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COMPUTER OPERATIONS & PACKAGES
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 COMPUTER OPERATIONS & PACKAGES NOTES

& INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
1. [email protected] COMPUTER OPERATIONS & PACKAGES [email protected]
2. COMPUTER OPERATIONS & PACKAGES [email protected] 1 DEFINE A COMPUTER
An electronic machine that works under the control of stored programs to accept, process output
data/information for use by the operator. A device that accepts data, processes the data in
accordance with a stored program, generates results, and usually consists of input, output,
storage, and arithmetic, logic, and control units. A functional unit that can perform substantial
computation, including numerous arithmetic operations or logic operations, without human
intervention during a run. It is an electronic device/machine that accepts data(raw facts figures)
asinput and processes (works on it) to produce information(data converted tomeaningful form)
as output. A computer performs a number of functions: • Input (Data) The computer accepts data
from outside for processing. Input is the raw information entered into a computer from the input
devices. • Processing The computer performs operations on the data that it holds internally.
Processing is the operation of data as per given instruction. It is totally internal process of the
computer system. • Output The computer produces information for external use. Output is the
processed data given by computer after data processing. Output is also called as Result. We
can save these results in the storage devices for the future use. • Storage The computer stores
data before, during and after processing. • Communication The computer can send or receive
data to or from other computers when it is connected on a network The computer is made up of
hardware, software and peripheral devices. Hardware- refers to the tangible, physical and
mechanical components of a computer. Software- refers to the intangible computer components,
which are the programs or instructions of the computer. Everything that a computer does, it acts
under instructions written out as computer programs. The hardware needs these instructions to
function Computer program: • A set of instructions, written in a specific programming language,
which a computer follows in processing data, performing an operation, or solving a logical
problem. See also software. • A computer program is a set of statements or instructions to be
used directly or indirectly in a computer in order to bring about a certain result. NB: Software
alone is useless, so is the hardware. The two are inseparable. Peripheral Devices- These are
devices that are external (not part of the computer) but can be connected to a computer. They
are not essential for the functioning of the computer but can be
3. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES connected to the computer for specific reasons.
Examples are scanners, modems, printers, speakers, digital cameras, etc.
[email protected] 2 DATA PROCESSING Used specifically, data processing may refer to a
discrete step in the information processing cycle in which data is acquired, entered, validated,
processed, stored, and output, either in response to queries or in the form of routine reports; the
processing is the step that organizes the information in order to form the desired output. Used in
a more general sense, data processing may also refer to the act of recording or otherwise
handling one or more sets of data, and is often performed with the use of computers. The word
data is commonly used to mean “information” and often suggests large amounts of information in
a standardized format. Data may consist of letters, numbers, equations, dates, images, and
other material, but does not usually include entire words. CATEGORIES OF DATA
PROCESSING Data is processed to get the required results. Different operations may be
performed on data. Therefore, data processing is defined as: A sequence of operations on data
to convert it into useful information is called data processing. The important operations that can
be performed on data are: • Arithmetic and logical operations on data to get required results. • To
send and receive data from one location to another. • Classification of data. • Arranging data into
a specific order etc. The data processing is divided into three categories or levels. 1. Manual
Data Processing In manual data processing, data is processed manually without using any
machine or tool to get required result. In manual data processing, all the calculations and logical
operations are manually performed on the data. Similarly, data is manually transferred from one
place to another. This method of data processing is very slow and errors may occur in the
output. In Zimbabwe, data is still processed manually in many small business firms as well as
government offices institutions. In manual data processing data is processed manually. No
machine or tool is used. All the calculations on data are performed manually. This is a slow
method and errors may occur. This is an old method. It was used before the invention of
calculators. But data is still processed manually in many small shops.
4. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES Example: A book seller (a small book shop) records
his daily transactions manually. He prepares bills by pen, paper and carbon paper (no doubt,
brain is the main data processor in this case). At the end of day he will use carbon copies made
on a particular date to know how many books he sold and how much income he got.
[email protected] 3 2. Mechanical Data Processing In mechanical data processing, data is
processed by using different tools like calculators or other mechanical devices. This method of
data processing is faster and more accurate than manual data processing. Mechanical data
processing is more accurate than manual. Calculators, computer programs and other devices
are used on the data however someone still has to step in between operations. In mechanical
data processing data is processed with the help of devices or machines. These machines that
help the people in data processing may be calculators and type writers etc. Obviously, this
method is faster easier and more accurate than manual data processing. Example: Book seller
can use a calculator to speed up his data processing system. There will be a less chance of
errors in calculations. Bill calculations will be much more faster with a calculator and easier too.
3. Electronic Data Processing It is the modern technique to process data. The data is processed
through computer. Data and set of instructions are given to the computer as input and the
computer automatically processes the data according to the given set of instructions. The
computer is also known as electronic data processing machine. This method of processing data
is very fast and accurate. Now-a-days, the data is processed and analyzed through computers.
For example, the results of students are prepared through computer; in banks accounts of
customers are processed through computers etc.
5. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES It is the latest and fastest method of data
processing. Data is processed with the help of computer. First of all, data and set of instructions
are given to the computer. Computer gives output results after processing the data according to
instructions. This method of data processing is very fast and accurate. Electronic data
processing is used in banks and business firms, Government offices, colleges, schools,
universities, businesses and other institutes. Electronic data processing is being used in almost
every field of life. Example: Suppose there are 800 students in a college. There is a manual
library system in this college. If we want to know which students have not returned books since
one year? We will have to search registers for 800 students’ record. But computer can do this job
within seconds. In short, we can say that: Electronic data processing: i) is more fast ii) is less
time consuming iii) can process large amounts of data easily iv) can present information in more
attractive way v) will give 100 % error free results, if input and instructions are accurate.
[email protected] 4 THE DATA PROCESSING CYCLE The data processing cycle is the
order in which data is processed. There are four stages:- After collecting data, it is processed to
convert into information. The data is processed again and again until accurate result is achieved.
This is called data processing cycle. Data processing cycle involves following three basic
activities:
6. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES [email protected] 5 1. Input 2. Processing 3.
Output 1. INPUT It is the process in which collected data is given to computer after converting
into binary form. Input step can be further divided into following steps: i) Planning Here
objectives of data processing are defined. For example, in examination system, objective is to
process student examination data to get result cards. ii) Data Collecting Here data is collected.
Data is the raw material for data processing. This must be accurate for getting accurate results.
iii) Input Here data is entered into computer. iv)Verification Here collected data is verified to
determine whether it is valid for processing. For example marks must be in numeric form. v)
Coding Data is stored in computer in binary form. Here data is converted (or coded) into
computer readable (binary) form. 2. PROCESSING Now data is ready for processing. We
process collected data to convert into information. Some important activities in processing are as
following: i) Data Classification Here data is classified into different groups or sub-groups. So
that it can be handled easily and separately. For example if we collect data about students of a
college we will divide them into D.Com and B.Com class groups. ii) Data Sorting Here data is
arranged in some order. So that it can be accessed quickly. For example we can sort student
data by Roll number or name. iii) Data Calculation/Processing
7. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES Here arithmetic and logical operations are
performed on data to get the required result. For example total marks of each student are
calculated. [email protected] 6 3. OUTPUT After completing the processing, output is
received. Output step involves following steps: i) Testing The results are tested to find if they are
according to requirements. And any errors are removed. If results are not satisfactory then we
repeat above-mentioned steps again and again until the accurate results are found. ii)
Summarizing Huge results are summarized to make them short and precise. iii) Storing results
The results are stored properly on secondary storage devices for future use. iv)Output the result
Here output is produced as softcopy on screen or as hard copy as printout. Information is sent to
different places as needed. v) Feed Back In this step we take comments from users about output
results. If results are not satisfactory then we repeat above-mentioned steps again and again
until the accurate results are found. What is the Information Processing Cycle? If one has to look
at the information processing cycle diagram, he will see that there are four events in the
sequence of events. The sequence of events, which make up the cycle are: Input Processing
Output Storage
8. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES In some of the events, certain sub-events can also
be added. Without wasting any more time we will turn towards the cycle in detail. Input This is
the first event in the cycle. This stage involves collection of data from the outside or also from
within the system. One can break this stage into three more stages, namely acquisition, data
entry and validation. After the data has been acquired from the source, it is entered into the
current system, upon which the data is validated, so that correct results are given at the end of
the cycle. The input devices are many. The commonly used input devices are computer
keyboard, bar code readers, scanners, output from another system, etc. Processing In this stage
the computer processes the minutest details entered. This processing makes the data entered
usable. If the computer was not to process the data, it would not be of any use and it would also
be a big mess of data. For example, if the spreadsheet was not to process the data, then the
data in the spreadsheet would only be a mess of numbers. The spreadsheet is a program which
gives the data out back to the user in the usable form. The system used for processing, along
with the data entered will decide the kind of output, which the user will get. Output If you have to
look at the diagram of information processing cycle, the step after processing is the output stage.
The processed information is now transmitted to the user. This stage can also be further divided.
After processing the data, there can be further interactive queries asked or routine reports can
be given. There are different forms in which the output can be given to the user. There can be
print report, which may be given to the user. The output can also be given in the form of audio,
video as well. In some cases, the results may only be displayed on the computer monitor.
Storage After the data has been processed, along with the output to the user, the data is also
stored. Different computer storage devices can be used for the same. Some of the commonly
used data storage methods are disk storage, tertiary storage, etc. Storing the data also serves
another purpose. You will not have to repeat the entire cycle again. Often the storage is done in
both digital as well as hard copy format. At the same time, backup of the digital format is also
maintained, which can be retrieved in case of system crash. The most important advantage of
this cycle is that the information is processed quickly. At the same time retrieving the data is an
easy task as well. The processed information can further be passed unto the next stage directly
in case the need be. The necessary data is stored, which helps in avoiding duplication of data as
well as time. ATTRIBUTES OF GOOD INFORMATION [email protected] 7 Quality
Required Commentary Relevant The information obtained and used should be needed for
decision-making. it doesn't matter how interesting it is. Businesses are often criticised for
producing too much information simply because their information systems can do it. A good way
of ensuring relevance is to closely define the objectives of any information reports. Another way
to improve relevance is to produce information that focuses on exceptions - e.g. problems, high
or low values, where limits have been exceeded. Up-to-date Information needs to be timely if it is
to be actioned. For example, the manager of a large retail business needs daily information on
how stores are performing, which products are selling well (or not) so that immediate action can
be taken. To improve the speed with which information is produced, businesses usually need to
look at upgrading or replacing their information systems.
9. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES Accurate As far as possible, information should be
free from errors (e.g. the figures add up; data is allocated to the correct categories). The users of
information should be informed whenever assumptions or estimates have been used. Accruate
information is usually a function of accurate data collection. If information needs to be extremely
accurate, then more time needs to be allocated for it to be checked. However, businesses need
to guard against trying to produce perfect information - it is often more important for the
information to be up-to-date than perfect. [email protected] 8 Meet the needs of the User
Users of information have different needs. The managing director doesn't have time to trawl
through thick printouts of each week's production or sales listings - he or she wants a summary
of the key facts. The quality control supervisor will want detailed information about quality testing
results rather than a brief one-line summary of how things are going. It is a good idea to
encourage users to help develop the style and format of information reporting that they require.
Easy to use and understand Information should be clearly presented (e.g. use summaries,
charts) and not too long. It also needs to be communicated using an appropriate medium (e.g.
email, printed report, presentation. Businesses should also consider developing templates which
are used consistently throughout the organisation - so that users get used to seeing information
in a similar style. Worth the cost Often forgotten. Information costs money. Data is costly to
collect, analyse and report. Information takes time to read and assimilate. All users should
question whether the information they recieve/have requested is worthwhile Reliable Information
should come from authoritative sources. It is good practice to quote the source used - whether it
be internal or external sources. If estimates or assumptions have been applied, these should be
clearly stated and explained. 1) Valid 2) Fit for use 3) Accessible 4) Cost effective 5)
Understandable 6) Time DATA Relationship between Data and Information Data is raw
information a collection of facts from which conclusions may be drawn; statistical data
INFORMATION Data that has been processed to add or create meaning and hopefully
knowledge for the person who receives it. Information is the output of information systems.
Organized data which is understood to have significance and meaning Methods of data
collection {see Systems Analysis Design} Questionnaires Observation Sampling Interviews
Written documents research MAKE NOTES ON: Verification o The act of reviewing, inspecting,
testing, checking, auditing, or otherwise establishing and documenting whether items,
processes, services, or documents conform to specified requirements. o An effort to test the
accuracy of the questionnaire response data. The concern is uniquely with data accuracy and
deals with neither the reliability nor the validity of measures. Validation
10. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES o The process of evaluating software at the end of
the software development process to ensure compliance with software requirements. The
techniques for validation are testing, inspection and reviewing. o Determination of the
correctness of the products of software development with respect to the user needs and
requirements. [email protected] 9 BENEFITS OF COMPUTERS With the advent of new
technology, various processes have been very dependent with automation. As the years go by,
more and more inventions are introduced in the market and in the society all for one purpose -
convenience. Let us tackle for instance two of the most influential aspects of this modern world;
the societal and the entrepreneurial feature. These two have been greatly influenced by the
advancements that are continuously taking place. With that said, a number of essential
advantages are becoming more evident in these two facets. To further draw a clearer picture on
the benefits of computers on each of the mentioned aspect, here are brief descriptions of each.
Business Multitasking - The modern multimedia options enable entrepreneurs to work various
tasks all at the same time. Workers in the offices can use the DVD-ROM while installing Printer
Cartridges and running a scan thus making workload easier and more convenient. With such,
the need for an outsourcing company would not be essential because all the tasks can be
addressed by majority of the manpower available. Cost-effective - These computers have
allowed companies to cut costs on payroll and individual office equipment. Because of the
efficient and fast outputs coupled with less expenditures on operations, revenues are then
maximized. Good examples for this benefit are the email messaging that lessens postage costs
and video conferencing that decreases travel allowances for employees. Increased access to the
market - Because of the Internet, businesses have opened their doors to various opportunities all
around the globe. For those selling goods, then customers can readily purchase them over the
Web thus resulting to an increase in the sales of the firm. Also, advertising strategies are well
utilized because by just simply posting a good multimedia scheme over the Web, firms can
readily maximize their marketing plans. Organization- Different types of software are utilized to
store a wide array of documents that must be kept confidential for years. With the help of
computers, storage and retrieval of files are easily done with just a click of the mouse. Those are
the benefits that businesses are enjoying from the various innovations in computers now.
Further, here are the societal advantages. Education edge- Nowadays, PC's enable students to
search from a wide range of online resources. Hence, they can save time on looking for the best
Internet source that can answer each of the queries. Instead of spending so much time looking
for books, then this could answer the worries for students who want to hasten their tasks. Also, a
new trend in education is online teaching. Through the Web, people can freely enroll in a specific
course provided that you get to pay the fees on the specified date. This scheme can be very
helpful for individuals who want to get a degree yet are to busy to get into the usual classroom
setting. Communication benefit- Social networking sites, chat, and video conferencing sites are
accessible because of computers. People across the globe can now talk to their loved ones in
real time with
11. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES the help of these gadgets. What is good about this
communication option is that it is more cost effective than the usual telephone. By embracing
such, people can now deliver messages and create a copy of that using quality printer cartridge
in just a second. Job opportunities- These gadgets open up a wide array of workload for people.
That is, experts are needed in software and hardware maintenance and checks. With the
increasing demand for these professionals, unemployment is then lessened at a considerable
percentage. Home Entertainment- During weekends, you may utilize your personal computer to
watch films using its DVD-ROM. Aside from this, you may as well play games all throughout the
day. You can simply install a variety of files that you can use for the whole day of indoor fun.
From the latest TV shows to the more modern games, you can have them in your CPU just
minutes. Those are few of the numerous benefits of personal computers in our everyday lives.
Knowing each of those points will certainly allow you to see the importance of those gadgets in
almost all processes that are taking place every day. With this obvious dependence, it is also but
essential to ensure that each of the systems are working properly. This is because a single
defect inside the CPU could mean serious impairment. Hence, the specialists in repairs and
maintenance can be tapped for their expertise. [email protected] 10 ADDITIONAL Without
computers, there would be no Internet. Computers and the internet helped create a global
community where it is possible to instantly communicate with anyone around the globe. You
aren't just stuck being exposed to only those in your own community or country. Various online
knowledge sources including online encyclopaedias, open vast amounts of information to people
all over the world. This can even aid someone doing anything from a simple homework
assignment, to a complex research paper. In the home, you can pay your bills online, without
having to write a check or placing the bill in a postage envelope. No chance of the payment
getting lost in the mail, and no need to worry about being assessed a late charge - as the bill has
been paid and confirmed. People now listen to music, get up to the minute live news reports,
play games, watch movies, and even watch television shows they might have missed. You can
buy products online that may not be available in your local shops. Computer chips are used in
many many things, including the portable cell-phone. And the internet led to Twitter, which was
used recently by Iranians keeping communication and coordination active against an oppressive
regime. In the business world, computers are used in every operation, function and activity of an
organization. This had led to improved productivity, greater collaboration, major improvements to
information management. Computers help scientists calculate things faster and learn more about
the world and universe. In addition, this helps things get invented, like a video game system.
Computers are used heavily to improve accuracy, flexibility of planning, and speed in
Engineering work. Civil Engineering - Autocad and WaterCad.Mining engineering - Surface
Deformation Prediction Software.Mechanical engineering - SolidCad. Electrical Engineering -
electric cycle programs. In the medical community, computers led to improved Hospital care. So
in a sense, computers have even helped extend the average lifespan of human beings.
12. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES [email protected] 11 LIMITATIONS 1. They
are expensive. 2. If you have little knowledge of them, it is easy to get in a lot of trouble and quite
literally destroy your computer. 3. Depending on the OS and software/hardware installed, they
can be difficult to maintain. 4. If you have the internet and don't have an Anti-Virus program, or at
least an Anti-Spyware program, surfing the web can ruin your day. 5. Nothing lasts forever.
Computer disadvantages are as follows; Violation of Privacy, it is crucial that personal and
confidential records stored in computers be protected properly. Impact on Labor Force, although
computers have improved productivity and created an entire industry with hundreds of
thousands of new jobs, the skills of hundreds of thousands employees are replaced by
computers. Health Risks, prolonged or improper computer use can lead to head injuries or
disorders. Computer users can protect themselves from health risks through proper workplace
design, good posture while at the computer, and appropriately spaced work breaks. Impact on
the Environment, Computer manufacturing processes and computer waste are depleting natural
resources and polluting the environment. MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
CPU The CPU consists of the ALU CU KEY Data Instructions Command Flow Control unit-
issues commands to computer elements interpret stored instructions A. L.U. performs arithmetic
logic operations Output Unit Information after processing Main Memory-Holds data instructions
results ofprocessing -RAM Input Unit Data instructions Backing/Auxiliary Storage- supplements
the main storage.
13. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES DESCRIBE THE FUNCTIONS OF EACH
COMPONENT. Main memory Auxiliary or backup storage Stores programs and data while
computer is running for current use Store data or programs for later use Main memory is fast and
limited in capacity Slow and capacity vary Cannot retain information when the computer is Non
volatile switched off - Volatile Memory directly connected to the CPU - not portable Portable- can
be transported from one machine to another. Primary storage Secondary storage PROVIDES
FAST ACCESS ACCESS IS SLOW Temporary Permanent Computer cannot do or work without
Can do or work without [email protected] 12 PROCESSING DEVICE The only processing
device on a computer is The Central Processing unit known as the CPU. It is the main part of the
computer as all other devices are built around it. It can be referred to as the heart or brain behind
the computer. Functions of the Central Processing Unit (CPU) a) It interprets the instruction in
the program according to the type and sequence of processing operations that are to be
performed on input data. b) Performs the varied arithmetic and logic operations that are
necessary to convert input data into output information. c) Stores intermediate results of data
being processed on its registers. d) Directs or controls output to all other devices (input, output,
auxiliary storage units), telling each what to do and when to do it. CPU COMPONENTS It
consists of the control unit (CU) and Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU). In most computers the two
components - CU and ALU units - are combined in a unit called the microprocessor (CPU). The
Control Unit The Control Unit manages input/output to and from the main memory and to and
from auxiliary storage units and output devices. It interprets instructions in their sequence,It
determines what is to be done to follow the instruction and, transmits to the appropriate device
directions specifying the work to be done. For example, it advises each input device what data to
transfer, when to transfer it, and when to send the data. It arranges for data to move from the
main memory to the ALU and spells out the calculating and logic operations that are to be
performed, and then arranges to send the processed results to main storage or to an output
device for printing or display. The ALU The Arithmetic Logical Unit has 2 functions i.e. to perform
calculations and logic operations at a fast speed (measured in nanoseconds, i.e. billionths of a
second). It consists of registers (special storage locations to hold the data to be processed), and
an accumulator to store intermediate results of operations. Logic operations compare values for
greater, smaller or equal. CPU speed
14. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES The CPU speed is measured in Megahertz (MHz)
being millions of instructions that can be executed per second (MIPS). Each computer has
specified, the processor speed. [email protected] 13 INPUT DEVICES These are some
devices that feed data into the computer for processing. Some examples include:- 1.
KEYBOARD 2. MOUSE 3. TRACKBALL 4. LIGHT PEN 5. TOUCH SCREEN 6. MODEM 7.
SCANNER 8. MICROPHONE 9. BAR CODE READER 10. DIGITAL CAMERA 11. VIDEO
DIGITISER 12. MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION (MICR) 13. MAGNETC STRIPS
OR STRIPES READER 14. KEY TO DISK 15. GRAPHICS TABLET 16. OCR 17. OMR 18.
VOICE RECOGNITION SYSTEM Storage devices can be used as input devices a) KEYBOARD
The keyboard is an input device with an arrangement of keys, like those on a typewriter, and an
additional set of keys that fall into 5 basic categories: 1. Function keys- keys form the first row of
keys. They perform special operations in applications e.g. F7 activates Spell Checking Program
in word processing and F1 activates the Help facility in any application. 2. Alphanumeric keys
(like those on typewriter) are arranged in a QWERTY series. First is a row of numbers with some
characters like %^*()@!~ above them, then letters of the alphabet, the spacebar at the bottom,
the Shift key on both the left and right side of the Spacebar. 3. Numeric keypad- serves 2
functions. At the top of the keypad is the NumLock key, which locks the keypad into Number
mode when, pressed. When in Number mode, the keys function as number keys arranged like a
standard calculator, otherwise it is in Cursor control mode, which allows you to move the cursor
up, down, forward or backward by pressing the appropriate arrow key. When in cursor mode you
can also use the home, page up, page down, end, delete and insert keys from Num Lock pad. 4.
Cursor control keys are the arrow keys as well as Home, End, Ins, Page Up etc. Their major
function is to place the cursor in an appropriate position for reading, appending or editing text. 5.
Combination keys are the Shift Ctrl andAlt keys. On their own they are ineffective but combined
with other keys they work. E.G. The Shift key, can be used to type to type the $ sign (you would
keep Shift pressed as you press the $ sign key once). b) MOUSE
15. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES The mouse is both input and pointing device. It is a
hand held device with a rotating ball (trackball) underneath and Left Right (the blinking item on
your screen) around the screen and to click on objects. The trackball is made from a ball in a
socket, which is used to move the cursor on a screen. The cursor moves in the direction the ball
moves as it is rolled. c) JOYSTICK ) buttons, which enable the user to move the cursor he
device. A leverinputdevice that can be moved in many directions, The joystick is anInput device
e.g. Up, Down, Left or Right. It is normally used with computer games to control the movements
of objects on the screen. d) LIGHT PEN This is an Inputdevice. An electricaldeviceused with a
monitor ordinary pen. One writes on a monitor with it and it senses the light from the position on
the screen and transmits the information to the computer. e) TOUCH-SENSITIVE SCREEN/
TOUCH PAD Input deviceused in public information kiosks point of interest to get what (s
Touchpad A small pressure- and motion move the mouse pointer. When you move your finger
across the pad, the mouse pointer on the screen moves in the same direction. A touchpad is an
alternative to a mouse. A touchpad is operated by using your finger and dragging it across a flat
surface; as yo move your finger on the surface, the mouse cursor will move in that same
direction, and like most computer mice, the touchpad also has two buttons below the touch
surface that enables you to click like a standard mouse. f) SCANNER – Input device It works like
a photocopier but copies an image from text to computer mode need for OCR (Optical Character
Recognition) software to change the text into digital form, and to be able to modify the scanned
image. g) MICROPHONE [email protected] monitor. It has the shape of an SITIVE kiosks.
Theuser simply touches the screen at the s) he wants. motion-sensitive area on a portable
computer that you can use to ks 14 you mode. There is
16. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES This is Input device. This is words are into digital
mode for storage. The sound can be played back. h) DIGITAL CAMERA used in conjunction with
voice recognition programs. It converts This is Input device. It works like a standard camera
except that it does not use photographic film. The images are recorded digitally in the camera’s
memory. Images are transferred onto the computer, and can be printed. MORE INPUT DEVICES
1. KEY TO DISK- An early stand-computer -alone data entry machine that stored data on
magnetic entry. The key to disk machine was the successor to the key-to-tape machine, which
was the first major breakthrough in data entry since the punch card. 2. BARCODE READER
Barcodes are different groups of vertical bars that can be read by an optical Barcodes are
printed on nearly every product that you can buy. Shops use barcodes because they are cheap
to produce and very durable. 3. CONCEPT KEYBOARD This is a flat board that contains a grid
of buttons. Each button can be programmed to follow instructions. An overlay sheet is placed on
the grid with an explanation for each button. They are used in primary schools with young
children. Many mod restaurants have overlays with either a description or picture of the meals
that are available to make ordering easier. 4. DIGITAL CAMERA A digital camera allows you to
take pictures and to store a digital photographic image that can be read by a computer. You can
then transfer the images directly from your camera on to your computer. 5. GRAPHICS TABLET
This consists of a flat pad (the tablet) on which the user draws with a special pen. As the user
draws on the pad the image is created on the screen. Using a graphics tablet a designer can
produce very accurate on 6. MICR (MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER READER) Magnetic ink
characters are the strange looking numbers that appear at the bottom of cheques. These
characters are used because they are very difficult to forge or damage. Banks use MICR to read
the numbers from the bottom of cheques to obtain account numbers and bank sort codes. 7.
MAGNETIC STRIP (OR STRIPE) READER Magnetic strips are built into many plastic cards
such as point cards and personal identity cards. The magnetic strip on the back of the card can
hold the personal details of the card owner and, with the necessary PIN, will allow access
[email protected] modern fast food on-screen drawings. data cheque guarantee cards,
cash 15 disk for scanner. ern such as cash-point
17. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES to secure information e.g. bank account details
input into a computer system by a reader. details. Data stored on the strip is scanned and 8.
MIDI (MUSICAL INSTRUMENT DIGITAL INTERFACE INTERFACE) A MIDI system allows you
to attach a musical instrument to your computer, for example a musical keyboard. You can then
store a the computer play it back to you. 9. OMR (OPTICAL MARK READER musical sequence
on a computer and then have READER) An OMR reads marks made by pencil on a printed form
into the computer. OMR systems are suited to reading pre selection sheets and multiple OMR
processing is popular for tests, where students receive a special card containing several empty
circles and a packet that contains the questions and possible answers to each of the questions.
The student must complete the test by using a pencil to fill in each blank circle with what he or
she believes is the correct answer. For example, if the answer is B, the student would have to fill
in the B Circle in order to get the answer 10. SCANNER pre-printed forms and check-boxes such
as National Lottery number multiple-choice exam papers. Hardware input device that allows a
user to take an image or text and convert it into a digital file, allowing the computer to read or
display the scanned object. A scanner is commonly connected to a computer USB, Firewire,
Parallel, or SCSI port. a cheap and common way of getting images into a computer. They can
also be used with OCR (Optical Character Recognition) softw 11. TOUCH SCREEN A touch
screen is a special type of crossing the screen. When the screen is touched (usually to choose
an on [email protected] correct. Scanners software to scan in text. VDU, which has a grid
of light beams or fine wires criss on-screen option), 16 . tional are now , criss-screen
18. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES the computer senses where you have pressed.
Due to the vast amount of information they can store, touch screen operated computers are
generally used in the provision of public information and are found in places such as airports.
[email protected] 17 12. VIDEO DIGITISER A video digitizer takes an image from a video
camera or television and converts it so that it can be used by, and stored on, a computer. Video
sequences captured using a video digitizer is often used in multimedia presentations. 13. VOICE
RECOGNITION SYSTEM A microphone is used with a voice recognition system. This can be
used with a word processing program to enter text. It can also be used as part of security
systems - only certain digitally stored voices have access. TEXT INPUT DEVICES • Chorded
keyboard ,GKOS keyboard ,Keyer ,Telegraph key (~20 WPMMorse code) • Vibroplex (30–80
WPM Morse) ,Keyboard, Typing ,Computer keyboard • Handwriting recognition ,Optical
character recognition ,Speech recognition POINTING DEVICES • Light pen,Light
gun,Cyberglove ,Touch screen ,Head pointer ,Eye gaze/eye tracking • Computer mouse
,Trackball ,Touchpad ,Pointing stick ,Graphics tablet (or digitizing tablet) ,Stylus GAMING
DEVICES • paddle, Power Pad, Joystick ,Gamepad (or joypad) IMAGE, VIDEO INPUT
DEVICES • Digital camcorder ,Webcam, Digital video recorder,Image scanner • 3D scanner
,Digital camera AUDIO INPUT DEVICES • Microphone (see also speech recognition) ,Digital
audio recorder ,Digital dictaphone OUTPUT DEVICES 1. LOUD SPEAKER Allows a user to hear
sounds and music from the computer provided the system has installed a sound card. 2.
MODEM An Input/ Output electronic device with circuits which changes data to be transmitted
from its machine form (digital form) into a form suitable for transmission over the telephone line
(analogue form). At the receiving end it converts data vice-versa. It is only necessary when one
needs to communicate information over a long distance and when connected to the internet. 3.
HEADPHONES
19. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES Headphones give sound output from the computer.
except they are worn on the ears so only one person can hear the output at a time 4.
PLOTTERS A plotter can be used to They are usually used for Computer Aided Design (
Manufacture (CAM) applications such as Plotters: How it works: • A drum plotter the surface of a
sheet of paper. • One high precision motor moves the pen from side to side. • Another high
precision motor moves the paper backwards and forwards. • An electromagnet lifts and drops
different coloured ink pens onto the paper to draw lines. • A flat • pen in the X direction and one
to move it in the Y direction. • The paper does not move. Suitable uses: • Plotters are restricted
to line drawing and can only create a solid region of colour by drawing a number of close, regular
lines. • Plotters are often used in science and engineering applications for drawing building
Advantages: • They are standard printers. [email protected] They are similar to speakers,
produce high quality, accurate, A3 size or bigger drawings. CAD) and Computer Aided printing
out plans for houses or car parts. prints by moving a pen sideways over flat-bed plotter uses two
high precision motors, one to move the plans, printed circuit boards and machine parts. accurate
and can produce far larger printoutsthan 18 ) than
20. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES Disadvantages: • Slow and relatively expensive
compared to printers. • They cannot print raster (photographic) images. • They can only fill solid
blocks of colour using closely hatched lines. [email protected] 19 5. SPEAKER A speaker
gives you sound output from your computer. Some speakers are built into the computer and
some are separate 6. VDU (Visual Display Unit) The VDU is output device. It displays images
and text in colour or black and white as it. It displays results of processing. It is also called a
monitor. 7. PRINTERS It produces output on paper i.e. hard copy or on other print-key media.
The 2 types of printers are impact and non-impact. Impact printers The printing device being a
series of pins have a direct impact on the paper. The pins form characters on the paper by
pressing a printing element and an inked ribbon against paper. An example of such a printer is
the Dot Matrix. The printers are reasonably fast, inexpensive and can produce both text and
graphics. They also accommodate various paper sizes but are however noisy. Non-impact
printers These are quieter printers and examples include LaserJet and inkjet printers. The Laser
printers are a more popular choice for business use. They use a printing technique similar to that
used in a photocopying machine. A laser beam is used to form an image onto the paper using
toner. The print quality is high. Lasers are fast, and quiet. They print graphics but are more
expensive. The ink-jet printers are mainly colour printers which mix ink depending on the image
colour and spray it onto the paper. The toner has the 4 basic colours. They are slow, expensive
and have a high print quality. What is the difference between impact and non-impact printers?
Impact Non impact Makes noise when printing Quiet printers Print head makes contact with the
paper No contact creates an image without striking a ribbon against the paper.Creates images
on a surface without contacting it. Strike ribbon against the paper Use a laser beam which form
an image onto paper using toner Slow printer Fast printers Use ribbons or ink Use toner Has too
many moving parts hence unreliable Has fewer moving parts hence they are reliable. Impact
printers are relatively inexpensive, and the cost of printing is also low because ink ribbons are
inexpensive. Very expensive computers Give two advantages of non-impact printers over impact
printers.
21. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES Have high print quality They are fast and do not
make noise They are reliable because they have less moving parts See above [non impact
section] Give three examples of impact printers three examples of non-impact printers. Impact
printers Non impact printers Dot matrix Laser Daisy wheel printers Inkjet Line printers LED Chain
printers Thermal Magnetic Electrostatic Xerographic [email protected] 20 NON-IMPACT
PRINTERS 1 - Laser printers: How it works: • These print individual pages and work in a similar
way to photocopiers. • A drum is charged to match the image and powdered ink (toner) sticks to
the surface. The toner is then transferred to the paper and fixed by heat and pressure. • A school
or business printer would have a typical speed of 10 to 20 pages per minute (ppm). Suitable
uses: • Common wherever fast, high quality printing is required. Disadvantages: • Non-colour
laser printers are more expensive than ink-jet printers (but the difference is narrowing). • Colour
laser printers are considerably more expensive. (but their speed and high quality output means
they are becoming more popular). Advantages: • They are quiet and fast and produce high
quality printouts. • Running cost are low because although toner cartridges are expensive to
replace, they last a long time. Laser printer - A type of printer that utilizes a laser beam to
produce an image on a drum. The light of the laser alters the electrical charge on the drum
wherever it hits. The drum is then rolled through a reservoir of toner, which is picked up by the
charged portions of the drum. Finally, the toner is transferred to the paper through a combination
of heat and pressure. Advantages -Monochrome or four color -High-quality print -Capable of
printing an almost unlimited variety of fonts -Quiet operation Disadvantages -Color laser
printerstend to be about five to ten times as expensive as monochrome -Cannot print on
multiple-copy paper
22. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES 2 - Ink-jet printers: How it works: • The print head
contains tiny nozzles through which different coloured inks can be sprayed onto the paper to
form the characters or the graphic images. • The ink is forced out by heat or by tiny piezoelectric
crystals which change shape when an electric current is applied across them. Suitable uses: • A
popular choice for home use where small amounts of printing are done and photographic quality
colour printing is needed. Disadvantages: • The ink cartridges can be expensive so running costs
can be high. • The printing speed is slow compared to a laser printer. Advantages: • These
printers are relatively inexpensive and produce high quality black and white or photographic
quality borderless colour printing. Ink-jet printer - A type of printer that works by spraying ionized
ink at a sheet of paper. Magnetized plates in the ink's path direct the ink onto the paper in the
desired shapes. Ink-jet printersare capable of producing high quality print approaching that
produced by laser printers Advantages -Inexpensive way to print full-color document -Easily
portable due to smaller mechanical parts than laser printers -Quiet operation Disadvantages -
Slow output -Require a special type of ink that is apt to smudge on inexpensive copier paper -
Cannot print on multiple-copy paper 3. Thermal transfer printers- A type of printer that applies
heat to a ribbon and the image or barcode is then transferred to labels or tags. This technology
produces a higher quality, longer lasting image on the tag or label. Advantages -1 to 2 years
media shelf life -Media is not heat sensitive -Medium to high image quality -Wide range of
available types -Recommended for industrial use Disadvantages -Special ribbons required -
Average operational cost -Cannot print on multiple-copy paper -Single-pass ribbons only 4.
Direct thermal printers - A type of printer that applies heat directly to specially treated paper,
labels or tags to form the image or barcode. [email protected] 21 Advantages -No ribbon
required -Low operational cost Disadvantages
23. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES -Short media shelf life -Very heat sensitive media -
Limited image quality -Limited number of available types -Not recommended for use in industrial,
outdoor, or harsh environments -Cannot print on multiple IMPACT PRINTERS multiple-copy
paper 1 - Dot matrix printers: How it works: The print head travels from side to side across the
paper and is made up of numerous pins which are pushed out to form the shape of each
character The pins hit an ink ribbon against the paper so the characters are printed out. The
paper is usually continuous with holes down each side and perforations so the pages can be
easily separated by tearing. Because the pins make an impact against the paper the characters
can be printed through several layers of self self-carbonating paper to produce duplicate copies.
Suitable uses: • Limited to situations where duplicate copies are needed and the quality is not
too important. • Typical uses might be in warehouses where duplicate copies of orders need to
produced quickly and cheaply. Disadvantages: • The printing quality is low - these printers
produce low to medium quality black and white printing and can only print low resolution
graphics. • Because of the impact of the pins against the paper, these printers can be quite noisy
noisy. Advantages: • The purchase cost is low • They can print fairly quickly, particularly if you
remember that multiple copies are being pri printed in one print run. robust and can operate in
harsh environments. • They are • If several sheets of self and the running costs are very low.
self-carbonating paper are placed into the printer then [email protected] 22 ,
24. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES the impact will produce duplicate copies. Dot-
matrix printer- A type of printer that produces characters and illustrations by striking pins against
an ink ribbon to print closely spaced dots in the appropriate shape. Advantages -Can print to
multi-page forms- -Moderately priced -Multi-pass ribbons (saves money) Disadvantages -Noisy
operation -Low-quality output -Slow print speed -Multi-pass ribbons (decrease in quality with
each pass) [email protected] 23 2. Daisy wheel Printers • Round disk found on older
computer printers t hat extends a portion of the wheel making contact with ink ribbon that makes
contact with paper creating the character. This procedure is repeated for each key pressed. •
Daisy Wheel printer - A printer that uses a wheel with all the characters on it to produce output.
The wheel spins to the desired characterand makes an imprint, then spins to go to the next
character. It sounds like a little machine gun. • These printersgenerally aren't used much
anymore due to the decreased cost of other printers that can produce graphics as well as text.
The one good thing about a daisy-wheel printer is that the text is generally very crisp, but even
that advantage is nullified now with laser printers that can produce very crisp characters as well.
Advantages -Best print quality of impact printers Disadvantages -Very slow -Only one font can
be used at a time because you must change out the Daisy Wheel to change fonts. -Cannot print
graphics 3. Chain and band printers - Uses characters on a band or chain that is moved into
place before striking the characters onto the paper. Advantages Very fast Disadvantages -Very
loud -Very expensive You have been delegated the task of selecting a new printer from a range
of different options currently on the market. The machine has to serve a small network of
microcomputers in your office. Software used includes a word processing package, database,
spreadsheet, and presentation packages. Assuming that cost is not a major constraint, list 10
features of the printers, which you would investigate in your evaluation. 1. Print quality, for
example the print from dot matrix printers varies with the number of pins and even the best are
inferior to laser printers. 2. Character formation, whether made from dots as in matrix printer, or
full characters as with daisywheel or laser printer 3. Multi-part, i.e. whether several copies can be
printed at once, as with an impact printer. 4. Fonts or type style; early computer users were
satisfied with any quality whatsoever, but the advances into areas such as word processing and
desk top publishing have stimulated a demand for varying type faces or fonts within the same
document
25. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES 5. Letter quality, whether the quality is equivalent
or superior to that of a good typewriter and so acceptable for the word processing of mail. Some
printers have a choice of two print modes, draft quality and letter quality. 6. Speed, in terms of
characters per second. 7. Graphics capabilities. 8. Flexibility, for example is it suitable for one
task only, such as good letter quality but not graphics, as with daisywheel printers, or good
graphics but slow speed and indifferent letter quality, as with some dot matrix printers. 9. Sheet
feeding, in terms of single sheets, friction feed or sprocket feed. 10. Capital cost or what it costs
to buy. 11. Running cost or what it costs in ribbons, print toner, special stationery maintenance.
12. Compatibility with standard packages; many programs support a range of printers by
generating the correct control characters for fonts, features like italics and underline, and for
graphics. 13. Robustness; some very cheap printers are ideal at home but would not last very
long in an [email protected] 24 office. 14. Reputation of the manufacturer as a supplier of
printers. STORAGE DEVICES These are devices that store information permanently. They are
also known as Auxiliary storage devices or Secondary storage devices. They include:- a) THE
HARD DISK A fixed device for storing information within the computer system unit. The disk is
not moveable and is also referred to as the C: drive. The amount of disk space a computer has
determines the power of a computer. It provides fast access known as Random access and has
high-speed storage. b) FLOPPY DISKETTE An external form of storage used for back up.
Information can be deleted and rewritten and re-saved. The storage device is common for
microcomputers. The disks are either High density or double density disks because data is
stored more densely/ compactly than on regular density disks. Common size of disk is
31/2inches. ADVANTAGES OF FLOPPY DISKETTES 1. They are cheaper than Hard disks and
CD-ROMS 2. They are portable hence used to transfer data or information from one computer to
another 3. They offer direct access and they are faster than magnetic tapes DISADVANTAGES
OF FLOPPY DISKETTES 1. They are prone to viruses 2. They are difficult to handle 3. They can
easily be corrupted 4. They have a relatively short life span 5. They hold relatively small amounts
of data 6. They are not always 100% reliable CARE AND HANDLING OF A FLOPPY DISKETTE
1. Don’t put the diskette near any magnetic field. 2. Don’t put the diskette near any electronic
motor. 3. Don’t expose the diskette to direct sunshine or heat. 4. Store the diskette in a cool dry
dust-free environment. 5. Don’t spill liquid onto the diskette. 6. Don’t use any diskette which has
had liquids spilled on it. 7. Don’t bend or fold a diskette. 8. Don’t staple labels onto the diskette.
26. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES 9. Use a soft pencil or felt-tip pen when writing on
diskette labels, as the pressure of a ballpoint may leave indentations on the magnetic surface.
10. Don’t touch the magnetic surface (the black plastic like plate) of the disk, as your fingerprints
may hinder the drive in reading from and writing to the disk . [email protected] 25 c)
CATRIDGE TAPE Data is recorded in the form of magnetized spots on an iron oxide coating of a
plastic tape. Gaps are used to separate individual data records. The tape is similar to
audiotapes. Access of information from the tape is in sequential form and thus slow. d) CD-ROM
(Compact Disk Read Only Memory) Beams of laser light are used to write on optical disks by
magnetic means. After writing, the disk can only be read from and not written to. Access to
information is direct and very fast. e) WORM (Write Once, Read Many) WORM Disks allow
microcomputers with the proper drive known as a CD Rewriters (or a burner) to record own data
on a blank CD. Once the recording is done, the disk can only be read from and cannot be
rewritten. Erasable optical disks are also available and are known as EPROM. The major
advantage of optical disks is their storage capacity. The information on one optical requires
multiple floppies. f) DVD (Digital Versatile Disks) A form of optical disks similar to CD ROMS but
has much more storage capacities of up to 3.9GB. They support audio and video as well as data
on the same disk. g) ZIP DISKS These are high capacity removable diskettes. They have gained
favor for back-up purposes. Some zip disks use magnetic technology and others use laser. They
have a capacity of about 100MB. Storage devices differ in terms of capacity, cost and access
methods. For any device to be used there is a need for the device drive on the computer e.g. A
floppy disk drive. DISK CARE 1) Do not expose them to sun or a hot environment. 2) Keep them
away from moisture or water. 3) Keep them away from magnetic fields i.e. Phones, tops of some
monitors, magnetized items etc.. 4) Do not touch the actual tape. 5) Keep them away from dust.
6) Do not place heavy objects on them. 7) Write on a floppy disk label only with a felt-tip pen, or
write before sticking the label 8) Avoid using rubber bands, paper clips and erasers on floppy
disks HARDWARE CARE 1) Make sure there is enough space for the machines to breathe.
(Fresh air is necessary to make the fan keep the electronics cool). 2) Do not block air vents with
books. 3) Keep the computer dry. 4) House the machine in a dust free environment e.g. 1ST
floor carpeted-room (Carpets suck dust) and, use a vacuum cleaner to clean the carpet. (Dust is
the biggest killer of hard drives). 5) Do not expose the machine to extreme temperatures. 6)
Properly shut down the machine before turn-off. 7) Pull the plug out of socket when there is
thunder and lightning.
27. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES 8) Do not move the system when the computer is
on. The hard drive can be damaged. 9) Use of UPS- Uninterruptible Power Supply in case of
power failures, 10) Use of Surge Protectors against too high voltages. DEFINE HARDWARE
GIVE EXAMPLES. Hardware comprises all of the physical parts of a computer, as distinguished
from the data it contains or operates on, and the software that provides instructions for the
hardware to accomplish tasks. DEFINE SOFTWARE GIVE EXAMPLES. Computer software (or
simply software) refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of a
computer for some purpose. Program software performs the function of the program it
implements, either by directly providing instructions to the computer hardware or by serving as
input to another piece of software. [email protected] 26 CLASSIFICATION OF
COMPUTERS Computers differ based on their data processing abilities. They are classified
according to purpose, data handling and functionality. • According to purpose, computers are
either general purpose or specific purpose. General purpose computers are designed to perform
a range of tasks. They have the ability to store numerous programs, but lack in speed and
efficiency. Specific purpose computers are designed to handle a specific problem or to perform a
specific task. A set of instructions is built into the machine. • According to data handling,
computers are analog, digital or hybrid. ANALOG COMPUTERSwork on the principle of
measuring, in which the measurements obtained are translated into data. Modern analog
computers usually employ electrical parameters, such as voltages, resistances or currents, to
represent the quantities being manipulated. Such computers do not deal directly with the
numbers. They measure continuous physical magnitudes. DIGITAL COMPUTERSare those that
operate with information, numerical or otherwise, represented in a digital form. Such computers
process data into a digital value (in 0s and 1s). They give the results with more accuracy and at
a faster rate. Hybrid computers incorporate the measuring feature of an analog computer and
counting feature of a digital computer. For computational purposes, these computers use analog
components and for storage, digital memories are used. • According to functionality, computers
are classified as : Analog Computer An analog computeris a form of computer that uses
continuous physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model
the problem being solved Digital Computer A computer that performs calculations and logical
operations with quantities represented as digits, usually in the binary number system
28. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES Hybrid Computer (Analog + Digital) A combination
of computers those are capable of inputting and outputting in both digital and analog signals. A
hybrid computer system setup offers a cost effective method of performing complex simulations.
[email protected] 27 Classification on the basis of Size Major classes or categories of
computers Supercomputers Describes a category of extremely powerful computers specifically
designed for high-speed numeric computation. The computers can process hundreds of millions
of instructions per second. High capacity computers capable of executing instructions faster than
main frame are extremely expensive. The speed of executing these instructions generates
extreme heat, and therefore the computers require special cooling system to operate. Uses
include weather forecasting, scientific and mathematical research, and design of high-speed
aircraft and space exploration. Mainframes Are large, powerful computers that are physically
larger than micros and minis and usually have one or more central processors with faster
instruction processing speeds? They typically process hundreds of millions of instructions per
second. Mainframes have large primary storage capacities. Many mainframe models have the
ability to service hundreds of users at once. Some commercial organizations require large
amounts of data to be processed in the list possible time. Mainframes allow one to perform such
functions Uses of mainframes include: data warehousing, commercial airline ticketing
reservations, government record keeping financial servicing Application categories: Host
computers, Database servers, and Transaction processors. Minicomputers Are larger and more
powerful than most microcomputers but are smaller and less powerful than most mainframe
computer systems. Serve in industrial process-control manufacturing plant computers and play a
major role in CAM. Also take the form of powerful technical workstations for CAD applications.
Often used as front-end processors/computers to help mainframe computers control data
communications networks with large numbers of data entry terminals. Also used as powerful
Network servers to help manage large interconnected LANs that tie together many workstations
Downsizing is a term that was commonly used in the early nineties when smaller computers,
capable of much of the functions of mainframes, began capturing the computer market.
Minicomputers are suitable for mid-sized companies that require the computing power of
mainframes to be efficient and at the same time be cost effective. Users of mini-computers
would be smaller banks financial institutions, supermarket chains and departmental stores.
Application categories: Network servers, and Application systems Microcomputers We refer to a
microcomputer as a personal computer or PC. Microcomputers categorized by size include:
Desktops, Laptops for example. Most microcomputers are single user computers. The late
nineties have seen a huge influx of microcomputers whose sole aim was to provide affordable
computing power to the general public.
29. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES They are now used as Network servers. The
demand for microcomputers and the changes in microchip technology have produced cheaper
computers that are affordable to students and the general public. Can support CAD. Users of
microcomputers range from students, who use them for word processing, to a salesperson. Who
depend on the microcomputer for information? Application categories: PCs, Network servers.
Network servers are powerful microcomputers that controls coordinates communication resource
sharing in LANs of interconnected PCs other devices. The main differences among the above
computer types are in: • Processing speed, • Memory capacity • Number and capabilities or
peripheral devices that can be attached to the computer • Usage. [email protected] 28
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS a) Business- for administration, payroll and accounting. b)
Government- keeping database records. c) Education- Record keeping, accounting and training
in the classroom. d) Health- Record keeping, life-support systems. e) Sport- fitness monitoring. f)
Art and Design- desktop Publishing, technical graphics, Computer Aided Design. g) Homes- PCs
for home accounts, games, e-mail, online shopping, home education etc. h) Banks- Record
keeping and updating, on-line Automated Teller Machines (ATMs). i) Supermarkets- Electronic
point Of Sale Machines (EPOS) – tills. FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN YOU WANT TO
PURCHASE OR BUYA COMPUTER 1. COST; how much can I afford to pay for a computer?
Prices of personal computers range from a few hundred to thousands of dollars. Faster and
more feature-rich PCs are usually more expensive. 2. AREA OF USE; where will my new PC be
used? If you will be using it only in your home or office, a desktop computer will be suitable.
However, if you will need to take it with you, you should consider purchasing a laptop (notebook)
computer. 3. APPLICATIONS PACKAGES; Which application packages will I run on my
computer? Make a list of applications for which you plan to use your PC. For example, will you
use your PC to prepare letters and reports? Analyze numeric and financial data? Prepare visual
presentations? Access the Internet? Listen to music? Create and work with graphics? 4.
DURATION; How long will I keep this computer?Try to estimate the length of time (years) you
will use your computerbefore BUYING the next one. If you expect use your PC for several years
or if you think you may later want to add new applications, CONSIDER one that is expandable,
so you can add new components, such as a modem, printer, or add-on boards. Make sure the
PC has expansion slots so you can connect these devices to your PC. 5. MANUFACTURER
AND SELLER REPUTATION. Check out the manufacturers and seller’s reputations.Talk with
friends, co-workers, classmates, teachers, and others about their PCs. Ask about the
performance of their PCs and get recommendations from persons you trust. Eventually you may
need to have your PC serviced. Ideally, the vendor has a service department that can repair your
PC. If not, you may need to locate a third-party to provide this service. Reputable computer
manufactures include:
30. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES 1. Hewlett-Packard 2. Apple 3. Sun Microsystems
4. Dell 5. Panasonic 6.Sony 7.Toshiba 8. Shuttle 9. IBM 10. Samsung Electronics 11. Hitachi 12.
Fujitsu Siemens [email protected] 29 6. WARRANTIES GUARANTEES 7. PC
ARCHITECTURE. PC architecture refers to the design and construction of the PC and its
system unit, and not all architectures are the same. For example, the architecture of an Apple
Macintosh differs from that of an IBM or compatible PC. Therefore, software written for an Apple
Macintosh PC may not run on an IBM or IBM-compatible PC. Although some users prefer a
Macintosh PC, more software is available for IBM and IBM-compatible PCs. 8.
MICROPROCESSOR SPEED. Selecting the right microprocessor is extremely important.
Processing speed, measured in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz), is probably the first
consideration. The higher the number of MHz or GHz, the faster the processor will manipulate
data. If speed is important, consider choosing a microprocessor with a speed of 2 GHz or more.
PCs containing microprocessors with speeds up to 10 GHz and higher are available. 9. MAIN
MEMORY (RAM). Main memory (RAM) is needed for the temporary storage of programs and
data while the data is being processed. Some application software requires a considerable
amount of RAM to function properly, and newer software versions usually require more RAM
than older versions. Typical PCs now come with 2 gigabytes (GB), 5GB, or more of RAM. Make
certain the PC has sufficient RAM to run the software you will be using. 10. SECONDARY
STORAGE (ROM). What type(s) and amounts of secondary storage are you likely to need?
Typical computers come with a floppy disk drive, cd drive, USB port/ drive and a hard disk drive
already installed. A hard disk drive contains one or more rigid storage platters and provides for
the permanent storage of considerably more data. However, the disk itself cannot be removed
from the drive. The STORAGE CAPACITY of a hard disk is an important consideration because
it is used to store all system and application software. Typical hard disk capacities are 100, 200,
500GB or 2TB and more. Be certain the PC you are considering has sufficient secondary
capacity for your needs CD-ROM or DVD drives provide high storage capacities. Most software
publishers store their programs on CD-ROM or DVDs because of the high capacity and because
DVD/CD-ROMs operate faster than floppy disks. If you will use your PC to play movies, your
purchase should include a DVD (digital video disk) drive. If you will work with large files, consider
purchasing a computer that includes a DVD/CD-RW drive. A DVD/CD-RW disk is a reusable
high-capacity disk that allows you to store huge amounts of data and to erase data no longer
needed. 11. PORTS.The number of ports (slots) available inside the system unit determines the
number of add-on boards that can be installed inside the system unit. For example, you cannot
connect a printer to your computer unless youcomputerr is equipped with an appropriate port
(slot). Be sure the PC contains the necessary slots for the add-on boards and peripheral devices
you will be using with your computer. 12. INPUT DEVICES.Typical input devices are a keyboard
and a mouse, although other kinds of input devices are available. Most keyboards and mice
operate similarly. However, there are slight differences in how each feels to the user. Before
buying a PC, you may want to test the keyboard and mouse for comfort and ease of use. Some
sellers will allow you to exchange the keyboard or mouse that comes with the computerfor a
different one.
31. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES 13. OUTPUT DEVICES. Output devices produce
output in either soft copy or hard copy form. Most PCs come with a monitor (for soft copy
output), but you may have to purchase a hard copy device, such as a printer, separately. 14.
MONITORS. There are wide differences among PC monitors, with resolution being perhaps the
most important variable. Resolution refers to the clarity of the text and images being displayed.
Before making a purchase, carefully evaluate the monitor’s resolution. Many vendors allow you
to choose from monitors with varying resolutions. A resolution of 1,024 by 1,024 is considered
high-resolution, in which text and images display exceptionally clearly. High-resolution monitors
are typically more expensive. Monitor size is another important consideration. Viewing areas
range from 15 diagonal inches to 21 inches and higher. Larger monitors are usually more
expensive, but may be worth the extra cost. For example, an individual with weak vision may
prefer a larger monitor. If your desktop space is limited, consider purchasing a flat-panel monitor,
which occupies less space. Flat-panels are more expensive than standard monitors, however.
NECESSARY CONDITIONS FOR AN IDEAL COMPUTER ROOM ENVIRONMENT. 1.
Cleanliness [books, manuals not encouraged] because they bring dust caught fire
[email protected] 30 easily. 2. Air conditioners, which control the room and dehumidates it.
3. It should be dust free; dust is the biggest “killer” of hard drives. 4. No carpets, they caught fire
more easily. 5. You are not allowed to eat, smoke or drink in the computer room. 6. No magnetic
material should be in the computer room. 7. The computer room should be located in such a way
that computers are not exposed to direct sunlight or hot environments, use curtains if otherwise.
8. The computer room should be fitted with burglar bars, alarm systems, or guarded 24hours to
ensure security. 9. The computer room should have surge protectors or suppressors to guard
against electrical faults and high voltages. 10. The computer room should have UPS
[uninterrupted power supply] in case of power failures, which may be fatal. 11. Computer room
should be well ventilated, to allow for air circulation, 12. Foreign media, such as floppy diskettes,
flash disks should not be allowed in order to minimize virus spread. 13. Always switch off
machines if not in use. 14. Avoid overloading circuits. 15. All cabling and wiring should not be
exposed; it should be covered and should not criss cross the room. 16. Leave enough space
between computers and the walls. 17. Do not use chalk the computer room , dry wipe markers
are encouraged.
32. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES DUTIES RESPONSIBILITIES OF COMPUTER
PERSONNEL ROLES OF A Database Administrator (DBA) a) The design of the database b)
After the initial design, the DBA must monitor the performance of the database, and if problems
surface (such as a particular report taking an unacceptably long time to produce), appropriate
changes must be made to the database structure. c) Keeping users informed of changes in the
database structure that will affect them; for example, if the size or format of a particular field is
altered or additional fields added d) Maintenance of the data dictionary for the database, and
responsibility for establishing conventions for naming tables, columns, indexes 7 so on. e)
Implementing access privileges for all users of the database; that is, specifying which items can
be accessed and / or changed by each user. f) Allocating passwords to each user. g) Providing
training to users in how to access and use the database. h) Manage the organization of i. -data
resources ii. -database plans iii. -design iv. -operations v. -training vi. -user support vii. -security
Maintenance i) Maintain data consistency and security j) Approve access to data stored k)
Approve access procedures l) ABILITY to delete, add, modify –existing data must be tightly
controlled. 1. COMPUTER SUPPORT SPECIALISTSprovide technical assistance, support, and
advice to customers and other users. This occupational group includes technical support
specialists and help-desk technicians. These troubleshooters interpret problems and provide
technical support for hardware, software, and SYSTEMS. They answer telephone calls, analyze
problems by using automated diagnostic programs, and resolve recurring difficulties. Support
specialists may work either within a company that uses computer SYSTEMSor directly for a
computer hardware or software vendor. Increasingly, these specialists work for help-desk or
support services firms, for which they provide computer support to clients on a contract basis. 2.
TECHNICAL SUPPORT SPECIALISTSanswer telephone calls from their organizations’
computer users and may run automatic diagnostics programs to resolve problems. Working on
monitors, keyboards, printers, and mice, they install, modify, clean, and repair computer
hardware and software. They also may write training manuals and train computer users in how
to use new computer hardware and software. In addition, technical support specialists oversee
the daily performance of their company’s computer SYSTEMSand evaluate software programs
with regard to their usefulness. 3. HELP-DESK TECHNICIANSassist computer users with the
inevitable hardware and software questions that are not addressed in a product’s instruction
manual. Help-desk technicians field telephone calls and e-mail messages from customers who
are seeking guidance on technical problems. In responding to these requests for guidance, help-
desk technicians must listen carefully to the customer, ask questions to diagnose the nature of
the problem, and then patiently walk the customer through the problem-solving steps.Help-desk
technicians deal directly with customer issues, and companies value them as a source of
feedback on their products. These [email protected] 31
33. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES technicians are consulted for information about
what gives customers the most trouble, as well as other customer concerns. Most computer
support specialists start out at the help desk. 4. NETWORKADMINISTRATORS AND
COMPUTERSYSTEMS ADMINISTRATORSdesign, install, and support an organization’s local-
area network (LAN), wide-area network (WAN), network segment, Internet, or intranet system.
They provide day-to-day onsite administrative support for software users in a variety of work
environments, including professional offices, small businesses, government, and large
corporations. They maintain network hardware and software, analyze problems, and monitor the
network to ensure its availability to system users. These workers gather data to identify customer
needs and then use the information to identify, interpret, and evaluate system and network
requirements. Administrators also may plan, coordinate, and implement network security
measures. 5. SYSTEMSADMINISTRATORSare the information technology employees
responsible for the efficient use of networks by organizations. They ensure that the design of an
organization’s computer site allows all of the components, including computers, the network, and
software, to fit together and work properly. Furthermore, they monitor and adjust the
performance of existing networks and continually survey the current computer site to determine
future network needs. Administrators also troubleshoot problems reported by users and by
automated network monitoring SYSTEMSand make recommendations for enhancements in the
implementation of future servers and networks. 6. In some organizations, COMPUTER
SECURITY SPECIALISTSmay plan, coordinate, and implement the organization’s information
security. These workers may be called upon to educate users about computer security, install
security software, monitor the network for security breaches, respond to cyber attacks, and, in
some cases, gather data and evidence to be used in prosecuting cyber crime. The
responsibilities of computer security specialists has increased in recent years as there has been
a large increase in the number of cyber attacks on data and networks. This and other growing
specialty occupations reflect an increasing emphasis on client-server applications, the expansion
of Internet and intranet applications, and the demand for more end-user support. 7. COMPUTER
PROGRAMMERSwrite, test, and maintain the detailed instructions, called programs that
computers must follow to perform their functions. Programmers also conceive, design, and test
logical structures for solving problems by COMPUTER. Programmers write programs according
to the specifications determined primarily by COMPUTER software engineers and systems
analysts.After the design process is complete, it is the job of the Programmer to convert that
design into a logical series of instructions that the COMPUTER can follow. The Programmer
codesthese instructions in a conventional programming language such as COBOL; an artificial
intelligence language such as Prolog; or one of the most advanced object-oriented languages,
such as Java, C++, or ACTOR. Different programming languages are used depending on the
purpose of the program. 8. DATA PREPARATION STAFF Are those people responsible for the
translation of data into machine readable form. 9. COMPUTER SCIENTISTSwork as theorists,
researchers, or inventors. Their jobs are distinguished by the higher level of theoretical expertise
and innovation they apply to complex problems and the creation or application of new
technology. Those employed by academic institutions work in areas ranging from complexity
theory to [email protected] 32
34. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES hardware to programming-language design. Some
work on multidisciplinary projects, such as developing and advancing uses of virtual reality,
extending human-computer interaction, or designing robots. Their counterparts in private
industry work in areas such as applying theory; developing specialized languages or information
technologies; or designing programming tools, knowledge-based systems, or even computer
games. 10. DATA ENTRY AND INFORMATIONPROCESSING WORKERShelp ensure the
smooth and efficient handling of information. By keying in text, entering data into a computer,
operating a variety of office machines, and performing other clerical duties, these workers help
organizations keep up with the rapid changes that are characteristic of today’s “Information Age.”
In addition to the job titles discussed below—such as word processors, typists, and data entry
keyers—data entry and information processing workers are known by various other titles,
including electronic data processors, keypunch technicians, and transcribers. 11. DATA ENTRY
KEYERSusually input lists of items, numbers, or other data into computers or complete forms
that appear on a computer screen. They also may manipulate existing data, edit current
information, or proofread new entries into a database for accuracy. Some examples ofdata
sources include customers’ personal information, medical records, and membership lists.
Usually, this information is used internally by a company and may be reformatted before other
departments or customers utilize it. 12. DATA CONTROL is our customer services area for all
agencies that utilize Information Technology's services for reports of any kind. This section
receives and distributes all incoming data for appropriate processing; they set up batch reporting
for all agencies and submit schedules for processing to Computer Operations. After processing
has occurred, they check and distribute reports to all customers. This area interacts with agency
customers and other Information Technology areas to resolve processing problems. This area
maintains all tape media including updating the tape inventory system and it also has
responsibility for off site tape storage. Updating the Information Technology web page using
HTML and other software tools is done by Data control. Data control is also responsible for all
data preparation prior to centralized processing. Assisting the paper peripheral area and
reception area are also functions of this section. 13. COMPUTER OPERATORSare responsible
for the operation of all enterprise, Unix, NT, and Windows 2000 servers, Unix and personal
computers that are utilized to service the County's customer base. This area receives all
hardware service calls, assists in terminal and communication equipment installation and
software/hardware trouble diagnosis. Processing of all batch production work as well as all paper
peripheral processing are also functions of Computer Operations. 14. NETWOR MANAGER,
managing a network infrastructure and providing technical support and advice to the client
organisations. This type of post would usually require the postholder to be educated to degree
level or equivalent standard and to have considerable experience of network management and
protocols including TCP/IP. Additional requirements might include experience in the
management of industry standard network operating systems such as Novell NetWare, UNIX
and MS Windows NT 2000 server, together with skills in the use of database applications, such
as Oracle, email server applications such as MS Exchange 5.5 or 2000 and PC applications
such as MS Office XP. Research – important area 1. FIND OUT THE DUTIES AND
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE FOLLOWING [email protected] 33 a) Computer
programmer b) System analyst c) System administrator d) Computer librarian
35. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES [email protected] 34 e) Data preparation
staff f) Network administrator g) Data control staff h) IT manager i) Data processing manager j)
Computer operators k) Data capturing clerk 2. Write notes on DATA PROCESSING METHODS
a) Manual data processing b) Mechanical data processing c) Electronic data processing d)
Automatic data processing e) Online data processing f) Distributed data processing g)
Centralized data processing h) Transaction processing i) Decentralized data processing j) Time
sharing data processing k) Batch or offline data processing 3. Advantages and disadvantages of
computers Ask if you are not sure DATA SECURITY /PROTECTION Data Security/Protection
Refers to keeping data safe from various hazards or dangers like natural hazards, deliberate
corruption or destruction of software hardware by malicious or terrorist acts, illegal access to
data by hackers [people who break into the system] accidental destruction of data by hardware
or software failure [operator error]. MEASURES TO ENSURE DATA SECURITY 1. Data
Encryption/Decryption- Data is coded before transmission over a WAN decrypted only if you
have the key code to decrypt the data on the receiving end. The process of transforming a
message in ordinary language i.e. plain text to produce what is called cipher text which is then
send along a communication line/link. The receiving computer uses another transformation to
decode the message. a. Definitions of decryption on the Web: • The process of converting
encrypted content back into its original form, often the process of converting cipher text to
plaintext. Decryption is the opposite of encryption. • Definitions of encryption on the Web: • Any
procedure used in cryptography to convert plaintext into cipher text in order to prevent anyone
except the intended recipient from reading that data. There are many types of data encryption,
and they are the basis of network security. Common types include Data Encryption Standard and
public-key encryption. • Definitions of cipher text on the Web: • Data that has been transformed
by encryption so that its semantic information content (ie, its meaning) is no longer intelligible or
directly available. 2. Firewall- a firewall is a software program designed to prevent unauthorized
access to a PC or network through a connection to the Internet. It works by monitoring all data
sent to and from the PC and comparing the data with a set of user-defined security criteria. Any
data that does not meet that criteria is blocked. Firewalls also process encrypted data. They
verify the validity of the user. User would require access to the firewall before they can transmit
data. Latest firewalls also have the ability to detect virus software in packets of data that is sent
through the network. Firewalls disallow data transmission if it detects strains of virus on the data
being transmitted. 3. Usernames Passwords-Passwords restrict only authorized personnel/users
to have access to the data or computer rooms [cards]. Passwords bring in an aspect of
accountability, if a file is deleted, the person with the password will be reported as the culprit
through logging. Passwords can be forgotten. Widely used by companies to protect their
equipment data 4. Authorized entry to computer installations-Most installations have card
readers, voice recognition systems or keypads on the doors that prohibit entry to unauthorized
personnel. 5. Backing-up files on external disks periodically. 6. Keeping backup copies of files in
a different location and making about 3 generations of backup.
36. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES 7. Saving work frequently 8. Avoiding viruses. 9.
Restricting access to the computer room. Access could be only through codes, voice recognition
etc. 10. Installing fire alarms. 11. Lining computer rooms with fire resistant material. 12. Placing
the computer room in upper floors of a building to avoid burglaries. 13. Having a security guard
24 hours a day. Summary - Keeping data secure Measures that can be taken to keep data safe
include: • Making regular back-ups of files. (Back up copies should be stored safely in fireproof
safes [email protected] 35 or in another building.) • Protecting yourself against viruses by
running anti-virus software. • Using a system of passwords so that access to data is restricted. •
Safe storage of important files stored on removable disks - eg locked away in a fireproof and
waterproof safe. • Allowing only authorized staff into certain computer areas, eg by controlling
entry to these areas by means of ID cards or magnetic swipe cards. • Always logging off or
turning terminals off and if possible locking them. • Avoiding accidentally deletion of files by write-
protecting disks. • Using data encryption techniques to code data so that it makes no apparent
sense BACK UP Copying or saving data to a different location. One can restore the backup copy
if data is lost or damaged. To create a copy of a disk’s contents on another location for safe
keeping. Since hard drives are not infallible, it is recommended that you backup its contents
regularly. DISASTER PLANNING Many companies have comprehensive emergency plans so
that even after suffering a severe: Bomb Fire damage Natural disaster, the company can be up
and running within a day or two. A disaster recovery service/programme provides for example
Office space Computer facilities Phones Desks, at an emergency BACKUP site. A completely up
to date copy of the company Database may be permanently maintained at this site with all
transactions being transmitted to this remote site updating the database, copying etc. The data
should be backed up/stored to one or more media to ensure recovery in case of disaster. The
back up procedures and media should be tested periodically to assess their effectiveness.
Definitions of disaster plan on the Web: • The documented policies and procedures intended to
either prevent damage, minimize damage, or recover from damage to record materials.
Definitions of disaster recovery plan on the Web: • The document that defines the resources,
actions, tasks and data required to manage the business recovery process in the event of a
business interruption. The plan is designed to assist in restoring the business process within the
stated disaster recovery goals. • Part of an overall contingency plan. The plan for a process
whereby an enterprise would restore any loss of data in the event of fire, vandalism, natural
disaster, or system failure.
37. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES MAJOR THREATS TO INFORMATION
SYSTEMS/COMPUTERS Key threats to data security • Data can be lost or damaged during a
system crash - especially one affecting the hard [email protected] 36 disk. • Data can
become corrupt as a result of faulty disks or disk drives, or power failures. • Data can be lost by
accidentally deleting or overwriting files. • Data can be lost or become corrupted by computer
viruses. • Data can be hacked into by unauthorized users and deleted or altered. • Data can be
destroyed by terrorist activities, war, bombs and fire. • Data can be deleted or altered by
unpleasant employees wishing to make money or seek revenge on their employers. Explain 5
major threats to information systems; for each threat describe its impact and preventative
measure you would adopt to prevent it. [15]. THREAT IMPACT CONTROL Hardware failure •
You are grounded • You cannot access the system • Data is incorrectly/ incompletely processed •
Have spares in the warehouse. • Do regular servicing • Have a disaster plan • Run hardware
diagnostics frequently Electrical faults • Loss of data • Disk crushes • Damage to hardware •
Have standby generators • Install UPS [uninterrupted power supply] • Install Surge suppressors/
protectors Software failures • Operations are grounded • Buy software from reputable vendors. •
Do regular back ups • Software diagnostics Natural disasters/ physical threats • Absolute
destruction • Relocate backups to other areas free from disasters Viruses • Deletion corruption of
files • Reformatting of documents • System may fail to work • Install a reliable anti-virus software
• Never download unknown e-mail attachments • Scan unknown diskettes Hackers, Computer
crime • Security is breached • Security is bypassed • Destruction of files • Data is stolen •
Change passwords regularly • Employ a security guard • Install a firewall • Prevent unauthorized
access to computer facilities. War and Terrorist activity Human error
38. COMPUTER OPERATIONS PACKAGES Definitions of computer abuse on the Web: • The
willful or negligent unauthorized activity that affects the availability, confidentiality, or integrity of
computer resources. Computer abuse includes fraud, embezzlement, theft, malicious damage,
unauthorized use, denial of service, and misappropriation Definitions of hacking on the Web: •
Unauthorized use, or attempts to circumvent or bypass the security mechanisms of an
information system or network. Hacking means illegally accessing other people's computer
systems for destroying, disrupting or carrying out illegal activities on the network or computer
systems. DATA INTEGRITY/RELIABILITY • Refers to the correctness AND The accuracy of data
after being transmitted or processed • Data in the computer system may become incorrect,
corrupted or of poor quality in many different ways at any stage during data processing.
Consequences of system failure: Loss of business due downtime Delays Air traffic control
system could well have catastrophic results [email protected] 37 COMPUTER
CRIME/FRAUD Computer crimes are criminal activities, which involve the use of information
technology to gain an illegal or an unauthorized access to a computer system with intent of
damaging, deleting or altering computer data. Computer crimes also include the activities such
as electronic frauds, misuse of devices, identity theft and data as well as system interference.
Computer crimes may not necessarily involve damage to physical property. They rather include
the manipulation of confidential data and critical information. Computer crimes involve activities
of software theft, wherein the privacy of the users is hampered. These criminal activities involve
the breach of human and information privacy, as also the theft and illegal alteration of system
critical information. The different types of computer crimes have necessitated the introduction
and use of newer and more effective security measures. Computer Fraud/Crime Criminal actions
accomplished through the use of computer systems, especially with the intent to defraud,
destroy, damage, or make unauthorized use of computer resources. E.g. improper transfer of
funds from one account to another TYPES OF COMPUTER CRIME/FRAUD a) Intellectual
Crime – cracking into a computer system for the purpose of transferring or obtaining funds is a
typical e.g. b) Destruction of property – destroying a computer property c) Theft – Software
piracy which is unauthorized copying of software. Hardware software being taken away without
the knowledge/consent of its owners. d) Fraud achieved by the manipulation of computer
records. e) * Spamming wherever outlawed completely or where regulations controlling it are
violated. f) * Deliberate circumvention of computersecurity systems. g) * Unauthorized access to
or modification of programs (see software cracking and hacking) data. h) * Intellectual property
theft, including software piracy. i) * Industrial espionage by means of access to or theft of
computer materials. j) * Identity theft where this is accomplished by use of fraudulent computer
transactions. k) * Writing or spreading computerviruses or worms.

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