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Language of Chemistry - Exercise 1(C)

Question 1

Fill in the blanks:

a. Dalton used symbol _____ for oxygen _____ for hydrogen.
b. Symbol represents _____ atom(s) of an element.
c. Symbolic expression for a molecule is called _____. .
d. Sodium chloride has two radicals. Sodium is a _____ radical while chloride is _____
radical.
e. Valency of carbon in CH4 is _____ , in C2H6 _____, in C2H4 ___ and in C2H2 is ____.
f. Valency of Iron in FeCl2 is _____ and in FeCl3 it is ____ .
g. Formula of iron (ill) carbonate is _____ .

Solution 1
a. Dalton used symbol [O] for oxygen,[H] for hydrogen.
b. Symbol represents gram atom(s) of an element.
c. Symbolic expression for a molecule is called molecular formula.
d. Sodium chloride has two radicals. Sodium is a basic radical, while chloride is
an acid radical.
e. Valency of carbon in CH4 is 4, in C2H64, in C2H44 and in C2H2 is 4.
f. Valency of iron in FeCl2 is 2 and in FeCl3 it is 3.
g. Formula of iron (III) carbonate is Fe2[CO3]3.

Question 2
Complete the following table.

Acid Radicals

Chloride Nitrate Sulphate Carbonate Hydroxide Phosphate

Basic Radicals
Magnesium MgCl2 Mg(NO3)2 MgSO4 MgCO3 Mg(OH)2 Mg3(PO4)2
Sodium
Zinc
Silver
Ammonium
Calcium
Iron (II)
Potassium

Solution 2

Acid Radicals

Chloride Nitrate Sulphate Carbonate Hydroxide Phosphate

Basic Radicals
Magnesium MgCl2 Mg(NO3)2 MgSO4 MgCO3 Mg(OH)2 Mg3(PO4)2
Sodium NaCl NaNO3 Na2SO4 Na2CO3 NaOH Na3PO4
Zinc ZnCl2 Zn(NO3)2 Zn(SO4)2 ZnCO3 Zn(OH)2 Zn3(PO4)2
Silver AgCl AgNO3 Ag2SO4 AgCO3 AgOH Ag3PO4
 Ammonium NH4Cl NH4NO3 (NH4)2SO4 (NH4)2CO3 NH4OH (NH4)3PO4
Calcium CaCl2 CaCO3 CaSO4 CaCO3 Ca(OH)2 Ca3(PO4)2
Iron (II) FeCl2 Fe(NO3)2 FeSO4 FeCO3 Fe(OH)2 Fe3(PO4)2
Potassium KCl KNO3 K2SO4 K2CO3 KOH K3PO4

Question 3

Sodium chloride reacts with silver nitrate to produce silver chloride and sodium nitrate
a. Write the equation.
b. Check whether it is balanced, if not balance it.
c. Find the weights of reactants and products.
d. State the law which this equation satisfies.

Solution 3

a. NaCl + AgNO3 → NaNO3 + AgCl↓

b. It is a balanced equation.

c. Weights of reactants: NaCl - 58.44, AgNO3 - 169.87

Weights of products: NaNO3 - 84.99, AgCl - 143.32
NaCl + AgNO3 → NaNO3 + AgCl
(23+35.5) + (108+14+48) → (23+14+48) + (108+35.5)
58.5 + 170 → 85 + 143.5
228.5 g → 228.5 g

d. Law of conservation of mass: Matter is neither created nor destroyed in the course of
a chemical reaction.

Question 4(a)

What information does the following chemical equation convey?

Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4+ H2

Solution 4(a)

This equation conveys the following information:

i. The actual result of a chemical change.

ii. Substances take part in a reaction, and substances are formed as a result of the
reaction.
iii. Here, one molecule of zinc and one molecule of sulphuric acid react to give one
molecule of zinc sulphate and one molecule of hydrogen.
iv. Composition of respective molecules, i.e. one molecule of sulphuric acid contains two
atoms of hydrogen, one atom of sulphur and four atoms of oxygen.
v. Relative molecular masses of different substances, i.e. molecular mass of
Zn = 65
H2SO4 = (2+32+64) = 98
ZnSO4 = (65+32+64) = 161
H2 = 2
vi. 22.4 litres of hydrogen are formed at STP.

Question 4(b)
What information do the following chemical equations convey? Mg + 2HCl →
MgCl2+ H2

Solution 4(b)
This equation conveys the following information:

i. Magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid to form magnesium chloride and hydrogen
gas.
ii. 24 g of magnesium reacts with 2(1 + 35.5) = 73 g of hydrochloric acid to produce (24 +
71), i.e. 95 g of magnesium chloride.
iii. Hydrogen produced at STP is 22.4 litres.

Question 5(a)
What are polyatomic ions? Give two examples.

Solution 5(a)
A polyatomic ion is a charged ion composed of two or more covalently bounded atoms.
Examples: Carbonate (CO32-) and sulphate (SO42-)

Question 5(b)
Name the fundamental law that is involved in every equation.

Solution 5(b)
Fundamental laws which are involved in every equation:
i. A chemical equation consists of formulae of reactants connected by a plus sign (+)
and arrow (→) followed by the formulae of products connected by the plus sign (+).
ii. The sign of an arrow (→) is to read 'to form'. It also shows the direction in which the
reaction is predominant.
The fundamental law followed by every equation is 'Law of Conservation of Mass'.

Question 6(a)
 What is the valency of :
fluorine in CaF2

Solution 6(a)
Valency of fluorine in CaF2 is -1.

Question 6(b)
What is the valency of :
sulphur in SF6

Solution 6(b)
Valency of sulphur in SF6 is -6.

Question 6(c)
What is the valency of :
phosphorus in PH3

Solution 6(c)
Valency of phosphorus in PH3 is +3.

Question 6(d)
What is the valency of :
carbon in CH4

Solution 6(d)
Valency of carbon in CH4 is +4.

Question 6(e)
What is the valency of :
nitrogen in the following compounds:
(i) N2O3 (ii) N2O5 (iii) NO2 (iv) NO

Solution 6(e)
Valency of nitrogen in the given compounds:
i. N2O3 = N is +3
ii. N2O5 = N is +5
iii. NO2 = N is +4
iv. NO = N is +2

Question 7
Why should an equation be balanced? Explain with the help of a simple equation.

Solution 7
According to the law of conservation of mass, 'matter can neither be created nor can it
be destroyed'. This is possible only if the total number of atoms on the reactants side is
equal to the total number of atoms on the products side. Thus, a chemical reaction
should always be balanced.
e.g. KNO3 → KNO2 + O2
In this equation, the number of atoms on both sides is not the same, and the equation is
not balanced.
The balanced form of this equation is
2KNO3 → 2KNO2 + O2

Question 8(a)
Write the balanced chemical equations of the following reactions. sodium
hydroxide + sulphuric acid → sodium sulphate + water

Solution 8(a)
2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

Question 8(b)
Write the balanced chemical equations of the following reactions. potassium
bicarbonate + sulphuric acid → potassium sulphate + carbon dioxide + water

Solution 8(b)
2KHCO3 + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2CO2 + 2H2O

Question 8(c)
Write the balanced chemical equations of the following reactions. iron + sulphuric acid
→ ferrous sulphate + hydrogen.

Solution 8(c)
Fe + H2SO4 → FeSO4 + H2

Question 8(d)
Write the balanced chemical equations of the following reactions.
chlorine + sulphur dioxide + water → sulphuric acid + hydrogen chloride

Solution 8(d)
Cl2 + SO2 + 2H2O → H2SO4 + 2HCl

Question 8(e)
Write the balanced chemical equations of the following reactions.
silver nitrate → silver + nitrogen dioxide + oxygen

Solution 8(e)
2AgNO3 → 2Ag + 2NO2 + O2
Question 8(f)
Write the balanced chemical equations of the following reactions.
copper + nitric acid → copper nitrate + nitric oxide + water

Solution 8(f)
3Cu + 8HNO3 → 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O

Question 8(g)
Write the balanced chemical equations of the following reactions.
ammonia + oxygen → nitric oxide + water

Solution 8(g)

Question 8(h)
Write the balanced chemical equations of the following reactions.
barium chloride + sulphuric acid → barium sulphate + hydrochloric acid

Solution 8(h)
BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2HCl

Question 8(i)
Write the balanced chemical equations of the following reactions.
zinc sulphide + oxygen → zinc oxide + sulphur dioxide

Solution 8(i)
2ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO + 2SO2

Question 8(j)
Write the balanced chemical equations of the following reactions.
aluminium carbide + water → aluminium hydroxide + methane

Solution 8(j)
Al4C3 + 12H2O → 4Al(OH)3 + 3CH4

Question 8(k)
Write the balanced chemical equations of the following reactions.
iron pyrites(FeS2) + oxygen → ferric oxide + sulphur dioxide

Solution 8(k)
4FeS2 + 11O2 → 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2

Question 8(l)
Write the balanced chemical equations of the following reactions.
potassium permanganate + hydrochloric acid → potassium chloride + manganese
chloride + chlorine + water

Solution 8(l)
2KMnO4 + HCl → 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 5Cl2 + 8H2O

Question 8(m)
Write the balanced chemical equations of the following reactions.
aluminium sulphate + sodium hydroxide → sodium sulphate + sodium
meta aluminate + water.

Solution 8(m)
Al2(SO4)3 + 8NaOH → 3Na2SO4 + 2NaAlO2 + 4H2O

Question 8(n)
Write the balanced chemical equations of the following reactions.
aluminium + sodium hydroxide + water → sodium meta aluminate + hydrogen

Solution 8(n)
2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O → 2NaAlO2 + 3H2

Question 8(o)
Write the balanced chemical equations of the following reactions.
potassium dichromate + sulphuric acid →
potassium sulphate + chromium sulphate + water + oxygen.

Solution 8(o)
2K2Cr2O7 + 8H2SO4 → 2K2SO4 + 2Cr2(SO4)3 + 8H2O + 3O2

Question 8(p)
Write the balanced chemical equations of the following reactions.
potassium dichromate + hydrochloric acid → Potassium chloride + chromium
chloride + water + chlorine

Solution 8(p)
K2Cr2O7 + 14HCl → 2KCl + 2CrCl3 + 7H2O + 3Cl2

Question 8(q)
Write the balanced chemical equations of the following reactions.
sulphur + nitric acid → sulphuric acid + nitrogen dioxide + water.

Solution 8(q)
S + HNO3 → H2SO4 + NO2 + H2O

Question 8(r)
Write the balanced chemical equations of the following reactions.
sodium chloride + manganese dioxide + sulphuric acid → sodium
hydrogen sulphate + manganese sulphate + water + chlorine.

Solution 8(r)
2NaCl + MnO2 + 3H2SO4 → 2NaHSO4 + MnSO4 + 2H2O + Cl2

Question 9(b)(i)
Calculate the molecular mass of the following:
CuSO4·5H2O
Given atomic mass of Cu = 63·5, H = 1, O = 16, C=12, N = 14, Mg = 24, S = 32

Solution 9(b)(i)
Molecular mass of CuSO4.5H2O
63.5 + 32 + (4 × 16) + (10 × 1) + (5 × 16)
= 63.5 + 32 + 64 + 10 + 80
= 249.5

Question 9(a)
Define atomic mass unit.

Solution 9(a)
Atomic mass unit (amu) is equal to one-twelfth the mass of an atom of carbon-12
(atomic mass of carbon taken as 12).

Question 9(b)(ii)
Calculate the molecular mass of the following:
(NH4)2CO3
Given atomic mass of Cu = 63·5, H = 1, O= 16, C = 12, N = 14, Mg = 24, S = 32

Solution 9(b)(ii)
Molecular mass of (NH4)2CO3
= (2 × 14) + (8 × 1) + 12 + (3 × 16)
= 28 + 8 + 12 + 48
= 96

Question 9(b)(iii)
Calculate the molecular mass of the following:
(NH2)2CO
Given atomic mass of Cu = 63·5, H = 1, O= 16, C = 12, N = 14, Mg = 24, S = 32

Solution 9(b)(iii)
Molecular mass of (NH2)2CO
= (14 × 2) + (4 × 1) + 12 + 16
 = 28 + 4 + 12 + 16
= 60

Question 9(b)(iv)
Calculate the molecular mass of the following:
Mg3N2
Given atomic mass of Cu = 63·5, H = 1, O = 16, C = 12, N = 14, Mg = 24, S = 32

Solution 9(b)(iv)
Molecular mass of Mg3N2
= (3 × 24) + (2 × 14)
= 72 + 28
= 100

Question 10(a)
Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
Modern atomic symbols are based on the method proposed by
i. Bohr
ii. Dalton
iii. Berzelius
iv. Alchemist

Solution 10(a)
iii. Berzelius

Question 10(b)
Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
The number of carbon atoms in a hydrogen carbonate radical is
i. One
ii. Two
iii. Three
iv. Four

Solution 10(b)
i. One

Question 10(c)
Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
The formula of iron (III) sulphate is
i. Fe3SO4
ii. Fe(SO4)3
iii. Fe2(SO4)3
iv. FeSO4

Solution 10(c)
 iii. Fe2(SO4)3

Question 10(d)
Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
In water, the hydrogen-to-oxygen mass ratio is
i. 1: 8
ii. 1: 16
iii. 1: 32
iv. 1: 64

Solution 10(d)
i. 1:8

Question 10(e)
Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
The formula of sodium carbonate is Na2CO3 and that of calcium hydrogen carbonate is
i. CaHCO3
ii. Ca(HCO3)2
iii. Ca2HCO3
iv. Ca(HCO3)3

Solution 10(e)
ii. Ca(HCO3)2