Title Card

GENETIC ENGINEERING

WEANDYLOU F. GARCIA

SAN VICENTE PILOT SCHOOL FOR PHILIPPINE CRAFTSMEN

 Guide Card

Learning Area: SCIENCE

Grade Level: 11 / 12

Topic: How genes work and how genetic engineering is used to produce novel products.
Learning Competency: Describe the process of genetic engineering. (MELC 21)

Objectives:
a. Explain how genes work.
b. Describe the process of genetic engineering.
c. Articulate what genetic modification is.
d. Discuss how genetic engineering is used to produce novel products.

What do I need to know?

Genetic engineering is the process of using technology to change the genetic makeup of an
organism - be it an animal, plant or a bacterium.
This can be achieved by using recombinant DNA (rDNA), or DNA that has been isolated
from two or more different organisms and then incorporated into a single molecule,
according to the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI).
Since the 1980s, genetic engineering has been used to produce everything from a more
environmentally friendly lithium-ion battery to infection-resistant crops such as
the HoneySweet Plum. These organisms made by genetic engineering, called genetically
modified organisms (GMOs), can be bred to be less susceptible to diseases or to withstand
specific environmental conditions.
Genetic engineering has contributed to significant improvements in agricultural crops, and
plants with engineered resistance against herbicides or insects are used in commercial
plantations worldwide. This technology has made it possible to improve the quality and yield
of agricultural products, and newly developed products for human consumption hold the
promise to significantly contribute to human health and welfare. The use of agrochemicals
can be reduced, leading to a more environmentally acceptable agriculture that is truly
sustainable.

PRE-TEST (What I know)

_____ 1. What is the study of heredity?
A. DNA
B. Biology
C. Genetics
D. Hereditology
_____ 2. What is heredity?
A. Genetics
B. The study of genes
C. Plants scattering pollen
D. The passing of genes from one’s parents to offspring

_____ 3. What are genes?

A. Food
B. A double helix
C. A code of DNA
D. The study of Genetics
_____ 4. What does DNA stand for?
A. Deoxyribonucleic Acid
B. Dominant Nuclear Acid
C. Daily Nursing Apple-juice
D. Denominator of Numerous Alleles
_____ 5. Alleles are:
A. The color of the eyes
B. Not a part of genetics
C. The shape of the nose
D. Available forms of genes
_____ 6. A genotype is:
A. Two alleles
B. Not a word at all
C. A physical appearance
D. A made-up word for gene
_____ 7. A phenotype is:
A. Two alleles
B. Not a word at all
C. Physical appearance
D. A made-up word for gene
_____ 8. Which of the following statements describes an organism that produces offspring
that would be an exact copy of the original?
A. Sexually reproducing bacteria
B. Asexually reproducing bacteria
C. Sexually reproducing human offspring
D. Asexually reproducing human offspring
_____ 9. Mendel’s law of ___________________ states that some alleles are dominant over
other alleles.
A. Recession
B. Dominance
C. Segregation
D. Independent assortment
_____ 10. An entire gene has been removed from a chromosome by a mutation.  This type of
mutation is best described as a...
A. Deletion
B. Inversion
C. Duplication 
D. Substitution
E. Translocation
_____ 11. If you wanted to determine the phenotype of an organism, what procedure would
you follow?
A. Do a dihybrid cross
B. DNA sequence the parents
C. DNA fingerprint the organism
D. Look at the physical characteristics of the organism
_____ 12. What type of cell does mitosis create?
A. Diploid
B. Haploid
C. Sperm
D. Gamete
_____ 13. Which of the following statements is incorrect about genes?
A. Genes contain 2 alleles
B. Genes are only in somatic cells
C. A gene is a small piece of DNA
D. Genes are found in the nucleus
E. Genes are found on chromosomes
_____ 14. Who is considered the father of genetics?
A. Francis Crick
B. Gregor Mendel
C. James Watson
D. Charles Darwin
E. Thomas Morgan
_____ 15. If a diploid cell in a plant has 32 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will be
in each of its gametes?
A. 32
B. 30
C. 16
D. 14

REVIEW (What’s in)

1before we begin, let's have a short recall of

what we've previously learned about Genetics.

Heredity – is the passage of genetic traits from one generation to the next; it is controlled by
the chromosomes in the nucleus of cells.
Chromosomes – are composed of smaller units called genes [DNA]. Humans have 23 pairs
of chromosomes (46 altogether). The chromosomes numbered from 1-22 are called
autosomes. Pair number 23 are the sex chromosomes (gametes).
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule that contains the biological instructions that
make each species unique. DNA, along with the instructions it contains, is passed from adult
organisms to their offspring during reproduction.
Genes – carry hereditary information and are found at specific locations along the
chromosomes; a gene’s specific position along a chromosome is called a gene’s locus (the
trait), [e.g., eye color, hair texture, height, skin tone]
Alleles – pairs of genes that carry the same traits and are located at the same place on pairs of
chromosomes. Alleles describes specifically what the locus/trait is (e.g., blue eyes, curly hair,
short stature, dark skin).
Homozygous (Pure) – a zygote with 2 of the same kind of genes for a particular trait
Heterozygous (Hybrid) – when an organism has 2 different genes for a given trait
Genotype – the genetic makeup of an individual
Phenotype – the physical appearance of an organism
Mendel’s Law of Dominance - a heterozygous individual has 2 different alleles; the one that
appears in the offspring is the dominant allele and the one that does not appear in the
offspring is the recessive allele.
Mendel’s Law of Segregation - during sexual reproduction, traits from both parents
recombine randomly during fertilization which results in recombination
Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment – states that allele pairs separate independently
during the formation of gametes. This means that traits are transmitted to offspring
independently.

Activity Card

ACTIVITY CARD 1 (What’s new)

 Now let’s learn some interesting facts about genetic engineering…

Genetic Engineering - is the process of using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to alter
the genetic makeup of an organism (or, the ability to combine the DNA of one organism with
the DNA of another organism). A.K.A. gene manipulation, gene splicing, biotechnology.
Recombinant DNA is the general name for taking a piece of one DNA, and combining it
with another strand of DNA. Thus, the name recombinant. Recombinant DNA is also
sometimes referred to as "chimera." By combining two or more different strands of DNA,
scientists are able to create a new strand of DNA.
Recombinant DNA technology was first developed in the early 1970s, and the first genetic
engineering company, Genentech, was founded in 1976. The company isolated the genes for
human insulin into E. coli bacteria, which allowed the bacteria to produce human insulin.
After approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Genentech produced the first
recombinant DNA drug, human insulin, in 1982. The first genetically engineered
vaccine for humans was approved by the FDA in 1987 and was for hepatitis B.
Selective breeding – the process of breeding plants and animals for particular desirable
traits. It is also used to produce new varieties of animals or plants. A.K.A. artificial selection.
Selective breeding can also be used to produce tastier fruits and vegetables, crops with
greater resistance to pests, and larger animals that can be used for meat by crossbreeding the
desirable traits.
HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
The HGP was started in 1990 by over 2000 scientists from about 40 different countries and
the first phase was completed in 2002.
RESULTS
The human genome has 30,000 to 35,000 genes and approximately 3164.7 x 1012 base pairs.
About 50% of human DNA is considered to be ‘junk DNA’. ‘Junk DNA’ is DNA on the
human chromosomes that has no apparent purpose.
CLONING
Cloning involves making exact copies of the original organism. The motive is to replicate an
exceptional individual, e.g. a cow that produces extra volume or quality of milk. The clone
will be genetically identical, but not necessarily phenotypically identical to the parent.
Example – Dolly the Sheep was the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic
cell, born July 5th, 1996.

DOLLY’S LIFE
 Dolly was the only lamb that survived into adulthood from over 400 attempts at the
time
  Dolly lived for 6.5 years (July 5, 1996 - Feb. 14, 2003) when she was euthanized
because she had lung disease and severe arthritis
 Dolly was named after Dolly Parton, because she was cloned from the mammary cells
of the donor sheep 

ACTIVITY CARD 2 (What’s new)

Cloning Chromosome X Chromosome Cells

Gene Manipulation Genes Y Chromosome Nucleus
Heredity DNA Mutation Sex Chromosomes
Reproduction RNA Cystic Fibrosis Proteins
Artificial Insemination 46 Traits Punnett Square

I. Read every question carefully and choose your answer from the Word box
above.

1. ________________________ It is the process of producing individuals with identical

or virtually identical DNA, either naturally or artificially.
2. ________________________ It is a general term for any method which manipulate
with the genetic material.
3. ________________________ This refers to the genetic heritage passed down by our
biological parents.
4. ________________________ This is the process in which organisms replicate
themselves.
5. ________________________ Are thread-like structures in which DNA is tightly
packaged within the nucleus.
6. ________________________ A unit of DNA that is usually located on a
chromosome and that controls the development of one or more traits and is the basic
unit by which genetic information is passed.
7. ________________________ A molecule that carries genetic instructions in all living
things.
8. ________________________ A complex compound of high molecular weight that
functions in cellular protein synthesis and replaces DNA as a carrier of genetic codes
in some viruses.
9. ________________________ Total number of chromosomes in the human body.
 10. ________________________ Is an alternative fertilize approach when the male
semen is transferred directly into uterus to achieve pregnancy.
11. ________________________ It is one of the Sex Chromosomes.
12. ________________________ It is the Sex-determining Chromosome.
13. ________________________ It is the permanent alteration in the DNA Sequence that
makes up a gene, such that the sequence differs from what is found in most people.
14. ________________________ It is a disease that is caused by mutations in the gene
that produces transmembrane conductance regulator protein.
15. ________________________ This is a specific characteristic of an organism.
16. ________________________ These are the basic units of life.
17. ________________________ This is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its
fully enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell’s genetic
material.
18. ________________________ A pair of chromosomes that determine whether an
individual is male or female.
19. ________________________ It is composed of one or more long chains of amino
acids, the sequence of which corresponds to the DNA sequence of the gene that
encodes it.
20. ________________________ This is a diagram that is used to predict the genotypes
of a particular cross or breeding experiment.

Enrichment Card

In your notebook, write a short essay to answer the following questions:

1. Imagine that you are a superhero with superpowers. What superpowers will you have and
what changes in your body will you need?
2. How will you be able to acquire your superpowers with your knowledge of genetic
engineering?

Reflection Card

Write your answers to the following questions in your notebook.

1. Which of the topics interest you the most? Why?
2. Which of the topics interest you the least? Why?
3. Did the activities help you understand the topic? (Y/N). Explain your answer.
4. Did you see the significance / connection of the topic in your life?

Assessment Card

POST TEST:
PART A. MULTIPLE CHOICES.
_____ 1. Which of the following statements about genes is false?
1. genes are made up of DNA 
2. genes are found on chromosomes
3. genes can program cells to make enzymes or other proteins
4. genes are transmitted during sexual and asexual reproduction.
 5. every individual inherits thousands of genes from each of his or her parents
_____ 2. Humans possess:
a. 23 pairs of autosomes
b. equal numbers of autosomes and sex chromosomes
c. 22 pairs of sex chromosomes and 1 pair of autosomes
d. 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes
_____ 3. The major contribution of sex to evolution is ______.
1. It is the only mechanism for species to reproduce
2. It provides a method to increase genetic variation
3. It provides a way in which somatic mutations can be inherited
4. a) and b) are correct
5. a) and c) are correct
_____ 4. Cystic fibrosis, which is usually lethal before the age of reproduction, is a
homozygous recessive trait.  Why do cases continue to arise, even though people with
the disease rarely live to reproduce?
a. Because mosquitoes can transfer the disease form person to person
b. Because people continue to make inappropriate lifestyle choices 
c. Because new mutations continually introduce this harmful condition into the
population
d. Because the harmful allele “hides” within heterozygous individuals, one
fourth of the offspring of two heterozygotes would be afflicted
_____ 5. What is the result when a diploid cell undergoes meiosis?
1. two diploid cells
2. two haploid cells
3. four diploid cells
4. four haploid cells
5. two haploid cells and two diploid cells
_____ 6. Which one of the following occurs in meiosis, but not mitosis?
a. A spindle fiber forms
b. The nuclear envelope disappears
c. Homologous chromosomes separate
d. Sister chromatids undergo disjunction
e. The cells formed have the same combination of genes as found in the initial
cell
_____ 7. What is the probability that a male will inherit an X-linked recessive allele from his
father?
1. 0%
2. 25%
3. 50%
4. 75%
5. 100%
_____ 8. A woman is red-green color-blind. What can we conclude, if anything, about her
father?
a. He is red-green color-blind.
b. He has two Y chromosomes.
c. We have too little information to tell
d. There is a 50% probability that he has normal vision.

Part B: Short Answer.

1. Fill in the following chart.
Mitosis Meiosis
Number of times the cell divides
Number of daughter cells
Number of chromosomes compared to the parent cell
Hint: use proper terms
Type of parent cell
 Type of daughter cell
Number of chromosomes in daughter cell
Do homologous chromosomes pair? Yes or No?

REFERENCES:
https://www.britannica.com/science/genetic-engineering

Matthew Kuure-Kinsey and Beth McCooey. Biological Engineering. 2000.

https://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/Projects00/rdna/rdna.html

Melina, Remy. What’s Genetic engineering? June 15, 2010.

https://www.livescience.com/32648-whats-genetic-engineering.html

Christian Walter, ... Adrian Walden. Molecular Breeding of Woody Plants. Progress in
Biotechnology. 2001. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-
sciences/genetic-engineering/pdf

https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Deoxyribonucleic-Acid-Fact-Sheet

Valiao, Adryan J. Science, technology and Society: Genes and Genetic Engineering. June 24,
2020. https://www.slideshare.net/adryanval/science-technology-society-genes-genetic-
engineering-w9?next_slideshow=1

Answer Card

PRE-TEST: (Multiple Choices)

1. C 6. A 11. D
2. D 7. C 12. A
3. C 8. B 13. B
4. A 9. B 14. B
5. D 10. A 15. C

ACTIVITY 1. LABEL THE PARTS.

ACTIVITY 2. WORD BOX.

 1. Cloning 6. Genes 11. X Chromosome 16 Cells
2. Gene 7. DNA 12. Y Chromosome 17. Nucleus
Manipulation
3. Heredity 8. RNA 13. Mutation 18. Sex
Chromosomes
4. Reproduction 9. 46 14. Cystic Fibrosis 19. Proteins
5. Chromosome 10. Artificial 15. Traits 20. Punnett Square
Insemination

ASSESSMENT (POST TEST):

Part A. Multiple Choices.

1. D 5. D
2. D 6. C
3. D 7. A
4. D 8. A

Part B: Short Answer

1. Fill in the following chart.
Mitosis Meiosis
Number of times the cell divides once twice
Number of daughter cells 2 4
Number of chromosomes compared to the parent 2n or diploid n or haploid
cell
Hint: use proper terms
Type of parent cell
Type of daughter cell Sex cell or gamete 
somatic
Number of chromosomes in daughter cell 46 23
Do homologous chromosomes pair? Yes or No? no yes