Chapter 1: Psychology and the Law

· Know definitions of the following key terms in the textbook: own-race bias,
reconstructive memory; source monitoring, recovered memories, false memory
syndrome, deterrence theory

 Own Race bias: the finding that people are better at recognizing faces of their
own race than those of other races.
 Reconstruvitve memory: the process whereby memories for an event become
distorted by information encountered after the event occurs. (example in textbook:
stop sign vs yield sign 75% correct)
 Source monitioring: the process whereby people try to identify the source of
their memories. Information not always tagged as to where it came from when
stored in memory (ex. Heard vs. read something confuse source of information)
 Recovered memories: recalling an event such as sexual abuse that has been
forgotten or repressed.
o False memory syndrome: remembering a past traumatic experience that
is objectively false but nevertheless accepted as true.
 Deterrence theory: people refrain from commiting a crime because of the threat
of legal punishment as long as the punishment is perceived as relatively severe,
certain and swift.

Loftus article ‘Make-Believe Memories’

· Look at article summary in the unit notes and at the following section of the actual
article: ‘rich false memories’

Chapter 2: The Psychology of Police Investigations

· Reid model of interrogation (including problems with the model) (pages 40-46)
 Nine step model used to extract confessions from suspects, it’s mainly used in
north America
 Three part process; First stage is gather evidence and interview interview witness
and victims. Second stage is to conduct a nonaccusatorial interview of the suspect.
Third stage is to conduct an accusatorial interrogation of the suspect.
1. Suspect immediately confronted with his or her guilt. If no evidence can
hide that fact or pretend there is
2. Psychological themes are then developed that allow the suspect o justify
or excuse the crime (ie. Victim asking for it)
3. Any statements of denial by the suspect are interrupted by the interrogator
to ensure the suspect does not get eh upper hand
4. Interrogator overcomes the suspect’s objections to the charges to a point at
which the suspect becomes quiet and withdrawn
5. Once withdrawn interrogator invades person space in order for the supect
not to tune out of the interrogation.
6. Sympathy and understanding , urge suspect to come clean
7. Face-saving explanations for the crime.
8. Once suspect accepts responsibility for the crime, the interrogator
develops this admission into a full confession
 9. Interrogator gets the supect to write and sign a full confession.
 Model based on the idea that suspects don’t confess b/c their afraid of the
consquences.
 Minimization tecniques: soft sell tactics used by police interrogators that are
designed to lull the suspect into a false sense of security
 Maximization tecniques: scare tactics used by police interrogators that are
designed to intimidate a suspect believed to be guilty.

Problems with Reid model

 Deception detection, no one can detect deception with high accuracy, even people
with specialized training
 Investigator bias, already believe suspect is guilty so questioning is biased. Study
shows question are how did you rather than do you know, investigator biased used
a higher frequency of interrogation techniques. Judged more as guilty, exerted
more pressuere, suspects had fairly accurate perception of interrogator behaviour,
neutral observers viewed interrogators as more coercieve and suspects more
defensive
 False confessions**
· Know definitions of different types of confessions (e.g., coerced-internalized false
confession)
 False confession: a confession hat is either intentionally fabricated or is not based
on actual knowledge of the facts that form its content
 Retracted confessions: a confession that the conessor later declares to be false
 Disputed confessions: a confession that is later disputed at trial
 Voluntary false confession: a false confession that is provided without any
elicitation from the police
 Coereced complaint false confession: a confession that results from a desire to
escape a coercive interrogation enviroemtn or gain a benefit promised by the
police
 Coereced internalized confessions: a confession that results from suggestive
interrogation tecniques, whereby the confessor actually comes to believe he or she
committed the crime.
· Other types of criminal profiling (pages 64-68)
 Geographic profiling: investigation tecnique that uses crime scene locations to
predict the most likely area where an offender resides, the assumption behind this
type of profiling is that most serial offenders do not ravel far from home to
commit their crimes, Uses a geographic profiling system, which is a computer
system that uses mathematical models of offenders spatial behaviour to make
predictions about where unkown serial offenders are likely to reside.
 Racial profiling: any police initiated action that relies on the race or ethnicity of
an individual, rather than the indvidual’s criminal behaviour. (ie. Statistics 6%
white believe they were stopped b/c of race vs. 42% of blacks)

Chapter 3: Psychology and Health

· Know definitions of the following key terms in the textbook: stress, perceived control,
hardiness, resilience
  Stress : the negative feelings and beliefs that occur whenever people feel unable
to compe with demands from their enviroment
 Perceived control: the belif that we can influence our environment in ways that
determine whether we experience positive or negative outcomes
 Hardiness : a personality trait defined as a combination of self-esteem and a
sense of control
 Resilience: the ability to recover from negative experience and adapt to the
demands of life

· Prevention: Using Social Psychological Interventions to Promote Healthier Behaviour

(pages 101-103)
 Fear arousing communications to persuade people to changer their attitudes
 Cognitive dissonance
o Hypocrisy
 Framing the message, stressing gains vs. loses
o When trying to get people to engage in behaviour that will prevent diseas
it is best to use a “gain frame” emphasizing what they have to gain by
engaging in their behaviour
o When trying to get people to detect the prescnece of a diseas it is best to
use a loss frame emphasizing what they have to lose by avioiding this
behaviour

· Feeling in Charge: Importance of Perceived Control (pages 81-83 only)

 Perceived control is defined as the belief that we can influence our enviroment in
ways that determine whether we experience positive or negative outcomes.
 Breast cancer patients those who have control or believe that their cancer was
controllable were better adjusted psychologically.
 Sexually assaulted patients, more control believed that had control over outcomes
in their lives experience less depression and less post-traumatic stress six month
after the event.
 University students more control better academic performance
 The Noise study, people who believed they control the noise did about as well on
a subsequent task as people who heard no noise at all.

Chapter 4: Sports Psychology

· Goal setting (pages 109-113)

 Three types of goals
o Performance goals: focus on improving and attaining personal
performance standards (ie. Giving 100% effort)
o Process goals: focus on specific behaviour (to make an accurate pass to the
winger)
o Outcome goals: social comparison and competitive results such as
winning a race (to score a goal)
 Effectiveness of goal setting: enhances self-confidence and sense of satisfaction
  Assesing goals: Performance profiling is a tools that allows for the identification
of athletes performance related strength and weakness
 There are five steps in performance profiling
o Step 1: identify key performance characteristics of an elite athlete in your
sport. Think of the best person in your sport and identify the
characteristics of that athlete. These can include physical technical,
tactical and metnal characteristics
o Step 2:Identify ideal rating for each characteristics
o Step 3: Rate your current ability for each characteristic
o Step 4: Find your discrepancy score
o Step 5: prioritize your targets
 Set smart (specific, measurable, adjustable, realistic, timely goals)
 Set goals for pracitsie and competion
 Make goals public
 State golas positively
 Consider the four types of teacm goals
o A) indvidiual’s athlete’s goals for self
o B) individual athlete’s goal for the team
o C) the team’s overall goal
o D) the team’s goal for individual members
 Review your goals regulatory
 Common goals setting problems: Setting too many goals
o Failing to recognize individual differences in interest in goal setting
o Under-estimaging the time require to set goals
o Failure to provide follow up and evaluation
·
Arousal regulation (pages 122-126)
 Techniques to reduce arousal
o Breathing
o Progressive Relaxation: systematically tensing and relaxing specific
muscles in a pre-determine order, La,ra,ll,rl, abdomen, back, chest,
shoulders, neck and face muscles
o Meditation
o Autogenic training: three components a) warmth and heaviness of the
limbs b) visualizing relazing scenes at the same time as imagining the first
component and c) specific relaxing themes in self-statements
 Training stages
1. Heaviness in the extremities
2. Warmth in the extremities
3. Regulation of cardiac activity
4. Regulations of breathing
5. Abdominal warmth
6. Cooling of the forhead
 Tecnhniques to increase arousal
o Psyching up strategies are used to increase arousal
 o Pep talks, Bulletin boards (catchy phrases and quotes), Precompeitive
workouts, Verbal cues, Breathing, Imagery, Music
 Measurment of arousal: multidimensional self-report insruments such as
Compeitive state anziety inventory-2

Part II
Chapter 5: Psychology and Education

· Know definitions of the following key terms in the textbook: constructivism,attention,

working and long-term memory
 Constructivisim: contruct knowledge from experience (ie. Classroom
discussions)
 Working memory: where mental process occurs, temporary holding bin, two
characteristics, short duration and limited capacity
 Long term memory: holds information for a long time, long duration, unlimited
capacity and interconnectedness

· How Declarative Knowledge is Learned (pages 149-154)

 Declatractive knowledge: what is, how things are ie. Verbal, semantic, visual
 Five processes
o Reherseal: repetition of information, disadvantae if rote learning where
one learns information without making connections
o Meaningful learning: cognitive process where you use old information on
new information
 Meaningful learning set positivie attitude that they can learn
information
 Student must also have knowledge base
 Student must be aware that previously learned information is
related to new information
o Orgnaization: finding connection with previous knowledge
 Study: organized learning higher schools after review sessions
o Elaboration: expanding on new information based on previous knowledge
o Visual imagery: forming mental pictures

Chapter 6: Psychology and the Workplace

· Content theories of motivation: Needs Hierarchy Theory, and Motivator-Hygiene (Two-
Factor) Theory
 Needs hierarch theory: people always want what they don’t have yet
o Physiological>safety>beloning and love needs> esteem needs> self-
actualization needs
 Motivatio hygiene: two sets of needs
o Motivator needs (higher needs) similar to actualization, if met equal
satisfiacation if not neutrality
o Hygiene, similar to physiological, safety and belongingess, if not met
equals dissatification, if met= neutrality
· Job satisfaction (pages 177-178 – stop at the end of ‘measurement of job satisfaction’)

· Types of organizational commitment (see page 190)

Chapter 7: Consumer Psychology

· Understand the following research methods used in consumer psychology: focus
groups, observations of shopping behaviour
 Focus groups: consists of 8-12 meet and describe reactions to products, the
members are target consumers
 Observation of shopping behaviour: better than other methods, no lying, but
disadvantages include sampling location, income and no experiemental control

· Product image, product packaging, and sex in ads (pages 211-213)

 Product image: establish image for a product or service- through image, symbol
or feeling
 Product packing: can be the deciding factor (ex. Coeffe makers, same yet choose
the one that has better packing)
 Sex in ads: high attention grapping value
o Men look at picture, woman read message, after 24 hours no diff in rate of
recall, 7 days, forgot infon on sexy ad > than non-sexual ad
Chapter 8: Engineering Psychology
· Human anthropometry (pages 246-247)
 Focuses on measurement of the physical structure of the human body. The
measurements are applied in the design of work areas to determine for example
normal and mazimum reaching distances.
· Controls (pages 253-255)

 Controls should satisfy to criteria’s 1) control body matching: no one limb should
have too many tasks
2) control task compatibility: in sync
 Combine related controls when possible
 Idetification of control should be simple, shape coding: desing in different shapes
so by touch their identifiable
 Placement of controls should be sonsisten and uniform (ie. Kitchen stove)