from?
Message that was given to Abraham, Moses, Jesus and Abu-Sufyan : He comes from a noble family in Makkah.
Heraclius : Did he ever betray, break a promise or lie?
Prophecy
other prophets but his mission was universal. He was
Prophecy
Abu-Sufyan : No.
entrusted to correct people’s beliefs, bring them back to
Heraclius : How about his followers, are they increasing or
the true faith and teach them good deeds.
decreasing? And have any of his followers quit
“And We have not sent you but as a mercy to the worlds” because he was not pleased with Muhammad?
The Quran, 21:107 Abu-Sufyan : In fact, Muhammad’s followers admired him. They
were increasing in number.
Muhammad sent letters to the Heraclius : Then what does Muhammad teach his followers?
s
h a m mad' rulers and kings of neighboring Abu-Sufyan : Belief in One God and social justice.
Mu r to the r countries and superpowers such
Lette Empero as Persia, Byzantine and Egypt
Heraclius thought for a while, then he said: "If what you told me is
n
Roma calling them to accept Islam as
true, then Muhammad will be able to inherit my kingdom".
Emperor Heraclius ruled the Roman Empire from 610 to 640 CE. During
that time he conducted three military campaigns and defeated the Persian
Empire and regained Syria, Palestine and Egypt. In year 636CE Islam reached
Letter of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) to Heraclius
(in the original Arabic alphabet) Palestine, Syria, Egypt and most of Northern Africa. In the year 642 CE Islam
reached Persia.
102 103
Islam, a universal religion: Currently Islam is the Endnotes
second largest religion in the world after Christianity. A 1 Abstract from the story of Mary from the Quran, chapter 19 :Verses
comprehensive demographic study of more than 200 16-23 “Mary”
Prophecy
countries finds that there are 1.57 billion Muslims of all
Prophecy
ages living in the world today, representing 23% of an And mention Mary in the Scripture,
when she had withdrawn from her people to an eastern place as a seclusion
estimated 2009 world population of 6.8 billion (Pew Forum from them. Then We sent unto her Our spirit (Angel Gabriel) who appeared
on Religion & Public Life 2009). to her as a flawless human being.
Not all Muslims are Arabs: Arab Muslims constitute less She said: I seek refuge from you to God, The Beneficent One if at all you
fear Him.
than one fourth of the total number of Muslims in the
world. He said: I am none other than a messenger of your Lord to grant you a pure boy.
32% She said: How shall I have a boy (son) and neither a human being has ever
touched me nor have I been unchaste!
He said: So (it will be). Your Lord said: It is easy for Me and We will make him
Christianity a miraculous sign for all people and a Mercy from Us. It is a decreed matter.
(including Catholic, Protestant
Judaism
(0.22%)
Eastern Orthodox, Anglican,
Monophysite, AICs, Soon she conceived him, and she hurried to a remote place but the birth pangs
Latter-day Saints,
drove her unto the trunk of the palm tree. She said: Oh, I wish I had died before
Evangelical and others)
23%
Islam this and had become a thing utterly forgotten!
(Sunni and Shiite)
8% Others
According to the story mentioned in the Quran, Mary brought her son to
s m her own people who blamed her but Jesus (the newborn) miraculously
hi
dd spoke and said: chapter 19 : Verses 30-35, Mary:
6.5% Bu Hinduism Nonreligious
Indeed, I am the servant of Allah. He (decreed) to give me the Scripture
and make me a prophet and make me blessed wherever I may be. And He
Sikhism
15% enjoined me to pray to him and give alms as long as I am alive and to be
(0.36%) 15% virtuous towards my mother. He didn’t make me insolent or wretched. May
all peace be upon me the day I was born and the day I will die and the day I
There are approximately 2.1 billion Christians in the shall be raised alive.
world representing 32% of world’s population and 1.1 That is Jesus son of Mary; it is the truth concerning what they doubt. It is not
billion non religious / atheist people in the world (15% of for God to take any son (Exalted Be He). When He decrees a matter, He but
world’s population). Judaism represents 0.22% of world's says to it : Be and so it is.
population (approx. 14 million people).
104 105
Chapter 5
Chapter
Values and Morals
5
she needs to fast every day and perform every night extra
prayers besides the daily prayers. essential requirements in the Islamic
faith.
When Muhammad knew what they said, he was upset but
"...Truly, Allah loves those who turn unto Him in
he stated that he usually performed extra prayers at night
repentance and loves those who purify themselves
and rested like other people. In addition to the annual
(physically and spiritually)".
fasting in the month of Ramadan, he fasted for some time The Quran, 2:222
and he did not fast for other times. Finally, he
got married and did not like people to stay
"And your clothing purify.”
single. He said:
The Quran, 74:4
“This is my Sunnah (the way of life that God tion
likes). Whoever does not accept it, he / she is Abluy day
not one of us”. Ever Performing ablution
before praying is an
essential requirement
Muhammad does not like difficulty: It is narrated that
for prayers. It includes washing
whenever Muhammad had to decide on a matter or
the hands, face, forearms up to
an issue where more than one option or
the elbows, wiping the head
alternative was given, he always avoided
and washing the feet.
icity
hardship and chose the least complicated
one provided that it fulfilled the required Simpl
goals and did not involve unlawful acts. Ghusul, complete body wash
(Sahih Al-Bukhari, 8/160, 6786. Sahih Muslim, 7/80, 2327) Performing “Ghusul” (washing
the whole body) on a regular
basis is strongly recommended and is considered as
part of Muhammad’s Sunnah (teachings and way of life).
However, Ghusul is a must for purity on certain occasions
(e.g. after marital contact and menstruation).
Courtesy of Calligrapher
Wissam Shawkat
108 109
Miswak and dental care. Clean mouth and
Muhammad emphasized cleanliness and purification in tal
Den re good breath during the whole day
110 111
Seek knowledge
And in the earth, there are wondrous (incredible) signs
Muhammad brought a Message of light read (indicating the presence of God) and in yourselves (there
and guidance that encouraged scientific are similar signs), can you not then see?
advancement and the development in The Quran, 51:20-21
civilization. It commenced from a divine
revelation that had begun with the word
"Read". Within decades, it revolutionized think Muhammad added value to
knowledge and all types of sciences in Arabia peoples’ lives by encouraging them
and the whole world. to learn and seek useful knowledge.
He urged his companions to utilize
The words: read, think, learn, observe,
knowledge for the wellbeing of
explore, understand, ponder, contemplate,
humanity and not to cause mischief
see and reflect are frequently mentioned in learn
on the earth. He linked that to God’s
the Quran.
pleasure when he said:
Indeed, in the creation of the heavens and the “That who follows a way for acquiring knowledge, God
earth and in the alteration of the night and facilitates a way for him to Paradise”
the daylight are signs (of God’s creative power) observe (Sahih Muslim, 8/71, 2699)
for those of understanding and discretion.
The ones who remember Allah (the Lord of
For many centuries, Muslim scientists were the frontiers
all beings) with reverence while standing and
while sitting and while lying on their sides. in pure and applied sciences. Arabic, the language of the
And who reflect on the creation of the heavens Quran, became the language of sciences that were taught
and the earth, and say:
explore in full-fledged universities granting degrees in chemistry,
Our Lord! You have not created all this in vain, mathematics, calculus, medicine, astronomy, geography,
exalted are You, then protect us from the engineering, art and literature.
punishment of the Fire. Some researchers acknowledge the truth that the western
The Quran, 3:190-191 civilization relied primarily on the Islamic civilization.
reflect Without it, the western civilization would need at least 500
years to accomplish what it has already achieved.
112 113
Scientist Major Contributions Avicenna Abu Ali Al-Hussein Ibn Sina is one of the
most eminent Muslim scholars in medicine
Geber Jaber Ibn Hayyan was a prominent polymath:
maintain healthy bodies and learn different types of sports Muhammad encouraged people to love each other
such as swimming, archery, horse riding and horse racing
(horsemanship). Muhammad said: “I swear
In addition, he participated in several running competitions by God that you will not be
with his companions, a sport that brings happiness and true believers in Him unless
excitement. It is narrated you love each other. I will tell
that Muhammad used to you something, if you do it
do running races with his you will love each other. Greet each other
wife Aisha. She won the race frequently and make it a common habit."
once and he won the race And he said: “No one will become a good
Meeting others
on another occasion. This believer unless he wishes for his brethren with a bright
activity reflected the mutual what he likes for himself.” smiling face is an
love, harmony and fun act of charity.
He also said: “Whoever helps a believer
Muhammad had with his wife.
(Abu-Dawoud, 2/334, 2578. Ibn-Majeh, 3/149, 1979) overcome a difficulty, God will help him Muhammad (pbuh)
Muhammad used to meet was a Roman Muslim), looking miserable and was eating
people with a bright face a ripe date. Muhammad wanted to joke with him in order
and when he shook hands to cheer him up so he said to him: “How come you eat the
with others, he never date and your left eye is sore?” Suhayb realised that
released his hand before Muhammad was joking with him so he replied:
the other person. “Don’t worry I am eating it on the right side of my
mouth (the side where the right eye was sound)."
Muhammad had a high sense of humour: He was a very (Al-Hakim, 4/411, 8357. Ibn-Majeh 4/500, 3443)
cheerful and optimistic person. People who dealt with him Anas Bin Malek narrated that a man came to Muhammad
described him as a likable person and at the same time and asked him to give him a ride on a camel. Muhammad
he was venerated and respected. On several occasions he said: "I will give you a ride on the child of the she camel".
joked with his friends and family members. The man replied: "What am I going to do with the camel’s
child?" Then Muhammad said: "Are not all camels
During Muhammad’s time, racing (as running) was the children of she camels?" 5
a common activity to have fun. It was narrated
Muhammad cared for and loved children
that Muhammad was seen several times racing
Muhammad paid attention to children. He used
with his wife. (Abu-Dawoud, 2/334, 2578. Ibn-Majeh, 3/149, 1979)
to greet them and play with them. One time Muhammad
saw a little boy who was sad because his little bird died.
High sense of humor with an old woman Although Muhammad was heading elsewhere, he spent
It was narrated that an old woman asked him to pray some time with the little boy to please him and relieve his
for her so that she would enter God’s sadness.6 (Sahih Al-Bukhari, 8/30, 6129. Muslim 6/176, 2150)
paradise. Muhammad replied in a non Muhammad used to ask parents to
serious way: “There are no old women in express their love to their children by
the God’s Paradise.” She misunderstood kissing and hugging them and being fair
what he said and got confused. But soon with all their children.
he elaborated: “You will be young when
you enter the Paradise" (and all people Muhammad described a father who never kissed his child
will be). as lacking mercy in his heart.
118 119
Muhammad loved his neighbors: Muhammad had a No derision or defamation:
Jewish neighbor who did not accept Islam and was not Muhammad recited the following verses from the Quran:
ur
to Yo (considered by Muslims as God’s Words not Muhammad's own words).
became sick, Muhammad visited him at his Be Kind
home, which softened his neighbor’s heart. urs “O believers, don’t disdain (or ridicule or deride) each other
hbo
Also, Muhammad visited a Jewish boy at his Neig neither men deride men nor women deride women, the
home when he became sick because the boy latter could be better than the former.
had worked for some time as a helper or a servant “Don’t defame one another and don’t insult one another
for Muhammad.(Sahih Al-Bukhari, 2/94, 1356) and whoever does so and does not repent to Allah he or she
is indeed a wrongdoer.”
Muhammad emphasized kindness to neighbors:
The Quran, 49:11
Muhammad told his companions that Archangel Gabriel
frequently asked him to treat his neighbors well.7
Muhammad stated that whoever believes in No ill opinion, evil suspicion, spying and backbiting:
God and the Day of Judgment should be kind to
“O believers,
his / her neighbors. (Sahih Al-Bukhari, 8/10, 6015)
avoid much suspicion, for some suspicion is a grave
(serious) sin and don’t spy on one another, nor backbite
On one occasion he said to a companion against one another.
called Abu-Tharr: ”If you cook soup, cook it Would any of you like to eat the flesh of his dead brother?
with more water (i.e. increase its quantity) so that it You would hate it. So fear Allah (God), He is the Most
becomes enough to give some to your neighbors.” Forgiving the Most Merciful.”
(Sahih Muslim, 8/37, 2625) The Quran, 49:12
behavioral etiquette. He your hand on your mouth when yawning and bless
taught his companions others when they sneeze.
that etiquette is part
of his example and
• When talking to others, one should use the best and the
most acceptable words to them so as they like it. The
way of life (Sunnah). good word is a form of charity in Islam.
In addition, many
verses in the Quran urge on • Talk kindly to your parents and don’t shout at their
tenderness and good manners. faces, never say a bad word even “uff or fie” (the smallest
Muhammad indicated that Angels get negative word in Arabic).
upset by what upsets human beings (e.g.
loud voices, bad smells, etc.)
• Children should always knock on the door and seek
permission to enter, before going into their parents'
The following points summarize some of the Islamic room at certain times during the day.
behavioral etiquettes:
• Ifdrink
you are serving water to others, you are the last one to
• Do not talk loudly and do not walk arrogantly. (a preferred etiquette).
• Do not stay long when visiting a sick person, give him or • Ifcloser
you are invited for a dinner or a banquet, eat from the
her time to rest. pots to you and don’t annoy the others.
• One should smell good when he/she comes to the • Don’t breath in a cup of water while drinking from it.
mosque.
• Those who ate garlic or onion should not come to Etiquette with Women
the mosque, so as not to disturb the others by any Lower your gaze, don’t stare at women or at passing
unfavorable smell or act (e.g. burping). people.
• Be helpful and give space to others in congregation Muhammad was seen bending his knees for his
wife Safiya to help her climb first on the camel by
areas where finding a free space is difficult.
stepping on his thigh.
(Narrated by Anas bin Malek – Bukhari - 9/20)
122 123
Muhammad used to respect others’ views When the Meccan chiefs, along with y
other Arab tribes, planned to attack sul tanc
Con
understood or perceived in two different ways, he used to Madinah, a Persian Muslim put forward
accept both ways provided that both of them achieve the a proposal to dig a trench on the
required goal in a lawful manner. northern side of Madinah.
Although that was a foreign concept never applied before
In the battle of "That Al-Salassel", the Muslim Commander in Arabia and it was put forward by an ordinary person,
Amr Bin Al-Aass was criticized for leading a prayer without Muhammad considered it seriously and it was approved
performing ghusul and ablution (he was in a state of by the majority of Muslims. They dug a trench 5.5 km long
spiritual impurity). Muhammad listened to his justification x 4.6 m wide.
and accepted it. Amr told Muhammad that it was cold that
night and if he showered his body, he could fall sick and
could not lead his group. (Al-Hakim, 1/177, 634. Abu-Dawoud 1/132, 334) On another occasion, (battle of
Badr) a commoner (an ordinary
as person) told Muhammad:
m m ad W asy Anas Bin Malik said that he served
“O Prophet, if your choice to camp in this
a E
Muh stic and ith Muhammad for ten years and he
area is not inspired by a revelation from
l i was never asked by Muhammad
Rea Deal W “why did you do this and why God, can I suggest we move to another area?"
to
didn’t you do that”. The person put forward the reasons for his suggestion and
after consultations, Muhammad welcomed the proposal
likewise his companions; they moved to the other area.
Muhammad encouraged consultancy and democracy
(Shura): Muhammad always consulted his companions
and even his wife. He advised his followers to be objective
and use rational thinking. He empowered them and
involved them in the decision making process.
The word Muhammad in Arabic being designed in an artistic way.
Courtesy of Artist Farid Al-Ali.
124 125
In the year 632 CE, Muhammad received
Respect people of other faiths: Muhammad encouraged e
and hosted at his mosque in the city of logu
his companions to be friendly and transparent with people
“Madinah” a Christian delegation who Dia th a
126 127
Values & Morals
Values & Morals
of Jerusalem a covenant
of peace and protection
which came to be known
the "Covenant of Omar".
It has been mounted at
the wall of the mosque for
many centuries and even
until now.
130 131
Trade and Business Ethics Soon after he arrived in Madinah,
Muhammad instructed his companions Free e
Muhammad encouraged trade and commerce based on to buy a piece of land and dedicate it for
noble Islamic values that denounce cheating, unethical free trade. People used to buy and sell Zon
dealings, deception, fraud, monopoly and exploitation. in it without paying any fees or custom
charges. They called it Manakha.
Muhammad said: "Whoever cheats is not one amongst
us” (i.e. among the righteous believers). Narrated by Muslim.
Also he said: "God bestows His mercy on a person who is
tolerant when he buys, tolerant when he sells and tolerant
when he asks for his rights."
(Applicable for males and females - Bukhari, 2076/16)
Lying or breaking a promise is hypocrisy NO risy Manakha means the place where camels are seated on the ground in order to
off load goods carried on their backs (for trade purposes).
c
Muhammad said: Hypo
The following picture shows the wall
“Whoever has the following four (characteristics) will be surrounding the land that prophet
Muhammad allocated for free trade
a hypocrite and whoever has one of them will have one
14 centuries ago.
characteristic of hypocrisy until he gives it up:
1 Whenever he is entrusted, he betrays;
2 Whenever he speaks, he tells a lie;
3 Whenever he makes a covenant, he proves treacherous;
4 Whenever he quarrels, he behaves in a very imprudent,
evil and insulting manner.”
Photo taken from the Grand Sultan Qaboos Mosque, Sultanate of Oman.
Fine Islamic Architecture is reflected through the timber ceilings, Islamic The Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem. Photos taken by professional photographer Peter Sanders
arches and wall decorations.
134 135
Chapter 6
Chapter
Women Rights
6
Women
Before the advent of Islam, women had no civil rights.
Arabs used to give preference to male babies over female
Women
ones to the extent that many fathers used to bury their
female babies or children alive.
Women
Women
not need to change her surname. Her women from using their bodies or
identity is preserved and her wealth femininity for public entertainment
and property are protected by the and sexual temptation.
Islamic law. When her husband passes away,
she is considered as one of the heirs and not a
property that is inherited by male heirs as it had Businesses, commercials and advertisements that rely
been before Islam. (Note: Before Islam, women were on exposing women's bodies for temptation and sexual
attraction are not allowed in Islam.
treated as chattel).
A woman is not a sex tool: Prostitution and adultery are Islamic teachings block out the means that could lead
strictly forbidden in Islam. Muhammad indicated: When a to sexual harassment, sexual assault, rape crimes, sexual
person commits fornication or adultery then he/she is not diseases, and other abominations such as nudity and
in a state of “Eaman” (faithfulness) (i.e. faith in God has not yet pornography.
established strongly in his/her heart, therefore the person does not feel
guilty or fear God when fornication is committed).
Women
Women
Women
Women
man asked Muhammad who would be after her. divorce become unavoidable, separation
should be on good terms and with kindness.3
Muhammad replied: “Your mother”.
The man asked the same question again and When women are divorced and they have reached their
Muhammad replied for the third time: “Your set time (a waiting time set to review the decision of
mother”. Then out of curiosity the man asked the same divorce),then either you keep them in all decency or
release them in all decency (fair manner).
question for the fourth time (he realised that Muhammad
Do not hold on to them with intent to harm them and
wanted to emphasise the best treatment of mothers). commit aggression: anyone who does this wrongs himself.
Then Muhammad said to him: “Your father” (i.e. your father The Quran, 2:231
deserves your closest support and company after your
mother)2. (Sahih Al-Bukhari, 2/8, 5971. Muslim, 8/2, 2548) Muhammad loved his wife: A few years after his first wife
Khadijah passed away, Muhammad got married to Aisha,
Scholars commented on the above story that mothers the daughter of his closest
cannot escape three main sufferings: (1) pregnancy, (2) friend Abu-Bakr. Despite his
labor and delivery, (3) breastfeeding and weaning. loyalty to his late wife, he loved
Aisha and was honest to her. He
Muhammad encouraged good treatment of wives : He stated was asked once by Amr bin Al-
that if a man disliked one of a woman’s traits he will be Aas (a companion): “Who is the
pleased with another. And he said: most beloved person to you?"
The believers who show the most perfect faith are those Muhammad replied without
who have the best character; and the best of hesitation: Aisha. (Al-Bukhari, 5/5, 3662)
the believers are those who are best to their Confirm your love to your wife: Aisha narrated that
wives. (Tirmithi, 6/188, 3895) Muhammad described his love to her like a knot firmly tied
on a rope. Aisha used to ask Muhammad from time to time
This promotes love, harmony and mutual “how is the knot” and Muhammad used to confirm his love
understanding. to her. He said: “The knot is still tied as firmly as it used to be.”
142 143
Muhammad demonstrated exemplary
Be l Muhammad and Polygamy
a
loyalty to his late wife Khadijah a Loyand
Muhammad used to ask Aisha to send a Husb Muhammad did not introduce polygamy: In fact
Women
Women
serving of food to the friends of his late wife polygamy existed before Islam without any limit in
Khadijah every time Aisha cooked a sheep or an ewe. number. It was very common for a man to have more than
Muhammad mentioned to Aisha that no one was better one woman either as wives or as concubines or slaves.4
than Khadijah at her time, she believed him when he first
received God’s revelation but many people did not (some It is known that Prophet Abraham was married to Sara, the
of his uncles and relatives did not believe him). She consoled mother of Isaac and Hagar, the mother of Ishmael. Also, it
him with her money and supported him without is narrated that Jacob had four women, two wives and two
hesitation. concubines.5
144 145
Muhammad married the daughter of his closest Her husband converted to Christianity and passed away
companion Abu-Bakr: A few years later, there. She was left alone in Abyssinia, so Muhammad
Muhammad married Aisha, the daughter proposed to Um Habibah and she accepted and got
of his closest friend and most supportive married to him. Surprisingly, one year later, her father
Women
Women
She was one of the early Muslims who migrated to On several occasions and even after Muhammad passed
Abyssinia with her husband and lived there away, Safiyya described him as a loving and fair husband.
for almost 15 years. (Tirmithi, 6/188, 3894. Musnad Ahmad, 5/2609, 12587)
146 147
Mariya the Copt Muhammad conveyed God's Command to control
In the same year, Muhammad sent a messenger to the polygamy: Islam didn’t forbid polygamy but it restricted
ruler of Egypt who was Christian, calling him to accept the and regulated it. In Islam, it is not compulsory to marry
message of Islam. more than one wife but it is permissible for genuine
Women
Women
reasons.
The ruler of Egypt replied with a polite apology and sent
’s W
Muhammad some gifts as well as a physician and a servant A man can marry a second wife if he od
or concubine called Mariya (Mary). Muhammad accepted can demonstrate full respect, justice
or
G
If you c
d
the Egyptian ruler's gifts. He married Mariya and later on and impartiality to his wives. Verse a
she gave birth to a baby boy named Ibrahim. Ibrahim died 3, Chapter 4 in the Quran indicates be fair, nnot
marry
when he was a little boy and Muhammad was very sad for clearly that a man cannot marry more only 1
losing him.6 than one woman if he cannot treat them
rightly and impartially.
Also, the verse puts a limit of four wives only for unbiased
and fair husbands.
148 149
Limits on prophet Muhammad’s wives Endnotes
Muslims were not allowed to marry any of the wives of 1 According to other narrations prophet Muhammad indicated
Prophet Muhammad after he passed away because they that whoever had one or two or three daughters and he properly
were like their mothers. looked after them (until they became independent) he would get
Women
Women
All of them chose the second option and all of them stayed
married to Prophet Muhammad. After Muhammad passed
away, none of them remarried.
150 151
Chapter 7
Chapter
Human Rights
7 “O mankind!
We have created you from a male and a female,
Freedom, Justice & Protection
Human Rights
and have made you nations and tribes that you
may know one another.
Verily the most honorable of you in the sight of “No compulsion” in Islam
Allah, is the most pious.
Human Rights
Verily Allah is All-Knower, All-Aware”. Muhammad proclaimed himself as a Messenger of God.
He received a Divine Message to humanity and struggled
The Quran, 49:13 to convey it to all people but he did not force anyone to
The Inner Apartments (Al-Hujurát)
accept it. He recited the Quran which confirms the freedom
of belief and freedom of choice for all people.
Human Rights
Human Rights
superiority over a non-Arab nor does a non-Arab Mas’ud cooled down and said to Muhammad in an
have any superiority over an Arab except by piety apologetic language: “I will release him for the sake of
(piety motivates good deeds)." (Musnad Ahmad 10/5586, 23972) God.” Muhammad said to him: “If you don't do that, the
Hellfire will touch your face.” 3 (Sahih Muslim, 5/91, 1659)
Muhammad encouraged freeing slaves and introduced
Islamic regulations to eliminate slavery
Protection and security of people: Addressing more than
Slavery existed before Muhammad’s time. In fact, it was 100,000 people, Muhammad said in his last sermon:
part of many social systems
in the world. Slaves were “O people, believers are but brothers. No one may take his
considered as assets and brother’s property without his full consent. Have I delivered
part of people’s wealth. the Message? O Allah, my Lord, be my witness.
Since Islam protects peoples’
wealth and property, slavery Never go back smiting each other’s necks.
was gradually abandoned. Verily, I have left among you that which if you
take, you will never stray after me: the Book
In the early days of Islam, abusing and mistreating a slave of God and my example. Have I delivered the
was considered a sin that required repentance to God Message? O Allah my Lord, be my witness.”
by releasing the slave free.2 In addition, repentance from (Al-Hakim, 1/93, 317. Al-Bayhaqi, 6/96, 11640)
Human Rights
his own relatives. For example,
Human Rights
156 157
ing
Loofkter
Muhammad said: Muhammad visited one of his
companions who recovered from
“I and the person who looks after an a ans
Human Rights
an illness. The man said he owned a
orph
Human Rights
orphan will be in Paradise like this, putting great wealth and he had only one
his index and middle fingers together." 5 daughter as an heir (inheritor). He asked
(Sahih Al-Bukhari, 7/53, 5304) Muhammad if he could leave two-thirds of
his wealth as charity. Muhammad said: "No".
Deliver the trusts to those entitled to them: Muhammad The man asked about the half. Muhammad
was asked to lead a funeral prayer for a person, but he said: "No". The man aked about one-third?
first asked his companions: “Did this man Muhammad said: "One-third (agreeing) and one-
borrow any money or have in his possession third is a lot. To leave your heir(s) wealthy is better
any trusts that belong to others?” They than leaving them poor asking for help."
said: "Yes". So Muhammad asked them first
to deliver the trusts to those entitled to No usury in Islam
them and then he would pray for him. Verse 58, Chapter 4 Muhammad said: “God has forbidden you to take usury,
in the Quran states : therefore all interest obligations shall henceforth be
waived. Your capital is yours to keep. You will neither inflict
“Allah Commands you to deliver (render back) trusts nor suffer any inequity. Allah has judged that there shall be
(duties) to those entitled to them, and when you judge no usury (interest).”
between people, to judge with justice. How excellent what
Allah exhorts (admonishes, cautions) you; surely Allah is
All-Hearing, All-Seeing.” “Those who charge usury are in the same position as those
controlled by the devil’s influence. This is because they
Protection of heirs’ rights
claim that usury is the same as trade. However,
According to Islamic law, when someone dies, his or her
closest family members are entitled to get stipulated portions God permits trade, and prohibits usury.”
The Quran, 2:275
of the inheritance (wealth and property of a deceased
person). Islam does not allow a person to allocate in the will
more than one third of his / her wealth for charity or donation
purposes. This is to protect the inheritors’ rights and ensure
fair distribution of the inheritance among all of them. This is the word “Muhammad” in Arabic being
designed in a formative style then repeated in an
158 artistic way. Courtesy of Artist Farid Al-Ali. 159
Honor killing and bloodshed is He taught Muslims not to
forbidden: Muhammad abolished fight civilians and not to DO NOT KILL
Human Rights
blood vengeance (revenge or attack or kill children or
Human Rights
civilians, children,
retaliation) and vendetta (blood women or elders. He asked women and elders
feud or dispute). At his farewell them not to destroy the
address he declared: environment or damage
“Every right arising out of homicide (murder) in pre-Islamic trees. DO NOT DESTROY
days is henceforth waived and the first such right that I He always reminded them environment and
waive is that arising from the murder of Rabi’ah (a relative that their involvement do not cut trees
of Muhammad).” (Tirmithi, 5/167, 3087. Ibn-Majeh, 4/243, 3055) in battles should be on
assertive ground and for the
Deliberate murder and killing by mistake: A deliberate
sake of God Who does not like transgressors. Verse 190,
murder is subject to retaliation in kind, the killer must be
Chapter 2 of the Quran sets the basic rule for fighting enemies
sentenced. and aggressors. It clearly states:
But, whoever kills someone by
ot mistake and causes accidental death
Do N must pay compensation to the “And fight for the sake of Allah those who fight you and don’t
l l transgress the limits. Verily, Allah does not like transgressors.”
Ki family of the killed person. At the
time of Muhammad, the indemnity
was one hundred camels. Muhammad
Muhammad considered committing suicide a major sin
told his people that whoever asks for
more than this figure is a person of the Era of Ignorance. Muhammad put it in these words:
“Whoever kills him/ herself with a piece
Fighting In Islam: Muhammad taught his of metal, he/she will be resurrected
followers to be assertive with their enemies,
o N ot on the Day of Judgment holding
neither submissive nor aggressive. He was D t
m i the same piece of metal and killing
inevitably involved in battle fields. Muhammad Com him/herself continuously in the
e
set rules and ethics of engagement with enemies Suicid Hellfire forever, and whoever kills
in battles and dealing with prisoners of war. him /herself with a poison, he/she will
160 161
be resurrected holding the same poison and swallowing Muhammad condemned violence
Muhammad never used violence
it continuously in the Hellfire forever, and whoever kills
as a tool to convey God’s Message No e
c
iolen
Human Rights
himself/herself by throwing himself/herself from a high
Human Rights
place such as a mountain, he or she will do the same in the or impose God's religion. Although V
Hellfire forever.”6 he established an Islamic state in
Madinah, he never used the small
Sanctity & inviolability of human lives Muslim community who remained
in Makkah to create trouble or assassinate his enemies. In
Because God is the creator of life and the only controller
fact, he asked his followers to respect the social order of the
of it, He owns every creature’s life. God states in the Quran
society they lived in.
in relation to the first murder incident in the history when
Cain, the son of Adam, killed his brother Abel: Muhammad taught believers that whenever and wherever
gentleness or kindness is used in a matter, it will add
value to it and will bring good results. He also taught that
“For that We decreed for the Children of Israel roughness and indelicate behaviors will spoil every matter.
that whosoever murders a human-being who
had not committed murder or horrendous
crimes (mischief on the earth), it shall be as if
he had murdered all the people,
and whosoever saves the life of a human-being,
it shall be as if he had saved the life of all
humankind.”
The Quran, 5:32
162 163
Endnotes
1 Nelson Mandela (the first president of
Human Rights
Human Rights
Environment
camping site in Nowra, South of
Sydney, Australia. It resembles bowing Muhammad’s Teachings to Preserve the Environment
Environment
to God in the Muslims' prayers. The He linked the preservation of the environment to the belief
lower edge of the tree looks like the in one God, Who created all beings. Therefore, a believer in
head of a bowing person. God cannot cause mischief to the environment because it
is part of God’s Kingdom. Harming the environment and
wasting or polluting its resources (water, plants, animals,
soil, air, marine ecosystem, etc.) is not acceptable from an
Islamic point of view.
Prophet Muhammad
166 167
166
Natural resources are in perfect equilibrium
Muhammad taught his followers that all natural resources
Environment
Environment
Environment
Environment
Muhammad
stated clearly to a
companion (who
was performing
ablution) not to
waste water even if
he were close to a
running river.
On another occasion
Muhammad told his
companions not to pollute stagnant water or urinate
in it. God said in the Quran:
”If the Hour came (i.e. the end
of the life on the earth) and
“…Out of water, We made every living creature.” someone had a seedling in his
hand and he were able to plant
“Verily the spendthrifts (wasteful people) are the
brothers of devils and the Satan has ever been
it, then let him do it.” (Musnad Ahmad, 5/2727, 13100) Add e
ungrateful to his Lord.” Believers in God are required to add value Valu
to the environment and protect it. God does
“…Eat and drink with no extravagance. Certainly He not like those who cause mischief (on the
does not like the prodigals earth) and destroy the crops and cattle.
(those who waste and overspend).”
The Quran, 21:30; 17:27; 7:31 “And seek the dwelling of the Hereafter and don’t forget
your portion of lawful enjoyment in this world and do good
Add value to the environment: Muhammad encouraged
as Allah has been good to you and seek no mischief in the
people to continuously add value to the environment even
land, Verily Allah does not like those who cause mischief .”
if the whole universe were collapsing and life were ending
The Quran, 28:77
on this planet. He said:
170 171
Animal Welfare Halal means more than halal food:
Halal is most commonly used to define
l
Muhammad called for the ethical treatment of animals: permissable foods, but the term is much
Hala t
Environment
Environment
172 173
You will be rewarded for being kind to animals: A kind
act, even to animals, deserves to be rewarded by God.
Muhammad once told his companions the story of a
Environment
Environment
174 175
Chapter 9
Chapter
God’s Miracle to Muhammad
9
The Miracle
Many scholars believe that Muhammad’s mission to convey
The Miracle
"And it was not possible for this Quran God’s Message and bring people to
to be produced by other than Allah, but monotheism was harder than the mission
it is a confirmation of the revelation of many messengers and prophets before
made before it him. The main miracle he brought was
and a detailed explanation of the Quran, which was a book recited in
the Book (former scripture), original Arabic as a divine revelation from
without a doubt it is (a revelation) from God.
the Lord of the worlds Despite the resistance he received from his own people
(entire Universe)." who spoke Arabic, he and his companions conveyed
The Quran, 10:37
Islam to nations and communities of different languages,
cultures and religions outside the Arabian Peninsula.
The Miracle
The Miracle
people who lived at their times, the from one generation to another without contradictions or
Quran is considered by Muslims discrepancies or discontinuity.
as an eternal miracle that can be
Distinctiveness of Quran
touched, seen, read and conveyed
It should be noticed that
from one generation to another.
Muhammad’s ¤ sayings
and teachings were not
“Say (O’Muhammad): “If the whole humanity and Jinni
mixed with the Quran
were to gather together to produce the like of this Quran
(which only contains God’s
they could not produce the like thereof even if they backed
Words without any human
up each other with help and support.”
comments or elaborations).
The Quran, 17:88
Muhammad’s sayings and
Incomparable preservation of the Quran text: The teachings were collected in books which were called
present Quran is identical to the one revealed to Prophet “The Sunnah or Hadith of the Prophet”. They included his
Muhammad more than fourteen centuries ago. Initially, it teachings, his way of life and explanation of the Book (the
was memorized by most pious Muslims (word by word and Quran).
letter by letter). Comparison between Hadith books and other holy books
Then, soon after the passing away of Muhammad, the Most holy books of different religions are authored and
complete Quran was first compiled in one book when written by individuals with their own words and phrases.
Abu Bakr As-Siddiq became the first caliph in Islam. Since Hadith books were
Several genuine copies were generated and distributed to collected by Muslim
different Islamic states or regions when Othman Bin Affan scholars and contained
became the third caliph 13 years after the passing away of Muhammad’s own sayings
Prophet Muhammad. and teachings, many
researchers consider
This is part of a verse in the Quran. God says to His people:
them as similar to other
"Call Me and I will answer you." V 60, Ch 40 (The Forgiver) holy books.
178 179
For example, the Bible was written over a period of 1400 to
1800 years by 40 different authors. It is a compilation of 66 It is believed that “Tajweed” is a very unique
eed
separate books, divided into two primary divisions: the Old Tajw ue science not available in other religions.
The Miracle
The Miracle
Testament (containing 39 books) and the New Testament iq It reflects the highest level of attention
a Un ce
(containing 27 books). Scien given by the companions of Muhammad
in order to preserve the way he recited the
It is to be noted that the reference of God to Himself as" Quran (word by word).
We" in many verses in the Quran is necessarily understood
in the Arabic language to denote grandeur and power. Rich language: The Quran was revealed in original Arabic.
In the English language this is known as the Royal We, Muslim scholars believe that Arabic language is superior
where a plural pronoun is used to refer to a single person. to many other languages as it is well supported by a huge
On the other hand, the Qura'n frequently uses the word number of words and a strong Arabic grammar.
"say" which means " Say to them O Muhammad."
Arabic language has 28 letters, some
Incomparable preservation of the style of reciting Quran: of them don’t exist in other languages
When the Quran is read or recited, the term “Tajweed” such as “Dhad” which is the heavy "D"
is commonly mentioned or highlighted to describe the and “Tau” which is a heavy “T”.
knowledge that deals with the rules controlling the way of
reading the Quran. The number of derivations from each
original or root word can exceed 100
Muslims trust it is not only the text of the Quran that derivations and accordingly the total number of words in
was uniquely preserved but also the styles in which Arabic language
Muhammad and his companions recited it. may exceed six
million words.
The styles of reciting the Quran are This is far higher
documented by the names of the narrators than the number
and reciters starting from those who heard of words of most
it from Muhammad until now. This is across known languages
the whole Islamic world and continued from in the world.
one generation to another generation until now.
180 181
Significant Scientific Facts in the Quran The expansion of the universe
In 1925, American astronomer Edwin
The big bang and the creation of the universe Hubble provided observational evidence
The Miracle
The Miracle
At Muhammad’s time nobody knew anything about the that stars are moving away from each
creation of the universe and the motion of the planets and other which implies that galaxies and
whether the earth was flat the whole universe is expanding. Also, it
or round. Muslims believe is an established scientific fact that planets
that God, the Creator of the move in elliptical orbits around the sun and
universe, is the only One, rotate around their axes.
Who knows how it was
created. One will be surprised at the similarities between the
modern scientific discoveries and the following verses in
Fourteen centuries ago, the Quran, which were recited by Muhammad more that
the Quran mentioned the 14 centuries ago and preserved until now.
creation of the universe, the
motion of the sun and the
the moon, the rotation of the earth and the formation of
day and night.
182 183
“Haven’t the disbelievers known that the heaven and the Embryology and creation of humankind: Muhammad
earth were joined together as one piece and We separated recited the following miraculous verse that explains the
them apart and We made every living thing of water? Will creation of mankind. Such knowledge was not known at his
The Miracle
The Miracle
they not then believe?" The Quran, 21:30 time and the science of embryology was not yet discovered
1400 years ago.
"He (the Almighty God) turned to the heaven when it
was smoke and said to it and to the earth: come together
willingly or unwillingly, they said: we come together in “...He creates you in the wombs of your mothers, creation
willing obedience." The Quran, 41:11 after creation, in a three veils of darkness (threefold gloom).
This is Allah, your Lord. The Sovereignty is His. There is no
God except Him. How then are you turned away?”
The Quran, 39:6
184 185
The creation In addition, scientists discovered that the hearing sense
of humankind for the embryo develops in the mothers’ womb before
is described the sense of sight. This is compatible to the sequence
The Miracle
The Miracle
miraculously in the mentioned in the Quran (32:9, 76:2, 23:78). All verses refer
following verse from to the hearing sense before the sight sense.
the Quran:
“...So blessed be Allah the best of Creators.”
The Quran, 23:14
186 187
Amazing information of future events Endnotes
Verses 2-5, Chapter 30 in the Quran state: 1. The Old Testament was written in Hebrew 1500-400 BC. New
Testament was composed in Greek and written during the
The Miracle
The Miracle
Note: The original Arabic word "adna" (verse 3 above) indicates both
meanings, nearest and lowest.
188 189
Chapter 10
Chapter
His Sayings
10 Muhammad’s sayings and teachings are highly influential
His Sayings
as they cover most aspects of life: spirituality, morals, social
matters, commerce, and more. His sayings emanate from a
His Sayings
base of wisdom and divine revelation.
"Two graces, many people underestimate; "You will not be a believer in God unless you like for your
health and free (leisure) time." (Narrated by Bukhari, Tirmithi) brethren what you like for yourself." (Bukhari, 13/7)
"Envy is forbidden except in two cases (you wish to have "Every Muslim should pay Sadaqa (spend something for
the same thing others have but no bad wishes to them). The charity), if he didn’t find what to spend then let him work
first one is a man on whom God bestowed wealth and in order to benefit himself and be able to pay charity, if
he spends it righteously. The second case is a man on he didn’t find a job, then let him help others (this is an
whom God bestowed wisdom and he acts according to it act of charity), if he didn’t find anyone to help, let him
and teaches it to others." (Bukhari, 73/15) do good deeds and refrain from (avoid) doing bad or
evil deeds. This is a charity for him." (Bukhari, 1445/30)
His Sayings
His Sayings
His Sayings
that demonstrates the amazing
His Sayings
196 197
It is revealing that Zamzam mineral water: Zamzam is the name of
Muhammad did not mineral water that comes out of a well 20 meters
at or indulge in regular east of Ka'bah in the Sacred Mosque in the city of
Whe y?
His Sayings
His Sayings
someon
e li
t h a n t wo third e third Mineral water is classified by the U.S. Food and Drug
ore on
not be m panions to keep od and Authority as having at least 250 parts per million (ppm)
told his
com ce for fo
1/3 Empty (total dissolved solids TDS).
ir s to m ach’s spa ink and the last
of the d for dr ty
one thir uld be kept emp Chemical analysis of Zamzam water revealed that it has an
o
third sh r breath.
fo a'di Yakri
b) average of 1000 ppm of mg/L, TDS. However, it complies
Bin M
Miqdam with World Health Organization standards for potable
(Source: (516).
a heen,
li
Riyadh S water.
198 199
It is a plentiful meal that contains a range of minerals Truffle as a medicine
that the human body needs such as calcium, (which
is needed for strong bones and for the heart, muscles Muhammad said: “Truffles are a
His Sayings
His Sayings
Zamzam water is one of Truffle is a fleshy fungus mushroom-like plant that belongs
the richest potable waters to the Agaricaceae family. It grows in groups under the
with calcium. It has 195- surface of the soil (2-50 cm deep) in desert moist areas
200 mg/L calcium (this without leaves or roots. It has a distinct smell and can be
is about 20% of the white, gray or brown in color.
average recommended
daily intake of calcium for According to the analytical research, 77% of the truffle
adults). is water and the remaining part is a mix of protein, fat,
carbohydrates and
It is higher than many other materials.
known mineral waters on However, modern
the earth such as “Evian” science discoveries
(78-80 mg/L calcium) and indicate that the liquid
“Perrier” (147-150 mg/L of truffles has an
calcium). effective curable effect
on many eye diseases
Mineral water has a wide range of therapeutic functions including trachoma,
that can relieve and treat muscle and joint inflammation, which is an infectious
rheumatism and arthritis. eye disease that causes
damage to the cornea
This is the word “Rasul Allah”(Messenger of God) in Arabic being written in
cells.
a formative style which looks like a droplet of water. Courtesy of Farid Al-Ali
200 201
Muhammad and olive oil Extra virgin olive oil, from the first
pressing of the olives, contains higher
Muhammad described olive oil as levels of antioxidants, particularly
His Sayings
His Sayings
202 203
Chapter
Chapter 11
11 Prophet Muhammad Mosque
(Al-Masjid Al-Nabawi) Madinah,
Epilogue
Saudi Arabia Muhammad, the Man
Epilogue
History has recorded fine details of Muhammad’s life as
Epilogue
well as his sublime and humane dealing with people.
Michael Hart stated in his book “The 100; A Ranking of
the Most Influential Persons in
History”:
His Sayings
Christ and St. Paul on Christianity. On the purely religious
level, then it seems likely that Muhammad has been as
Epilogue
Epilogue
206
207
Muhammad, the Messenger of God Suraqah returned back
to Makkah but he didn’t
The story of Suraqah; a promise fulfilled 20 years later embrace Islam until
Muhammad took over
Epilogue
Epilogue
When Muhammad migrated to Madinah with his close Makkah peacefully 8 years
companion Abu Bakr (622 CE), the Meccan leaders later (year 630 CE).
announced a large reward of 100 camels for anyone who
could bring Muhammad dead or alive. Muhammad passed away
in the year 632 CE and his
Unfortunately Muhammad and his promise to Suraqah was
companion were tracked down by one believed by his companions
of the Arab knights named Suraqah as genuine and would happen one day.
bin Malik who was tempted by the big
reward. On the way, his horse stumbled Time passed until Omar Bin Al-Khattab became the second
and he fell on the ground a few times. He caliph (ruler of the Muslim state). At his time, Islam reached
considered these unusual incidents as Persia in the year 642 CE and all the treasures of Khusrow,
an indirect message that Muhammad the emperor of Persia fell in the hands of Omar.
probably had been supported by Omar remembered the story of Suraqah and asked his
divine power. companions to bring him in. (20 years passed since this
When Suraqah approached story took place and Suraqah had become an old man).
Muhammad, Muhammad said to After prayer congregation, Omar said to Suraqah: "Here
him: “Do return to your people and are the bangles of Khusrow, the emperor of Persia, this is
I promise you that one day (under the umbrella of the what Muhammad had promised you. Put them on and let
Islamic state) you would wear the bangles (bracelets) of all Muslims see them so everyone
Chosroes, the Persian ruler." becomes certain that Muhammad’s
Suraqah asked in wonderment if Muhammad meant the promise is fulfilled."
bangles of Khusrow bin Hormuz, the emperor of Iran. Suraqah cried and every one wept.
Muhammad replied "yes" with full confidence. He had a Muhammad’s promise became a
strong faith that the religion of Islam would reach Persia reality 10 years after he passed away.
and would be known all over the world.
208 209
Meccan chiefs and entered Makkah peacefully. He returned
home not to live there for the rest
of his life but to clear paganism
Epilogue
Epilogue
purpose of Ka’bah (the cubical
building that was established by
Prophet Abraham to worship one
God). He removed all idols from
around the Ka’ bah and asked his
companion Bilal to climb on top of
the Ka’bah and call:
God is Greatest, God is Greatest, I witness that there is no
deity but Allah and I witness that Muhammad is His
messenger.
Muhammad wanted the key for the Ka’bah Shayba family) who was the keeper of the Ka’bah key. It is
door, so he called Othman Bin Talha (of Bani- important to know that there was a treaty before Islam in
which the honour of being a custodian or a warden of the
Ka’bah was given to the family of Bani Shayba. This honour
and responsibility was passed from the grandfathers to the
sons in the same family until it reached Othman Bin Talha.
Epilogue
Epilogue
212 213
214
214
215
Chapter 217
12
Islamic Art, Calligraphy
And Architecture
218 219
Mohamed Zakariya, USA Nuria Garcia Masip, Spain
Mr. Zakariya is an American calligrapher
who is considered the preeminent She is a professional calligrapher from
Art & Arch.
ambassador of the art of Islamic Ibiza, Spain. After receiving her literature
calligraphy in America. He learned Arabic degree from The George Washington
and Islamic calligraphy when he was 19 University, U.S.A., she studied Islamic
in Morocco, Spain and England. He is the arts in Morocco, then moved to Istanbul
first American that earned two licenses in where she received her diploma
Islamic calligraphy form Turkey. He is also in Islamic calligraphy in 2007. She
known for his design of the “Eid Greetings” currently pursues her calligraphic career
U.S. postage stamp (Eid means feast). He through exhibitions, competitions,
concentrates primarily on classical Arabic and workshops, moving between the
and Ottoman Turkish calligraphy. United States, Morocco, Turkey, Europe,
South Africa and the Middle East. Her
works revive classical texts through
aesthetically arresting presentation.
an element of harmony in each her distinctive talent to mix calligraphy with painting she
genre she creates by keeping the was able to reflect new meanings in her artistic designs.
balance between the original Arabic
text and her modern contemporary
artwork. She is known for creatively The word Muhammad, The
incorporating unconventional materials like terracotta, Messenger of God in Arabic
ceramics, pottery, glass and leather in her works. mirrored over a colorful
background
▲
"All praise belongs to Allah, the Lord of
all worlds. The Gracious, the Merciful,
Master of the Day of Judgment. You
alone we worship and You alone we seek
help. Guide us to the right (straight)
path. The path of those on whom You
bestowed Your blessings, those who
have not incurred Your displeasure, and
those who did not go astray."
The Quran, Chapter 1
This piece shows the main chapter in the Quran which Muslims recite in
their daily prayers. It is called "Al Fatiha" i.e. the opener. "Unless you show mercy to others, "Who does not thank people does
Allah will not be merciful to you". not thank God".
222 223
Haji Noor Deen, China Nobuko Sagawa, Japan
Born in 1963 in Shangdong province, China. He is one of
the most renowned calligraphers who created a unique She is one of the most renowned
Art & Arch.
link between Chinese and Arabic calligraphy. Japanese certified masters of Arabic
calligraphy. She studied fine arts
in Japan and became interested in
the Arabic calligraphy. Mrs. Sagawa
developed a style of “collaboration”
among combinations of Japanese
scripts (kana), Chinese characters
(kanji) and Arabic letters. Her talent
in mastering the “Thuluth” and “Kufi”
Arabic fonts enabled her to generate
The artistic pieces indicate: "There is no God but Allah, Muhammad is
creative calligraphic designs.
the Messenger of Allah". The dome in the bottom part is formed from the
statement "Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah"
224 225
Farid Al-Ali, Kuwait Mohammed Mandi, U.A.E.
He is the director of Kuwait Center of Islamic Art and With his unique experience and creative designs, he
one of the most well-known artists in the Middle was nominated to design the Arabic calligraphy on the
Art & Arch.
East for his resourceful designs and inventive art. banknote and passports of U.A.E. and many other countries.
In 2005 he released “Muhammadeyat”, a collection In addition, he was nominated to supervise calligraphic
of 500 artwork designs generated from the word designs in Shaikh Zayed Grand Mosque in Abu Dhabi, U.A.E.
“Muhammad” in Arabic (please see below). The and many other mosques in the world.
500 designs are split into 11 groups (soft, square,
hexagonal, octagonal, etc). Moreover, Mr. Al-Ali An artistic design of the word “Muhammad” based
did a similar collection to “Muhammadeyat”, but on Arabic script (separate letters). It is the main
component of the piece designed by Mr. Mandi which reflects transparent
derived from the word "Allah". harmony between the artistic designs of the word “MUHAMMAD” in
Arabic and English scripts.
226 227
Achmat Soni, South Africa
He is the founder of the South African Foundation of
Islamic Art. In his works he succeeded in creating elements
Art & Arch.
228 229
▲ The Grand Mosque of Kuwait: Photo taken by photographer
Ahmad Al Amiri on the 27th night of the lunar month Ramadan. In its peak
▼ Muslims fast the month of Ramadan from dawn to sunset. At night
time, the mosque can accommodate more than 45,000 people including the Muslims perform extra prayers and supplications.
outdoor areas.
230 231
Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque, Abu Dhabi, U.A.E.: It is the worshippers. It has 82 domes and 4 minarets each 107 m high. The
largest mosque in the United Arab Emirates and the eighth largest mosque has the world’s largest carpet, which measures 5627 m2 and the
mosque in the world. The mosque site is equivalent to the size of five world’s largest chandelier (15 m high and 10 m diameter). The mosque
football fields approximately. It can accommodate more than 40,000 is considered as one of the most important tourist attractions in U.A.E.
232 233
The Jumeirah Mosque, Dubai, U.A.E.: One of the most attractive Ahmed Al-Fateh Mosque, Kingdom of Bahrain: Was opened
mosques in Dubai which reflects modern Islamic architecture. in 1988 by the late Amir of Bahrain, Sheikh Issa bin Salman Al-Khalifa. The
mosque occupies an area of 6,500 square meters and it can accommodate
up to 7000 worshippers. The mosque reflects a transparent blend of Islamic
architecture and the local heritage.
236
237
Al-Aqsa Mosque, Jerusalem: It is believed by Muslims that it is the Aqsa Mosque/ Sanctuary is about 14.4 Hectare or 144,000 m2. It includes
second mosque placed on the earth for humanity to worship one God (Note: two important shrines, the “Qibli Masjid” (where the imam usually leads the
the first one is the sacred mosque in Makkah). Al-Aqsa Mosque is a sacred place prayers) and the “Dome of the Rock”.
for Muslims and used to be the first Qiblah in Islam (the place Muslims used Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem: It is an Islamic shrine and a mosque
to direct their faces towards it when praying to God). After Quranic revelation built in the period of 688-692 CE by the Umayyad Caliph Abdul Malik Bin
from God, Muslims were commanded to change the “Qiblah” towards the Marwan over the rock that is believed by Muslims the place where Prophet
Mosque of Sanctuary in Makkah, which has the Ka'bah (the cubical building Muhammad (pbuh) ascended to the Heavens. It is an octagon building with
built by Prophet Abraham (pbuh) to worship one God). The total area of Al- a golden dome of 29.4m diameter.
Qibli Masjid
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Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria
The Great Mosque of Samarra, Iraq
The Ummayad Mosque, established (706 -715 CE) under the Umayyad caliph Al
It is a 9th century mosque which is located in the Iraqi city of Samarra. The
Walid. It is one of the largest and oldest mosques in the world that has a great
mosque was commissioned in 848 and completed in 851 by the Abbasid Caliph
architectural importance (mosque interior is approx. 4000m2).
Al-Mutawakkil .
In 2001 Pope John Paul II visited the mosque and it was the first time a pope The Great Mosque of Samarra was at one time the largest mosque in the world;
paid a visit to a mosque. The minaret in the southeast corner is called the Minaret its minaret, the Malwiya Tower, is a vast spiraling cone (snail shaped) 52 meters
of Jesus as many Muslims believe that when Jesus returns, he will descends near high and 33 meters wide with a spiral ramp. The mosque had 17 aisles, and its
this Minaret. walls were paneled with mosaics of dark blue glass. The minaret is in the style of
Babylonian ziggurat .
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Sultan Ahmet Mosque, Turkey: It is better known as the "Blue Mosque”,
with cascading domes and six slender minarets. Commissioned by Sultan
Ahmet of the Ottoman Empire in the 17th century (construction began in 1609
and took seven years).
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Aya sofya, Istanbul, Turkey :
Aya Sofya (Hagia Sophia) in Istanbul – Turkey. It is a former Byzantine
church which then served as an Ottoman mosque for approx. 500 years.
Now it is a museum and a major tourist attraction place.
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Taj Mahal, Agra, India : It was built by Shah Jahan (1592–1666)
in memory of his wife. Due to its unique architectural design, it
is considered as one of the most important tourist attractions in
the world. Next to Taj Mahal, Shah Jahan built a mosque which
is part of the Taj Mahal complex. Engraved on Taj Mahal walls,
there are full chapters " Surahs" from the Quran.
In addition, Prophet Muhammad recommended people visit ▲ Jama Masjid in New Delhi, India The largest mosque in India, built in 1656
cemeteries to remember the fact that every living creature will ▼ Red Fort, Agra, India
die and will return to his or her Lord. It is God only to be glorified,
exalted and worshiped not human beings.
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▲ Star Mosque, Dhaka, Bangladesh Auburn Gallipoli Mosque, Sydney, Australia ▼
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248
▲ Sultan Mosque, Singapore Sultan O. A. Saifuddin Mosque, Brunei ▼ ▲ Tokyo Jami, Japan Pattani Central Mosque, Thailand ▼
250 251
251
▲ The Crystal Mosque, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia:
The mosque is mainly made of crystal. It is located at Islamic Heritage Park on the
island of Wan Man. It was officially opened in 2008. ▲ Kuantan Mosque in Malaysia Ubudiah Mosque, Perak, Malaysia ▼
Putrajaya Mosque, Malaysia ▼
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253
Al-Azhar Mosque in Cairo, Egypt: Established in 971 CE, connected with The Ahmad Ibn Tulun Mosque in Cairo, Egypt: Completed in 879 CE,
one of the oldest operating universities in the world (opened 988 CE). one of the largest in the world, (26,318 m2) it is also famed for its lovely architecture
and unique minaret.
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The Mezquita of Cordoba, Spain: Mezquita is the Spanish word for
"mosque". It is an 8th century mosque designed by Islamic architects under the
supervision of the Emir of Cordoba, Abdul-Rahman II (822-852). Today, the Mezquita
is the cathedral of Cordoba (officially the Cathedral of St. Mary of the Assumption).
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Alhambra Calat, Spain: Also called "the red fortress". It is a palace
▲ Masjid Istiqlal, Jakarta: This is the largest mosque in Southeast Asia.
Istiqlal means independence. It is located side by side with the largest cathedral
and fortress complex, constructed during the ruling of the Muslim Sultan of in Indonesia.
Granada (1353-1391 CE). Today it is one of Spain's major tourist attractions
exhibiting the most famous Islamic architecture in Spain. ▼ Masjid Baiturrahman, Darussalam Aceh: This is a historical
Note: Within Alhambra, the Palace of Roman Emperor Charles V was erected in 1527 CE. mosque in Aceh Darussalam. This mosque is one of the mosques that survived
the tsunami in 2004.
258 259
The Hassan II Mosque, Casablanca, Morocco: It was completed in The Kairaouine Mosque, Fes, Morocco: Founded in 987 CE. It is the
1993. Designed by French architect Michel Pinseau. The Great Mosque's minaret is second largest mosque in Morocco (after the new Hassan II Mosque in Casablanca)
the tallest structure in Morocco and the tallest minaret in the world (210 meters ). and one of the oldest universities in the world. Also, it is the oldest Islamic monument
At night, lasers shine a beam from the top of the minaret toward the Mosque of in Fes.
Sanctuary in Makkah. (Capacity: 25,000 worshippers)
260 261
▲ Kipchak Mosque in Ashgabat Turkmenistan Azadi Mosque in Ashgabat Turkmenistan ▼ ▲ Shir Dor Madrasah, Samarkand, Uzbekistan Kalon Mosque, Bukhara, Uzbekistan ▼
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Note: In Islam there are five
prayers a day. The following
is a translation of the words
of the “Azaan” (call for each
prayer). Each statement is
repeated twice: Allah is the
Greatest. I bear witness that
there is no deity but Allah. I bear
witness that Muhammad is the
Messenger of Allah. Come to the
prayer. Come to the real success.
Allah is the Greatest. There is no
deity but Allah.
The Grand Mosque of Paris, France: It is the largest mosque in France. Penzberg Mosque, Penzberg, Germany: The minaret is engraved with
It was founded after World War I. Inaugurated on 15th July 1926. words of the “Azaan”, the Muslim call for the daily prayers. The Arabic calligraphic
design was made by award winner calligrapher Mohammed Mandi from U.A.E.
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▲ Grand Mosque, Semarang, Indonesia Hui Mosque in Ningxia, China ▼
Djenné is home to the world's largest mud mosque. This is more impressive than
it may sound: the building is huge, and manages to be elegant both up close and
268 from a distance. Two times a year all the city's residents drop everything, cart mud
269
up from the nearby Bani river, and together they re-pack the Mosque walls.
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