November 2013

The 1000x Mobile

Data Challenge
More Small Cells, More Spectrum, Higher Efficiency

1
Mobile data traffic growth— Industry preparing for

industry preparing for 1000x

1000x
data traffic growth*

Richer content More devices

more video everything connected
Bestseller example:

5.93 GB
2.49 GB
Movie (High Definition)

Movie (Standard Definition)

~ 25
Billion
Interconnected
device forecast
in 20202
0.0014 GB

0.14 GB
1.8 GB
Homepage

Game for Android

Billion
~ 7 Cumulative smartphone
forecast between
2013-20171
Soundtrack

0.00091 GB
Book
*1000x would be e.g. reached if mobile data traffic doubled ten times, but Qualcomm does not make predictions when 1000x will happen, Qualcomm and its subsidiaries work on the solutions to enable 1000x 2
Rising to meet the 1000x mobile data challenge

Higher efficiency

Evolve HetNets Intelligently

3G/4G/Wi-Fi Interference Mgmt/SON Access 3G/4G/Wi-Fi

More spectrum More small cells More ad-hoc small cells

In low and higher bands Everywhere! And inside-out deployment
3
1 More small cells
Taking HetNets to the next level
4
Bringing the network closer to the user is key to 1000x
Small cells everywhere—extreme densification in licensed spectrum

User deployed 3G/4G Operator deployed 3G/4G

Typically indoor small cells Indoor/outdoor small cells1

4G Relays
& Wireless
Backhaul

ENTERPRISE

RESIDENTIAL
METRO

Leveraging unlicensed spectrum opportunistically

Unlicensed technologies integrated with 3G/4G small cells
1 Such as relay and Pico/Metro/RRH small cells for hotspots. RRH= Remote Radio Heads, in addition Distributed Antenna Systems are used in HetNets 5
 ~3X

~1.6X

1X
Outdoor Small Cell

Macro, 4 Small Cells 4 Small Cells

Dual-Carrier added + Range Expansion
Median Gain1 Range expansion possible with HSPA+ today
For same amount of Spectrum and LTE Advanced (eICIC/IC)
HSPA+ example, Similar Gain for LTE Advanced

1000x densification begins with existing spectrum and available techniques

—range expansion further increases capacity
1 Gain in median downlink data rate, 4 small cells of pico type added per macro and 50 % of users dropped in clusters closer to picos (within 40m), Model PA3 full buffer ISD 500m. Enabling range expansion features: reduced power on second macro carrier,
dual carrier devices and mitigating uplink and downlink imbalance (3dB Cell-individual offset (CIO) and pico noise-figure pad) 6
Key enablers for small cells everywhere
HIGHLY COMPACT, BACKHAUL—DRIVES INTERFERENCE SELF ORGANIZING
LOW-COST SMALL CELL SMALL CELL SOLUTION MANAGEMENT NETWORKS (UltraSON)

Operator Provided: So that capacity scales Taking plug and play

fixed, wireless, relays with small cells added to the next level

User Provided: Requires device and Enables hyper-dense

Enables user installed network features small cell deployments
small cells1

7
UltraSON is Qualcomm’s suite of Self Organizing features for small cells.
Qualcomm's unmatched small cell assets for all venues
Industry’s highest level of small cell technology integration

Metro
Downtown Business Region
Dense Urban Residential Region Residential
4G

Wi-Fi 3G

Lamp Post
WIRELESS
BACKHAUL
Stadium Mall Entrance Macro

Macro
Enterprise World-Class Complete RF
Apps Processor Solution
8
Backhaul availability drives small cell solution

Operator/partner
deployed small cells
Dedicated 4G Spectrum
4GDedicated
Relay Backhaul from Macro
4G Spectrum
4G RelayofBackhaul
Non-Line Sight from Macro
Non-Line of Sight User deployed
inside-out
‘neighborhood small cells’
Dedicated backhaul
Dedicated backhaul Spectrum
Spectrum
Wireless Backhaul
Line-of sight or non line-of sight

OPERATOR PROVIDED WIRED USER PROVIDED

BACKHAUL BACKHAUL
1LTEAdvanced defines relays with backhaul inbound (sharing F1) or outband spectrum (shown). A new ‘velcro’ type of relay would be more loosely integrated and could use different air interfaces for access,
9
e.g. HSPA+/DO for access and LTE for backhaul
 ~37X

SMALL CELL

~21XSMALL CELL
SMALL CELL
SMALL CELL SMALL CELL SMALL CELL
SMALL CELL
SMALL CELL
SMALL CELL SMALL CELL
~11XSMALL CELL SMALL CELL
SMALL CELL
SMALL CELL
SMALL CELL SMALL CELL
SMALL CELL

~6X SMALL CELL

SMALL CELL SMALL CELL

SMALL CELL SMALL CELL

SMALL CELL SMALL CELL
SMALL CELL
+4 Small +8 Small +16 Small +32 Small SMALL CELL
SMALL CELL
Cells Cells Cells Cells SMALL CELL
SMALL CELL
SMALL CELL

Capacity scales with small cells added1 LTE Advanced, showing what is possible now, add spectrum and
The roadmap to 1000x:
LTE Advanced with 2x Spectrum added
improved techniques for gradual increase towards 1000x

Capacity scales with small cells deployed

— thanks to interference management and use of licensed spectrum
1 Assumptions: Pico type of small cell, 10MHz@2GHz + [email protected],D1 scenario macro 500m ISD, uniform user distribution scenario. Gain is median throughput improvement, from baseline with macro only on 10MHz@2GH, part of gain is addition of 10MHz
spectrum. Users uniformly distributed—a hotspot scenario could provide higher gains. Macro and outdoor small cells sharing spectrum (co-channel) 10
UltraSON enables hyper-dense deployments for 1000x

Self-Configuration Mobility

Planned/Unplanned Qualcomm’s Reliable Outdoor

Deployment UltraSON Service
Solves multiple
challenges

Backhaul Coordination
Sharing with small cells, macro

11
UltraSON is Qualcomm’s suite of Self Organizing features for small cells. UltraSON initially supports restricted access ‘private’ (commercialized) and future open access, ‘open’.
Evolution to low cost ad-hoc small cells
Viral, more unplanned deployments, licensed spectrum, managed by the operator
12
Extreme densification requires new ways of deploying
Evolution to lower cost ad-hoc small cell deployments

Viral, more ‘unplanned’, e.g. where

AD-HOC USER AD-HOC OPERATOR
DEPLOYED DEPLOYED backhaul exists—more like Wi-Fi
Open access indoor residential Indoor/outdoor, lampposts,
‘neighborhood small cells’ walls, malls, anywhere…
Plug & play, self organizing,
coordinated small cells

Licensed spectrum
ensures quality of service

AD-HOC PARTNER Managed and controlled

DEPLOYED by the operator
Such as utility provider
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More inside-out deployments
The majority of traffic is indoors1—why not also capture the outside?

Capacity From The Outside Capacity From The Inside

—To Outside/Inside users – Also serving Outside users

Using Available
Backhaul/Power

TRADITIONAL OUTSIDE-IN INSIDE-OUT

1 >70% 14
of mobile data traffic is consumed indoors and steadily increasing
Viral, ad-hoc deployed small cells is one enabler towards 1000x

1000X
ADD 10x SPECTRUM INSIDE-OUT DEPLOYMENT EXAMPLE ~ 20 %
‘NEIGHBORHOOD SMALL CELLS’ Household
penetration
10Mhz Example with
for higher band:
macros 90Mhz for to small
100MHz dedicated
@ 2GHz femtos
cells @ 3.6GHz1
3.5GHz

Negligible loss in coverage and

capacity at high small cell density
500x
~ 9%
Household
penetration
ALSO SERVING OUTSIDE USERS
Median throughput gain versus Macro only baseline

Example for LTE FDD, 2x2 MIMO. Assumptions: 70% indoor users, 200 Active users per macrocell, small cells randomly dropped in households in a mix of 2 to 6 story apartments.1Small cells on dedicated spectrum used in this example, but we envision future
neighborhood small cells also sharing the spectrum with macro and other small cells. 20% household penetration equals ~ 144 small cells, and 9% penetration equals ~ 65 small cells. 15
Neighborhood small cells opens up new opportunities
Cost-saving opportunity means that business solutions will emerge

LOWER COST FOR NEW NEW BUSINESS

EXISTING OPERATOR ENTRANTS MODELS
 Natural extension  Fixed broadband  Wholesale small
for operators offering provider can add wireless cell network
fixed broadband
 New low cost broadband  Paid local access
 Opportunity to partner with access networks
 Reciprocal access
fixed broadband provider
 Leverage lower cost ASA
spectrum

16
Note: Neighborhood small cells is Qualcomm’s name for viral, ad-hoc user deployed indoor small cells also covering the outside ‘inside-out’, typically a residential area.
Tests show indoor small cells providing coverage outside
Signal Strength
[dBm]
-55 to -65*
Excellent Performance

~7% -65 to -75

Household small
cell penetration

-75 to -85

Very Good Performance

-85 to -95

-95 to -105

-105 to -115
Acceptable Performance

Shows actual measured received pilot strength for a small cell deployment: -115dBm results in ~700kbps for Rel-7 5MHz in thermal noise limited case; Points less than -115dBm are not shown on the plots. 17
Taking viral, ad-hoc deployed small cells to the next level
Our over-the-air network will be expanded to a hyper dense network
We Plan To Demonstrate (2013):
‘Unplanned’, ad-hoc, inside-out deployment Macro cell site location
(additional macros not shown)
Controlled and managed network
Coordinated small cells
Robust indoor and outdoor
operation
Example locations of indoor small
Seamless mobility within cell locations in Qualcomm’s campus
small cell and macro layer
Capacity gain

Source: Google Earth 18

2 More spectrum
A new way to access underutilized spectrum:
Authorized Shared Access (ASA)—suited for small cells
19
Current spectrum provides the foundation of 1000x
– with more small cells and higher efficiency
Japan
North America Europe
China CDMA800/2100
UMTS/CDMA AWS UMTS900/2100 UMTS800/900
UMTS/CDMA1900 LTE800/1800 UMTS/CDMA2100 UMTS1500/1700/2100
UMTS/CDMA850 LTE2600 CDMA850 LTE700/800/900
LTE700 TD-SCDMA1900/2000 LTE1500/1700/2500
LTE AWS TD-SCDMA2300
LTE2600 (B41) LTE1900/2300
LTE2000 (MSS S-Band) LTE2600 (B38)
South Korea

MENA CDMA800/1800
LTE800/e850
UMTS900/2100 LTE900/1800
LTE800/1800/2600 UMTS2100
Harmonization and LTE2300 India LTE2100
CDMA850
global standards drive South America
UMTS900/2100

economies of scale UMTS850/1800

LTE2300
Australia
UMTS1900/2100 UMTS850/900
LTE2600 UMTS2100
LTE700/1800/2600
LTE2300

20
Higher spectrum bands suitable for small cells
60GHz
INDOOR Very High Bands
enable Access In
Every Room

HOTSPOT
3.4 to 3.8 GHz
Emerging as a new
small cell band1
~3GHz

Wide Area
Spectrum

~450 MHz

parts can be traditionally licensed, some parts need to be ASA licensed, such as ~3.5GHz in the US/EU1. 3GPP has already defined 3G/4G bands 42/43 for 3.4 GHz to 3.8 GHz,
1 Some
21
3.5GHz in the US defined as 3550 – 3650 MHz. In addition, Wi-Fi in unlicensed such as 2.4GHz, 5GHz (802.11 ac) and 60GHz (802.11 ad).
We need to make best use of all spectrum types for 1000x

Licensed Spectrum Shared Licensed Spectrum Unlicensed Spectrum

Auctions of cleared Complementary licensing for 3G/4G: Multiple technologies
spectrum for 3G/4G Authorized Shared Access (ASA) (Wi-Fi, LTE in unlicensed, BT & others)

Exclusive use Shared exclusive use Shared use

Industry’s top priority, ASA required when government spectrum Unpredictable QoS, ideal for local
ensures quality of service (QoS), cannot be cleared within a reasonable area access, and opportunistic use
mobility and control timeframe, or at all locations for mobile broadband

22
Allocated spectrum may be underutilized
Incumbents (e.g. government) may not use spectrum at all times and locations

Defense
Challenge today Aeronautical
Maritime
Repurposing and vacating Other Public
spectrum takes longer Public Safety
and longer time. Other Commercial Defense 27.2%
26.7% Broadcasting
Mobile

ASA opportunity Aeronautical 17.1%

Other Commercial
Mobile 15.0%
Accelerate harmonization
and potential re-farming.
Access underutilized spectrum,
which may always have incumbent
spectrum holders. Broadcasting 8.2% Maritime 3.6%

Public Safety 0.9% Other Public 1.4%

Shows Spectrum Allocation by Sector within in a typical EU country 108 MHz – 6 GHz 23
Authorized shared access (ASA)—optimal for small cells

Exclusive Use at Agreed Small Cells Can Be Does not Interfere with
Locations, Times Closer to Incumbent Incumbent

Macro

Macro Incumbent
user
3G/4G Small Cells

Regular
Multi-band
Device1

Incentive-Based Cooperation Model

Satellite
Public
Military Safety
Radar

1 No device impact due to ASA, just a regular 3G/4G device supporting global harmonized bands targeted for ASA. Carrier aggregation would be beneficial to aggregate new ASA spectrum with existing spectrum,
24
but is not required.
ASA targets harmonized spectrum—suitable for small cells
Leveraging global, available 4G technologies to ensure economies of scale

ASA 2.3 2.6 ~3.5

CANDIDATE GHz GHz GHz 3.4 to 3.8 GHz
(100 MHz) (100+ MHz) (100-200 MHz)
EXAMPLES
Emerging as a key band for 3G/4G
small cells, some parts can be
Applicable EUROPE MENA USA, EU, traditionally licensed, but some
(Traditionally licensed (Traditionally licensed
Regions in e.g. India) in e.g. Europe) LATAM, SEAP parts need to be ASA licensed,
such as ~3.5GHz in the US/EU1
Incumbent Telemetry, public Naval Radar (US)
Various
Users safety, cameras Satellite (EU, LATAM. SEAP)

Suitable
Technology
LTE TDD LTE FDD/TDD LTE TDD

Possible
Launch ~2015

1 3GPP has already defined bands 42/43 for 3.4 GHz to 3.8 GHz, 3.5GHz in the US defined as 3550 – 3650 MHz, but up to 200MHz could be targeted for ASA in e.g. SEAP/LATAM. Note that ASA targets IMT spectrum bands,
but the concept can be applied generally to all spectrum bands and other technologies 25
 More efficient data pipe
More efficient —evolve 3G4G/Wi-Fi
apps & services
Wi-Fi 802.11 ac
Intelligently LTE in unlicensed spectrum
access 3G/4G/Wi-Fi
LTE Broadcast
Smart Pipe
LTE Advanced

HSPA+ Evolution

Device-to-device

3 Higher efficiency
26
Utilizing finite spectrum resources better

Wi-Fi 802.11 ac LTE Advanced

Squeezing more out Realizing the true
of unlicensed spectrum potential of 4G
2.8x
LTE in unlicensed WCDMA+
Unified LTE network for licensed Triples voice
and 5GHz unlicensed spectrum Freed up efficiency to free up
for data
resources for data
5 GHz
Evolve 3G/4G/Wi-Fi Voice

1X/DO Advanced HSPA+ Evolution

HSPA+
1X Adv. quadruples voice 4x Evolution Maximizing the
efficiency to free up data Voice HSPA+ investments in 3G
users
HSPA

27
Significant gains still possible for certain traffic

>10x >10x >10x

(HSPA+ Advanced example, compared (More per 6 multicast users in a network (Less resources to discover proximal
to HSPA+ R7/R8) vs. 6 unicast users in dense urban area, devices within 20s in a cell with 800
but ~3x gain for just two users) users, vs. regular LTE. Can also discover
16x more devices than Wi-Fi Direct)

Small Data Bursts LTE Broadcast Device to Device Discovery and

Communication—LTE Direct

28
Extending the benefits of LTE Advanced to unlicensed spectrum

Better performance Enhanced user experience

Longer range and increased capacity Thanks to LTE Advanced anchor in
licensed spectrum with robust mobility

LTE in
Licensed
F1
spectrum
700MHz to 3.8GHz

Carrier
aggregation
Ideal for
small cells
LTE in
Unlicensed
spectrum
5 GHz

Unified LTE Network Coexists with Wi-Fi

Common LTE network with common Features to protect Wi-Fi neighbors
authentication, security and management.
29
Intelligently utilize best and multiple accesses—
3G/4G Small Cell/Macro, Wi-Fi

Operator
3G/4G Quality preferences
Seamless Smart
3G/4G interworking
Offload
Engine
Wi-Fi
3G/4G/
Wi-Fi
+
3G/4G
Passpoint1
Traffic/App
Wi-Fi Quality + Characteristics
More… (e.g. different traffic
on different access)

Over-the-air Internet Backhaul

congestion connectivity congestion

Smart Offload Engine commercialized through Qualcomm’s CnE, Connection Engine, with Qualcomm unique optimizations and standards based features. 1Seamless Wi-Fi access with Passpoint/Hotspot 2.0 for automatic discovery and connectivity. Operator policies .preferences based on 3GGG
ANDSF and OMA-DM (3GPP R8). Seamless mobility enabled using GTP in core network (EPC), and refined ANDSF (3GPP R9/10/11) for selective traffic/flow mobility. Further 3G/4G and Wi-Fi interworking targeted 3GPP R12, such as managing Wi-Fi access through 3G/4G 30
A leader in all solutions to best leverage unlicensed spectrum
Committed to end-to-end Wi-Fi, carrier Wi-Fi, bringing LTE Advanced to unlicensed spectrum

Common LTE Advanced for

Licensed Spectrum licensed and unlicensed spectrum
Cleared spectrum for 3G/4G,
ASA for 3G/4G Mobile operator managed service that aggregates
licensed and unlicensed spectrum1
Exclusive use
Mobile broadband
3G/4G for licensed and carrier Wi-Fi
for unlicensed spectrum
Mobile operator managed service with tighter Wi-Fi
integration for better offload and enhanced services
Unlicensed Spectrum
Multiple technologies (Wi-Fi, Wi-Fi hotspots in unlicensed spectrum
LTE in unlicensed) Local area access for private/residential, enterprise users.
Shared use
Local area access
1With 31
Wi-Fi for backward compatibility
More efficient apps. & services: optimizations on multiple levels

Possible today
Dash adapts video to mobile
Higher level Uplink compression
HEVC/H.265 video uses Improved video/audio (SHUTR by Qualcomm)
~40% less than today’s H.264 codecs optimization/compression System optimizations

High level OS

Future: more efficient

compression
Lower level optimizations 30-40% improved uplink throughput
Such as uplink HTTP payload compression (LTE/HSPA+)1 ~70% reduction in signaling2

13GPPR12 proposal: Add payload (e.g. HTTP GET & POST packets) compression to the PDCP layer, header (RoHC/IPHC) compression already resides in PDCP. Uplink compression is suitable since highly compressible
HTTP packets are ~70% of uplink smartphone data volume (based on Qualcomm logs). 2Reduction in Radio Resource Control (RRC) transitions, which drives network signaling, frees up resources for more data capacity 32
There are multiple ways to reach 1000x

Higher
efficiency The low hanging fruit!

Different mixes of Spectrum, Small Cell Types, Indoor, Outdoor to Reach 1000x

More spectrum More small cells More ad-hoc small cells

In low and higher bands Everywhere! And inside-out deployment
33
Qualcomm at the forefront to enable 1000x
Driving higher
efficiency end-to-end

Standardization Evolving 3G/4G

leadership and Wi-Fi

Enabling technologies Spectrum Innovation,

and chipset solutions
1000x such as ASA

New deployments models: Prototyping

Inside-out, more ad-hoc, and demos
neighborhood small cells

34
Will There Be 1000x Demand?
It’s Just a Matter of Time…

35
Driving Network Evolution
to learn more, go to More details provided at:
www.qualcomm.com/1000x 1) 1000x: More Spectrum
www.qualcomm.com/spectrum
2) 1000x: More Small Cells
www.qualcomm.com/HetNets
3) 1000x: Higher efficiency
www.qualcomm.com/efficiency

36
Questions? - Connect with Us

www.qualcomm.com/technology

http://www.qualcomm.com/blog/contributors/prakash-sangam
BLOG

@Qualcomm_tech

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Other products and brand names may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.

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units within the Qualcomm corporate structure, as applicable.

Qualcomm Incorporated includes Qualcomm’s licensing business, QTL, and the vast majority of its patent portfolio. Qualcomm Te chnologies, Inc., a
wholly-owned subsidiary of Qualcomm Incorporated, operates, along with its subsidiaries, substantially all of Qualcomm’s enginee ring, research and
development functions, and substantially all of its product and services businesses, including its semiconductor business, QCT.
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