Statistics 1: Pelangi Kasih School Jakarta
Statistics 1: Pelangi Kasih School Jakarta
Statistics 1: Pelangi Kasih School Jakarta
Statistics 1
Chapter 1
Representation of Data
In this chapter you will learn how to:
• Display numerical data in stem-and leaf diagrams, histograms and cumulative frequency
graps
• Interpret statistical data presented data presented in various forms.
• Select an appropriate method for displaying data.
Through activities that involve data handling, we naturally begin to formulate questions. This
is a valuable skil that helps us to make informed decisions. We also acquire skills that enable
us to recognise some of the inaccurate ways in which data can be represented and analysed,
and to develop the ability and to develop the ability to evaluate the validity of someone
else’s research.
1. Type of data
There are two types of data:qualitative(or categorial) data are described by words and are
non-numerical, such as blood types or colours. Quantitave data take numerical values and
are either discrete or continuous. As a general rule, discrete data are counted and cannot be
made more precise, whereas continuous data are measurements that are given to a chosen
degree of accuracy.
Discrete data can take only certain values, as shown in the diagram. Example 1, 2, 3
or…letters.
Continous data can take any value (possibly within a limited range) as shown in the diagram.
1 1
Example shoe size such as 6 , 7
2 2
The 25 sudents are arranged in a line in the order of their scores. Describe the student in
the middle of the line and find the greatest possible number of boys in the line who are
not standing next to a girl.
3. Each of the 70 trainees at a secretarial college was asked to type a copy of a particular
document. The times taken are shown, correct to the nearest 0.1 minutes, in the
following table.
Width (cm) 2.6 – 2.8 2.9 – 3.0 3.1 – 3.2 3.3 – 3.7
No. books(f) 15 25 20 10
a. Explain why the interval for the first class has a width of 0.3 minutes.a.
b. Represent the times taken a histogram.
c. Estimate, to the nearest second, the upper boundary of the times taken by the
fastest 10 typist.
d. It is given that 15 trainees took between 3.15 and b minutes. Calculate an estimate
for the value of b when:
I b>3.15
Ii b<3.15
4. The thickness, k mm, of some steel sheets are represented in the histogram. It is given
that k<0.4 for 180 sheets.
A. Find the ratio between the frequencies of the three classes. Give your answer in
simplified form.
B. Find the value of n, given that frequency density measures sheets per n mm.
C. Calculate an estimate of the number of sheets for which:
I k<0.5
Ii 0.75 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 0.94
D. The sheets are classified as thi, medium or thick in the ratio 1 : 3: 1
Estimate the thickness of a medium sheet, giving your answer in the form 𝑎 ≤ 𝑘 ≤
𝑏. How accurate are your values for a and b?
5. The masses, in kilograms, of the animals treated at a veterinary clinic in the past year are
illustrated in a histogram. The histogram has four columns of equal height. The following
table shows the class intrevals and the number of animals in two of classes.
Mass (kg) 3–5 6 – 12 13 – 32 33 – 44
No. animals (f) a 371 1060 b
a. Find the value of a and b, and show that a total of 2226 animals were treated at the
clinic.
b. Calculate an estimate of the lower boundary of the masses of the heaviest 50% of
these animals.
6. The daily journey times for 80 bank staff to get to work are given in the following table.
Time (t T<10 T<15 T<20 T<25 T<30 T<45 T<60
min)
No. staff 3 11 24 56 68 76 80
(cf)
a. What can you say about the time that Tom spent working on the basis of this graph?
b. Explain why Tom’s graph might be consider to be misleading.
c. Name the different types of representation that are suitable for displaying the
amount of the time that Tom worked each week throut the year.
Consider the benefits of each type of representation and then fully describe (but do
not draw) the one you believe the most suitable.
Answer:
1. a.
b. 218
c. 93%
2. The girl who scored 92%; 5 boys
3. a. 2.85 – 2.55=0.3
b. Boundaries at 2.55, 2. 85, 3.05, 3.25, 3. 75 min
Density 50,125, 100, 20
c. 2 min 45s or 165s
d. I 3.5 ii 3.01
4. a. 12: 8:3
1
b. N=
150
c. i 210 ii 36
d. 0.215 ≤ 𝑘 < 0.720 mm
We can be certain only that 0.1 ≤ 𝑎 < 0.4 and that 0.4 ≤ 𝑏 < 0.8
5. a. 𝑎=159, b=636 b 23.5
6. a. 65 b. 24
7. a. Ratio of under 155 cm is 3:1 for boys and 1:3 for girls
b. 81 or 82
c. There are equal numbers of boys and girls below and above this height.
d. Polygon or curve through (140,0), (155, 25), (175, 50)
8. a. Histogram : Frequency density may be mistaken for frequency.
b. Pictogram: short, medium, tall: two, three and four symbols, each for six
trees, plus a key.
Show 12, 18, 24 and a total of 54 trees.
9. a. E.g. He worked for less than 34 hours in 49 weeks, and for more than 34 hours
in 3 weeks.
b. It may appear that Tom worked for more than 34 hours in a significant
number of weeks.
c. Histogram : boundaries at 9, 34, and 44; densities 98 and 15
Pie chart : sector angles=339.2° and 20.8°
Sectional percentage bar chart = 94,2 and 5.8%