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DESIGN OF AN ERGONOMIC CHAIR WITH HEADREST AND ARMREST USING

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

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Nigeria Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Research Vol. 4, No. 2, 2018(33-43) 33

DESIGN OF AN ERGONOMIC CHAIR WITH HEADREST

AND ARMREST USING ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

S. A. Abdulkadir1, S. M. Dodo2, L T. Vandi1

1
Lecturer, Agricultural and Bio-environmental Engineering, Adamawa State Polytechnic
Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria. Email: [email protected]
2
Lecturer, Mechanical Engineering, Adamawa State Polytechnic Yola, Adamawa State,
Nigeria
[email protected]

ABSTRACT

The application of anthropometry and ergonomics in chair design contributes in improving

human efficiency in performance, minimize hazards, lower back pain and musculoskeletal
disorders. Improper use of anthropometric data application can result to chronic back pain,
injuries and illness due to occupational health related problems. This paper focused on the
design of chair, using anthropometric data of students taken in relax state of standing and
sitting posture. Data were collected from subsample of students in the University Putra
Malaysia. The body size of each student was assessed using standard anthropometric
measurement tools. All anthropometric measurement where done in a relaxed and erect
posture and without shoes, the dimensions were estimated. The anthropometric data was
analyzed using average, minimum, maximum, standard deviation, 5th percentile, 50th
percentile and 95th percentile. The seat height was 47.3cm, the 5th percentile of the buttock-
popliteal and thus the seat depth was 44.2cm. The 95th percentile of biacromial breadth of
37.7 cm was used with an allowance of 15 percent of the value (5.65 cm) which translates to a
seat width of 43.3 cm. In the design of the armrest height the sitting elbow rest height was the
deciding factor, which was taken as 19.8cm. Shoulder Height dimension was averaged 42.3cm,
the backrest width was the 50th percentile of biacromial breadth with an average of 44.0 cm.
Keywords- Anthropometry, Chair Design, Classroom, Ergonomic.

1 INTRODUCTION
nthropometry is the science of measurement and the art of application that establishes

A the physical geometry, mass properties, and strength capabilities of the human body.
While, Anthropometric measurements are used to assess the size, shape and
composition of the human body. Learn about common methods used to gather these
measurements, such as BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, skin-fold test and bioelectrical impedance.
Anthropometric data are used in offices in analysing postures and ability to reach a point. Also
defines the clearance between the human body and equipment. It also recognizes with
constricted movement and helps in analysing biomechanical forces and torque [1]. The main
aim of chair design is to overcome discomfort, loss of human productivity and hazard.
Designing a chair requires considering usage, anthropometric data, duration of use and working

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condition. This requires the combination of existing theory and improving data use with
practical problems [2].
Factors to be considered in dimension specifications of workplace that produces
variable sizes in body shapes, are the human variability such as ethnicity, sex, age and race[3].
The use of anthropometric measurements helps in enhancing from the manual material
handling, posture and chair design, workstation design and layout. The application of
anthropometry and ergonomics in chair design contributes in minimizing human error in
performance, hazards, lower back pain and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) [4]. Problems
identified includes ergonomics problems such as chronic lower back pain, injuries and illness
due to occupational health related problems. These requires designing a chair for the target
group of students of University Putra Malaysia. There was need to have a good design and
dimension of a chair that ergonomics played a highly significant role and should be comfortable
for at least 95% of students in the group. The objective of this paper is to design a highly
ergonomics chair, using the anthropometric data of students taken in relax state of standing and
sitting posture in Universiti Putra Malaysia.
A study conducted by [5] to design tables and chairs for school student was achieved
using anthropometric data obtained from tertiary institutions of learning to design a chair that
is ergonomically safe to use in classrooms. Sitting elbow height, shoulder height, knee height,
popliteal height, buttock-popliteal length, stature and body weight were obtained using
standard size anthropometric tools. The outcome of this study indicated that the design of
tables and chairs can be done using the method of 'one-size-fits-all' approach, these was
because adjustable school furniture will attract high cost of production.
Body dimension varies from one population to the other. [6] Took a study to determine
if there was difference between elderly populace in Malaysia. The study indicated that there
was an influence of certain anthropometric dimensions with age, gender and ethnic origin. The
regression analysis conducted showed that, age and ethnic origin were significant predictors of
body mass index of elderly in Malaysia.
Biomechanical and anthropometric data can be used as a determinant to develop a
suitable chair for higher education student classroom furniture. [7] Analysed biomechanical
and anthropocentric measurements collected from static anthropometric dimensions for both
standing and sitting posture. The result indicated that male students had a mean weight of
69.5kg with stature, popliteal height of 1749mm and 433mmm, while female students had
mean weight 56.02 with 1618mm and 421mm stature and popliteal height. The study concluded
that, there was a significant difference between the anthropometric data of Turkish students
and their other nation’s counterpart.
Anthropometric furniture design in offices cannot be completed without considering
the relationship between anthropometric dimensions and the workers. [8] Evaluated three
dimensions of chairs in day to day use by workers to find out if they were sufficiently fit and
it had no effects on the workers sitting posture. The outcome showed that there was no suitable
furniture for the large number of workers in study. The study recommended that institutions
should promote correct active sitting habit and work chairs should only be acceptable for four
height or use of personally adjustable chairs.

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Anthropometry of chair user is vital in design so that it will suit the user of the product
[9] in a study considered anthropometric dimensions for classroom furniture of colleges and
their suitability to the furniture’s. Ages 18-25 were used, the result of the study showed that,
five (5) different model furniture’s used were produced without anthropometric condition
which, impliedly showed incompatibility with users. The study recommended that all other
colleges should use anthropometric dimensions for fit suitability and efficiency of the furniture.
The demand for more labor in the work force has encourage the need to involve the
elderly in the production process. There was need to consider the elderly anthropometric
dimensions. [10] Carried out a study to evaluate the anthropometry of design for the elderly
population for both male and female. This study also evaluated the relationship between the
different body dimensions of the elderly. [11] Conducted a literature survey to identify the
importance of several anthropometric parameter measurements for ergonomics design of
school classroom furniture’s desk. The outcome of the survey exposes various dimensions like
stature, popliteal height, shoulder height, etc. have been used by many investigators.
Combinational equations were also developed on the bases of practical and theoretical
ergonomics rationales.
An anthropometric data of 8 different postures that includes; Shoulder height (STH),
Buttocks-Popliteal Length (BPL), Shoulder Height (SDH), Knee Height KH, Popliteal Height
(POH), Elbow Rest Height (ERH), Hip Popliteal Breath (HPB), and Elbow-Hand Grip (EHG)
were measured with use of anthropometric tools. The results of the study indicate that usage of
anthropometric data of primary school pupils were not adhered in the design of furniture in the
present day primary schools. The dimensions show low and high value in the primary school
pupils. This has further help in concluding that, In the future design should be done considering
anthropometric data in production of furniture [5].
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
Population sample of students were used to represent the population of students in the
University Putra Malaysia were measured and the result obtained from the sample population
was to represent the population. Data of nineteen students in University Putra Malaysia were
recorded. The body size of each student was assessed using standard anthropometric
measurement tools based on Figure 1. All anthropometric measures were taken in a relaxed
and erect posture and without shoes, the dimensions were estimated using measuring tape, steel
rule, chest caliper, spreading calipers and anthropometers. A static wooden chair with high
back rest to help in curtailing error in measurement as a result of poor student’s gesture was
used in taking the estimated measurements of the students such as sitting height, shoulder
height and back rest width in line with [12]. Standardized design of furniture requires the
employment of anthropometric measurements as reported by [13]. The body dimensions are
required in furniture most specifically design for students. However for this studies, collection
of all required anthropometric dimensions from engineering students in University Putra
Malaysia was tailored ISO 7250 as the standard for all 19 selected student’s body dimensions
was also done in accordance with [12]. Figure 1 suggests all nine (9) body dimensions of
students which were decided on for this work.

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2.1 Seat Dimensions

The aim of this ergonomic chair design is to satisfy as large a proportion of the research
population as possible. This is usually not achieved by using the mean values of the appropriate
anthropometric dimensions. In a normal condition adjustability should is provided to cater for
the wide variability of certain critical dimensions among the population. The dimensions of a
chair is not made adjustable, but careful choice of the best percentile on which to base the fixed
dimension can minimize discomfort among the population using the chair. To illustrate the
problems and the reasoning behind the recommendations, several of the dimensions and
features and these includes; Seat height, Seat depth, Seat width, Arm rest height, Back rest
height, Backrest width, Backrest angle and Knee Height.
2.1.1 Seat Height
Seat heights was measured after loading the seat with the British Standard seat plate
and compression weights, which simulate the compression resulting from a person sitting on
the seat (see BS 5940: Part 1: 1980). First the height of the seat above the floor for a fixed
height was measured. The anthropometric dimension taken as the basis for this dimension was
the popliteal height, as shown in Figure 1. To this will be added the appropriate heel height.
While heel heights vary with fashion, as recommended by National Occupational Health and
Safety Commission [14] recommends adding 0-12 cm for both sex.

Figure 1. Anthropometric measurement of seat height using popliteal height

2.1.2 Seat Depth

Seat depth was measured from the front edge of the seat to the lumbar support region
of the backrest. This was to avoid seat depth been excessive, so that small people will be able
to sit back far enough to get the benefit of the backrest. The appropriate anthropometric
dimension to consider is the buttock to popliteal length, as shown in Figure 1.

2.1.3 Seat Width

The seat width was considered such that it will give a little extra space above the 97.5th
percentile hip width.

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2.1.4 Arm Rest Height

The use of armrests is controversial. Their height is fixed in nearly all designs, this may
cause some people to hunch their shoulders or raise their upper arms in order to freely use
office devices like keyboard. For this reason, we recommended that it is desirable for armrests
to be easily detachable from the chair.
In the design of armrest height, the sitting elbow height was considered the determining factor.
The 5th percentile of the elbow rest height was considered in the design to accommodate both
user and non-user of arm rest. With is in line with the checklist for [14].
2.1.5 Back Rest Height
Shoulder height (sitting) was considered for the design of the backrest. Adjustable back
rest height is important for individual and a particular task and also recommended for multi-
user workstations and for multi-task. The 5th percentile of Sitting Shoulder Height as
recommended by [14] check list.
2.1.6 Backrest Width
Backrest width is the horizontal distance between the side edges of the backrest
measured at the midpoint of the lumbar support. Its maximum dimensions are limited by the
need for free arm movement by smaller users. The backrest width recommended 50th
percentile of hip breadth, the dimension of seat width should be determined using hip breadth
(NOHSC, 1991)
2.1.7 Backrest Angle
Backrest angle is the angle between the horizontal and a line tangential to the middle
of the lumbar support. The backrest angle was considered to be adjustable to ensure that good
lumbar support is available, and that sitting posture can be varied. It is most helpful for comfort
at different angular positions if the backrest attachment allows some flexibility. The backrest
width was used for the design based on [15].
2.1.8 Knee Height
Knee height measurement, Knee height was taken as the distance from the sole of the
foot to the most anterior surface of the femoral condyles of the thigh (medial being more
anterior), with the ankle and knee each flexed to a 90° angle.

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Table 1. List of dimensions’ base on Figure 2 for both sitting and standing posture.
Sr.No Standing Posture No Sitting Posture
1 Vertical Grip Reach (34) 1 Sitting Height (Erect) (8)
2 Stature (1) 2 Eye Height Sitting (9)
3 Eye Height (2) 3 Shoulder Height Sitting (10)
4 Shoulder Height (3) 4 Elbow Height Sitting (11)
5 Crotch Height (34) 5 Elbow-Fingertip Length (23)
6 Elbow Height (4) 6 Shoulder-Elbow Length (22)
7 Hip Height (5) 7 Buttock Popliteal Length (14)
8 Knuckle Height (6) 8 Thigh Clearance (12)
9 Finger Height (7) 9 Knee Height (15)
10 Tibial Height (35)
11 Biocromial Height (18)
12 Bideltoid Height (17)

Figure 2. Anthropometric measurement and dimension classification

The data obtained in University Putra Malaysia was tabulated analyzed statistically using
Microsoft Excel (2013) analysis tool Pak. The anthropometric data was analyzed to obtain average,
minimum, maximum, standard deviation, 5th percentile, 50th percentile and 95th percentile. The
anthropometric measurement and dimension classification label are shown in table 1 and Table 2
respectively.

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Table 2-Dimension classification base on Figure 1

1- Height 13-Buttock-Knee Length 25-Shoulder Grip Length

2-Eye 14-Buttock-popliteal length 26-Head Length
3-Shoulder Height 15-Knee Height 27-Head Breadth
4-Elbow Height 16-Popliteal Height (Lower leg 28-Hand Length
Length)
5-Hip Height 17-Shoulder Breadth (Bideltoid) 29-Hand Breadth
6-Knuckle Height (Fist grip height) 18-Shoulder Breadth (Biacromial) 30-Foot Length
7-Fingertip Height 19-Hip Breadth 31-Foot Breadth
8-Sitting Height 20-Chest Depth 32-Span
9-Sitting Eye Height 21-Abdominal Depth 33-Elbow Span
10-Sitting Shoulder 22-Shoulder-Elbow Length 34-Vertical Reach
11-Sitting Elbow Height 23-Elbow Fingertip Length 35-Vertical Reach (sit)
12-Thigh Thickness 24-Upper Limb Length 36-Forward Grip Reach
(Standing)

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The analysed anthropometric data of the students in University Putra Malaysia are
presented in Table 3. The measurement of each student was carried out using the
anthropometric tool. The data were analysed in terms of the means, min, max, standard
deviations (SD), as well as the 5th, 50th and 95th percentiles dimensions of the anthropometry
data. In anthropometry, percentiles of various body dimensions are used to determine design
values for a chair.

Table 3- Summary of anthropometric dimension among student

Measurement Mean(cm) Min(cm) Max(cm) Percentile Percentile Percentile Standard

(cm) Deviation
Vertical Grip Reach 201.68 179.0 232.0 185.3 196 225.7 15.39
Stature 165.96 149.00 180.00 157.1 167.0 177.3 7.83
Eye Height 154.87 134.50 171.00 144.0 153.0 169.2 9.25
Shoulder Height 137.58 124.00 149.00 128.5 135.5 148.1 7.55
Crotch Height 75.54 60.00 90.50 65.0 78.0 85.6 7.57
Elbow Height 105.83 93.00 120.00 96.6 104.5 117.3 7.62
Hip Height 84.28 75.50 104.00 76.0 81.3 102.2 8.01
Knuckle Height 69.76 60.00 79.00 63.6 70.0 79.0 5.26
Fingertip Height 61.34 53.50 67.00 56.7 61.0 67.0 3.82
Tibial Height 46.89 39.00 58.00 41.3 46.0 57.1 5.10
Biacromial Breadth 32.98 22.50 39.00 23.9 35.0 37.7 4.70
Bideltoid Breadth 43.12 35.00 49.00 39.1 44.0 48.0 3.23
Sitting Height (erect) 84.25 68.50 90.00 78.6 85.0 88.2 4.50
Eye Height, sitting 72.62 61.00 77.00 69.1 73.0 76.6 3.70
Shoulder Height, sitting 54.12 36.00 61.00 42.3 56.5 60.1 6.79
Elbow Height, Sitting 25.07 18.00 46.00 19.8 23.4 34.3 6.40
Elbow-Fingertip Length 44.70 39.50 51.00 40.0 44.0 51.0 3.84
Shoulder- Elbow length 34.26 27.50 39.00 31.6 33.5 39.0 2.89
Buttock Popliteal Length 49.45 41.50 57.00 44.2 48.0 56.1 4.51
Thight Clearance 15.14 8.00 19.00 10.7 15.0 18.1 2.86
Knee Height 51.74 45.50 58.00 46.0 50.0 58.0 4.26

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Some researchers encourage designers to adapt ‘‘designing for an Adjustable range”, which
means that School room’s furnishings are required to be adjustable. Adjustable furnishing is presently
being superior due to its functionality of increasing the comfortability at the same time as decreasing
the danger of MSDs in the long run [12]. The seat height, seat depth, seat width, backrest height,
backrest width and arm rest height are the important dimensions for the design of chairs. The design of
the chair for the use by University Putra Malaysia students was based on the criteria in Table 4:
Table 4. Summary of anthropometric dimension among student
S.N Parameter Anthropometric Design Design Criterion
Measure Dimension
(cm)
1 Seat Height Popliteal 47.3 5th percentile of the knee height of the population is
height usually required so that a larger number of the population
is accommodated.
2 Armrest Height Elbow rest height 19.8 The 5th percentile of the elbow rest height was
considered in the design.
3 Seat Depth Buttock popliteal 44.2 The 5th percentile of the buttock-popliteal length
height should be used to determine the seat depth.
4 Backrest Angle 1100 Base on literature
5 Back Rest Height Sitting shoulder height 42.3 5th percentile of sitting shoulder height
above Seat
6 Backrest Width Hip breadth sitting 44.0 50th percentile of (Bideltoid) breath
7 Seat Width Hip breadth sitting 37.7 95th percentile of hip breadth
8 Seat Back Rest Sitting Shoulder 42.3 The 5th percentile of Sitting Shoulder Height.
Height (Upper) Height
9 Knee height 50.0 5th percentile of Knee Height

Figure 3. Anthropometric measurement and dimension classification

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3.1 Seat Height

For seat height, the 5th percentile of the knee height of the population is usually
required so that a larger number of the population is accommodated and thus allow a short
person to use the chair .The value of the popliteal height recommended for use is that of smaller
user because it will not discomfort the larger user. The popliteal height is the difference
between the knee height and the thigh clearance. The maximum knee height can be considered
if we would like to do adjustable heel height, the heel height allowance of 0-12cm is adopted.
The seat height is considered to be 47.3cm, heel height of 12cm plus popliteal height of 35.3cm
[14].

3.2 Seat Depth

The anthropometric dimension to be considered in the design of the seat depth is the
buttock-popliteal length. The seat depth should not exceed the buttock-popliteal length of the
shortest student and as such the 5th percentile of the buttock-popliteal length should be used to
determine the seat depth [14]. In this study, the 5th percentile of the buttock-popliteal and thus
the seat depth is 44.2cm.
3.3 Seat Width
The seat width should accommodate not only the user’s hips breadth and cloth but allow
the user of arm. Recommended 95th percentile of hip breadth, and 15% allowance for clothing.
The dimension of seat width should be determined using hip breadth [14]. 95th percentile is
considered to accommodate 97.5% of the population. The table that been provided to the
students, does not include data on hip breadth therefore we use the biacromial breadth
measurement [10]. In this study, the 95th percentile of biacromial breadth of 37.7 cm is used
with an allowance of 15 percent of the value (5.65 cm) which translates to a seat width of 43.3
cm.
3.4 Arm Rest Height
In the design of armrest height, the sitting elbow height was the determinant factor. As
long as the minimum value is accommodated, the 5th percentile of the elbow rest height was
considered in the design [14]. In the design of the armrest height the sitting elbow rest height
is the deciding factor which the value is averagely 19.8cm.
3.5 Back Rest Height
Shoulder height (sitting) is considered for the design of the backrest. The 5th percentile
of Sitting Shoulder Height was used and the dimension was 42.3cm.
3.6 Backrest Width
The backrest width recommended 50th percentile of hip breadth, the dimension of seat
width should be determined using hip breadth [14]. The table that was provided to the students,
did not include data on hip breadth therefore we use the biacromial breadth measurement. In
this study, the 50th percentile of biacromial breadth of 44.0 cm is used.
3.7 Backrest Angle

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A report recommended that the angle at which the back rest must have a rearward slope
of among 900 and 1100 [15].

3.8 Knee Height

Vertical distance from the floor to the highest peak point of the advanced body of the
patella.
4 CONCLUSION
This study has been undertaken to provide anthropometric statistics of body parts data
on student at University Putra Malaysia, which might be used with the aid of designers for
ergonomic design of the Chair layout. The report has provided mean, standard deviation, and
percentile values for nine (9) anthropometric dimensions. It’s far critical that if products are to
be designed, they need to be based on the anthropometric dimensions of the population, so as
to reduce terrible outcomes on the muscle because of bad sitting postures and also reduce neck,
shoulder and pain that may result to serious health hazards.
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