This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D4753 − 15

Standard Guide for

Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and
Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and Construction
Materials Testing1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4753; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope* to comply with standard metric practice. In addition, the term “standard
mass(es)” is used instead of standard “standard weight(s)” when referring
1.1 This guide provides minimum requirements for general- to a piece of material of known specified mass used to compare or measure
purpose scales, balances, and standard masses used in testing the mass of other masses.
soil, rock, and related construction materials.
1.8 This guide offers an organized collection of information
1.2 This guide provides guidance for evaluating, selecting, or a series of options and does not recommend a specific
and specifying general purpose scales, balances, and standard course of action. This document cannot replace education or
masses used in testing soil, rock, and related construction experience and should be used in conjunction with professional
materials. judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
1.3 The accuracy requirements for balances and scales are circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-
specified in terms of the combined effect of all sources of error sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of
contributing to overall balance performance. The measurement a given professional service must be judged nor should this
of specific sources of error and consideration of details document be applied without consideration of a project’s many
pertaining to balance construction has been intentionally unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this
avoided. document means only that the document has been approved
through the ASTM consensus process.
1.4 This guide does not include requirements for balances
and scales having accuracies greater than those generally 1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the
required in testing soil, rock, and related construction materials safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
or for research programs or specialized testing requirements. responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.5 This guide does not apply to nongraduated balances. priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This guide does not address the methods used to verify
or quantify specific parameters dealing with balances and 2. Referenced Documents
scales. For a description of tests used in evaluating balance
performance, see NIST Handbook 44. 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
1.7 This guide is not intended to be used as a specification
Fluids
for the purchase of balances and scales.
E617 Specification for Laboratory Weights and Precision
NOTE 1—The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Mass Standards
formerly the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), and the International
Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) publish standards or practices 2.2 National Institute of Standards and Technology Docu-
that specify construction requirements as well as performance guides for ments:
balances. ASTM, OIML, and NIST publish construction standards and NIST Handbook 44 Specifications, Tolerances, and Other
tolerances for standard masses. Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring
NOTE 2—The terms “mass” and “determine the mass of” are used in this
standard instead of the more commonly used terms “weight” and “weigh”
Devices3

1 2
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.95 on Information Retrieval contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
and Data Automation. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved May 1, 2015. Published May 2015. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D4753 – 07. DOI: Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100
10.1520/D4753-15. Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http://www.nist.gov.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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 D4753 − 15
2.3 International Organization for Legal Metrology determination of mass involving repeat determinations of
(OIML):4 mass, averages, standard deviations, corrections, etc.).
International Recommendations OIML R 111–1 Edition 3.2.8 general-purpose standard mass—a standard mass
2004 (E) Weights of classes E1, E2, F1, F2, M1, M1–2, M2, used with a balance to make a general purpose determination of
M2–3, and M3 mass. See general-purpose determination of mass.
Part 1: Metrological and technical requirements
International Recommendations OIML R 111–2 Edition 3.2.9 hysteresis—the difference between successive mea-
2004 (E) Weights of classes E1, E2, F1, F2, M1, M1–2, M2, surements of a standard mass when the standard mass is
M2–3, and M3 measured after a cycle of adding, and then removing (or
Part 2: Test Report Format removing, then adding) mass from the balance.
International Recommendations OIML R 76–1 and R 3.2.10 linearity error—in balances, this expression is ap-
76–2 Non-automatic weighing instruments plied to the plus or minus deviation from the theoretically
Part 1: Metrological and technical requirements—Test straight-lined (linear) course of two interdependent values of
Non-automatic weighing instruments Edition 2006 (E) the indicated measurement value from the true (actual) value of
Part 2: Test report format Edition 2007 (E) the mass.
3.2.10.1 Discussion—Linearity implies that the deviation
3. Terminology from the true values are a continuous function of the applied
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this guide mass. Thus, obtaining enough values of the true applied mass
refer to Terminology D653. versus balance reading to establish a relation between applied
mass and output should give the error that will occur at any
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: applied mass. Linearity, then, is a statement about the system-
3.2.1 balance—an instrument for determining the mass of atic (nonrandom) error of a balance. Superimposed on the
an object by the action of gravity on the object. See scale. linearity are precision and other effects, such as off-center
3.2.1.1 Discussion—In this guide and in common usage, the errors, temperature effects, etc. Linearity is a measure of
terms balance and scale are used interchangeably. The term balance performance over its full range, and on most balances
balance is more often used in scientific fields of application. adjustments can be made to alter the useableness of a balance
The term scale usually refers to instruments intended for with a given linearity for measurements within a particular
commercial or industrial applications, and when so used, range of use.
usually implies an instrument of lesser performance than a
balance. 3.2.11 nongraduated balance—balances not fitted with a
scale numbered in units of mass.
3.2.2 basic condition—a condition that must be met before
a basic measurement for evaluating a balance can be per- 3.2.12 off-center error—of a top loading or platform
formed. balance, the difference in indicated value when a mass is
shifted to various positions on the loading area (pan or
3.2.3 basic measurement (of error)—evaluating a balance platform); eccentric load error.
by determining the change of indication of the balance when a 3.2.12.1 Discussion—The test for off-center error is called
known mass is added to or subtracted from any mass already the shift test, or offcenter-load test. Information about balance
on the balance and the difference between the change in the performance under eccentric loadings is not normally found in
indication determined and the known value of the mass. product literature but such information can usually be obtained
3.2.4 basic tolerance—tolerances that are established by a by contacting the manufacturer directly.
particular code for a particular device under all normal tests,
3.2.13 precision of a balance—the degree of agreement
whether maintenance or acceptance.
between the indications of a balance for repeated determina-
3.2.4.1 Discussion—Basic tolerances include minimum tol-
tions of the same mass under essentially the same conditions.
erance values when these are specified. Special tolerances,
3.2.13.1 Discussion—It is usually expressed quantitatively
identified as such and pertaining to special tests, are not basic
as a standard deviation of a series of mass determinations, or as
tolerances.
a function of the range of several mass determinations.
3.2.5 capacity—of a balance, the maximum mass recom-
3.2.14 readability type I—the value of the smallest unit of
mended by the manufacturer, disregarding any additional
mass that can be read without estimation over the given range
capability supplied by a taring device.
of measurement either directly or by use of a vernier or
3.2.6 general-purpose balance—any balance used to make a micrometer.
laboratory, industrial, education, and home use determination
of mass. 3.2.15 readability type II—the value of the smallest unit of
mass that can be read with estimation over the given range of
3.2.7 general-purpose determination of mass— a single measurement.
determination of mass using a balance (not a special purpose
3.2.16 readability type III—the value of the smallest unit of
mass that can be read when in-service conditions such as draft,
4
vibration, and other environmental conditions affect the bal-
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,
732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:// ance while the balance is in use, but not smaller than
www.access.gpo.gov. readability Type I.

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 D4753 − 15
3.2.17 reproducibility—see precision of a balance. TABLE 1 Requirements for General-Purpose Balances
3.2.18 scale—see balance. Class Test Mass,A g
Basic Readability
Tolerance Type I,B g
3.2.19 sensitivity—the ratio of the deflection (∆L) of the
GP1 $20 ±0.1 % 0.01
balance indicator or self-indicating display to the mass (∆M) <20 ±0.02 g 0.01
causing the deflection; S = ∆L/∆M at a given mass. GP2 $200 ±0.1 % 0.1
<200 ±0.2 g 0.1
NOTE 3—Values for sensitivity are sometimes seen expressed in terms GP5 $2000 ±0.1 % 1
of mass units. When used in this way in reference to a nonself-indicating <2000 ±2 g 1
balance, sensitivity refers to the reciprocal of sensitivity or the change in GP10 $5000 ±0.1 % 5
mass required to change the position of equilibrium (rest point) a specified <5000 ±5 g 5
amount, usually one division on the balance indicator. When used in GP100 $50 000 ±0.1 % 50
<50 000 ±50 g 50
reference to self-indicating balances, it refers to the change in mass
A
required to change the indication by one scale division. The known mass which is added to or subtracted from any mass already on the
balance when making a basic measurement (of error).
3.2.20 standard mass—an object of specified mass and B
Not readability Type II.
construction used with balances, and for the verification of
balances and other masses.
3.2.21 taring range—a range within which it is possible to TABLE 2 Maintenance Tolerances for General-Purpose Standard
Masses
reset the indicator or display to zero by use of the tare device.
Denomination Tolerance,A mg
3.2.22 tolerance—a value fixing the limit of allowable error 20 kg 4000
or departure from true performance or value. 10 kg 2000
5 kg 1000
NOTE 4—For additional terms used in this guide related to balances and 3 kg 600
standard masses, see NIST Handbook 44 or OIML IR R 76–1 and R 76–2. 2 kg 400
1 kg 200
500 g 100
4. Significance and Use 300 g 60
4.1 This guide provides those using standards related to soil, 200 g 40
100 g 20
rock, and related construction materials, with a means for 50 g 14
selecting the balance required for a particular standard. 30 g 10
20 g 6
4.2 This guide provides those writing standards pertaining 10 g 4
to soil, rock, and related construction materials with a means 5g 4
3g 4
for specifying the balance capabilities required for a particular 2g 4
standard and for describing the balance selected in a uniform 1g 4
fashion. 500 mg 2
300 mg 2
4.3 This guide provides agencies conducting soil, rock, and 200 mg 2
related construction materials, testing with guidance for select- 100 mg 2
A
ing and evaluating general purpose balances and standard Acceptance tolerances on new general-purpose standard masses are one-half
the tolerances shown in this table.
masses.
4.4 This guide provides inspection organizations with crite-
ria for evaluating general purpose balances and standard
NOTE 5—Former NIST Class J, M, S, S-1, P, and Q standard masses
masses. meet this guide, as do OIML Class M1 standard masses (IR R 111–1).

5. Requirements for General-Purpose Balances 7. Evaluation of General-Purpose Balances

5.1 General-purpose balances shall be judged accurate for a 7.1 Basic Tolerance—Table 1 shows the basic tolerances for
given class if their indications meet the basic tolerances shown all classes of general-purpose balances used in soil or rock
in Table 1. testing that are covered by this guide. The basic tolerances
shown apply to basic measurements made when evaluating a
6. Requirements for General-Purpose Masses balance.
7.1.1 A basic measurement for evaluating a balance is
6.1 General-purpose standard masses for use in verification
performed by determining the change of indication of the
balances and testing of soil and rock shall conform to the
balance when a known mass is added to or subtracted from any
requirements in Specification E617 for Type I or Type II, Grade
mass already on the balance, and then taking the difference
S, O, or P standard masses and have tolerance limits equal to
between the change in the indication determined and the
or better than those for Class 6 standard masses except that the
known value of the mass. To evaluate a balance, the basic
maintenance tolerances given in Specification E617 for Class 6
tolerances shown in Table 1 are applied to the known value of
standard masses are to be considered acceptance tolerances for
the mass used in the basic measurement. The result of a basic
purposes of this guide and the maintenance tolerances twice
measurement must fall within the error allowed by the basic
those values. The tolerances values given in Table 2 correspond
tolerance.
to the minimum acceptable maintenance tolerances under this
guide. NOTE 6—For nearly all determinations of mass encountered in soils

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 D4753 − 15
testing, the value of interest is the difference between two determinations 7.3.2 The repeatability Type I of the balance being evalu-
of mass. In cases where the difference between the two determinations of ated must be such that the difference between the highest and
mass is small, relative to the total masses determined, it is desirable to
specify a tolerance based on the difference between the two determina-
lowest values in a group of several determinations of a mass
tions of mass to relieve what might otherwise be an excessively stringent shall not be greater than twice the balance’s readability Type I.
tolerance. 7.4 Balance Testing—Two types of testing may be per-
NOTE 7—A no load condition may be treated as a mass of 0.0 g and may
be considered a mass on the balance. formed when evaluating the performance of a balance.
7.4.1 Maintenance Testing—Maintenance testing should be
7.1.2 The basic tolerance for a balance should apply to all performed on balances in service. The basic measurement for
values of loading within the range of the balance without evaluating a balance is performed in an environment that meets
regard to whether the balance is properly zeroed or a tare mass the manufacturer’s recommendations. Maintenance testing is
is being used, and should apply under all usual and customary performed to determine whether a balance should be repaired.
methods of operation. Furthermore, the basic tolerance must be A tolerance equal to or better than the basic tolerance should
met in the environment in which the balance is to be used. apply to all basic measurements for this test.
7.1.3 A balance shall not be considered acceptable if the 7.4.2 In-Use Testing—In-use testing should be performed on
result of basic measurements involving any combination of balances in service. The basic measurement for evaluating a
poise locations, counterpoise masses, pan loading, and scale balance should be performed as and where the balance is used
positions, or unit masses is not within the basic tolerances to make general purpose determinations of mass. In-use tests
shown in Table 1. are intended to indicate the quality of usual and customary
7.1.4 When evaluating top loading balances, results of basic mass determinations that are made or may be made when using
measurements under off-center loading must also meet basic a general-purpose balance. The basic tolerance should apply to
tolerances. basic measurements for this test.
NOTE 8—The possibility of off-center error and linearity error should be 7.5 Rejection—If a balance fails when in-use tests are
considered when making basic measurements.
performed then it shall be removed temporarily until mainte-
7.1.5 Standard masses meeting or exceeding the require- nance tests can be performed. If a balance fails both in-use and
ments given in Specification E617 for weights of Type I or maintenance tests, it shall be removed from service and
Type II, Grades S or O, and Class 2 are suggested in repaired or replaced. If a balance fails the in-use test but passes
Specification E617 for use as working standards for calibration the maintenance test, the environment in which the balance is
and precision analytical work and are recommended in this located must be improved.
guide for use in evaluating general purpose balances. The use
of standard masses of lesser quality for calibration purposes is 8. Evaluation of General-Purpose Standard Masses
discouraged because of the tendency to think of them as
accurate once they are labeled “standard masses for calibra- 8.1 General-purpose standard masses should be tested on a
tion.” precision balance. Standard masses meeting or exceeding the
requirements given in Specification E617 for standard masses
7.2 Balance Classification—A balance is classified by ref- of Type I or Type II, Grades S or O, and Class 2 are suggested
erence to its readability Type I (see Table 1). in Specification E617 for use as working standards for calibra-
NOTE 9—Capacity is not to be considered when classifying a balance. tion and precision analytical work and are recommended in this
Balance classification in this guide is based on balance performance, not guide for use in evaluating general purpose standard masses.
on use requirements. When selecting a balance, the anticipated masses The use of standard masses of lesser quality for calibration
which the balance is expected to measure will dictate the capacity purposes is discouraged because of the tendency to think of
required.
them as accurate once they are labeled “standard masses for
7.3 Basic Conditions—A basic condition is a condition calibration.”
which must be met before a basic measurement for evaluating
a balance can be performed. In general, basic conditions 8.2 General-purpose standard masses that fail to meet the
require that a balance give a clear and stable indication under requirements specified in Section 6 should be removed from
any condition of loading including the indication at no load. service and either adjusted to meet acceptance tolerances or
Both the useable readability (readability Type III) and the replaced.
repeatability Type I must be adequate to perform the basic
measurements described in 7.1. 9. Selecting and Specifying Balances
9.1 Selecting Balances—The selection of a balance is based
NOTE 10—For example, when a determination of mass is made with a
beam balance, if the smallest poise is moved by an amount equal to the on the proposed use. A balance must have a capacity sufficient
readability Type I, the indicating pointer must move clearly off balance to accommodate the total mass of all anticipated test masses,
(usually at least one division on the pointer scale). This is an indication of and its performance must be good enough so as not to be a
the adequacy of the sensitivity of a balance. cause of test error. The accuracy desired in test results should
7.3.1 Readability Type I establishes the balance’s class for be used to establish the allowable balance tolerances.
determining the appropriate basic tolerance. If environmental 9.1.1 The precision of a balance (a term frequently found in
or other factors cause the usable readability (readability Type manufacturer’s specifications), expressed as a standard
III) to be poorer than the readability Type I then the balance deviation, shall not be greater than twice the readability Type
cannot meet the basic tolerance for its class. I.

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 D4753 − 15
9.1.2 When listed by the manufacturer, the linearity error of 9.2.1 Balance—A balance having a minimum capacity of
a balance shall not be greater than twice the readability Type I. ___ g or kg and meeting the requirements of Guide D4753 for
9.1.3 If the maximum error of indication contributed by a balance of ___ g readability.
off-center loading can be obtained from the manufacturer, it 9.2.2 Balance—A balance or scale conforming to the re-
should be no greater than twice the readability Type I (not Type quirements of Guide D4753 readable (with no estimation) to
II). 0.1 % of the total test mass, or better. See Annex A1 for
9.1.4 In cases where a test requires that more than one test examples.
result be determined, several balances having different capa- NOTE 11—Special consideration may be required when specifying the
bilities may be required. readability of balances used to determine masses of less than 20 g.
9.2 Specifying Balances—An example of the wording that
may be used to specify balances in ASTM standards is as 10. Keywords
follows: 10.1 balance; scale; standard masses

ANNEXES

(Mandatory Information)

A1. ANNEX EXAMPLES OF SELECTING A SPECIFIED BALANCE

A1.1 Assume that a test method requires that the particle A1.2 Assume that a test method requires that the dry unit
sizes of a specimen be determined and that the size fraction be weight of a specimen be determined to four significant digits.
reported to the nearest 0.1 % of the specimen total mass. If the The test method states that the balance be readable with no
specimen total mass is 1000 g, then a balance having a estimation to 0.1 % of the test mass. If the mass of the
minimum readability of determining the mass of each fraction specimen is 100 g, the balance must be readable to 0.1 g. If the
to the nearest 1 gram (0.1 % of the total mass) will be required. mass of the specimen is 500 g, the balance must be readable to
If the specimen total mass is 5000 g, then a balance having a 0.5 g. The mass of the specimen would have to be 1000 g
minimum readability of determining the mass of each fraction before the readability of the balance would be 1 g.
to the nearest 5 grams (0.1 % of the total mass) will be
required.

A2. ANNEX EXAMPLES OF SPECIFYING A BALANCE WHEN WRITING STANDARDS

A2.1 Assume that a test method requires that a specimen of A2.2 Assume that a test method requires that the dry unit
soil be graded and that the fractions be reported to the nearest weight of a specimen be determined to four significant digits,
0.1 %. If the specimen total mass is 1000 g, then a balance therefore, the test method will require that the balance be
having a minimum readability of determining the mass of each readable with no estimation to 0.1 % of the test mass (i.e., 1
fraction to the nearest 1 gram (0.1 % of the total mass) will be part in 1000). If the mass of the specimen is 100 g, the balance
required. If the specimen total mass is 5000 g, then a balance must be readable to 0.1 g. If the mass of the specimen is 500
having a minimum readability of determining the mass of each g, the balance must be readable to 0.5 g. The mass of the
fraction to the nearest 5 grams (0.1 % of the total mass) will be specimen would have to be 1000 g before the readability of the
required. A GP5 would be suitable for a 1000 gram total balance would be 1 g. The balance statement would read “A
specimen and a GP10 would be required for a 5000 gram balance having a minimum capacity of 500 g and meeting the
specimen.The balance statement would read “A balance having requirements of Guide D4753 readable (with no estimation) to
a minimum capacity of 5000 g and meeting the requirements of
0.1 % of the test mass, or better.” This is in accordance with the
Guide D4753 readable (with no estimation) to 0.1 % of the
balance statement specified in 9.2.1
total mass or better.” This is in accordance with the balance
statement as specified in 9.2.2.

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 D4753 − 15
SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee D18 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D4753 – 07) that may impact the use of this standard. (May 1, 2015)

(1) Removed any space between the alpha and numeric of the (10) Reworded 7.5 to: “shall be temporarily removed until
ASTM designations. maintenance can be performed” and “shall be removed.”
(2) Changed “was” to “has” in 1.3. (11) Added “the total mass of” to the second sentence in 9.1.
(3) Editorially corrected spelling of “judgment in 1.8. (12) Changed: “of the test mass, or better.” in 9.2.2 to read: “of
(4) Added 1.9 with standard ASTM safety caveat. the total test mass, or better. See Annex A1 for examples.”
(5) Updated and corrected International Organization for Legal (13) Added “% of the specimen total mass” to first sentence in
Metrology (OIML) references in 2.3 were updated and cor- Annex A1.1. Changed every location where it said “mass” to
rected where used in the text. “total mass.” Changed “nearest gram” to “nearest 1 gram.”
(6) Removed referenced documents spaces in any ASTM (14) Corrected fourth sentence of Annex A1.2 from “0.1 g” to
designation. “0.5 g.”
(7) Removed term accuracy from Section 3 since it was not (15) Changed every location where it said “mass” to “total
specific. Reworded basic measurement (of error) to be one mass” in Annex A2.1. Changed first part of fourth sentence
sentence. Basic tolerance, the second sentence was moved to a from: “Depending on the specimen size, either a GP5” to “A
discussion to make the term one sentence. General-purpose GP5.” Changed middle part of fourth sentence from “GP5 or a
balance was reworded to not repeat itself and the last sentence GP10” to “GP5 would be suitable for a 1000 gram total
deleted. Linearity error was reworded to be one sentence. specimen and a GP10.” Added the following text at the end of
Precision of a balance, removed repeat of the word mass twice, the fourth sentence: “for a 5000 gram specimen.” Changed last
changed the second sentence to a discussion to make the two sentences to read: “The balance statement would read: “A
definition one sentence and deleted the third sentence which balance having a minimum capacity of 5000 g and meeting the
was not needed. Deleted definitions 3.2.18 and 19 for Repeat- requirements of Guide D4753 readable (with no estimation) to
ability Type 1 and Type II; they were considered unnecessary. 0.1 % of the total mass, or better.” This is in accordance with
All sections were renumbered accordingly. the balance statement specified in 9.2.2.
(8) Removed “not type II” from Section 7 and other locations. (16) Corrected third sentence of Annex A2.2 from “0.1 g” to
(9) Changed “was” to “is” in 7.1.3. “0.5 g.”

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