PERCEPTION ON SMARTPHONE SHARING AMONG PANGASINAN STATE

UNIVERSITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

_________________________________________

Hilario, Philip Andrew C.

Lopez, Jan Robert L.
Martin, Carl Angelo S.

JANUARY 2019
 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM

Background of the Study

Smartphones are one of the greatest inventions ever made for the convenience of humankind
and through the years, Smartphone Technology has rapidly evolved. Smartphones are used to ease up
work specifically in school or in office. It can be used to gain information, to communicate with other
people, to entertain and to generally increase productivity of an individual. According to statistics from
Statista.com last 2016, about 63 % of the world’s population already own a mobile phone and it is
expected to exceed the five billion mark in 2019.

Nowadays, having a smartphone can already be considered as a necessity. The reason why there
is no doubt if one could be very protective when it comes to his or her phone is smartphone contains
personal information: contacts, messages, photos, passwords and even bank accounts. Smartphones are
considered as a personal belonging but there is no basis stating that it would be a lawbreaking for an
individual to let other people borrow his or her phone. It means that when a smartphone is borrowed,
the owner gives it with his own consent. It is still a choice though in the first place whether one would
allow other people to borrow his own personal smartphone or not. Because the moment other person
hands someone’s personal phone, it gives this other person access to the smartphone itself, including
very personal information that should not be seen by others. Also, it would be a catastrophe if one gets
his hands with these things without the owner’s approval or consent.

Statement of the Problem

In this interpretive study, the researchers will survey smartphone users among Pangasinan State
University Senior High School students and analyze their implications in order to determine how they
protect their data privacy when sharing smartphones.

Specifically it seeks to answer the following questions:

1) What is the profile of the respondents in terms of the following:

 a. age
b. sex
c. strand
2) What is the level of perception of the respondents on smartphone sharing and unsharing?

3) Is there a significant relationship between the perception of the respondents on smartphone

sharing or smartphone unsharing to their profile?

4) Is there a significant relationship between the perception ________

Significance of the Study

This is study is deemed significant to the following in terms of its contribution to the senior high
students’ perception on smartphone sharing.

Students. The students will be able to know their level of perception upon sharing their
smartphones and what it causes them to choose to share it or to not share it.

Teachers. The teachers will be aware on what they can to do

Parents. The parents of the students will be aware on what they can to understand the reasons
of their children when there is a circumstance where they don’t want to share their smartphones.

Scope and Delimitation

This research only studies about the senior high students’ perception on smartphone sharing

Rationale

The goal of the researchers is to deeply understand various concerns that can be associated
through phone sharing of individuals specifically students from PSU Urdaneta Campus. Also, this study
aims to know how individuals become permissive when it comes to sharing their smartphones. Lastly, is
to confirm if phone sharing, driven by pragmatic and social situations, is a common practice to
individuals now in the developing world.
 Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

Innovation in the 21st century is an imperative component. In different perspectives, it is the

main reason why people appreciate their more efficient lives. Furthermore, it has aid to develop the

everyday standards and working state of people. Numerous inquiries with regards to the impacts of

innovation have been asked. Giving the quick extension of the innovation business, does the society

devour a considerable amount of innovation, has its influence and impacts gone that far? On the other

hand, is it just a mare tool of commitment in the social sphere of life? This review of related literature

seeks for examining the impacts of advanced mobile phones in social interactions and how the regularly

developing technology has affected the social improvement of the modern society.

Communication

Interaction is a vital piece of humankind. Through interaction, people are better set to

comprehend themselves better. As indicated by innovation specialists, human development is directly

related to innovation advancement. This infers that technology is quickly changing to provide the

necessities of humankind. In the contemporary society, the advancement of innovation has facilitated

communication over all levels of life. Also, the innovation is impacting the method of correspondence

between people.

Smartphones are in charge of the isolation of oral method of socialization. This infers the phones

impact to socialization cannot be gotten over or not when it likewise influences efficiency of people and

firms. Smartphones are addictive gadgets that can compromise the communications between individual

companions and corporate executives. In a business set up, correspondence between senior

administration and junior workers is essential. Be that as it may, with the appearing of advanced cells,

workers, both senior and junior have lost the enthusiasm of going to typical meetings. A number are too
engaged to the use of gadgets specifically smartphones and could prefer communication through

electronic mails of company website. They consider meetings to be an obsolete method of

communication. Then again, given the guidelines of an association proposes and foments for traditional

meetings, a case in many associations, the level of focus might be insignificant. An excessive amount of

commitment on telephone burdens interactions of people. This represents a threat of

miscommunication since few individual consider web-based social networking interactions seriously,

this is regardless of the presence of people who value social opinion that a genuine one. Nonetheless, it

is obvious that very little weight is appended to online networking statements when contrasted with

physical statements.

Smartphones have exceptional and unique applications that are particular from different kinds

of mobiles. However, the applications have imperiled social engagement by constraining the people to

be occupied within the chat rooms. This is because the applications are intended only for smartphones

and just the individuals who have smartphone are better situated to connect with other smartphones

from everywhere throughout the world. Given that the society is heading towards an advanced cell

world, it is clear that people will contribute more opportunity to their screens tweeting and participating

in Facebook forums than meeting one on one with companions and colleagues. That is so in light of the

fact that increased number of smartphones will have comparable portable applications subsequently

the capacity to connect unreservedly with social mates. This also represents a threat to connections

between people. In spite of people having the capacity to make a variety of friends and take part in

various connections at a specific time the power of those connections can't be measured as a few

people in the online life are imposters. From the above situations, it is clear that regardless of relating

with various individuals in various social platforms, no genuine oral correspondence is enhanced.
Phone Sharing

Karlson et. al (2009) found that it is typical for people from America and other less developed countries

to lend their personal phone to someone prompt by the practicality of different situations. Also they

concluded that the type of guest, its relationship to the owner and the phone sharing rationale are

directly related to the owner’s permissiveness and comfortability. The provision of phone security and

privacy needed by users are believed insufficient and they suggest adding an exclusive guests profile so

that the owner’s privacy can still be addressed even though the phone is shared.

Sharing means have a portion of something with other or others. It is the same through with

information, knowledge, media or anything that can be utilized by other people. Especially these days,

sharing personal media online becomes easy and widely spread but sharing them personally is even

easier (Ahern, S. et. al. 2007). It can be “mobile photo sharing” (Ahern, S. et. al. 2007), “knowledge

sharing” (Gruber, T., 1995), or even mobile phone sharing (Weilenmann A. & Larsson C., 2002). But all of

these can be uncontrolled without putting or giving limitations for sharing them. Here is where the

privacy comes in. According to the study of Rebecca Herold and Christine Hertzog, “The term privacy is a

subjective term. No universal definition can be coined for it.” but according to the 1890 issue of the

Harvard Law Review, an essay states that privacy “is the right to be let alone”.

Smartphones

Mobile Phone technology has made a great deal of impact since its invention. Actually, during these

days, they are mostly used in public spaces especially from urban situations (Kopomaa, 2000). But

mobile phones are not “mobile phones” without going through series of evolution and innovation. It

started with its invention in the second half of the 19 th century as a telephone and had become part of

billions of people’s lives at that time (Goggin, 2006). Telephone has been through different changes over

the years to be finally called a cell phone or mobile phone roughly 2.5 decades after its invention, and its
main purpose has been the same – “to keep in touch with friends and family, engage in social activities

and organizations, and conduct business” (Goggin, 2006).

Smartphone is an improved communication device with innovative phone abilities i.e. it has

impressive processing capacities. Moreover, the innovation utilized in their designs is different in that it

influences individual conversations, firm efficiency and communications in working spots. Advanced

mobile phones are unique specialized gadgets that somehow have made the social world better. It is

evident that most individual in the modern society have or seek to have a smartphone. Mobile phone is

a good indicator of a social user class. A fine smartphone makes one brilliant in the social sphere. That is

people are in the social world tends to connect with those considered to control the social medial by

means of their modern phones. This acquires the issue of morality and the ethical part of smartphones

in communications.

By 2025, when the most number of the present cognitive research undergraduates will be in

their mid-30s, at least 62.5% of individuals on our planet will be utilizing ultra-broadband, sensor-rich

cell phones a long ways past the capacities of the present iPhones, Androids, and Blackberries. In spite

of the fact that cell phones were not intended for mental research, they can gather huge measures of

naturally legitimate information, effectively and rapidly, from huge worldwide examples. On the off

chance that members download the right "psych applications," cell phones can record where they are,

what they are doing, and what they can see and hear and can run intelligent studies, tests, and

examinations through touch screens and remote associations with adjacent screens, headsets,

biosensors, and different peripherals.

Trust in Social Exchanges

Trust, risk, and correspondence are imperative variables which impact human choices. Trust has been

characterized from multiple points of view and been contemplated crosswise over different disciplines.
Economic perspectives of trust, either established in repeated diversion theory or in behavioral

economic experiments, have given the suspicions to study trust-based behaviors. Though, one's

decisions do not brings consistency with these assumptions that a rational decision maker pursues.

Individuals are not solely self-intrigued. More trust also, altruism are seen between strangers than

observational presumptions anticipate.

In regular interactions, individuals choose how to deal with each other not just in light of the

exchange value, but also based on with whom they had interaction. Choices that prompt such social

exchanges for the most part involve trust. Though, most research thinks about that observed trust

essentially coordinate anonymous random subjects with one another. Likewise, diversion theoretic

models and most economic aspects models accept all accomplices are the same. The outline in empirical

recreations has combined with the supposition that all players were self-interest. It rules out social

records of individual behavior.

A previous research concentrated on social capital and trust took a gander at whether confiding

attitude and trustworthiness ascend with the quantity of common companions the respondents have.

However, their investigation was kept running with companions, or with individuals who were requested

to associate with one another beforehand, to give a list of their basic companions.

This plan presented bias from the prior learning about the paired partner, particularly at the

point when the combined accomplices were already companions before taking part in the

experimentation. Research has demonstrated that total associations can be translated as an imperative

form of learning-based or personalized trust. Moreover, the choices can be affected by different factors,

for example, sex, facial expression, physical attractiveness, social status, and so on. The outcomes may

not reflect the impact of social capital on trust and dependability.

 Social stress is said to originate from an over unnecessary utilization of cell phones, as well.

Since there are such huge numbers of people who utilize cell phones to convey so much of the time,

certain maladaptive habits are or can be framed. As indicated by an examination in Computers in Human

Behavior (Sapacz et al.,2015), maladaptive habits can make unintended attitude to incorporate

consistent inadvertent urges to check the smartphone aimlessly, or conceivably, the wrong times. Since

overusing cell phones can prompt addictive behavior, feelings come into play. Since such a large number

of people are dedicated to their cell phones, it is possible for them to create anxiety or social stress

when the phone is not in clear sight or reach. It is obvious that it is harder for people to be in social

settings, in the event that the smartphone is not there to control them, in a way.
 Chapter 3

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Data Privacy Protection

Implications of the owner in

smartphone sharing in terms of:

Stranger’s
relationship
Stranger’s Gender of the
to the owner
behaviour stranger

Interaction Theory

Social Learning Theory Uncertainty Reduction Theory

 Chapter 4

METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides the research design which will be used in conducting this study. It includes

the research method, the procedure and technique, respondents and sampling, the data gathering

instruments, and the statistical treatment of data to answer the specific problems.

Research Design

This study will use the descriptive method using survey questionnaire as its main instrument. It

illustrates the subjects in terms of their age, gender, strand and the implications of smartphone sharing.

Then, this study will describe how the level of relationship of PSU SHS students affects them on

sharing smartphones to other people. This study will also consider if the level of emergence of a certain

situation can affect them on sharing their own smartphones. Since descriptive statistics will be used, this

study is a descriptive quantitative research.

Sources of the Data/Respondents of the study

The Grade 12 students of Pangasinan State University Senior High School are going to be the

respondents of this research. Considering the size of the population is large, stratified random sampling

will be used using the Cochran (1977) formula.

Research Instrument

In order to gather a reliable and valid data to determine the implications of smartphone sharing

among senior high school students of Pangasinan State University, the researchers will be using a survey

questionnaire. The questionnaire will consist of four parts. The first part will deal with the profile of the

respondents specifically their strand, age and gender. The next part will ask if the respondents possess a

smartphone or not and if they do, the estimated time of their usage of smartphone per day, if they bring
their phone with them all the time and if it is protected by a password. The third part of the

questionnaire will deal with the emergency level of different situations and if they will let a specific

person borrow their smartphone given their level of relationship with that individual. This research

study will focus on the effects of the level of relationship of an individual in terms of sharing their

smartphones to other people. Before the questionnaires will be given to the respondents, the research

instructor will check the questionnaires first.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers will ask approval from the principal and the instructor assigned to ensure the

protection of the respondents since most of them are still minors. After validating the questionnaire, it is

going to be distributed to the Grade 12 students of the Senior High School. Finally, the data gathered

will be arranged according to the research questions of this study.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The researchers will be using descriptive statistics to answer the problems in this study. The

descriptive measures include mean and percentage.

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 APPENDIX A
Republic of the Philippines

Pangasinan State University

Urdaneta Campus
San Vicente, Urdaneta City
Telefax: (075) 632-2559

QUESTIONNAIRE FOR IMPLICATIONS OF SMARTPHONE SHARING AMONG

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

Mobile phones are considered as a personal and private belonging of every person owning it. It contains
all of our personal data that can be disastrous if compromised.
This survey questionnaire is formulated to gather information on consumer’s mobile phone usage and
information about sharing their mobile phones. Would you let someone borrow your own mobile phone or not?

PART I.
Name (Optional):_______________________________ Sex: _______
Email: ______________________ Age: ______

STEM HUMSS ICT

PART II.
Shade the circle that corresponds to your answer.
Do you own a mobile phone?

YES

NO

Do you bring your mobile phone with you all the time?

YES

NO
How much time do you spend on your mobile phone on average in a day?

Less than 30 minutes

From 30 minutes to 1 hour

From 1 to 2 hours

From 2 to 3 hours
 More than 3 hours

Is your mobile phone secured by a password?

YES

NO

PART IIIA.
If YES, then please answer the questions below. Put a check mark on the box which corresponds to your
answer.

SDA- Strongly Disagree

DA- Disagree
N- Never---
A- Agree
SA- Strongly Agree

In general, would you let the following

person borrow your smartphone? SDA DA N A SA

Parents

Brother or Sister

Cousins

Boyfriend or girlfriend

Classmate

Teacher

Friend

Schoolmate

Professional-looking stranger

Random stranger
LEVEL OF EMERGENCE

He/she needs to call his/her parent

He/she needs to send a text message for his/her parents

He/she needs to use the internet

He/she needs to update his/her boyfriend/girlfriend

He/she needs to ring his/her missing phone

Your parents want to scan your messages

You parents are going to scan your gallery

Your cousins are going to play games

Your bestfriend is going to take a selfie

He/she needs to update her social media status

PART IIIB.

From your answer(s) above, please answer the follow questions honestly.

1. What is/are the reason/s why you will let or not let someone borrow your mobile phone?

2. Can the physical appearance of the borrower change your decision if you will let him/her borrow
your mobile phone or not? Why?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

3. Would it be easier for you to entrust your mobile to a female or to a male? Why?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

4. List down at least 3 benefits of using a mobile phone.

__________________________
__________________________
__________________________