638 Content 10. Production of Biodiesel From Waste Cooking Oil
638 Content 10. Production of Biodiesel From Waste Cooking Oil
638 Content 10. Production of Biodiesel From Waste Cooking Oil
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Abstract
Biodiesel can be used directly in engines without any engine modification, as biodiesel has high cetane number. Biodiesel
can be produced from the domestic oil resources like vegetable oil, tallow, animal fats and waste cooking oil by
transesterification process at ambient pressure and temperature. In this study, production of biodiesel was carried out in a
small batch reactor by transesterification of waste cooking oil with potassium hydroxide catalyst. The washing of biodiesel
was carried out by two methods i.e. washing with distilled water and washing with vinegar. Titration of waste cooking oil
for finding the free fatty acid contents and their reduction with the glycerolysis in presence of ZnCl as a catalyst to enhance
the transesterification were investigated. The results of this study suggest that the production of biodiesel can be carried
out with a high yield of 92%. Results obtained were found comparable to pure biodiesel.
Keywords: Waste cooking oil; catalyst; transesterification;
1. Introduction:
The world is facing energy crisis all around and that mixing of 5% of biodiesel fuel to the petro diesel fuel
consuming energy on a regular basis which produces from can save 623 million dollars per year[7]. Biodiesel can be
the use of fossil fuel that is oil, coal, and natural gas. produced from different mechanisms like direct use or
According to United States energy information blending in diesel fuel, thermal cracking of vegetable oil
administration report on world power consumption which and transesterification[8]. In this study the
reported that the most popular energy consumption sources transesterification is focused. Transesterification is
are the fossil fuels (oil, coal, and natural gas)[1]. The common process for the production of biodiesel and in this
depletion of fossils fuels is obvious predication from the process the ester compound is exchange by an alcohol in
scientific community along with environment concerns. alkyl group[2, 9]. Biodiesel can be produced by
Therefore it is very imperative to look for the alternate transesterification of triglyceride with alcohol and a
source of energy which is environment friendly, having catalyst. This reaction occur stepwise with mono and
greater or equal efficiency than the fossil fuel. Alternative diglycerides as intermediate product. Selecting low cost
new and renewable fuel has the ability to give a solution to feed stock for producing biodiesel can effectively reduce
social problems concern to toddies fuel. Among these the total production cost to 60-70%. The primary aim of
renewable energy sources biodiesel is one of the best this study was to investigate the production rate, yield,
sources to use it in diesel engines without any effects of raw material on the transesterification. This work
modification[2, 3]. Biodiesel is environment friendly fuel describes the optimum condition for biodiesel production.
and can extend the life of diesel engine because, it is more The KOH was selected as catalyst for the
lubricant than the petro diesel [2-5]. Biodiesel brings down transesterification because it dissolved with ethanol
the emission of CO2 by 78%, and CO emissions by about extremely very faster than any other catalyst like NaOH
50% and also completely eliminates sulphur emissions[5, and the KOH based glycerin is very easy to handle.
6]. It is estimated that every 5 gallons of B20 use in
vehicles replace 75 gallons of crude oil. It is perceivable
235
pink gives the amount of KOH to be used per liter of WCO
and percent FFA. The same process of titration was
repeated for two samples. For each three samples three
different values of titration were recorded (T 1, T2, and T3),
the final value was selected by taking average of the three
Figure 1. Structure of mono, di, and triglycerides, where values i.e.
the R1, R2 and R3 represent the fatty acids chain T1=2.1 ml, T2= 1.8 ml, T3=1.7 ml
Tf = 1.86
For 0% FFA contents KOH required per liter oil is 7g [16].
From the purity of KOH which is 90% pure, the extra
amount will be required is
7/0.90=7.7g and the oil was titrated at 1.86 so additional
amount of KOH required to process the biodiesel were
1.86+7.7=9.56g and had 1.25% FFAs as illustrated in
Figure 2. Transesterification reaction Table1.
Many researchers have successfully converted waste Table 1. FFA information from Titration
cooking oil (WCO) to biodiesel through transesterification ml Titration %FFA KOH
reaction[4]. (grams) per
liter WCO
0 0 7.00
2. Material and methods 0.5 0.36 7.50
WCO samples were collected from BUITEMS 1 0.72 8.00
cafeterias. Different samples were blended. Ethanol was 1.5 1.07 8.50
selected to be a reacting reagent and KOH was selected as 2 1.43 9.00
catalyst for transesterification reaction. For reducing free 2.5 1.86 9.50
fatty acids (FFAs), glycerolysis process of WCO was 3 2.14 10.0
carried out with ZnCl as catalyst. The produced biodiesel 3.5 2.50 10.5
was then washed with two different agents i.e. distilled 4 2.86 11.0
water and acetic acid. The material were purchased from 4.5 3.22 11.5
Rahat chemical store Quetta. 5 3.57 12.0
8.0
6.0
3.3. Effect of the molar ratio of ethanol to oil on Ethyl
4.0
ester yield
The effect of mass ratio of ethanol to oil on the conversion
2.0
to ethyl ester was investigated by carrying out experiments
0.0
varying the ethanol to oil ratio between 6:1 and 12:1, the
0.0 2.0 results are depicted in Figure 5. It can be observe from the
Time (hr) 4.0 6.0
figure that after 3.5 hours the conversion to ester was about
69% w/w with molar ratio of 6:1. High yield of (84%) ethyl
Figure 3. Reduction of Fatty Acids by Glycerolysis14 ester was observed at 12:1 molar ratio.
(100 g WCO, 13 g glycerol, 0.1 g ZnCl, 200ºC, 11 psi
vacuum).
237
study revealed that the chemical glycerolysis can be used
as a pre-treatment method for high FFA feedstock for
90
Ethyl ester yield (%)
biodiesel production. It was concluded that the values of
80 density, viscosity, and flash point were similar to that of
70
standard specifications for biodiesel.
60
50 6:1 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
40
8:1 Thanks are due to Asif H. Khoja (NUST) for help in
30
20 10:1 revising the paper.
10 12:1
0
0 1 2 3 4 REFERENCES
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