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14. Solve z 2 ( p 2 x 2 q2 ) 1

15. Solve (i) z ( p 2 q2 ) x2 y2

(ii) z 2 ( p 2 q2 ) x2 y2

UNIT - 2

FOURIER SERIES
a0
f ( x) an cos nx bn sin nx
2 n 1

(0,2 ) (- , )

Even (or) Half range Odd (or) Half range Neither even nor odd
Fourier co sine series Fourier sine series
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2
1 2 a0 0 1
a0 f ( x)dx a0 f ( x)dx a0 f ( x)dx
0 0

2
1 2 an 0 1
an f ( x) cos nxdx an f ( x) cos nxdx an f ( x) cos nxdx
0 0

1
2 bn=0 2 1
bn f ( x)s innxdx bn f ( x)s innxdx bn f ( x)s innxdx
0 0

a0 n x n x
f ( x) an cos bn sin
2 n 1  

(0,2  ) ( - ,  )

Even (or) Half range Odd (or) Half range Neither even nor odd
Fourier cosine series Fourier sine series

2  
1 2 a0 0 1
a0 f ( x)dx a0 f ( x)dx a0 f ( x)dx
 0
0  

2  
1 n x 2 n x an 0 1 n x
an f ( x) cos dx an f ( x) cos dx an f ( x) cos dx
 0
 0   


2 bn=0  
1 n x 2 n x 1 n x
bn f ( x)s in dx bn f ( x)s in dx bn f ( x)s in dx
 0
 0   


Even and odd function:

Even function:

f(-x)=f(x)

eg : cosx,x2 , , x , sin x , cos x are even functions

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Odd function:
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f(-x)=-f(x)

eg : sinx,x3 ,sinhx, tanx are odd functions

For deduction

In the interval (0,2 ) if x = 0 or x = 2 then

f (0) f (2 )
f(0) = f(2 ) =
2

In the interval (0,2  ) if x = 0 or x = 2  then

f (0) f (2)
f(0) = f(2  ) =
2

In the interval (- , ) if x = - or x = then

f( ) f( )
f(- ) = f( ) =
2

In the interval (-  ,  ) if x = -  or x =  then

f ( ) f ()
f(-  ) = f(  ) =
2

HARMONIC ANALYSIS

a0
f(x)= + a1 cosx +b1sinx + a2cos2x + b2sin2x ……… for form
2

y y cos x y cos 2 x y sin x y sin 2 x

a0 2 a1 2 , a2 2 b1 2 , b2 2
n n n n n

a0 x x 2 x 2 x
f(x)= + a1 cos +b1 sin + a2 cos + b2 sin ………(  form)
2    
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y x x 2 x
a0 2 y cos 2 x y sin y sin
n a1 2  y cos
 b1 2  , 
a2 2 b2 2
n n n n

1. Define R.M.S value.

If let f(x) be a function defined in the interval (a, b), then the R.M.S value of
b
1 2
f(x) is defined by y f ( x) dx
b aa
2. State Parseval’s Theorem.
Let f(x) be periodic function with period 2l defined in the interval (c, c+2l).
c 2l
1 2 ao2 1
f ( x) dx an2 bn2
2l c
4 2n1 Where ao , an & bn are Fourier constants

3. Define periodic function with example.

If a function f(x) satisfies the condition that f(x + T) = f(x), then we say f(x) is a periodic
function with the period T.
Example:-
i) Sinx, cosx are periodic function with period 2
ii) tanx is are periodic function with period

4. State Dirichlets condition.

(i) f(x) is single valued periodic and well defined except possibly at a
Finite number of points.
(ii) f (x) has at most a finite number of finite discontinuous and no infinite
Discontinuous.
(iii) f (x) has at most a finite number of maxima and minima.
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5. State Euler’s formula.

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Answer:

In (c, c 2l )
ao
f x an cos nx bn sin nx
2
c 2l
1
where ao f ( x )dx
c
c 2l
1
an f ( x ) cos nxdx
c
c 2l
1
bn f ( x ) sin nxdx
c

6. Write Fourier constant formula for f(x) in the interval (0, 2 )

Answer:
2
1
ao f ( x)dx
0
2
1
an f ( x) cos nxdx
0
2
1
bn f ( x) sin nxdx
0

7. In the Fourier expansion of

2x
1 , x 0
f(x) = in (-π , π ), find the value of bn
2x
1 ,0 x

Since f(-x)=f(x) then f(x) is an even function. Hence bn = 0

8. If f(x) = x3 in –π < x < π, find the constant term of its Fourier series.
Answer:
Given f(x) = x3 f(-x) = (- x)3= - x3 = - f(x)
Hence f(x) is an odd function
The required constant term of the Fourier series = ao = 0
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9. What are the constant term a0 and the coefficient of cosnx in the Fourier
Expansion f(x) = x – x3 in –π < x < π
Answer:
Given f(x) = x – x3 f(-x) = -x - (- x)3= - [x - x3] = - f(x)
Hence f(x) is an odd function
The required constant term of the Fourier series = a 0 = 0

10. Find the value of a0 for f(x) = 1+x+x2 in ( 0 ,2 )

Answer:
2
1
ao f ( x)dx
0
2 2
1 2 1 x2 x3
(1 x x )dx x
0
2 3 0
2 3 2
1 4 8 8
2 2 2
2 3 3

11. (i)Find bn in the expansion of x2 as a Fourier series in ( , )

(ii)Find bn in the expansion of xsinx a Fourier series in ( , )
Answer:

(i) Given f(x) = x2 f(-x) = x2 = f(x)

Hence f(x) is an even function

In the Fourier series bn = 0

(ii) Given f(x) = xsinx f(-x) = (-x)sin(-x) = xsinx = f(x)

Hence f(x) is an even function

In the Fourier series bn = 0

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x 0 x l/2
12. Obtain the sine series for f x
l x l/2 x l

x 0 x l/2
Given f x
l x l/2 x l
Answer:
x 0 x l/2
Given f x
l x l/2 x l
nx
Fourier sine series is f x bn sin
l
l
2 nx
bn f ( x) sin dx
l 0 l
l 2 l
2 nx nx
x sin dx (l x) sin dx
l 0
l l 2
l
l 2 l
nx nx nx nx
cos sin cos sin
2 l l l l
lx (1)l 2 l (l x) l 2 ( 1)
l n n2 n n2
0 l 2

2 l 2 cos n 2 l 2 sin n 2 l 2 cos nl 2 l 2 sin n 2

2 2 2 2
l 2n n 2n n
2 2l 2 sin n 2 4l sin n 2
2 2 2 2
l n n

4l sin n 2 n x
Fourier series is f x 2
sin
n 1 n2 l

13. If f(x) is odd function in l , l . What are the value of a0 &an

Answer:
If f(x) is an odd function, ao = 0, an = 0
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14. In the Expansion f(x) = |x| as a Fourier series in (- . ) find the value of a0
Answer:
Given f(x) = |x| f(-x) = |-x| = |x| = f(x)
Hence f(x) is an even function

2 2 x2 2 2
ao xdx
0
2 0
2

15. Find half range cosine series of f(x) = x, in 0 x

Answer:
2 2 x2 2 2
ao xdx
0
2 0
2

2 1 cos nx sin nx
an x sin nxdx x (1)
0
n n2 0

n n 1
1 cos n 1 1
0 0
n n n
ao
f x an cos nx
2 n 0

Fourier series is 1
n 1

cos nx
2 n 0 n

16. Find the RMS value of f(x) = x2, 0 x 1

28

Answer:
Given f(x) = x2
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R.M.S value
2l 1
1 2 1 2
y f ( x) dx x2 dx
l 0 120
1
x5 2
2
5 0
5

17. Find the half range sine series of f ( x) x in (0, )

Answer:
2
bn f ( x) sin nxdx
0

2 2 cos nx sin nx
x sin nxdx x (1)
0
n n2 0

2 ( 1) n 2( 1) n 1

n n

2( 1) n 1
Half range Fourier sine series is f x sin nx
n 0 n
18. Find the value of a0 in the cosine series of f ( x) x in (0, 5)
Answer:
5 5
2 2 x2 2 52
ao xdx 5
50 5 2 0
5 2

19. Define odd and even function with example.

Answer:
(i) If f ( x) f ( x) then the function is an even function.

eg : cosx ,x2 , x , sin x , cos x are even functions

(ii) If f ( x) f ( x) then the function is an odd function.

eg : sinx,x3 ,sinhx, tanx are odd functions
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20. Write the first two harmonic.
Answer:
The first two harmonics are
ao
f x a1 cos x b1 sin x a2 cos 2 x b2 sin 2 x
2

FOURIER SERIES
x (0, )
1. Expand f ( x) as Fourier series
2 x ( ,2 )
2
1 1 1
and hence deduce that .........
12 32 52 8
2. Find the Fourier series for f(x) = x2 in (- . ) and also prove that
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
(i) ......... (ii) .........
12 22 32 6 12 22 32 12
3. (i) Expand f(x) = | cosx | as Fourier series in (- . ).
(ii) Find cosine series for f(x) = x in (0, ) use Parsevals identity to
4
1 1 1
Show that .........
14 24 34 90
4. (i) Expand f(x) = xsinx as a Fourier series in (0, 2 )
(ii) Expand f(x) = |x| as a Fourier series in (- . ) and deduce to
2
1 1 1
.........
12 32 52 8
0 , ( ,0)
5. If f ( x) Find the Fourier series and hence deduce that
sin x , (0, )
1 1 1 2
.........
1.3 3.5 5.7 4
6. (i) Find the Fourier series up to second harmonic
X 0 1 2 3 4 5
Y 9 18 24 28 26 20
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(ii)Find the Fourier series up to third harmonic

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X 0 π/3 2π/3 π 4π/3 5π/3 2π

F(x) 10 14 19 17 15 12 10

7. (i) Find the Fourier expansion of f ( x) ( x) 2 in (0, 2 ) and

2
1 1 1
Hence deduce that .........
12 22 32 6

(ii). Find a Fourier series to represent f ( x) 2 x x 2 with period 3

in the range (0,3)

(ii) Find the Fourier series of f x ex in ( , ).

1 in (0, )
(ii) Find the Fourier series for f x
2 in ( , 2 )
2
1 1 1
and hence show that .........
12 32 52 8

8. (i) Find the the half range sine series for f x x x in the interval (0, ) and deduce

1 1 1
that ....
13 33 53

2
(ii) Obtain the half range cosine series for f x x 1 in (0,1)
2
1 1 1
and also deduce that 2 .........
1 22 32 6
9. (i) Find the Fourier series for f(x) = x2 in (- . ) and also prove that
4
1 1
1 ......... (use P.I)
14 24 90
(ii) Find the Fourier series for f(x) = x in (- . ) and also prove that
4
1 1
1 ......... (use P.I)
14 34 96
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l
cx ,0 x
2
10(i)Obtain the sine series for f x
l
c l x , x l
2

l
kx ,0 x
2
(ii). Find the Fourier series for the function f x
l
k 2l x , x l
2
11.(i).Find the Fourier series for the function f x 1 x x2 in ( , ) and also
2
1 1 1
deduce that .........
12 22 32 6

(ii) Find the Fourier expansion of

2x
1 , x 0 2
1 1 1
f(x) = in (-π , π ), and also deduce that 2 .........
2x 1 32 52 8
1 ,0 x

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