Handbook

for Coordinating Gender-based Violence

Interventions in Humanitarian Settings

Gender-based Violence Area of Responsibility

Working Group
July 2010
The GBV Area of Responsibility Working Group would like to thank the Australian Government
and ECHO for their contributions towards producing this handbook.
 Foreword
The international humanitarian community is more united than ever in its commitment to ending
sexual and other forms of gender-based violence. Humanitarian actors are working alongside
communities to develop comprehensive programming for survivors and craft prevention strategies
in some of the hardest-to-reach areas of the world.

The horrific accounts that span the globe on the scope and brutality of sexual violence during
conflict and in the wake of natural disasters have not only generated unprecedented international
media attention but have triggered the United Nations Security Council to adopt Security Council
Resolution 1888 on Sexual Violence in Conflict, which underscores accountability and more
comprehensive and coordinated action.

Yet, incidents of sexual violence and other forms of gender-based violence are being perpetrated
with impunity and prevention of violence and support for survivors is insufficient. In our rush
to deliver emergency food, water, and shelter and to address health needs, we often neglect the
hidden devastation experienced by untold numbers of women and girls. In the face of so much
need, we may fail to recognize the urgency of addressing sexual violence; and our decision is
sometimes echoed by the survivors themselves. As a woman who was raped during Kenya’s 2008
post-election violence explained: “in a crisis like this, your first thought is to care for your children, get
settled down, you don’t even think to report…you are trying to figure out how to live.” As a community,
we must prioritize action that could end this injustice and ensure that humanitarian services are
provided in a manner that protects women and children from gender-based violence.

If the issue of gender-based violence in conflict and natural disasters is not directly, immediately
and aggressively confronted, the cumulative consequences can negate our most essential
humanitarian goals and stall global progress made on the issue. The risk of further entrenching a
culture of tolerance for this staggering violation of human rights requires us to exhort practitioners,
policy makers and humanitarian and political leaders to stamp out gender-based violence in all
its manifestations.

This coordination handbook represents a key tool for all sectors of the humanitarian community
to work together in the prevention of and response to gender-based violence. Drawing from
and building upon a growing body of international tools and resources, it provides the most
comprehensive guidelines to date on how to establish coordination mechanisms to address gender-
based violence in emergencies. Its purpose is to facilitate concrete action—from the earliest stages
of humanitarian intervention—to safeguard survivors and protect those at risk, and to accelerate
efforts aimed at ending gender-based violence.

All those working in humanitarian settings have a responsibility to familiarize themselves with
this handbook as an essential tool in meeting our responsibility to protect the communities we
serve and provide services to meet the myriad needs of gender-based violence survivors.

Tony Lake John Keys Thoraya A. Obaid Nancy A. Aossey

Executive Director Senior Vice President Executive Director President & CEO
UNICEF International Programs UNFPA International Medical
International Rescue Corps
Committee
Handbook for Coordinating GBV Interventions in Humanitarian Settings i
 Acknowledgements
This handbook is a product of the Gender-based Violence Area of Responsibility Working Group
(GBV AoR), with project oversight provided by representatives of the United Nations Children’s
Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the International Rescue
Committee (IRC) and the International Medical Corps (IMC).

The handbook was developed by Jeanne Ward, with assistance from Julie Lafreniere on select
content and Jeanine Bashir Kanyana on the preliminary formatting. Alex Krueger and Tirana
Hassan of Child Frontiers generously shared materials developed on behalf of the Child Protection
Working Group for the IASC Child Protection Coordinators’ Handbook 2009 for Clusters, which have
been adapted for use in this handbook.  Lisa Ernst was responsible for editing this handbook, and
Lenny Tin produced the final design.

UNICEF, UNFPA, IRC and IMC would like to especially acknowledge members of the GBV AoR
and many other GBV field experts who provided guidance and feedback and who will continue to
provide inputs to this provisional edition.

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations or partners concerning the
legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation
of its frontiers or boundaries.

The GBV AoR welcomes requests for permission to reproduce and/or translate this handbook in
part or in full. This provisional edition will be field-tested in various humanitarian settings across
the world, after which it will be finalized to reflect lessons learned and further contributions from
colleagues. A form to provide feedback on this handbook is included at the back, and is also
accessible at http://gbv.oneresponse.info. Additional comments, enquiries and any adaptations
or translations of these materials should be forwarded to [email protected].

This handbook is available in a word document (accessible online and on CD) in order to allow
readers to easily extract and share select sections and/or adjust the content of the annexes according
to the needs of the setting. Both PDF and word versions of the handbook may be consulted and
downloaded at http://gbv.oneresponse.info.

ii Handbook for Coordinating GBV Interventions in Humanitarian Settings

List of acronyms

ARC American Refugee Committee

BCC Behaviour Change Communication
BPRM Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration
CAP Consolidated Appeals Process
CBA Community-Based Approach
CCA Common Country Assessment
CCF Christian Children’s Fund
CEDPA Centre for Development and Population Activities
CERF Central Emergency Response Fund
CHAP Common Humanitarian Action Plan
CIDA Canadian International Development Agency
DCAF Democratic Centre for Armed Forces
DFID Department for International Development-
(United Kingdom)
DPKO Department of Peacekeeping Operations
DSRSG Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary-
General
ECHA/ECPS Executive Committees on Humanitarian Affairs
and Peace and Security
ERC Emergency Relief Coordinator
ERF Emergency Response Fund
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FP Focal Point
GBV Gender-Based Violence
GBV AoR Gender-Based Violence Area of Responsibility
GBVIMS Gender-Based Violence Information Management
System
GenCap IASC Gender Standby Capacity Project
GHP Global Humanitarian Platform
HC/RC Humanitarian Coordinator/Resident Coordinator
HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome
HRBA Human Rights-Based Approach
HRSU Humanitarian Reform Support Unit
IASC Inter-Agency Standing Committee
ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross
IDP Internally Displaced Person
IGO Inter-Governmental Organization
IEC Information Education Communication
IFRC International Federation of Red Cross
IRC International Rescue Committee
ISDR UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
INGO International Non-Governmental Organization
IOM International Organization for Migration
JSI John Snow International
JPO Junior Professional Officer
MDTF Multi-Donor Trust Fund

Handbook for Coordinating GBV Interventions in Humanitarian Settings iii

 MHPSS Mental Health and Psychosocial Support
MISP Minimum Initial Service Package
MoU Memorandum of Understanding
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
OCHA/IRIN UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian
Affairs/Integrated Regional
Information Networks
OFDA Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance
OHCHR Office of the High Commissioner for Human
Rights
PATH Program for Appropriate Technology in Health
PCW Protection of Children and Women
PC Protection Cluster
PCWG Protection Cluster Working Group
PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers
PSEA Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Abuse
RH Reproductive Health
RHRC Reproductive Health Response in Conflict
SCA Survivor-Centred Approach
SCR Security Council Resolution
SEA Sexual Exploitation and Abuse
SGB Secretary-General’s Bulletin
SGBV Sexual and Gender-Based Violence
SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation
Agency
SOP Standard Operating Procedure
TOR Terms of Reference
TOTs Training of Trainers
UN United Nations
UNCHR UN High Commissioner for Refugees
UNCT UN Country Team
UNDAF UN Development Assistance Framework
UNDP UN Development Programme
UN-DPKO UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations
UNFPA UN Population Fund
UNICEF UN Children’s Fund
UNIFEM UN Development Fund for Women
UNMAS UN Mine Action Service
UNV UN Volunteer
USAID United States Agency for International
Development
VAW Violence Against Women
WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
WFP UN World Food Programme
WHO UN World Health Organization
WG Working Group
3Ws Who, What, Where

iv Handbook for Coordinating GBV Interventions in Humanitarian Settings

Table of contents

Foreword (i)
Acknowledgements (ii)
List of acronyms (iii)

Introduction: ABOUT this GBV coordination HANDBOOK 1

Key resources 6

Section one: GBV BASICS and how they relate to GBV COORDINATION 7
Introduction 9
1.1. Understanding GBV 10
1.2. Basic models for GBV programming 13
1.3. Guiding principles of GBV programming 19
1.4. The international legal framework 22
1.5. Protection from sexual exploitation and abuse 24

Section two: GBV coordination STRUCTURES 27

Introduction 29
2.A. The cluster approach
2.A.1. Humanitarian reform 30
2.A.2. Overview of clusters 33
2.A.3. Protection Cluster 36
2.A.4. GBV Area of Responsibility 39
2.B. Other actors essential to GBV coordination
2.B.1. UN Action against sexual violence in conflict 43
2.B.2. UN peacekeeping missions 45
2.B.3. Coordination in settings where there are no clusters 46

Section three: GBV coordination FUNCTIONS 49

Introduction 51
3.1. Developing an information system for coordination 53
3.2. Making appeals for GBV funding 55
3.3. Conducting advocacy 59
3.4. Working with the media 62
3.5. Mainstreaming GBV into other clusters/sectors 64
3.6. Supporting the development of Standard Operating Procedures 67
3.7. Building the capacity of GBV partners 70
3.8. Developing information, education and communication materials 73
3.9. Conducting assessments and ongoing data collection 75

Section four: IMPLEMENTING a GBV coordination MECHANISM 81

Introduction 83
4.1. Launching an emergency coordination mechanism 84
4.2. Encouraging inclusive membership 88
4.3. Developing the Terms of Reference 92
4.4. Drafting an inter-agency GBV Action Plan 95
4.5. Creating coordination sub-groups 99
4.6. Linking national and local coordination mechanisms 101
4.7. Ensuring sustainability of coordination mechanisms 104

Handbook for Coordinating GBV Interventions in Humanitarian Settings v

 Section five: PRACTICAL coordination SKILLS 107
Introduction 109
5.1. Fostering collaborative leadership 110
5.2. Effective communication 114
5.3. Managing meetings 116
5.4. Consensus-building 119
5.5. Negotiation in GBV coordination 122
5.6. Conflict resolution 124
5.7. Accountability 126

Section six: Annexes 127

A1: GenCap FAQs 129
A2: International Legal Framework 131
A3: Principles of Partnership, A Statement of Commitment 133
A4: PCWG Info Note 134
A5: Master List of Protection Problems 137
A6: GBV Area of Responsibility Terms of Reference 138
A7: GBV AoR Guidance Note on Determining Field-level Leadership of a GBV AoR
Working Group in a Cluster Context 141
A8: Sample WWW Form 154
A9: Sample Training Information Matrix 155
A10: FAQs on FLASH, CERF, CAP and CAP Template 156
A11: Zimbabwe CAP Cluster Guidance Notes 161
A12: What makes a story newsworthy? 169
A13: Developing an Effective Message 170
A14: The Press Release 172
A15: Sample Press Release 173
A16: Ethics and Sensitivity 174
A17: Solicited Interviews 175
A18: Unsolicited Interviews 177
A19: Handling Controversy 178
A20: Ethical Journalism Initiative Guidelines on GBV 179
A21: GBV Guidelines Sectoral Information Sheets 180
A22: Gender Handbook Sectoral Information Sheets 206
A23: Gender Tip Sheet for Cluster/Sector Leads 223
A24: GBV FP ToR-Mozambique 227
A25: GBV FP Cluster Checklist-Mozambique 229
A26: Darfur Referral Pathway 231
A27: Darfur Referral Protocol Narrative 232
A28: GBV Training Topics 234
A29: GBV Talking Points-Darfur 237
A30: Quality GBV Programming Information Note-N.Uganda 239
A31: Guidelines on Developing Communication Materials on Violence Against
Women-N.Uganda 241
A32: Sample IEC Leaflet-Kenya GBV Subcluster 244
A33: GBV Action Plan Cycle 245
A34: Reporting and Interpreting Data on Sexual Violence from Conflict-affected
Countries: The “Dos and Don’ts” 246
A35: WHO Ethical and Safety Recommendations for Researching Sexual Violence 248
A36: Camp Safety Audit 250
A37: Sample Situational Analysis Questions 256
A38: Focus Group Discussion Guides 260
A39: Key Informant Interview Guides: GBV 271
A40: Key Informant Interview Guides: Gender 282

vi Handbook for Coordinating GBV Interventions in Humanitarian Settings

 A41: GBVIMS Project Overview 286
A42: GBVIMS Incident Classification System 288
A43: GBVIMS Standard Initial Intake/Initial Assessment Form 292
A44: GBVIMS Sample Information Sharing Protocol 297
A45: Sample TOR-Afghanistan 306
A46: Sample TOR-N.Uganda 309
A47: Sample TOR-Sudan 310
A48: Sample TOR-Kenya 314
A49: Sample GBV Workplan-South Darfur 316
A50: GBV Strategy/Action Plan-Kenya 319
A51: GBV Strategy/Action Plan-Uganda 326
A52: N. Uganda 2008 GBV Working Groups TOR 334
A53: Susie Michelle Cortright, “10 Tips to Effective and Active Listening” 335

Feedback form 337

Handbook for Coordinating GBV Interventions in Humanitarian Settings vii

© UNICEF/MENA06758/Christine Nesbitt

Introduction:
ABOUT this GBV coordination
HANDBOOK

1
 Introduction: ABOUT
this GBV coordination HANDBOOK
Why was this handbook developed? “Women and children
are disproportionately
In 2008, largely as an outcome of the humanitarian reform process targets” and constitute
described in greater detail in Section two of this handbook, the GBV the “majority of all
Area of Responsibility Working Group (GBV AoR) was established victims” of contemporary
under the Protection Cluster at the global level to promote a coherent, armed conflicts. -Report
comprehensive and coordinated approach to GBV in emergencies. of the Secretary- General on
An initial study undertaken in 2008 by the GBV AoR documenting Women, Peace and Security
GBV coordination structures in humanitarian settings around the (2002)
world found that field guidance on establishing and leading a GBV
coordinating body was a priority. The GBV AoR subsequently commissioned the development
of this handbook.

This handbook is meant to be a quick-reference tool that provides practical guidance on

leadership roles, key responsibilities and specific actions to be taken when establishing
and maintaining a GBV coordination mechanism in an emergency.

The handbook is based on the Inter-agency Standing Committee’s (IASC) Guidelines

for Gender-based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Settings (2005) and also takes
into account lessons learned, good practices and emerging resources related to GBV
coordination within the cluster approach/humanitarian reform process as well as relatively
recent global initiatives on GBV in emergencies, such as UN Action.

Introduction
Who should use this handbook?

Good to know This handbook is targeted to all those individuals and agencies
involved in GBV coordination activities in humanitarian emergencies,
For the purposes of this from the community level to the national and international levels.
handbook, the terms While it may be particularly relevant to GBV Coordinators, it
emergency and crisis are
can—and should—be used by any individuals and agencies that
used interchangeably and
apply to armed conflict as are partnering in efforts to develop comprehensive, effective and
well as natural disasters. ethical GBV programming. The handbook can also be used by GBV
advocates as a tool to educate UN personnel, government officials
and those working for international and local NGOs who may have no prior experience or knowledge
of GBV programming and/or their basic protection responsibilities related to GBV coordination and GBV
prevention and response. In addition, it can be used by multi-sectoral actors in settings where there
are cyclical crises as part of risk reduction and emergency-preparedness planning.

When should this handbook be used?

When we think of responding to a humanitarian emergency—regardless of whether the emergency

is the result of conflict or a natural disaster—we usually think of how to react during the initial
outbreak. However, literature on emergencies usually considers a much broader time frame,
sometimes referring to the phases of an emergency as pre-crisis (before the disaster strikes), crisis
(when the disaster strikes), stabilization (when immediate emergency needs have been addressed)
and return/recovery (when those who are displaced are returning home and/or the focus is on
rebuilding systems and structures and transitioning to development).

Introduction: ABOUT this GBV coordination HANDBOOK 3

 What is useful to recognize about an emergency, as depicted below, is that all of these phases
overlap somewhat. As a result, work during each of the phases may include planning for the
next phase(s). For example, preparedness planning that occurs primarily in the pre-crisis phase
should also continue through the other phases in the event of a subsequent crisis; early-recovery
strategies should be considered even during disaster planning; and recovery programming should
be initiated during the emergency phase forward into the return/recovery phases.1

CRISIS
Pre-crisis
Crisis Stabilization
Return/Recovery
(Post-crisis)

Time

This handbook focuses primarily on the work that should be done to scale up coordination from
the onset of an emergency (Phase 2), but it should also be used as a guide to indicate what sort of
contingency planning should be in place pre-crisis, as well as to highlight what kinds of activities
Introduction

should continue into the stabilization and return/recovery phases.

Good to know
Many settings, especially those affected by recurring disasters such as floods and droughts or by re-
emergent conflicts, often have a contingency plan in place. GBV prevention and response should be
integrated into this plan. One important component of the work of a GBV coordination mechanism
focusing on emergency response is to utilize existing knowledge of vulnerability factors to assist
government actors, gender theme groups and other relevant partners in risk reduction and preparedness
planning for future emergencies. (See IS 1.2 for resources on gender and disasters.)

How is this handbook organized?

As represented in the diagram below, this handbook is organized in colour-coded sections, each of
which is comprised of brief ‘information sheets’ that address a particular issue or topic relevant to
that section. The information sheets are short summaries meant to provide the minimum amount
of information necessary. Wherever possible, the information sheets are supplemented with
annexes of practical tools and templates (which can be adapted to different field contexts) as well
as references to resources that are available online, with a link to the URL, where you can find
more in-depth information about a particular coordination issue or related resource. Many of
the information sheets have text boxes that identify Good practices, Lessons learned, and points
that are Critical to know and Good to know for anyone developing a coordination mechanism
in an emergency setting. Because content in the information sheets sometimes overlaps, readers
are also directed to other information sheets—identified through colour-coded highlighting—for
further information.

1
Visual from CARE, “Building Partnerships for Health in Conflict-Affected Settings”, May 2007, pp 9-10.

4 Introduction: ABOUT this GBV coordination HANDBOOK

The following illustrates the six colour-coded sections of this handbook and
summarizes their content:

Section 6 Section 1

GBV
Section 5 Coordination Section 2
Handbook

Section 4 Section 3

Introduction
Section one of this handbook provides a review of the BASICS of GBV in humanitarian cri-
ses so that anyone reading this handbook has an understanding of the key definitions, principles
and programming models that underpin all other sections of the handbook.

Section two describes the WHO of coordination, providing an overview of the cluster
approach and a description of GBV coordination responsibilities within that approach at the global
level and at the field level, as well as a brief introduction to other coordination mechanisms that
may exist in settings where clusters have not been implemented.

Section three describes the WHAT of coordination, identifying some of the key responsibilities,
or FUNCTIONS, of any coordination mechanism.

Section four illustrates the WHEN and HOW of coordination by reviewing the key steps to
be undertaken when IMPLEMENTING and maintaining a coordination mechanism.

Section five provides some PRACTICAL coordination skills for GBV Coordinators and other
coordination partners.

Section six provides all of the ANNEXES that are linked to all other sections of the handbook.

Introduction: ABOUT this GBV coordination HANDBOOK 5

 Introduction:
Key resources
This handbook is based upon and is meant to complement other guidelines
and tools related to developing effective GBV coordination mechanisms and
ensuring rapid and comprehensive response to GBV in emergencies. The
companion resources listed below are required reading for anyone using this
handbook.

IASC, Guidelines for Gender-based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Settings: Focusing on

Prevention of and Response to Sexual Violence in Emergencies (2005).
http://gbv.oneresponse.info
IASC, Gender-Based Violence Guidelines Introduction and Implementation Planning Package. (This
package supports introduction of the IASC GBV Guidelines in field sites and facilitates a
planning process to develop action plans for implementing the interventions and actions
described in the guidelines.)
http://www.gbvnetwork.org
IASC, Gender Handbook in Humanitarian Action. Women, Girls, Boys and Men - Different Needs, Equal
Opportunities (2006).
http://oneresponse.info/crosscutting/gender/Pages/Gender.aspx
Gender Equality and GBV Programming in Humanitarian Action - Training Toolkit. (This toolkit
provides all the materials necessary to conduct an introductory training on the IASC
Gender Handbook and the IASC GBV Guidelines.)
http://oneresponse.info/crosscutting/gender/Pages/Gender.aspx
UNHCR, Sexual and Gender-Based Violence against Refugees, Returnees and Internally Displaced
Key resources

Persons: Guidelines for Prevention and Response (2003).

www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/3edcd0661.pdf

Critical to know
Anyone engaged in coordinating GBV programming in emergencies should be familiar with the
following websites:

GBV AOR website (including resource library):

http://gbv.oneresponse.info

Gender as a cross-cutting issue in humanitarian response:

http://oneresponse.info/crosscutting/gender/Pages/Gender.aspx

Gender-based Violence Network: Essential Tools for GBV Prevention and Response in Emergencies
(Links to essential guides, tools and other technical resources for prevention and response to
gender-based violence in humanitarian settings):
http://www.gbvnetwork.org/

Reproductive Health Response in Conflict (RHRC) Consortium GBV Bibliography:

http://www.rhrc.org/resources/gbv/bib

Sexual Violence Research Initiative (Online bibliography containing links to documents relating to sexual
violence in crises):
http://www.svri.org/emergencies.htm

International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction Gender Page:

http://www.unisdr.org/eng/risk-reduction/gender/rd-gender-eng.htm

6 Introduction: Key resources

© UNICEF/NYHQ2009-1028/Shehzad Noorani

Section 1:
1
Introduction
GBV BASICS and how they relate to
GBV COORDINATION

7
 Section One: GBV BASICS
and how they relate to GBV COORDINATION
Introduction

What is this section about?

It is easy to take for granted that everyone working in GBV has the same core understanding
of definitions, principles and programming models related to GBV. However, partners often
discover well into a coordination process that there are widely divergent views on even the most
fundamental theoretical and practical GBV issues. In such cases, misunderstandings are likely
to emerge over time, leading to compromised coordination efforts, but also—and even more
critically—to unsafe or unethical programming.

This handbook does not provide an extensive overview of the basics of GBV—most of that
information should be accessed through the resources listed in the Introduction. This section
on GBV basics, however, does highlight key information that should be emphasized to all
partners from the outset of any coordination efforts and provides recommendations of other
resources that will allow for greater exploration of key points.

The section begins with an information sheet that provides a brief overview of GBV—particularly
the implications of the terminology itself and the importance of all GBV partners having an
understanding of the nature and scope of GBV in emergencies in order to be effective programmers

1
and advocates. The second information sheet covers basic models for GBV programming—
highlighting in particular the ‘multi-sectoral’ and ‘multi-level’ models and emphasizing the
importance of being familiar with other models and tools relevant to addressing GBV, such

Introduction
as gender equality programming models, disaster risk reduction, the Minimum Initial Service
Package (MISP), etc.

The third information sheet reviews the guiding principles of GBV programming through three
linked approaches: the human rights-based approach, the survivor-centred approach and the
community-based approach. The fourth information sheet provides a summary of the legal
framework that is the foundation of rights-based work on GBV, pointing out how critical it is for
GBV actors to know and utilize the human rights history that has so clearly established a mandate
for humanitarian actors to address GBV in emergencies.

The final information sheet provides a basic background on protection from sexual exploitation
and abuse (PSEA), emphasizing that while the GBV coordination mechanism may fill immediate
gaps in PSEA activities, other structures—such as an in-country PSEA focal point network
developed under the Humanitarian Coordinator/Resident Coordinator (HC/RC)—are ultimately
responsible for this area of action. The GBV coordination mechanism should work with the in-
country PSEA focal point network on common objectives related to addressing PSEA.

Section One: GBV BASICS and how they relate to GBV COORDINATION 9
 Section One: GBV BASICS
and how they relate to GBV COORDINATION
1. Understanding GBV

What is gender-based violence? Critical to know

The IASC Guidelines for Gender-based Violence While GBV can take many forms in an emergency
Interventions in Humanitarian Settings—one context, during the early stages – when
of the primary companion resources to this communities are first disrupted, populations are
moving and protection systems are not fully in
handbook—defines gender-based violence as:
place – most reported GBV incidents are sexual
violence involving female survivors and male
an umbrella term for any harmful act that is perpetrators. GBV coordination mechanisms should
perpetrated against a person’s will, and that is therefore prioritize protection from sexual violence
based on socially ascribed (gender) differences in the early stages, while not ignoring the threat or
between males and females. (p. 7) incidents of other forms of violence. Each situation
is unique and a situational analysis (see IS 3.9)
While men and boys can be victims of some should be undertaken as quickly as possible to
types of GBV (particularly sexual violence), the determine priority areas for action.
IASC GBV Guidelines further explain:

around the world, GBV has a greater impact on women and girls than on men and boys. The
IS 1.1

term “gender-based violence” is often used interchangeably with the term “violence against
women.” The term highlights the gender dimension of these types of acts; in other words,
the relationship between females’ subordinate status in society and their increased
vulnerability to violence. (p. 7)
Understanding GBV

Types of GBV can vary across cultures, countries and regions, but some of the more common
forms include: sexual violence, sexual exploitation and/or abuse (SEA), domestic violence,
trafficking, forced and/or early marriage and other traditional practices that cause harm, such as
female genital mutilation, honour killings, widow inheritance, etc.1

Why is it important for those involved in GBV coordination to understand the

IASC definition of GBV?

The term ‘gender-based violence’ can

be interpreted in different ways and can Lesson learned
therefore cause confusion amongst those A global review of GBV coordination mechanisms
working to address it. Terminology can undertaken in 2008 by the GBV AoR (see IS
also be confusing because different actors 2.A.4 for information about the GBV AoR) found
may use the terms ‘sexual and gender- that individuals at the field level had different
based violence’ (SGBV) or ‘violence against understandings of GBV, as well as how their mandate
referred to GBV and what their possible role could
women’ (VAW). Any coordination efforts
be in addressing GBV. A key recommendation in
should seek to establish some common the summary report was to build a more common
understanding so that all action-planning, understanding of GBV amongst all actors working in
advocacy, training, fieldwork—and humanitarian emergencies.
any other activities undertaken by GBV
coordinating partners—is consistent in terminology, theory and practice.

Often there is resistance to the fact that most GBV impacts women and girls and that GBV
programming therefore focuses on women and girls. It may be useful to discuss with partners that
the term ‘GBV’ came into international discourse as a way of emphasizing the structural nature

1
The IASC definition of gender-based violence draws from the official definition of violence against women, Article One
of the UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women (DEVAW, 1993).

10 Section One: GBV BASICS and how they relate to GBV COORDINATION
of violence against women and girls and the fact that it constitutes a human rights violation. By
articulating violence against women as a violation of rights, activists found a platform for holding
states accountable for addressing it. In humanitarian settings, there are also obligations on the
international community for addressing GBV (see IS 1.4).

Gender Discrimination + Abuse of Power + Lack of Respect for

Human Rights = GBV

Addressing violence against men and boys is important, but the causes, contributing factors
and outcomes of that violence are different than violence against women and girls. Therefore, a
decision should be taken as to whether male survivors should be included as target ‘beneficiaries’
of GBV coordination and programming efforts. (Where GBV programming efforts target women
and girls, every effort should be made on a case-by-case basis to ensure that men and boys seeking
help for exposure to sexual and other forms of violence receive the assistance and referrals they
need.)

It may also be useful to clarify with partners

that because the term GBV recognizes that violence
Good to know
is related to gender roles, power relationships and, It is not only the definition of GBV itself that
particularly, discrimination against women, it can cause confusion: GBV encompasses many
tells us that in order to address violence we also different types of violence, each of which may be
need to address the societal and relational contexts understood differently by different individuals,
groups, cultures, etc. When GBV partners each
in which violence occurs. In this way, all GBV

IS 1.1
have a different understanding of how sexual
partners should make every effort to include violence is defined, for example, it may cause
men and boys in addressing violence challenges in communication as well as in data
against women and girls, and coordination collection and analysis. To address this issue, the
efforts should also engage any actors GBV Information Management Systems Project

Understanding GBV
working on broader gender issues, such as has developed an incident classification system,
gender theme groups, GenCap Advisors (see which can help GBV coordination partners to
Annex 1 for more information about GenCap) define and document different types of GBV. The
and/or gender focal points of UN agencies, GBV information management system (GBVIMS) is
government entities and international and described further in IS 3.9.
local NGOs.

What do we know about the scope and impact of GBV in humanitarian

emergencies?

GBV—especially sexual violence—has been documented in virtually all recent humanitarian

emergencies around the world: it is not limited to specific regions, cultures or types of emergency. In
armed conflicts, a growing body of evidence suggests
Critical to know that sexual violence can be used as a strategic weapon
Obtaining specific data on the prevalence of war aimed at destabilizing and demoralizing
(total number of cases in the population) communities. Available evidence also indicates
of sexual or other forms of violence that the disorganization that accompanies natural
should not be a priority of GBV partners disasters (e.g., separation of families, disruption in
at the onset of an emergency. Because of the rule of law, etc.) puts women and girls at risk of
the high level of under-reporting and the multiple forms of violence.
security risks associated with obtaining
data, the priority is to establish prevention
The challenge in understanding the full extent of
and response measures as soon as possible.
The concern when addressing GBV should the problem, however, is that the majority of sexual
not be limited to what is being reported, violence incidents—as well as other forms of GBV—
but should always factor in the incidents are likely to go unreported in emergencies, not only
that go unreported. (See IS 3.9 for more because of the high levels of stigma that commonly
information on data collection.) accompany these crimes, but also because of the lack
of health and other services during a crisis.
Survivors of GBV are at risk of suffering severe and long-lasting health and psychosocial problems.

Section One: GBV BASICS and how they relate to GBV COORDINATION 11
 It is critical that those working on GBV understand the spectrum of ill effects—at the individual,
family, community and societal levels—in order to target services effectively as well as to advocate
for protection measures. Services should not only work to reduce negative consequences, but also
prevent further harm.

Any actors engaged in GBV coordination have a responsibility as experts and advocates to
be familiar with the global data on sexual
violence and other forms of GBV in
Good practice
emergencies in order to 1) understand and During the post-election violence in Kenya (2008),
anticipate the risks for and effects of GBV in the GBV Sub-Cluster developed an information
the populations with whom they are working sheet for UN, government and I/NGO actors to
and 2) educate the humanitarian community educate them about GBV basics. Developing the
information sheet enabled sub-cluster members
about their responsibility to address GBV.
to discuss and agree on key concepts and to share
Being able to clearly articulate the argument information with partners outside the sub-cluster in
for GBV prevention and response is important a standardized way.
to all aspects of GBV coordination.

Resources

The following resources provide useful overviews of the scope of violence against women in
conflict and development settings.

UNIFEM, Women, War and Peace (2002).

IS 1.1

http://www.unifem.org/materials/item_detail.php?ProductID=17
OCHA/IRIN, Broken Bodies, Broken Dreams: Violence Against Women Exposed (2005). See Chapter 13
on sexual violence in conflict.
http://www.irinnews.org/IndepthMain.aspx?IndepthId=59&ReportId=72831
Center for Health and Gender Equality, and Population Information Program,
Understanding GBV

“Population Reports: Ending Violence Against Women.” Volume XXVII Number 4,

December 1999.
http://www.infoforhealth.org/pr/l11edsum.shtml
Vlachova, M. and Biason, L. (eds), Women in an Insecure World: Violence against Women Facts, Figures
and Analysis (DCAF, 2005).
http://www.dcaf.ch/women/bk_vlachova_biason_women.cfm
Krug, E.G. et al (eds), World Report on Violence and Health (WHO, 2002).
http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/world_report/en/index.
html
USAID, “Understanding the Issue: An Annotated Bibliography on GBV” (2006).
http://www.policyproject.com/gbv/Documents/AnnotatedBibliography.pdf
Ward, J., “Gender-based Violence in Refugee, Internally Displaced and Post-Conflict Settings: A
Global Overview” (RHRC, 2002).
http://www.rhrc.org/resources/gbv/bib
Vann, B., “Gender-based Violence: Emerging Issues in Programs Serving Displaced Populations”
(JSI/RHRC, 2002).
http://www.rhrc.org/resources/gbv/bib
RHRC, Gender-based Violence in Populations Affected by Conflict: A Field Guide for Displaced
Settings (2005).
http://www.rhrc.org/resources/Fact%20Sheet%20for%20the%20Field.pdf
Security Council Resolutions 1325, 1820 and 1888. For general information, see:
http://www.un-ngls.org/spip.php?article1627

Annex

A1: GenCap FAQs

12 Section One: GBV BASICS and how they relate to GBV COORDINATION
 Section One: GBV BASICS
and how they relate to GBV COORDINATION
2. Basic models for GBV programming

Why is it important for those involved in GBV coordination to understand

basic models for GBV programming?

The primary goal of GBV coordination is to ensure that accessible and safe services are available to
survivors and that prevention mechanisms are put in place to reduce incidents of GBV—particularly
sexual violence during the early stages of an emergency. For any GBV coordination mechanism
to be effective, GBV partners must know and be able to apply basic models of programming.
Understanding these models will help GBV partners to identify priorities and design action plans
that are based on good practice.

What are the basic models for GBV programming?

The IASC GBV Guidelines should underpin any work that is conducted on GBV in emergencies
(see text box, below). GBV Coordinators and partners should also understand the two basic
programming models described below (the ‘multi-sectoral’ model and the ‘multi-level’ model),
which are among those most widely used in emergency and post-emergency contexts. While these

IS 1.2
models are inter-related, each has a particular emphasis that is important when planning and
implementing programming from the earliest stages of an emergency through to recovery and
rehabilitation.1

Critical to know

Basic models for GBV programming

The multi-sectoral model
The IASC Guidelines for Gender-based Violence Interventions
Programming experiences from the field
in Humanitarian Settings were developed by an IASC sub-
have revealed that no single sector or working group in 2005 in order to enable humanitarian
agency can adequately address gender- actors working in different sectors to plan, establish and
based violence prevention and response. coordinate a set of minimum interventions to prevent
The multi-sectoral model calls for holistic and respond to sexual violence during an emergency.
inter-organizational and inter-agency The IASC GBV Guidelines provide an overview of activi-
efforts that promote participation of ties to be undertaken in the preparedness and recovery
people of concern, interdisciplinary and phases and a detailed list of activities to be implemented
inter-organizational cooperation, and in the emergency phase. The IASC GBV Guidelines hold
all humanitarian personnel responsible for addressing
collaboration and coordination across
GBV, particularly sexual violence in emergencies. They
key sectors, including (but not limited
also provide a list of actions per humanitarian cluster/
to) health, psychosocial, legal/justice sector (protection, water/sanitation, food security/nu-
and security. trition, shelter/site planning, health/community ser-
vices and education), as well as information about cross-
Some of the cross-cutting functions cutting functions of all sectors (coordination, assessment
of the sectors include engagement and monitoring, protection, human resources and IEC).
and education of the community, The list of interventions is accompanied by a set of key
data collection, and monitoring and recommended resources. The IASC GBV Guidelines can
evaluation. Another critical component be accessed at: http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/iasc/
pageloader.aspx?page=content-subsidi-tf_gender-gbv.
is inter- and intra-sectoral coordination,
The IASC GBV Guidelines are accompanied by an
including the creation and monitoring
implementation planning package, available at:
of reporting and referral networks, http://www.gbvnetwork.org
information-sharing and participation
in regular meetings with representatives

1
For an example of both models being integrated into one comprehensive framework, see the GBV Strategic Framework
for Prevention of and Response to GBV in East, Central and Southern Africa (USAID, UNICEF, UNFPA, and UNIFEM,
2007), available at http://eastafrica.usaid.gov/proxy/Document.1138.aspx

Section One: GBV BASICS and how they relate to GBV COORDINATION 13
 from the various sectors. The multi-sectoral model also explicitly highlights responsibilities unique
to each sector:

►► The health sector should screen clients for gender-based violence; ensure same-sex
interviewers for individuals who have been exposed to gender-based violence; respond to
the immediate health and psychological needs of the woman or girl who has been exposed;
institute protocols for treatment, referral and documentation that guarantee confidentiality;
provide GBV-related services free of charge; and be prepared to provide forensic evidence
and testimony in court when authorized to do so by the survivor.

►► The psychosocial sector should be able to provide ongoing psychological assistance

(which requires training and supervision of social workers and community services
workers); confidentially gather and document client data; and facilitate referrals for
other services. Education and income-generation projects are also under the umbrella of
psychosocial programming within this multi-sectoral model. Education systems should
ensure curricula on ‘safe touch’, healthy relationships and basic human rights; institute
codes of conduct for all teachers as well as training on identifying risk signs among children;
and provide school-based services for children who have been exposed to gender-based
violence. Income-generating projects should not only promote women’s economic self-
sufficiency but also monitor domestic violence risks and integrate human rights education
into project activities.

►► The legal/justice sector should be able to provide free or low-cost legal counselling,
IS 1.2

representation and other court support to women and girls who have been exposed to
gender-based violence; review and revise laws that reinforce gender-based violence; and
monitor court cases and judicial processes.

►► Within the security sector, police, military and peacekeeping personnel should be
Basic models for GBV programming

educated about gender-based violence; held to zero-tolerance codes of conduct; and

trained on how to appropriately intervene in cases of gender-based violence. Police should
have private rooms for meetings with individuals who have been exposed to gender-based
violence; ensure same sex interviewers; institute protocols for referrals to other sectors;
collect standardized and disaggregated data on incidents; and create specialized units to
address gender-based violence.

A key principle underlying the multi-sectoral approach is that the rights and needs of survivors
are pre-eminent, in terms of access to respectful and supportive services, guarantees of
confidentiality and safety and the ability to determine the course of action for addressing the GBV
incident. Another essential element of the multi-sectoral approach is close cooperation with local
women’s groups and, if relevant, representatives from the ministry responsible for women’s and
girls’ affairs. Women and girls must be included from the beginning of programme design and
maintain an active role throughout programme monitoring, evaluation and ongoing programme
development.

The multi-level model

One of the limitations of the multi-sectoral model as it exists to date is that it specifies many of the
sectoral responsibilities in terms of response but gives limited attention to prevention. Where it does
identify prevention activities, it fails to prioritize them or even provide a conceptual framework
for prioritizing them. As such, a supplemental model to the multi-sectoral model—the multi-level
model—is currently evolving. This model was first formally outlined in the International Rescue
Committee’s GBV Program Strategy (2004).2

2
The multi-level model is detailed further in a recent paper produced by the author of the IRC Strategy: Read-Hamilton,
S., “Services, Systems, Structures: A Multi-level Approach for Addressing Gender-based Violence in Conflict-affected
Settings” (publication pending). For copies of this article, contact: [email protected]

14 Section One: GBV BASICS and how they relate to GBV COORDINATION
For effective short- and long-term GBV prevention, interventions must take place across all
the key sectors and at three levels, so that structural, systemic and individual protections are
institutionalized. These levels are as follows:

1. Primary prevention/structural reform, which includes preventative measures at the broadest

level to ensure rights are recognized and protected through international, statutory and
traditional laws and policies. Examples include:

►► Substantive and procedural law reform.

►► Supporting policy development within ministries of health, social welfare, justice and
security.
►► Human rights education with traditional and community elders.

2. Secondary prevention/systems reform, which includes systems and strategies to monitor

and respond when rights are breached. Intervention at this level includes developing and
building the capacity of statutory and traditional legal/justice systems, healthcare systems,
social-welfare systems and community mechanisms. Examples include:

►► Education and training for governmental and non-governmental agencies providing

health, security and social-welfare services to women and girls.
►► Technical assistance to government departments.
►► Assessing and addressing risks and vulnerabilities of target beneficiaries.
►► Coordination of multi-sectoral and interagency efforts.
►► Generation of knowledge and information for advocacy.

IS 1.2
3. Tertiary prevention/operational response, which includes response at the individual level
through direct services to meet the needs of women and girls who have been subjected to GBV.
Examples include:

Basic models for GBV programming

►► Community-based education and information campaigns about gender-based violence as
well as about the availability of services.
►► Case management, referral and advocacy.
►► Counselling and support.
►► Medical forensic examination, treatment and follow-up.
►► Linkage with police and courts.
►► Court support through the judicial process.

Many GBV programmes concentrate their efforts at the tertiary, or operational response, level.
However, the most they can hope to achieve at this level is to mitigate the intensity of the problem
for individuals who have suffered violence. By planning activities that focus on the secondary and
primary levels of prevention as well, programmers and policy-makers across all sectors can begin
to institute lasting reforms that not only protect those who have been exposed to gender-based
violence, but also work towards the elimination of GBV.

Are these the only important models for GBV programming?

It is important to remember that the models summarized above are a useful starting point, but they are
certainly not exhaustive. GBV actors should also familiarize themselves with gender-equality
programming as a key method for preventing GBV (see below) as well participatory and
community-based models that apply a human rights-based approach to working with an affected
population (see IS 1.3). Those working in settings with peacekeeping missions should understand
the strategic frameworks that have been developed to coordinate efforts of peacekeepers and
other humanitarian actors to combat sexual violence (see IS 2.B.1-2), and those working in settings
affected by natural disasters should familiarize themselves with the emerging tools focusing on
gender approaches to disaster risk reduction and emergency preparedness and response. It is also
important for GBV programmers to understand the components of the Minimum Initial Service

Section One: GBV BASICS and how they relate to GBV COORDINATION 15
 Package (MISP) for reproductive health interventions in an emergency, which include addressing
sexual violence. More information about the MISP is available at
www.misp.rhrc.org.

How does gender-equality programming fit in?

In addition to these basic models for GBV programming, partners should be familiar with the
goals and methods of gender-equality programming. Gender-equality programming is critical to
any long-term efforts to address GBV and should be initiated from the start of any humanitarian
intervention. However, it is important for GBV partners to understand that gender and GBV
programming are complementary—they are not interchangeable.

Gender is a cross-cutting issue (see Good to know

IS 2.A.2) that should be maintained
The IASC Gender Standby Capacity (GenCap) project
on the GBV agenda as a specific
seeks to build the capacity of humanitarian actors at the
component of GBV prevention. country level to mainstream gender-equality programming,
Other actors—such as the GenCap including prevention of and response to GBV, in all sectors of
Advisor (see text box), gender theme humanitarian response. (See Annex 1 for the GenCap FAQs.)
groups and gender focal points in GenCap’s goal is to ensure that humanitarian action takes
agencies and organizations—should into equal consideration the different needs and capabilities
be responsible for ensuring that the of women, girls, boys and men. 
GenCap consists of a pool of
broader responsibilities of gender gender advisers to be deployed on short notice as an inter-
mainstreaming, as articulated agency resource to support the UN Humanitarian/Resident
Coordinators, humanitarian country teams and cluster/
IS 1.2

in the IASC Gender Handbook in

sector leads in the initial stages of sudden-onset emergencies
Humanitarian Action (2005), are
as well as in protracted or recurring humanitarian crises.
fully realized across all sectors of GenCap is planning to build on its current structure and
humanitarian response. Effective expand its roster to include members with expertise in
integration of gender into sectoral GBV programming and coordination in order to support
Basic models for GBV programming

work can enhance GBV prevention gender-related initiatives that may require surge capacity,
and response efforts. To whatever such as GBV coordination and implementation of the UN
extent possible, GBV actors should Security Council Resolutions 1325/1820/ 1888/1889. For more
therefore collaborate with gender information about GenCap and to access the IASC Gender
experts on the ground to ensure Handbook and related training tools, see:
http://oneresponse.info/crosscutting/GenCap/Pages/
that gender and GBV programming
GenCap.aspx
efforts are mutually reinforcing.

Do these models also apply to settings where the emergency is the result of
a natural disaster?

These models are just as applicable for natural disasters, but in these settings—particularly when
the disasters tend to be recurrent, as in the case of floods or drought—it is important to use
these models to inform national and UN contingency planning as well as emergency response.
Contingency planning should include efforts aimed at disaster risk reduction—that is, working with
communities to understand what their specific vulnerabilities might be in the event that a disaster
occurs, and developing programming to mitigate those vulnerabilities before the disaster strikes.
To this end, GBV partners should work together with the government (where feasible), with
international actors and with vulnerable communities during the emergency-preparedness phase
in an effort to prevent sexual and other forms of violence prior to and during the emergency, as
well as build programmes across all key sectors to ensure rapid response when incidents do occur.
To the greatest extent possible, risk reduction and emergency preparedness should also, of course,
happen when the emergency is related to armed conflict. The IASC GBV Guidelines provide a
useful summary of key activities to be undertaken in the preparedness phase.

16 Section One: GBV BASICS and how they relate to GBV COORDINATION
Resources

The resources below have been organized according to the key areas related to GBV prevention
and response and should be required reading for all GBV coordinators and programmers. They
represent only a fraction of materials and tools available. For more resources, visit the websites
identified in the Introduction to this handbook.

General

RHRC/JSI Research and Training Institute, Training Manual Facilitator’s Guide: Multisectoral &
Interagency Prevention and Response to Gender-based Violence in Populations Affected by Armed
Conflict (2004).
http://www.rhrc.org/resources/gbv/gbv_manual/intro.pdf
Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children, “Displaced Women and Girls at Risk:
Risk Factors, Protection Solutions and Resource Tools” (2006).
http://www.womensrefugeecommission.org/images/stories/WomRisk.pdf
Bott, S., Morrison A. and Ellsberg, M., “Preventing and Responding to Gender-
Based Violence in Middle- and Low-Income Countries: a Global Review and Analysis”
(World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3618, 2005).
http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64165259&theSitePK=4693
72&piPK=64165421&menuPK=64166093&entityID=000112742_20050628084339
UNHCR, Handbook for the Protection of Women and Girls (2008).
http://www.unhcr.org/protect/PROTECTION/47cfae612.html

IS 1.2
Global Protection Cluster Working Group, Handbook for the Protection of Internally Displaced Persons
(2010).
http://oneresponse.info/GlobalClusters/Protection
ICRC, Addressing the Needs of Women Affected by Armed Conflict: An ICRC Guidance Document
(2004).

Basic models for GBV programming

http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/p0840
Read-Hamilton, S., “Services, Systems, Structures: A Multi-level Approach for Addressing
Gender-based Violence in Conflict-affected Settings” (publication pending). For copies of
this article on the multi-level approach, contact: [email protected]
UNHCR, Sexual and Gender-Based Violence against Refugees, Returnees and Internally Displaced
Persons. Guidelines for Prevention and Response (2003).
http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/3edcd0661.pdf
USAID, UNICEF, UNFPA and UNIFEM, Regional Strategic Framework for the Prevention of and
Response to Gender-based Violence in East, Southern, and Central Africa (2006).
http://eastafrica.usaid.gov/proxy/Document.1138.aspx

Health

Women’s Refugee Commission, “Minimum Initial Service Package (MISP) Fact Sheet” (2003).
http://www.misp.rhrc.org
UNICEF, Caring for Survivors Training Manual (2010).
http://gbv.oneresponse.info
WHO/UNHCR, Clinical Management of Rape Survivors: Developing Protocols for Use with Refugees
and Internally Displaced Persons (2004).
http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/emergencies/924159263X/en/
index.html
IRC, Clinical Care for Sexual Assault Survivors (2009). http://clinicalcare.rhrc.org/
IASC, Guidelines for HIV/AIDS Interventions in Emergency Settings (2005).
http://www.who.int/3by5/publications/documents/iasc/en/index.html

Section One: GBV BASICS and how they relate to GBV COORDINATION 17
 Psychosocial

IASC, Guidelines on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings (2007).
http://www.who.int/hac/network/interagency/news/mental_health_guidelines/en/
The Psychosocial Working Group, “Psychosocial Intervention in Complex Emergencies: A
Conceptual Framework” (2003).
http://www.forcedmigration.org/psychosocial/papers/Conceptual%20Framework.pdf
WHO, Mental Health in Emergencies: Mental and Social Aspects of Health of Populations Exposed to
Extreme Stressors (2003).
http://www.who.int/mental_health/media/en/640.pdf
“Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS) in Humanitarian Emergencies: What Should
Protection Coordinators Know?” (IASC Reference Group on MHPSS, 2009).
http://oneresponse.info/crosscutting/Mental%20Health/Pages/MentalHealth.aspx
“Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS) in Humanitarian Emergencies: What Should
Health Coordinators Know?” (IASC Reference Group on MHPSS, 2009).
www.who.int/.../mental_health/emergencies/what_humanitarian_health_actors_
should_know.pdf

Security/Legal Justice

Bastik, M., Gramm K. and Kunz R., “Sexual Violence in Armed conflict: Global Overview and
Implications for the Security Sector” (DCAF, 2007).
http://www.dcaf.ch/publications/kms/details.cfm?lng=en&id=43991&nav1=4
IS 1.2

Denham, T., Police Reform and Gender (DCAF, 2008).

http://www.un-instraw.org/images/files/PoliceReform.pdf
ARC, Gender-based Violence and Legal Aid, A Participatory Toolkit (2005).
http://www.arcrelief.org/gbvbooks/cdrom/index.html
Additional training resources on gender and the security sector:
Basic models for GBV programming

http://www.dcaf.ch/gssrtraining

Gender

IASC, Gender Handbook in Humanitarian Action. Women, Girls, Boys and Men - Different Needs, Equal
Opportunities (2006).
http://oneresponse.info/crosscutting/gender/Pages/Gender.aspx
Gender Equality and GBV Programming in Humanitarian Action - Training Toolkit (2009). (This
toolkit provides all the materials necessary to conduct an introductory training on the
IASC Gender Handbook and the IASC GBV Guidelines.)
http://oneresponse.info/crosscutting/gender/Pages/Gender.aspx
ISDR, UNDP, and IUCN, Making Disaster Risk Reduction Gender-Sensitive: Policy and Practical
Guidelines (2009).
http://www.preventionweb.net/files/9922_MakingDisasterRiskReductionGenderSe.pdf
Enarson, E. “SWS Fact Sheet: Women and Disaster” (June 2006).
http://www.socwomen.org/socactivism/factdisaster.pdf
Oxfam, Gender-sensitive Disaster Management: A Toolkit for Practitioners (2008).
http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/publications/v.php?id=7792

Annex

A1: GenCap FAQs

18 Section One: GBV BASICS and how they relate to GBV COORDINATION
 Section One: GBV BASICS
and how they relate to GBV COORDINATION
3. Guiding principles of GBV programming

What are the core guiding principles of GBV programming?

The core guiding principles of safety, respect, confidentiality and non-discrimination apply to
both GBV programming and coordination efforts and must be considered in all decisions that
we make. These guiding principles are inextricably linked to the overarching humanitarian
responsibility to provide protection and assistance to those affected by a crisis (see IS 1.4) and are
embodied in three essential and interlinked approaches: the human rights-based approach, the
survivor-centred approach and the community-based approach.

What is a human rights-based approach (HRBA)?

A human rights-based approach seeks to analyze the root causes of problems and to redress discriminatory
practices that impede humanitarian intervention. The human rights-based approach:

►► Is based on international human rights ►► Involves many stakeholders (state and

and humanitarian law standards. non-state).
►► Integrates these norms, standards ►► Must be addressed within the context

IS 1.3
and principles into plans, policies and of prevailing political, legal, social and
processes of humanitarian intervention cultural norms and values.
and development. ►► Must be aimed at empowering survivors
►► Is multi-sectoral and comprehensive. and their communities.

Guiding principles of GBV programming

Too often, emergency response is managed by addressing specific ‘needs’ of ‘beneficiaries’. What
those needs are and who the beneficiaries are is subjectively determined by those delivering aid. A
needs-based approach does not come with accountability; there is no moral or legal obligation on
the state and/or others working with or on behalf of the state to protect and assist those affected
by the emergency.

A human rights-based approach certainly seeks to attend to the needs of those affected by an
emergency, but how those needs are determined and addressed is informed by legal and
moral obligations and accountability. Humanitarian actors, along with states (where they are
functioning), are ‘duty-bearers’ and bound by their obligations to encourage, empower and assist
‘rights-holders’ to claim their rights. A human rights-based approach requires all those who
develop and coordinate GBV programming to:

►► Assess the capacity of rights holders to claim their rights and identify the immediate,
underlying and structural causes for non-realization of rights.
►► Assess the capacities and limitations of duty-bearers to fulfil their obligations.
►► Develop strategies to build capacities and overcome limitations of duty-bearers.
►► Monitor and evaluate both outcomes and processes guided by human rights standards
and principles.
►► Ensure programming is informed by the recommendations of international human rights
bodies and mechanisms.

What is a survivor-centred approach (SCA)?

A survivor-centred approach means that all parties engaged in GBV programming prioritize the rights,
needs and wishes of survivors.

Section One: GBV BASICS and how they relate to GBV COORDINATION 19
 Essentially, a survivor-centred approach involves designing and developing programming that
ensures survivors’ rights and needs are first and foremost. The illustration below compares
survivors’ rights (left column) with negative impacts typically experienced by survivors of GBV:

To be treated with dignity and respect Victim-blaming attitudes

To choose Feeling powerless

To privacy and confidentiality

To non-discrimination
VS Shame and stigma

Discrimination on the basis of

gender, ethnicity, etc

To information Being told what to do

The survivor-centred approach is based on a set of principles and skills designed to guide
professionals—regardless of their role—in their engagement with persons who have experienced
sexual violence or other forms of GBV. The survivor-centred approach aims to create a supportive
environment in which a survivor’s rights are respected and in which s/he is treated with dignity
and respect. The approach helps to promote a survivor’s recovery and his/her ability to identify
IS 1.3

and express needs and wishes, as well as to reinforce his/her capacity to make decisions about
possible interventions.1

What is a community-based approach (CBA)?

Guiding principles of GBV programming

A community-based approach—where those who are affected by an emergency are included as

key partners in developing strategies related to their assistance and protection—is fundamental to
both the human rights-based approach and the survivor-centred approach. A community-based
approach insists that people targeted for humanitarian assistance have “the right to participate in
making decisions that affect their lives” as well as “a right to information and transparency” from
those responsible for providing assistance. By placing beneficiaries, or those UNHCR refers to as
“people of concern”2 at the heart of operational decision-making, the CBA strives to ensure:

►► Those affected by an emergency will be better protected.

►► Their capacity to identify, develop and sustain solutions will be strengthened.
►► Humanitarian resources will be used more effectively.3

All strategies for implementing GBV coordination mechanisms and GBV programming must
therefore abide by the principles of participation within a community-based approach, so
that women, men, girls and boys affected by an emergency are empowered to be active and
equal partners in GBV policy and strategy development, as well as in programme design and
implementation efforts. However, because GBV can be a socially and/or politically charged issue
in some communities, community-based participatory methods should begin with those who are
most affected by or vulnerable to GBV and, according to their insights and recommendations, seek
to involve others, such as male community leaders.

1
UNICEF, Caring for Survivors Training Manual (2010). Available at http://gbv.oneresponse.info
2
Note that this handbook uses the term ‘people of concern’ when referring generally to those who are affected by an
emergency.
3
UNHCR, A Community-based Approach in UNHCR’s Operations (January 2008), pp. 5-6.

20 Section One: GBV BASICS and how they relate to GBV COORDINATION
What do these approaches have to do with GBV coordination?

These approaches should inform all aspects of GBV coordination and programme planning and
implementation. All activities of the GBV coordination body should express these principles, e.g.,
by ensuring that people of concern participate in coordination efforts; that coordination meetings
respect the principles of confidentiality; and that training tools and guidelines promote the rights
of all women and girls to be free from GBV and reinforce the fact that GBV is a crime that is never
the fault of the survivor or the result of the survivor’s behaviour.

In many cases, those who lead coordination are responsible for setting the standard for ethical,
safe and effective programming. They must therefore make certain that all parties participating
in coordination understand the core principles and key approaches that guarantee ethical, safe
and effective programming, The personal biases or attitudes of coordination partners must
not compromise these guiding principles, and all partners must take a unified approach in
implementing programming.

Resources

UNICEF, Caring for Survivors Training Manual (2010).

http://gbv.oneresponse.info
Jonsson, U., “Human Rights Approach to Development Programming” (UNICEF, 2003).
http://www.unicef.org/rightsresults/files/HRBDP_Urban_Jonsson_April_2003.pdf
Coordination of Multi-Sectoral Response to Gender-Based Violence in Humanitarian Settings: Facilitator

IS 1.3
Manual (UNFPA and Ghent University, 2010). To be posted to the GBV AoR website Spring
2010. Contact Erin Kenny for more information about the manual: [email protected]
UNHCR, “A Community-based Approach in UNHCR’s Operations” (January 2008).
http://www.unhcr.org/47f0a0232.html
UNHCR, “Tool for Participatory Assessment in Operations” (May 2006).

Guiding principles of GBV programming

http://www.unhcr.org/450e963f2.html
ARC Partnership Approach Guidance and Tools (ARC, 2009).
http://www.arcrelief.org/PartnershipGuide
ActionAid, Safety with Dignity: A Field Manual for Integrating Community-based Protection Across
Humanitarian Programs (2009).
http://www.actionaid.org.au/index.php/protection-manual.html

Section One: GBV BASICS and how they relate to GBV COORDINATION 21
 Section One: GBV BASICS
and how they relate to GBV COORDINATION
4. The international legal framework

What is an international legal framework?

An international legal framework is comprised in general of the following three elements1:

These are ‘legally binding’ for states.

• International human rights conventions
‘Hard Law’ • International humanitarian law
• UN resolutions

These are non-binding, but carry significant moral commitment and

responsibility in the international community.
‘Soft Law’ • International guidelines
• International conference documents, declarations, programmes of action
IS 1.4

These help to facilitate the implementation of laws, conventions,

Special UN declarations, etc.
Procedures • UN monitoring committees, special envoys, special rapporteurs, other
experts
The international legal framework

Why is it important for humanitarian actors to be Critical to know

familiar with the international legal framework All international actors responding
that applies to GBV? to an emergency have a duty to
protect those affected by the crisis.
The United Nations is founded on the principles of peace, According to the IASC Gender
justice, freedom and human rights. It is the responsibility Handbook (p.12), protection is
of all humanitarian actors to strive to implement these widely defined as all activities
principles in their work, in order to protect and promote the aimed at obtaining full respect
for the rights of the individual
safety and well-being of those affected by an emergency. In
in accordance with the letter and
1997, the UN Secretary- General formalized this commitment spirit of relevant bodies of law.
by calling on the entire UN system to mainstream human Protection activities aim to create
rights into the UN’s various activities and programmes. an environment in which human
dignity is respected, specific
The Sphere Standards—to which hundreds of humanitarian patterns of abuse are prevented or
actors, international agencies, NGOs and donor institutions their immediate effects alleviated,
are committed—also articulate a commitment to these basic and dignified conditions of life
principles through the Humanitarian Charter, which reasserts are restored through reparation,
the right of populations affected by disaster (humanitarian restitution and rehabilitation. The
international legal framework
emergencies and natural disasters) to protection and
forms the basis of this protection
assistance in a manner that supports their life with dignity. work.

In 2006, the IASC issued new guidelines on humanitarian assistance in natural disasters: Protecting
Persons Affected by Natural Disasters: IASC Operational Guidelines on Human Rights and Natural
Disasters. These guidelines focus on human rights challenges that are often neglected during
natural disasters and serve as a reminder that “human rights are the legal underpinning of all
1
Adapted from Bossman, M., PowerPoint presentation for training on Coordination of Multi-Sectoral Response to
Gender-based Violence in Humanitarian Settings (Ghent, Belgium, 2008).

22 Section One: GBV BASICS and how they relate to GBV COORDINATION
humanitarian work pertaining to natural disasters” (p. 9). In fact, they serve as a reminder that
human rights are the basis of ensuring protection and therefore underpin all humanitarian work.
Understanding and expressing the human rights aspects of humanitarian intervention is crucial
when combating GBV. Addressing GBV requires efforts to ensure that the discriminatory policies
and practices that are its foundation are eradicated. All those working on GBV prevention and
response therefore have a responsibility to familiarize themselves with the international, regional
and national laws and standards that relate to GBV in order to act in accordance with them and
guide others—states, communities and individuals—to meet their obligations to promote and
protect human rights.

The IASC GBV Guidelines are very explicit about this responsibility as it relates to GBV partners’
roles in promoting protection for those at risk of GBV: “An important component of both
prevention of further violence and redress for sexual violence crimes is ensuring implementation
of and compliance with laws that promote the rights of communities to be free of sexual violence”
(p. 36). According to the IASC GBV Guidelines, protection responsibilities related to GBV
include advocating for the rights of victims of sexual violence and pressuring states to conform
to international standards that promote protection against sexual violence. All partners in GBV
coordination should therefore know the international legal framework that relates specifically to
GBV. (See Annex 2 for a list of major milestones related to GBV in the international legal framework.)
GBV partners should also be aware of the regional and national laws, policies, declarations and
programmes of action relevant to their setting.

Critical to know

IS 1.4
In September 2009, Security Council Resolution (SCR) 1888 was unanimously adopted by member
states. It is one of the most important SCRs for GBV partners to know and understand because it is much
more action-oriented than previous SCRs related to sexual violence. SCR 1888 builds on two earlier
resolutions: SCR 1325, adopted in October 2000, which provides a political framework that makes women

The international legal framework

and a gender perspective relevant to all aspects of peace processes; and SCR 1820, adopted in June 2008,
which recognizes the links between sexual violence in armed conflict and its aftermath, and sustainable
peace and security. SCR 1820 commits the Security Council to considering appropriate steps to end sexual
violence and to punish perpetrators and requests a report from the UN Secretary-General on situations
in which sexual violence is being widely or systematically employed against civilians and on strategies
for ending the practice. Through SCR 1888, a Special Representative to the UN Secretary-General will be
responsible for coordinating a range of mechanisms and overseeing implementation of both SCR 1325
and SCR 1888. Other provisions of the text of SCR 1888 include identifying women’s protection advisers
among gender advisers and human rights protection units; strengthening of monitoring and reporting
on sexual violence; retraining of peacekeepers, national forces and police; and boosting the participation
of women in peace-building and other post-conflict processes. For more information about SCR 1888
visit: http://www.iwtc.org/1820blog/?p=311#

Resources

Coordination of Multi-Sectoral Response to Gender-Based Violence in Humanitarian Settings: Facilitator

Manual (UNFPA and Ghent University, 2010). To be posted to the GBV AoR website Spring
2010. Contact Erin Kenny for more information about the manual: [email protected]
The International Human Rights of Women-An Overview of the Most Important International Conventions
and the Instruments for their Implementation (GTZ, 2003).
http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-international-womens-rights.pdf

Annex

A2: International Legal Framework

Section One: GBV BASICS and how they relate to GBV COORDINATION 23
 Section One: GBV BASICS
and how they relate to GBV COORDINATION
5. Protection from sexual exploitation and abuse

What is protection from sexual exploitation Good to know

and abuse (PSEA)?
The ECHA/ECPS UN and NGO
Task Force on Protection from Sexual
As highlighted in the Secretary-General’s Bulletin on
Exploitation and Abuse is the forum
Special measures for protection from sexual exploitation
responsible for promoting global
and sexual abuse (ST/SGB/2003/13) (the SGB), PSEA policy and guidance on PSEA for
relates specifically to the responsibilities of international humanitarian actors. To this end,
humanitarian actors to prevent incidents of sexual the task force has developed a series
exploitation and abuse committed by UN, NGO and of training tools on PSEA for focal
inter-governmental (IGO) personnel against colleagues points, senior managers and general
and beneficiaries of assistance and to take action as staff. These and other resources are
quickly as possible when incidents do occur. The SGB available on the PSEA tools repository
provides clear definitions of sexual exploitation and website: www.un.org/pseataskforce
sexual abuse and outlines six key standards of behaviour
related to PSEA:
IS 1.5

1. Sexual exploitation and sexual abuse constitute acts of serious misconduct and are therefore grounds
for disciplinary measures, including summary dismissal.
Protection from sexual exploitation and abuse

2. Sexual activity with children (persons under the age of 18) is prohibited regardless of the age of
majority or age of consent locally. Mistaken belief in the age of a child is not a defence.

3. Exchange of money, employment, goods or services for sex, including sexual favours or other forms
of humiliating, degrading or exploitative behaviour, is prohibited. This includes any exchange of
assistance that is due to beneficiaries.

4. Sexual relationships between staff and beneficiaries of assistance, since they are based on inherently
unequal power dynamics, undermine the credibility and integrity of the work of the United Nations
and are strongly discouraged.

5. Where a United Nations staff member develops concerns or suspicions regarding sexual exploitation
or sexual abuse by a fellow worker, whether in the same agency or not and whether or not within the
United Nations system, he or she must report such concerns via established reporting mechanisms.

6. United Nations staff are obliged to create and maintain an environment that prevents sexual
exploitation and sexual abuse. Managers at all levels have a particular responsibility to support and
develop systems that maintain this environment.

These six standards apply to all UN staff—whether recruited internationally or locally—including

staff from agencies, funds and programmes as well as all partners, such as NGOs, consultants,
contractors, day labourers, interns, junior professional officers (JPOs), UN volunteers (UNVs), etc.
The terms of the SGB also apply to international military personnel and civilian police. The scope
of the SGB is therefore very broad and establishes a common standard for everyone working
in some way with the UN. Many other humanitarian organizations also require staff to adhere
to virtually the same standards as those contained in the SGB according to their own codes of
conduct, as well as through their endorsement of the Statement of Commitment on Eliminating Sexual
Exploitation and Abuse by UN and Non-UN Personnel.

24 Section One: GBV BASICS and how they relate to GBV COORDINATION
Critical to know
The SGB details some of the ways in which PSEA activities should be implemented, including:
• Providing staff with copies of the SGB and informing them of its contents.
• Taking appropriate action when there is reason to believe sexual exploitation and abuse has
occurred.
• Appointing focal points and advising the local population on how to contact them.
• Handling reports of sexual exploitation and abuse confidentially.
The SGB clearly requires managers within UNCTs and humanitarian country teams to appoint focal
points and guide them in meeting their responsibilities. Also in light of the SGB, HCs/RCs have been
tasked with the responsibility of ensuring that an in-country network on PSEA, composed of PSEA
focal points, is operational and supporting the development and implementation of a country-level
PSEA action plan in their respective countries.

How does PSEA relate to GBV coordination?

Unfortunately, there are many humanitarian settings in which there are no PSEA focal points
or PSEA in-country networks. In these settings, it sometimes falls to the GBV coordination
mechanism to undertake PSEA activities. While the GBV coordination mechanism may opt to
fill a gap in addressing PSEA in the short-term, e.g., by conducting awareness-raising amongst
humanitarian staff and people of concern about the SGB, PSEA responsibilities SHOULD NOT
be a regular and/or long-term function of the GBV coordination group. As per the box above,
identifying PSEA focal points and creating an in-country PSEA network is the responsibility of
senior managers and, ultimately, the HC/RC.

IS 1.5
However, PSEA is one important form of preventing GBV and is therefore linked to GBV
coordination efforts. There should be common understanding
of the different responsibilities of the PSEA in-country network Lesson learned
and the GBV coordination mechanism and willingness to In the 2008 GBV AoR global

Protection from sexual exploitation and abuse

work cooperatively. It is important that the GBV Coordinator review of GBV coordination
knows and promotes the key principles and standards of mechanisms, there was evidence
conduct outlined in the SGB to all coordination partners. GBV from Liberia of the need to
Coordinators must be apprised of local reporting procedures clarify confusion between
and processes related to addressing SEA allegations, and this GBV coordination and the
information should be included in any Standard Operating sexual exploitation and abuse
Procedures (SOPs). (See IS 3.6 on development of SOPs.) mechanisms established by UN-
DPKO. This clarification should
be introduced from the start of an
Perhaps most importantly, the GBV coordination mechanism emergency.
must work with the PSEA in-country network to ensure that
survivors of SEA have access to services. The PSEA network has a responsibility to ensure that
a ‘victim assistance mechanism’ is in place for those who have experienced SEA; this mechanism
should build upon existing GBV services in the setting rather than create parallel SEA-specific
services.

The GBV Coordinator should also be sensitive to some of the challenges GBV service providers
may face if they are assigned the responsibility of acting as PSEA focal points in their agencies.
The SGB requires mandatory reporting of suspected incidents of SEA. However, the fundamental
guiding principles of GBV programmes—confidentiality and the right of the survivor to choose
how s/he would like to address an incident of GBV—are essentially contrary to mandated
reporting. Therefore, it may be useful for service-delivery agencies to develop special provisions
to address this contradiction, such as informing a GBV survivor of the mandate to report on SEA
before soliciting any case information during an interview.

Resources

For a comprehensive library of PSEA resources, tools and training materials, see the PSEA tools
repository at http://www.un.org/pseataskforce

Section One: GBV BASICS and how they relate to GBV COORDINATION 25
© UNICEF/NYHQ2005-1050/Radhika Chalasani

Section 2:
2
Introduction
GBV coordination
STRUCTURES

27
 Section Two: GBV
coordination STRUCTURES
Introduction

What is this section about?

This section deals with coordination structures in an attempt to articulate who is responsible in an
emergency for launching a GBV coordination mechanism, so that GBV Coordinators and others
are clear about where and with whom to undertake GBV coordination efforts.

The information sheets in Part A explain humanitarian reform and the ‘cluster approach’ structure
in which GBV—under the Protection Cluster—has a designated coordination mechanism
(differently referred to at the field level as an ‘Area of Responsibility’ (AoR), ‘ Working Group’ or
‘Sub-Cluster’, all of which are acceptable). The humanitarian reform process represents the first
time in the history of humanitarian intervention in which GBV coordination structures have been
made explicit, and it is therefore critically important that GBV actors understand humanitarian
reform and the cluster approach.

The information sheets in Part B briefly introduce other coordination partners—such as UN

Action—and the basics of coordination processes when no cluster system is in place.

What is important to remember while reviewing this section is that all actors on the ground have

2
a responsibility to contribute to good coordination and to strengthen and enhance the protection
and care of women and children in situations of humanitarian crisis. According to the principles of
humanitarian aid and the international legal framework related to GBV (IS 1.4), the humanitarian
community, host governments, donors, peacekeepers, the UN and all others engaged in working

Introduction
with and for affected populations are collectively accountable for preventing and responding to
GBV.

Ensuring effective GBV coordination is the first step in meeting these responsibilities, in so far as
coordination efforts are key to constructing a unified and coherent multi-sectoral response. It is
especially important, therefore, that those with relevant GBV experience participate in building
coordination mechanisms and setting standards for comprehensive programming. However,
having a GBV coordination mechanism in place will have little impact unless all actors commit to
fulfilling their respective duties as outlined in the IASC GBV Guidelines. Coordination of cluster-
specific activities is the remit of each cluster, under the supervision of the cluster lead(s). While
GBV coordination mechanisms can assist in facilitating multi-sectoral GBV-related activities—by
drawing together partners, developing and overseeing a coordinated action plan and providing
expert technical guidance to other sectors/clusters—accountability for addressing GBV is shared
across all key sectors/clusters engaged in humanitarian response.

Lesson learned
Every effort should be made to mobilize resources to develop a GBV-specific coordination mechanism in
an emergency, as this is the best way to ensure that GBV issues are properly addressed across all clusters/
sectors and integrated into all areas of humanitarian response. In Myanmar following Cyclone Nargis,
a Women’s Protection Technical Working Group (the term ‘women’s protection’ was favoured over the
term ‘GBV’ for political and social reasons) was originally created within a Protection of Children and
Women (PCW) Cluster. Because the cluster focused primarily on children’s issues (partly due to the
fact that it was led by child-protection agencies), GBV issues were under-recognized. An evaluation
of the PCW Cluster three months after its inception recommended that there should be a separate
GBV coordination mechanism in order to more effectively coordinate women’s protection efforts.
The establishment of a sub-cluster dedicated to women’s protection resulted in greater prioritization
of women’s issues, including GBV, in several key multi-sectoral initiatives, such as the Post-Nargis
Response and Preparedness Plan, various donor appeals and the Myanmar Contingency Plan.

Section Two: GBV coordination STRUCTURES 29

 Section Two: GBV
coordination STRUCTURES
A. The cluster approach
1. Humanitarian reform

How does humanitarian reform relate to gender-based violence coordination?

Prior to the introduction of humanitarian reform and the cluster approach, there were no
standardized methods for introducing GBV coordination mechanisms in humanitarian emergencies.
Although the IASC GBV Guidelines (drafted just prior to the implementation of humanitarian
reform) provide important directives for GBV coordination in any humanitarian context, the
cluster approach offers an explicit structure in which GBV coordination can be established from
the onset of an emergency. As explained further in IS 2.A.2-4, GBV has been designated as one of
five Areas of Responsibility (AoR) under the Protection Cluster. As such, it is critically important
that all those working on GBV coordination in clusterized countries understand the structure and
intent of humanitarian reform.

What is humanitarian reform?

IS 2.A.1

Humanitarian reform is an ambitious and sweeping UN-led process aimed at improving

international response in humanitarian crises around the world, so that humanitarian operations
more efficiently, effectively and comprehensively meet the rights and needs of those most harmed
by a crisis. The reforms focus on three overarching issues:
Humanitarian reform

PREDICTABILITY ACCOUNTABILITY PARTNERSHIP

in financing and leadership to the affected populations between UN and non-UN
of the response humanitarian actors

Why was humanitarian The Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC):

reform initiated? • Created in 1992 at the request of the UN General
Assembly (Res. 46/182).
In the early 2000s, the humanitarian • Key strategic coordination mechanism bringing
community faced several major crises: together UN and non-UN agencies: Red Cross
Movement, NGOs and the International
Afghanistan, Iraq, the Darfur conflict
Organization for Migration.
in Sudan, the Indian Ocean tsunami
• Defines joint policy and sets standards.
and the South Asia earthquake. These
The Emergency Relief Coordinator (ERC):
emergencies shone a spotlight on the • Coordinates the response of humanitarian agencies
humanitarian working environment in emergencies, particularly those of the UN system.
because they called into question: • Works with governments of affected countries,
donors and other interested states in advocating
►► The impartiality of humanitarian initiatives.
humanitarian assistance. • Chairs the IASC and the Executive Committee
►► The appropriateness of on Humanitarian Affairs (ECHA) and oversees
responses. implementation of their recommendations.
►► The capacity of agencies to • Catalyzes support for humanitarian issues and
programmes.
respond.

In 2005 an independent assessment was commissioned by the IASC and the UN Emergency Relief
Coordinator (ERC) (see text box, above) to evaluate the capacity of humanitarian agencies to
respond to complex emergencies and natural disasters. The results of the assessment underscored
the need for a more reliable humanitarian response.

30 Section Two: GBV coordination STRUCTURES

What are the key areas of humanitarian reform?

The humanitarian reform process targets four interrelated areas:

Ensuring effective leadership of Ensuring adequate, timely and Ensuring adequate capacity and
HUMANITARIAN flexible predictable leadership in all areas
COORDINATORS HUMANITARIAN of humanitarian response through
(a high-level UN official FINANCING THE CLUSTER APPROACH
appointed at the country level by by
to ensure well-coordinated improving access to funds designating lead agencies
humanitarian response in an through the Central Emergency at the global and country
emergency) Response Fund (CERF), levels to assume coordination
by Pooled Funding, the Good responsibilities of key sectors
introducing mechanisms for Humanitarian Donorship of humanitarian response.
clearer accountability, Initiative and reform of the
appropriate training and Consolidated Appeals Process
adequate support of HCs/RCs. (CAP).

Ensuring STRONG HUMANITARIAN PARTNERSHIPS between

1) NGOs, 2) the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and 3) UN and related
international agencies.

IS 2.A.1
As illustrated above, the foundation of the humanitarian reform process is partnership, and
successful implementation of the cluster approach depends on all humanitarian actors working
as equal partners in all areas of humanitarian response. In an effort to facilitate partnership, the
Global Humanitarian Platform (GHP) was established in 2006 to offer a forum for the humanitarian
community to come together to share responsibility for improving humanitarian action. The
GHP has produced “Principles of Partnership” (Annex 3), which identifies five key components

Humanitarian reform
of effective partnership:

TRANSPARENCY
is achieved through dialogue
(on equal footing), with
EQUALITY an emphasis on early RESULT-ORIENTED
requires mutual respect between consultations and early sharing Effective humanitarian action
members of the partnership of information. Communication must be reality-based and
irrespective of size and and transparency, including action-oriented. This requires
power. The participants must financial transparency, increase result-oriented coordination
respect each other’s mandates, the level of trust among based on effective capabilities
obligations, independence and organizations. and concrete operational
brand identity and recognize capacities.
each other’s constraints and
commitments. Mutual respect
must not preclude organizations RESPONSIBILITY
from engaging in constructive Humanitarian organizations
dissent. have an obligation to each
Principles other to accomplish their task
COMPLEMENTARITY of responsibly, with integrity and
The diversity of the humanitarian Partnership in a relevant and appropriate
community is an asset if we build way. They must make sure
on our comparative advantages they commit to activities only
and complement each other’s when they have the means,
contributions. Local capacity is competencies, skills and
one of the main assets to enhance capacity to deliver on their
and build on. It must be made commitments. Decisive and
an integral part in emergency robust prevention of abuses
response. Language and cultural committed by humanitarians
barriers must be overcome. must also be a constant effort.

Section Two: GBV coordination STRUCTURES 31

 Where is humanitarian reform being implemented around the world?

The IASC has agreed that the cluster approach should be the framework for response in major
new emergencies and that it should eventually be applied in all countries with Humanitarian
Coordinators. Twenty-five of the 27 countries with Humanitarian Coordinators are formally
implementing the cluster approach (as of 2009), and since 2006 eight countries with a Resident
Coordinator (but no Humanitarian Coordinator) have used the cluster approach to respond to
major new emergencies. For more specific country information, see: http://oneresponse.info/
Pages/default.aspx

Good to know
Recognition of the importance of addressing GBV is being introduced into the humanitarian reform process
in other important ways. The newly drafted Terms of Reference for the Humanitarian Coordinator
includes information about GBV, and the recently revised CAP guidelines also reference GBV. (See
IS 3.2 for more information on funding.) In addition, humanitarian reform has given expression to a
number of important issues related to effective humanitarian response that any and all actors engaged in
GBV coordination should consider. Gender, for example, has been identified as a cross-cutting concern
of all clusters; integration of gender equality into the work of the clusters enhances the protective
environment for those affected by emergencies and provides a critical foundation for prevention of
and response to GBV. The Principles of Partnership, in another example, are as relevant to building
partnerships within a GBV coordination mechanism as they are to the entire humanitarian community!
IS 2.A.1

Resources

Global Humanitarian Platform (GHP) website:

http://www.globalhumanitarianplatform.org
Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) website:
Humanitarian reform

http://ochaonline.un.org
Child Protection Coordinators’ Handbook 2009 for Clusters,
http://oneresponse.info/GlobalClusters/Protection/CP/Pages/Child%20Protection.
aspx
Coordination of Multi-Sectoral Response to Gender-Based Violence in Humanitarian Settings: Facilitator
Manual (UNFPA and Ghent University, 2010). To be posted to the GBV AoR website Spring
2010. Contact Erin Kenny for more information about the manual: [email protected]

Annex

A3: Principles of Partnership, A Statement of Commitment, Endorsed by the Global Humanitarian

Platform, 12 July 2007

32 Section Two: GBV coordination STRUCTURES

 Section Two: GBV
coordination STRUCTURES
A. The cluster approach
2. Overview of clusters
What is the ‘cluster approach’?

The ‘cluster approach’ was adopted on 12 September 2005 by the IASC as the standard for
organizing international humanitarian response to any major emergency. As one of the four key
strategies of humanitarian reform, the cluster approach organizes the many actors addressing a
specific need in an emergency (such as shelter, water and sanitation, health, etc.) by coordinating
them under a lead agency that is accountable at the field level to the HC/RC, who in turn reports
to the global ERC. Although initiated by the UN, the cluster approach aims to close gaps, increase
predictability and strengthen the capacity of all humanitarian actors—not just those working
under the UN flag.

Why is the cluster approach important?

International humanitarian response to major emergencies typically includes multiple autonomous

IS 2.A.2
organizations, and it has, in the past, lacked strategic leadership. This fragmented response has led
to gaps in services, duplication of efforts, insufficient engagement with government and national
actors and a lack of accountability for overall performance. The decision of the IASC to implement
a cluster approach is significant because:

It is the first time the major groups

Overview of clusters
of international actors that typically The approach builds
on lessons learned EFFECTIVE
respond to humanitarian emergencies
(UN agencies, the Red Cross from prior emergencies
Movement and NGOs) have agreed on and systematizes
a predictable, standing arrangement coordination practices OUTCOMES
for organizing their assistance most that have worked.
effectively.

What exactly is a ‘cluster’?

A ‘cluster’ is essentially a coordination group focused on a key area of humanitarian response. It

may also be referred to (using the more traditional term) as a ‘sector’. At the global level, the IASC
has designated 11 ‘global clusters’, each with a lead agency(ies). The global cluster lead works
with UN and NGO partners within that cluster to set standards and policies for the cluster, build
standby response capacity and provide operational support to organizations working in the field.
The IASC has also formally designated five cross-cutting issues that should be integrated into the
work of all the clusters: age, environment, gender, mental health and psychosocial support and
HIV/AIDS.1

At the field level, which clusters are adopted depends on a joint decision by the UN country
team and its NGO partners. This decision is based on the needs, resources and capacity in a
given setting. There may be settings where particular clusters are not needed (e.g., Logistics).
There may also be settings where particular clusters are merged (e.g., Health and Nutrition). Lead
agencies for priority clusters are also designated at the onset of an emergency. Most often, these
lead agencies are the same as those designated at the global level, unless the agency at the field

1
Although protection is designated as a cluster and therefore has specific responsibilities, it is also a cross-cutting issue
to the extent that all sectors have a responsibility to promote protection. Other issues under discussion as cross-cutting
include human rights, diversity and early recovery.

Section Two: GBV coordination STRUCTURES 33

 level declines or is unable to assume leadership of the cluster. In such cases, another agency or
organization might be designated through consultation with relevant humanitarian actors and the
HC/RC. (See resources below for the link to the IASC operational guidance note on designating
cluster/sector leads.)

IASC clusters/sectors

Agriculture
Nutrition

Protection
Logistics

WASH

Shelter
Coordination

Education
Health

Recovery
Telecom

Camp
UNICEF WFP UNHCR UNICEF UNHCR FAO
/IFRC
WHO
OCHA, WFP, UNDP UNHCR/IOM UNICEF
UNICEF

Cross-cutting issues: age, environment, gender, MHPSS and HIV/AIDS

What exactly does a ‘cluster lead’ do?

IS 2.A.2

At the global level, a ‘cluster lead’ (also sometimes referred to as a ‘sector lead’) formally commits
as an agency to take on a leadership role within the international humanitarian community in a
particular area of activity (cluster/sector), to ensure well-coordinated response and high standards
of predictability, accountability and partnership.
Overview of clusters

Cluster leads at the field level are also responsible for ensuring well-coordinated response and
high standards of predictability, accountability and partnership, and they further commit to act
as the ‘provider of last resort’ (see text box below) for that particular sector, when necessary.
Typically, the cluster leads at the field level will assign one or more individuals within their
agencies the primary responsibility for overseeing cluster activities. These individuals may act as
‘cluster coordinators’ or ‘cluster chairs’.2 Although UN staff often chair and coordinate a cluster,
coordinators under the cluster approach are responsible for representing the interests of the
cluster as a whole (including local NGOs and other civil society partners), not their agencies’
interests.

Critical to know
The provider of last resort concept is key to the cluster approach. It means that the global cluster lead
agencies commit their utmost to ensure that the response to an emergency is adequate and appropriate
and, when assuming cluster leadership at the field level, to make every effort to address any gaps themselves
if cluster partners are unable to. In field settings where the global cluster lead is not operational and the
cluster is therefore led by an agency that is different from the globally designated lead, the global lead
agency is still considered the provider of last resort and therefore is responsible for ensuring the field-
based lead fulfils designated cluster responsibilities.

Who are the cluster partners?

Coordination efforts should always involve UN agencies, the Red Cross Movement and
international and local NGOs. Efforts to involve the government—when safe, appropriate, and
feasible—are also crucial in the cluster approach. The humanitarian reform effort, and especially
the adoption of the cluster approach, was launched to better support governments to respond to
2
Information about cluster leads, including the ‘provider of last resort’ concept, is described in the IASC Guidance Note
on Using the Cluster Approach to Strengthen Humanitarian Response (November 2006). See http://oneresponse.info/
Pages/default.asp

34 Section Two: GBV coordination STRUCTURES

emergencies. The principles and the methods of the cluster approach are designed to make that
support more efficient by strengthening the government’s sectoral coordination, not replacing it.3

The Principles of Partnership (see IS 2.A.1 and Annex 3) that apply to all aspects of humanitarian
reform are implemented through the cluster approach by ensuring, for example, that:

All members of the cluster or working group

Action plans are results-oriented.
feel valued and respected as equal partners.

Cluster decisions and the use of resources All actors (local and international) are able to
are transparent. participate in making key decisions for the sector.

What is the role of the UN Humanitarian Coordinator/Resident Coordinator

(HC/RC) within the cluster approach?

The HC/RC makes sure the overall international response is strategic, well-planned, inclusive,
coordinated and effective. To do this, s/he is responsible for:

►► Establishing and maintaining effective inter-sectoral coordination mechanisms.

IS 2.A.2
►► Supporting inter-sectoral needs assessments.
►► Providing high-quality information management for the overall humanitarian response.
►► Supporting sectors through advocacy and resource-mobilization efforts.

GBV Coordinators should know and engage their HC/RC!

Overview of clusters
Resources

The OneResponse website includes FAQs on humanitarian reform, as well as the IASC Guidance
Note on Using the Cluster Approach to Strengthen Humanitarian Response (November 2006) and
the IASC Operational Guidance on Designating Sector/Cluster Leads in Major New Emergencies
(May 2007).
http://oneresponse.info/Pages/default.aspx
Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) website (“Humanitarian Response
Reform”):
http://ochaonline.un.org/ocha2006/chap6_6.htm
IASC website: http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/iasc/pageloader.aspx
Coordination of Multi-Sectoral Response to Gender-Based Violence in Humanitarian Settings: Facilitator
Manual (UNFPA and Ghent University, 2010). To be posted to the GBV AoR website Spring
2010. Contact Erin Kenny for more information about the manual: [email protected]
Groupe U.R.D and Global Public Policy Institute, Cluster Approach Evaluation Phase 2 (August 2009)
and Final Draft Terms of Reference, IASC Cluster Approach Evaluation Report (1st Phase, 2007).
http://www.ochaonline.un.org/OchaLinkClick.aspx?link=ocha&docId=1123073
Child Protection Coordinators’ Handbook 2009 for Clusters,
http://oneresponse.info/GlobalClusters/Protection/CP/Pages/Child%20Protection.
aspx

Annex

A3: Principles of Partnership, A Statement of Commitment, Endorsed by the Global Humanitarian

Platform, 12 July 2007
3
As outlined in GA Resolution 46/182, the government takes the primary role in initiating, organizing and implementing
humanitarian assistance. It is only in the event they are unable to provide adequate assistance that governments must
accept offers of support from humanitarian organizations.

Section Two: GBV coordination STRUCTURES 35

 Section Two: GBV
coordination STRUCTURES
A. The cluster approach
3. Protection Cluster

What is the Protection Cluster (PC)? The Protection Cluster Working Group
• The work of the PC at the global level
The Protection Cluster is one of the 11 recognized is conducted through the PC Working
global clusters. Established in 2005, it is the main Group (PCWG) and is chaired by
forum for coordinating protection activities in UNHCR, which is the lead agency for
humanitarian action—including GBV—and covers a protection at the global level.
wide range of activities that aim to ensure the rights of • The PCWG is accountable to the UN
all individuals are respected, regardless of their age, ERC.
gender and social, ethnic, national, religious or other • See Annex 4 for the IASC PCWG Info
Note.
background.

The PC represents the first systematic attempt by the humanitarian community to bring together
protection actors, which include UN human rights, humanitarian and development agencies, as
well as non-governmental and other international organizations.
IS 2.A.3

UNHCR is the global lead agency for the Protection Cluster. However, at the country level in
natural-disaster situations or in complex emergencies without significant displacement, the three
protection-mandated agencies (UNHCR, UNICEF and OHCHR) have committed to consult closely
and, under the overall leadership of the Humanitarian Coordinator/Resident Coordinator, agree
which among them would assume the role of cluster lead for protection.
Protection Cluster

How does the Protection Cluster’s mandate and structure differ from other
clusters?

Unlike other clusters, the PC is organized with a two-tier/dual mandate architecture. The first tier
(the overall Protection Cluster) addresses comprehensive and integrated protection interventions,
with the goal of making “the whole larger than the sum of the parts.” The second tier (the Areas of
Responsibility) addresses specialized protection issues in order to facilitate inter-agency response
to meet programmatic and geographic gaps in the respective specialized areas.

PROTECTION CLUSTER WORKING GROUP

Child Protection GBV Mine Action Housing, Land & Rule of Law &
UNICEF UNICEF/UNFPA UNMAS Property Justice
UNHABITAT UNDP/OHCHR

What is an ‘Area of Responsibility’ (AoR)?

The PCWG divided some of the key areas of protection into overarching and generally applicable
‘functional components’ or Areas of Responsibility (AoR). These AoRs are meant to strengthen
protection coordination, policy, capacity and response according to their respective focus. The
responsibilities of these AoRs are comparable to the work of any of the clusters (including in terms
of acting as providers of last resort; see IS 2.A.2 and IS 2.A.4). The difference is that the AoRs
function under the umbrella of the Protection Cluster.

36 Section Two: GBV coordination STRUCTURES

Since AoRs are built on pre-existing inter-agency coordination and policy work in specific technical
areas, certain agencies have agreed at the global level to serve as Focal Point Agencies for certain
areas of responsibility, as illustrated in the diagram above. Under the coordination of the cluster
lead, the Focal Point Agency is responsible for ensuring an effective response in its particular
AoR in collaboration with other participating agencies. Acting as focal point does not mean the
agency is expected to undertake all protection activities within the specific AoR. Rather, the Focal
Point Agency is responsible to the cluster lead for ensuring that those activities are undertaken,
irrespective of whether the agency itself is implementing the activities or has delegated this role
to a partner.

Just like global activities, focal point arrangements can be—but do not have to be—made at the
country level. It is the role of the PCWG, country teams and the HC/RC to decide what coordination
structure best suits the situation on the ground, including determining whether specific AoRs
should be launched and, if so, matching AoRs with focal point agencies. The decision depends
on the specific context. It takes into account existing protection risks and gaps, which may change
over time, and the expertise and operational capacity of the agencies working in the country.

What is the role of the PC globally?

Setting standards In light of its diverse membership, the PCWG plays an important role in
and policies developing joint policies, standards and tools related to protection. This
includes providing legal and operational guidance about protection for staff and

IS 2.A.3
partners in the field. The PCWG also identifies and evaluates good practices in
protection and makes them available for adaptation and replication elsewhere.
Strengthening the The PCWG works to build the response capacity in protection by developing
capacity for protection training materials; training staff and partners at the local, national, regional and
international levels; and supporting the work of surge capacity and standby
rosters with qualified protection staff for rapid deployment to emergencies.

Protection Cluster
Providing The PCWG can provide operational support and guidance to humanitarian
operational support teams at the country level, if and when requested, in both cluster and non-
cluster countries. Support can be given by various means, including:
• Undertaking support missions to help identify protection gaps and
develop response strategies.
• Providing technical support and policy advice.
• Providing guidance on mainstreaming human rights, age, gender and
diversity, and HIV.
• Strengthening protection capacity, including through training.
• Supporting global advocacy and resource mobilization on protection.
Mainstreaming Protection is a cross-cutting issue. This means it should be integrated into all
protection aspects of humanitarian response. All humanitarian actors share a responsibility
to ensure that their activities do not lead to or perpetuate discrimination, abuse,
violence, neglect or exploitation. All activities should promote and respect
human rights and enhance protection. The Protection Cluster helps ensure that
protection is mainstreamed into the work of other clusters and sectors.

What is the role of the PC at the field level?

At the field level, the PC is responsible for meeting the generic responsibilities outlined in the
IASC Guidance Note on Using the Cluster Approach to Strengthen Humanitarian Response (http://
oneresponse.info/Pages/default.aspx) and customizing them to the protection environment of a
particular country operation. As such, the PC brings together a variety of national and international
actors in order to ensure timely, appropriate and comprehensive response to a variety of specific
protection concerns elaborated in the master list of protection problems in Annex 5. The PC also
is responsible for facilitating integration of protection concerns into the work of other clusters and
sectors. Thus, the PC at the field level is responsible for targeted protection work, as well as
mainstreaming protection. One component of mainstreaming protection involves promoting the
integration of relevant cross-cutting issues (human rights, gender, diversity, mental health and
psychosocial support and HIV/AIDS) into cross-sectoral work.

Section Two: GBV coordination STRUCTURES 37

 Resources

Global Protection Cluster website:

http://oneresponse.info/GlobalClusters/Protection/Pages/default.aspx
IASC Human Rights Guidance Note for Humanitarian Coordinators (June 2006).
http://www.who.int/hac/network/interagency/news/HR_guidance/en/index.html
Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement (1998).
http://www.humanitarianreform.org/Default.aspx?tabid=613
When Displacement Ends: A Framework for Durable Solutions (The Brookings Institution, 2007).
http://www.humanitarianreform.org/Default.aspx?tabid=613
Handbook for the Protection of Internally Displaced Persons (Global Protection Cluster Working Group,
2010).
http://oneresponse.info/GlobalClusters/Protection
Protecting Persons Affected by Natural Disasters, IASC Operational Guidelines and Field Manual on
Human Rights and Natural Disasters (IASC, 2006).
http://www.humanitarianinfo.org

Annexes

A4: PCWG Info Note

A5: Master List of Protection Problems
IS 2.A.3
Protection Cluster

38 Section Two: GBV coordination STRUCTURES

 Section Two: GBV
coordination STRUCTURES
A. The cluster approach
4. GBV Area of Responsibility

What is the GBV Area of Responsibility?

The GBV AoR is one of five ‘functional components’ of the Protection Cluster. It is the first formal
effort to establish a globally standardized mechanism for facilitating a multi-sectoral approach to
GBV prevention and response.

At the global level the work of the GBV AoR is conducted by the GBV AoR Working Group (GBV
AoR), which is led jointly by UNFPA and UNICEF. On a daily basis the GBV AoR is co-chaired by
UNICEF or UNFPA and an international NGO. UN leadership rotates between the two agencies
on an annual basis, and every year a new NGO co-chair is elected. The GBV AoR is accountable to
UNHCR as the PCWG lead. More information on the role of co-leads and co-chairs of the global
GBV AoR can be found in the GBV AoR Terms of Reference (TOR) in Annex 6.

At the field level the GBV AoR may alternatively be known as the GBV Sub-Cluster or GBV

IS 2.A.4
Working Group. In settings where this language is unfamiliar or ill-advised, coordination
partners may opt to name the coordination structure something more culturally and/or politically
appropriate, such as Women’s Protection. The Guidance Note on Determining Field-level Leadership of
a GBV Area of Responsibility Working Group provides general information about determining GBV
leadership at the field level as described below and in Annex 7, but stresses there is no set formula
for determining which agency(ies) (and which individual(s) within that agency/ies) assumes

GBV Area of Responsibility

responsibility for coordinating GBV interventions in a cluster context.

What is the overall objective of the What is the overall objective of the GBV AoR
GBV AoR at the global level? at the field level?

To develop effective and inclusive protection To facilitate rapid implementation of GBV

mechanisms that promote a coherent, programming in an acute humanitarian
comprehensive and coordinated approach to emergency setting, including liaison and
GBV at the field level, including prevention, coordination with other clusters/organizations
care, support, recovery and perpetrator (coalition-building), training and sensitization,
accountability. strategic planning, monitoring and evaluation.

All actions taken by the GBV AoR must be:

• In line with the IASC Guidelines for Gender-based

Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Settings.
• Undertaken in accordance with international
humanitarian law and human rights law.
• Informed by regional or national legal frameworks in
specific country support actions.

Section Two: GBV coordination STRUCTURES 39

 How is the GBV AoR field leadership determined?

The following general rules can guide field actors in determining an appropriate leadership
structure for GBV coordination. These decisions must be informed by participatory processes that also
encourage local co-leadership.

1. Where there is a Protection Cluster:

As the global GBV AoR co-leads, UNFPA and UNICEF must first determine if one or both
agencies have adequate capacity to assume a leadership position in this regard, including
funding, staff (e.g., allocating a full-time, preferably mid- to senior-level staff person to the role
of GBV Coordinator) and technical expertise/understanding of GBV.

a) UNFPA and UNICEF have the capacity to assume leadership:

One or both agencies – depending on which agency has the capacity to lead – are
responsible for supporting and/or establishing an inter-agency GBV coordination
body, preferably in partnership with a local entity/organization.

b) Neither UNFPA nor UNICEF has the capacity to assume leadership:

Both UNFPA and UNICEF must work with the HC/RC, the Protection Cluster lead
(where relevant), the UN Humanitarian Country Team and relevant I/NGOs, Red
Cross/Red Crescent and government actors to identify and support an agency to
take on a leadership role in the coordination of inter-agency GBV interventions. This
could be a UN entity, international or national NGO or the government. Again, local
IS 2.A.4

leadership should be supported wherever feasible.

2. Where there is a no Protection Cluster but GBV has been identified as a priority area of
concern and the cluster system is in place: UNFPA and UNICEF should coordinate with other
relevant entities and NGOs to support and/or establish an inter-agency GBV coordination
body, in line with the actions outlined in the Guidance Note found in Annex 7.
GBV Area of Responsibility

3. Where there is a no cluster system is in place: UNFPA and UNICEF should coordinate
with other relevant entities and NGOs to support and/or establish an inter-agency GBV
coordination body, in line with the actions outlined in the IASC GBV Guidelines. (See IS 2.B.3)

What happens when there is a pre-existing inter-agency forum for addressing

GBV?

This body should always be considered first as a potential forum for coordinating GBV in a
cluster context. Parallel structures should not be established unless absolutely necessary. Rather,
consideration should be given to making the existing structure stronger and sustainable.

Lesson learned Possible scenarios and their

Identifiable lead person for GBV Coordination is perceived as solutions include:
useful: In Liberia, having an identifiable lead person for GBV
coordination seemed to have helped outside partners (mainly ►► A gender coordination body
national and international NGO partners) identify whom to exists, but this forum does not
turn to with questions and seemed to make the work of the GBV focus adequately on the issue of
coordination structure more visible. GBV in emergencies; too many
organizations within this body
Other studies have shown that coordination needs dedicated focus on gender more broadly.
leadership and capacity—this creates a positive feedback loop, as Possible solution: Creating a
visible dedicated capacity leads to more willingness of partners to
GBV Task Force comprised of
participate actively in coordination because the structure is more
clearly identifiable. The person coordinating should have a broad institutions working directly on
spectrum of expertise related to GBV, not only for the purposes of GBV prevention and response
effective coordination, but also to provide technical assistance in that reports to both the existing
meeting the goals of the coordination mechanism’s GBV strategy. gender coordination body and
(See IS 4.1 and Annex 7 for GBV Coordinator TOR.) the Protection Cluster.

40 Section Two: GBV coordination STRUCTURES

 ►► A GBV coordination structure already exists, but the group does not specifically address
the issue of GBV in emergencies. Possible solution: Creating a GBV in Emergencies Sub-
working Group.
►► A national, government-led GBV coordination structure already exists, but a gap analysis
indicates that this group is not as effective as it could be. Possible solution: Developing a
joint UNCT and NGO programme to bolster the activities of this coordination structure.

How should the GBV coordination mechanism establish and formalize

leadership?

Every effort should be made to ensure

that decisions about leadership of the
Good practice
coordination mechanism are informed by In post-conflict Liberia, GBV coordination is led by
local partners and that there is consensus the Ministry of Gender and Development and the
about the lead agencies/organizations. GBV Joint Programme Management Team (which
includes UN agencies and UNMIL). An assistant
Ideally, a local organization/agency would at
minister was designated as counterpart to the Joint
minimum share leadership with a UN agency
Programme Advisor with a clear TOR. This shared
or international NGO. In all co-leaderships, leadership between the UN and the government
regardless of their composition, the division has enhanced monitoring, partnership and
of labour must be clearly articulated and transparency and has also stimulated government
communicated to relevant stakeholders by ownership of the coordination process.
establishing a TOR for the coordination body

IS 2.A.4
and possibly by also developing a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the co-leads.
(See IS 4.3 on developing TORs.)

What is the relationship between the GBV coordination mechanism and the
Protection Cluster?

GBV Area of Responsibility

If the GBV coordination mechanism is established as an AoR under the Protection Cluster, both
the Protection Cluster Lead(s) and the GBV AoR Lead(s) have a responsibility to ensure that the
activities of the GBV coordination mechanism are
Good practice in line with and supportive of the broad goals and
In Uganda, the GBV Sub-Cluster meeting objectives of the Protection Cluster. (See IS 2.A.3 for
announcement, reminders, agenda and information about the role of the Protection Cluster.) In
minutes of the meeting were always keeping with the broad protection mandate, the GBV
sent to the Protection Cluster lead as AoR must not only work specifically on coordinating
well as the Child Protection Sub-Cluster and implementing protection (i.e., prevention and
focal point/coordinator. Updates and
response) programming related to GBV as outlined
announcements from the Protection
Cluster lead and Child Protection focal in the IASC GBV Guidelines, they should also be
point were standing agenda items for all responsible for ensuring that GBV prevention and
meetings of the GBV Sub-Cluster. response strategies are mainstreamed throughout
other clusters. Also in line with the broad protection
mandate, the GBV coordination mechanism should work with relevant experts to ensure that cross-
cutting issues (in particular, mental health and psychosocial support and gender) are integrated
in the work of other clusters.

There should be close communication and collaboration between the Protection Cluster and the
GBV AoR, through regular reporting and information-sharing processes, as well as attendance by
the GBV AoR Coordinator(s) at all Protection Cluster meetings.

What is the relationship between the GBV coordination mechanism and other
clusters?

In addition to its responsibility to address specific protection concerns related to GBV, the
GBV coordination mechanism should work with other clusters to ensure that GBV prevention
and response activities are integrated into cluster strategies, workplans, programming, etc., as

Section Two: GBV coordination STRUCTURES 41

 per the IASC GBV Guidelines. In
this way, the GBV coordination
Critical to know
mechanism can provide technical and According to the GBV AoR Guidance Note (see Annex
other assistance to clusters in meeting 7) the provider of last resort for GBV is shared across
their GBV-related responsibilities clusters/sectors, in the same way that other GBV
and can facilitate coordination of responsibilities are shared. (See IS 2.A.2 for basic
information on provider of last resort.) For GBV-related
multi-sectoral GBV activities to
protection issues, the provider of last resort is the GBV
ensure that all clusters are working AoR focal point agencies (UNFPA and UNICEF), under
as collaboratively and efficiently as the overall leadership of UNHCR as the designated global
possible with one another and with cluster lead for protection and as agreed by the Protection
the GBV coordination mechanism. Cluster at the country level. For GBV-related protection
However, the GBV coordination issues in settings where there is no GBV AoR, the provider
mechanism is not responsible for of last resort is the lead protection agency on the ground.
coordinating the GBV-related activities For GBV-related responsibilities outside of protection (i.e.,
of specific clusters. Cluster-specific all of the sector-specific responsibilities identified within
coordination and implementation of the IASC GBV Guidelines), the provider of last resort is
the lead of that particular cluster: for health-related GBV
GBV programming (e.g., ensuring the
issues the provider of last resort is WHO; for water and
MISP is launched through the Health sanitation-related GBV issues the provider of last resort is
Cluster and that the Water, Sanitation UNICEF, etc. How this concept of provider of last resort
and Hygiene (WASH) Cluster is applied should be clearly defined and outlined in the
ensures sex-segregated latrines) is the GBV AoR Terms of Reference. Note that if cluster leads
responsibility of the respective cluster and global focal points do not adequately discharge their
IS 2.A.4

leads. (See IS 3.5 on mainstreaming responsibilities, actors on the ground should consult with
GBV into other clusters/sectors.) the UN Humanitarian Team for troubleshooting purposes.

Resources

For regularly updated information about where GBV coordination mechanisms have been
GBV Area of Responsibility

implemented in emergencies around the world and their leadership structures, visit the GBV AoR
website. Also note that the GBV AoR is initiating a Community of Practice in order to strengthen
communication networks amongst those working on GBV coordination in emergencies that will
also be accessible on the AoR website: http://gbv.oneresponse.info

Annexes

A6: GBV Area of Responsibility Terms of Reference

A7: GBV AoR Guidance Note on Determining Field-level Leadership of a GBV AoR Working
Group in a Cluster Context (which includes as an annex the GBV Coordinator TOR)

42 Section Two: GBV coordination STRUCTURES

 Section Two: GBV
coordination STRUCTURES
B. Other actors essential to GBV coordination
1. UN Action against sexual violence in conflict

What is UN Action?

United Nations Action Against Sexual Violence in Conflict (UN Action) is a network of 12 UN
system entities (listed below) launched in March 2007. The network’s goal is to end sexual violence
occurring during and in the aftermath of armed conflict. UN Action embodies the UN system’s
response to Security Council Resolutions 1820 (June 2008) and 1888 (September 2009), which
frame conflict-related sexual violence as a threat to international peace and security. When there
is a breakdown in the UN’s response to GBV at the field level, members of the GBV coordination
group can reach out to UN Action for assistance with advocacy to ensure that all 12 UN Action
entities are working in a collaborative and complementary manner. This might also include
reaching out to UN Action for assistance in bridging the gap between humanitarian intervention
and peacekeeping/security or for catalytic funding to ignite appropriate UN entity action.

IS 2.B.1
UN Action against sexual violence in conflict
What are the objectives of UN Action?

UN Action seeks to augment existing efforts by the UN system and its peace-support operations to
improve coordination and accountability, to amplify programming and advocacy and to support
national efforts to prevent sexual violence and respond effectively to the needs of survivors.

Specifically, it aims to: UN Action Members -

DPA - UN Department of Political Affairs
►► Align the UN’s work more effectively DPKO - UN Department of Peacekeeping
behind national efforts to address Operations
sexual violence. OCHA - UN Office for the Coordination of
►► Convene principals of UN entities to Humanitarian Affairs
facilitate improved joint UN response OHCHR - UN Office of the High Commissioner
at the country level. for Human Rights
►► Harness the comparative strengths of
UNAIDS - Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS
UNDP – UN Development Programme
each UN system entity.
UNFPA – UN Population Fund
►► Support existing UN coordination
UNHCR - UN High Commissioner for Refugees
mechanisms, including the GBV AOR UNICEF - UN Children’s Fund
and the IASC Gender Sub-Working UNIFEM - UN Development Fund for Women
Group. WFP - UN World Food Programme
►► Position responses to sexual violence in WHO - UN World Health Organization
conflict more centrally within UN tools
and mechanisms, including CAPs, CERFs, Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs)
and Common Country Assessment/UN Development Assistance Frameworks (CCA/
UNDAFs) (see IS 3.2).
►► Enhance the UN’s response to Security Council Resolutions 1820/1888, 1325/1889,
1612/1882 and 1674 (see IS 1.4), broadening the constituency for addressing sexual violence
against civilians.

Section Two: GBV coordination STRUCTURES 43

 What are the main pillars of UN Action?

Country-level action: supporting joint strategy development and programming by UNCTs and
DPKO (in collaboration with GBV coordination structures on the ground), including building
operational and technical capacity.

Advocating for action: raising public awareness and generating political will to address sexual
violence as part of the broader campaign to Stop Rape Now.

Learning by doing: creating a knowledge hub on the scale of sexual violence in conflict and
effective responses by the UN and partners.

UN Action provides strategic, technical and financial support to strengthen UN system

coordination, strategy development and joint programming in conflict-affected countries that
have peacekeeping or political missions with a protection of civilians mandate (e.g., Sudan, the
DRC and Liberia). It also works with national governments and civil society partners to:

►► Generate public awareness and condemnation of the use of sexual violence as a tactic of
war.
►► End impunity for perpetrators of conflict-related sexual violence.
►► Foster good practices in prevention of sexual violence and protection of civilians at risk.
►► Improve and scale-up services for survivors.
IS 2.B.1

►► Address the longer-term impacts of sexual violence on communities, recovery and national
development.

How can the GBV coordination mechanism contribute to broader UN system

efforts to address conflict-related sexual violence?
UN Action against sexual violence in conflict

The coordinated efforts of humanitarian actors to address GBV through the Protection Cluster
(where it is operational) or other coordination fora is an essential pillar of any comprehensive
programming to tackle sexual violence in conflict. Prevention and response activities need to be
fully coordinated and, where appropriate and safe, include efforts to address issues of impunity.
The UN Action network aims to harmonise the work of all UN system entities—including peace
and security actors (such as DPKO and DPA) and development actors—in order to contribute to
and supplement the work of the GBV AoR or other GBV coordination mechanisms.

Resources

UN Action website:
http://www.stoprapenow.org/about.html

44 Section Two: GBV coordination STRUCTURES

 Section Two: GBV
coordination STRUCTURES
B. Other actors essential to GBV coordination
2. UN peacekeeping missions

How many UN peacekeeping missions have a protection of civilians mandate?

There are currently eight UN missions authorized by the Security Council to protect civilians under
imminent threat of physical violence. For many reasons, however, it is difficult to protect civilians
from sexual violence, even though peacekeeping
UN Peacekeeping Missions operations are trying. Participants at a conference
MINURCAT – Central African Republic on the issue held in 2008 agreed that not enough is
MINUSTAH – Haiti
being done by peacekeepers to protect women and
MONUC – DR Congo
UNAMID - Darfur
children from widespread and systematic sexual
UNIFIL - Lebanon violence during conflict, even though the credibility
UNMIL - Liberia of UN peacekeepers largely depends on a visible
UNMIS - Sudan and tangible response to this issue.1 The absence of a
UNOCI - Côte d’Ivoire synergy between peacekeeping departments, the full
range of UN entities and humanitarian response actors

IS 2.B.2
is primarily why UN Action Against Sexual Violence in Conflict was launched in 2007 (see IS
2.B.1). It is also why Security Council Resolution 1888 was called for: Security Council Resolution
1888 mandates peacekeeping departments to engage with GBV actors at both the global and field
levels to establish a more formal relationship with humanitarian response actors. It also aims to
establish a more formal bridge between the political and security sectors and the humanitarian
response sector.

UN peacekeeping missions
How do UN peacekeeping missions coordinate with the rest of the UN system
around sexual violence?

In multi-dimensional UN peacekeeping operations, the UN has adopted an ‘integrated approach’

for all parts of the UN system that are active in that country. This means the UN peacekeeping
operations and UN Country Team should work towards the same strategic vision. A Deputy
Special Representative of the Secretary-General (DSRSG) – who is sometimes the Humanitarian
Coordinator and the Resident Coordinator of the UN Country Team – ensures effective coordination
and integration of efforts. Additionally, in emergencies where there are clusters, peacekeeping and
civilian personnel sometimes (depending on the mandate of the mission and various components)
participate in cluster meetings to make sure that their work is coordinated properly with the work
of humanitarian actors. However, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) is not a
formal member of the humanitarian cluster system.

DPKO is currently developing operational guidance to missions about addressing conflict-related

sexual violence, in line with Security Council Resolutions 1820 and 1888 (see IS 1.4). To date, the
DPKO Policy Directive on Gender Equality has been the main reference for all gender-related
concerns (including GBV) in peacekeeping settings. Depending on the mission structure and
mandate, the mission Gender Advisors—in cooperation with the Human Rights Section, Child
Protection, HIV/AIDS, Rule of Law and the police—coordinate actions to address conflict-related
sexual violence and other forms of GBV.

Since the adoption of Security Council Resolutions 1820 and 1888, and with the appointment of a
Special Representative to the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict, DPKO is putting in
place a more standardized structure to coordinate mission activities in addressing sexual violence,
including the deployment of women protection advisors in some peacekeeping missions.
1
See “Women targeted or affected by armed conflict: what role for military peacekeepers?”, Conference Summary.
May 27-29, 2008, Wilton Park, Sussex, UK. Available at: http://www.stoprapenow.org/about.html

Section Two: GBV coordination STRUCTURES 45

 Section Two: GBV
coordination STRUCTURES
B. Other actors essential to GBV coordination
3. Coordination in settings where there are no clusters

What happens to GBV coordination when there are no clusters?

In emergency settings where there is no cluster

approach, the guidelines for creating a GBV
Critical to know
coordination mechanism should follow, as As mentioned in IS 2.A.4 on GBV coordination
closely as possible, those set out in the IASC within the cluster approach, any emergency
GBV Guidelines. The IASC GBV Guidelines coordination efforts should always attempt
were introduced prior to the cluster approach; to build on pre-existing, inter-agency GBV
coordination mechanisms (and/or work
therefore the information they provide is
with pre-existing gender theme groups). This
relevant to any humanitarian emergency,
standard also applies to settings where clusters
whether ‘clusterized’ or not. are not activated.

The only truly different aspect of coordination in settings where there are no clusters is that
there will be no designated lead agency to take on the responsibility for initiating a coordination
IS 2.B.3

mechanism, and there is no specified provider of last resort.

According to the IASC GBV Guidelines, there typically will be a group of organizations
responsible for humanitarian coordination, with one organization or individual providing overall
coordination and leadership. This coordinating group, in close collaboration with UNHCR and
other international and national agencies that have a specific protection and/or GBV mandate,
Coordination in settings where there are no clusters

as well as with gender theme groups, government actors (where feasible) and people of concern,
should take the following actions1:

1. Establish inter-organizational, multi-sectoral GBV working groups at the national, regional

and local levels, made up of GBV focal points and any other key multi-sectoral actors from
the community, government, UN, international and local NGOs, donors, etc.
2. The national-level GBV working group should select a coordinating agency(ies)—
preferably two organizations working in a collaborative arrangement. The organizations
could be UN, international or local NGOs, or other representative bodies invested with
due authority.
3. The national coordinating agency(ies) is/are responsible for ensuring that the actions
described in the IASC GBV Guidelines are carried out at the national, regional and local
levels.
4. The coordinating agency(ies) is/are further responsible for ensuring that the key activities
described in this handbook are implemented.

Good to know
The multi-sectoral and interagency characteristics of GBV programming can make coordination very
challenging due to different personalities, opinions, interests, priorities and communication styles. “In
order to establish effective response services and prevention strategies, key stakeholders are needed to
participate in planning and implementation. First, we must identify these people. Then, we must find
ways to engage them to join us. We must know something about what motivates these individuals, and
try to provide it when feasible.” Source: JSI/RHRC, Training Manual for Multisectoral and Interagency
Prevention and Response to Gender-based Violence (2004).

1
Adapted from the IASC GBV Guidelines, pp.17-19.

46 Section Two: GBV coordination STRUCTURES

Resources

IASC, Guidelines for Gender-based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Settings: Focusing on

Prevention of and Response to Sexual Violence in Emergencies (2005).
http://gbv.oneresponse.info
RHRC/JSI Research and Training Institute, Training Manual Facilitator’s Guide: Multisectoral &
Interagency Prevention and Response to Gender-based Violence in Populations Affected by
Armed Conflict (2004).
http://www.rhrc.org/resources/gbv/gbv_manual/intro.pdf

IS 2.B.3
Coordination in settings where there are no clusters

Section Two: GBV coordination STRUCTURES 47

© UNICEF/NYHQ2003-0356/Ami Vitale
India, 2003

Section 3:
3
Introduction
GBV coordination
FUNCTIONS

49
 Section Three: GBV
coordination FUNCTIONS
Introduction

What is this section about?

This section identifies the ‘what’ of coordination in terms of major tasks/activities. The information
sheets elaborate the priorities of any coordination mechanism, which include (in the order in which
they are presented in this section):

►► Developing information systems for ►► Supporting development of Standard

coordination. Operating Procedures.
►► Making appeals for GBV funding. ►► Building capacity of GBV partners.
►► Conducting advocacy. ►► Developing information, education,
►► Working with the media. and communication (IEC) materials.
►► Mainstreaming GBV into other ►► Conducting assessments, data
cluster/sectors. collection and monitoring.

Those implementing GBV coordination mechanisms should be familiar with all of the information
in this section in order to anticipate the activities that will be required from the onset of an
emergency to ensure effective coordination. It is important to note, however, that the information
provided in this section is not exhaustive: other responsibilities will certainly arise during

3
the coordination process. It is also important to remember that coordination is not just about
activities—it describes a process. Section four and Section five of this handbook focus more on
some of the process-related issues of coordination.

Introduction
What is the purpose of GBV coordination?

Too often, information-sharing is perceived by coordination partners to be the primary purpose

of coordination. While information-sharing is one important aspect of coordination, it is certainly
not the only one. Coordination is about putting in place multi-sectoral, inter-agency action to
address GBV – moving from theory to practice. The goal of coordination is to provide accessible,
prompt, confidential and appropriate services to survivors according to a basic set of guiding principles and
to put in place mechanisms to prevent GBV.

Critical to know
All coordination activities should be guided by principles—those promoted in the human rights-based,
survivor-centred and community-based approaches described in IS 1.3. A principled approach to
coordination involves (but is not limited to):
• Ensuring the needs of people of concern are taken into account, not just the needs of humanitarian
actors.
• Respecting all partners in the coordination process by setting up a regular procedure for
coordination, including: allocating sufficient human and financial resources to facilitate
coordination; having a specific and accessible meeting time and place; maintaining ground rules
and clear objectives; using time wisely; and being action-oriented.
• Avoiding duplication of efforts/supporting synergy and harmonization of action (and staying
vigilant to minimize competition among humanitarian actors).
• Developing allies and minimizing discord.
• Documenting research and decisions and SHARING them: promoting transparency whenever
possible.
• Making rational and appropriate use of local resources.
• Monitoring performance and impact of coordination efforts, especially on GBV programming.
• Preventing ‘burnout’ and diminished motivation by planning carefully and being clear about
roles and responsibilities.
• Creating opportunities for reflection, social cohesion/networking and enjoyment!

Section Three: GBV coordination FUNCTIONS 51

 Ultimately, successful coordination should result in better, more targeted, responsible and
responsive action. All of our coordination efforts are about creating a safer and more supportive
environment for women, girls, boys and men to survive and thrive. We must always ask ourselves
why we are coordinating GBV interventions and who is benefiting. Whenever we initiate the
tasks identified in this section, we should first consider the potential impact of our coordination
efforts on the affected populations themselves, and then on the actors engaged in prevention and
response interventions.
3
Introduction

52 Section Three: GBV coordination FUNCTIONS

 Section Three: GBV
coordination FUNCTIONS
1. Developing an information system for coordination

What is an information system for coordination?

An information system for coordination relates to collecting and sharing information that is
essential to effective coordination. It should not be confused with collecting and sharing data
related to incidents of GBV, which is discussed in IS 3.9. Information-collection and -sharing is
critical to ensuring that the coordination mechanism is active, well-managed and transparent.
Some of the key information to collect and share includes (but is not limited to):

THE 3 Ws-Who, What and Where There are many types of information that should be
shared to facilitate coordination activities, but one of the
most important is the mapping of the 3 Ws in all of the key areas related to GBV prevention
and response (health, psychosocial care, legal aid, gender, etc). Identifying GBV actors, their
programmes and their geographic coverage is a critical first step in establishing and maintaining
a coordination mechanism. It assists GBV Coordinators in identifying key partners for inclusion
in the coordination mechanism and it also helps to reveal gaps in coverage that can inform action-
planning and proposals for funding. Ongoing mapping of the 3 Ws further assists in monitoring

IS 3.1
improvements in programming and persistent gaps. (See Annex 8 for a sample of the 3 Ws form
used by the Kenya GBV Sub-Cluster.)

GBV Coordination Mechanism Documents These documents might include the Terms of
Reference of the GBV coordination mechanism(s)

Developing an information system for coordination

(including national, regional and local TORs,), the GBV Strategy/Action Plan, coordination
meeting minutes and any other documents specifically related to the terms and plans of the GBV
coordination body. (See IS 4.3 on Developing TORs and IS 4.4 on Drafting an Action Plan.)

Rapid Assessments of GBV and other These include only those research documents that have
Public Research Documents on GBV been prepared for public dissemination and therefore
meet standards
Critical to know
of safety, security and confidentiality. (See IS 3.9 on
conducting assessments.) Information about specific incidents
of GBV should NOT be shared and
Training Schedule and Materials This would include a special care should be taken about
distributing any collated data: all
calendar of GBV and
guiding principles associated with
gender-related training events and all training materials ethical and safe data collection must
used by GBV partners, as well as international training be upheld; a standard system for
materials such as the IASC Caring for Survivors Training. (See sharing data should be developed
Annex 9 for a sample training information matrix.) and agreed upon by partners; and
no identifying information should
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) SOPs are the be included in any of the data
operational summaries. (See IS 3.9 for more
guidance procedures at the field level, and where there are information about ethical and safe
no security concerns about sharing field protocols, making data collection and sharing.)
copies of all SOPs publicly available can be useful for those
working in and travelling to field locations, as well for those working at the national level. (See IS
3.6 on supporting development of SOPs.)
Press Releases and Other Information-related Documents The GBV coordination mechanism
Produced by the Coordination Mechanism
may from time-to-time produce
press releases or other educational
information related to GBV issues in the affected setting(s), such as donor fact sheets or information
sheets for other humanitarian sectors. (See IS 3.4 on working with the media.)

Section Three: GBV coordination FUNCTIONS 53

 IEC Materials Should the coordination mechanism produce joint IEC materials—posters,
documentaries, etc.—they should be made available as part of information-
sharing and exchange. (See IS 3.8 on developing IEC materials.)

Standard GBV Resources Ideally, information-sharing would include making key documents,
such as the IASC GBV Guidelines, Mental Health and Psychosocial
Support Guidelines, HIV Guidelines, and the Gender Handbook, accessible to GBV partners as
well as to members of other cluster/sectors.

How should this information be organized and disseminated?

One of the key things to remember about information

Good to know management is that it is a time-consuming task that
Creating an online group website is can conflict with coordination and management
not difficult! Information managers can priorities. Therefore, it will likely require a fully
establish a group website through Google, dedicated information manager. This person should
Yahoo or another web-based provider, be identified as quickly as possible when setting up
in which members can post messages, a coordination mechanism. It will be very important
share files, etc. Information managers to the success of data collection that this person is
can determine levels of access to the proactive and sensitive to capacities of partners to
information on the site according to the
supply data. Information-collection is an active
type of group member.
responsibility—it may require pursuing partners in
persistent ways, such as through telephone contact, multiple e-mails or field visits.
IS 3.1

When technology is available and accessible, the easiest way to manage and share information
is to develop a coordination website. In settings where the Internet is available, OCHA will
typically establish a website dedicated to cluster and other coordination activities; in this case,
the information manager can work with OCHA to ensure the GBV site is well-organized and
Developing an information system for coordination

continuously updated with information. The URL for the site can then be included in any public
information that is shared about the GBV coordination mechanism. (One example is the Kenya
GBV Sub-Cluster webpage developed in 2008, following post-election violence: http://www.
humanitarianreform.org/Default.aspx?tabid=521.)

If OCHA has not established a coordination website, or if Lesson Learned

there is a desire to limit sharing of certain GBV-related
materials to a specific audience, it may be useful for the The GBV AoR’s 2008 global review
GBV coordination mechanism to develop a group website of GBV coordination mechanisms
found that information-sharing was
using an easily accessible online system (see “Good to
a key challenge for coordination
know” text box above).
bodies, particularly in terms of
how GBV coordination structures
In settings where the Internet is unavailable, unreliable function, what their objectives are
or difficult to access, the information manager should and how partners contribute to the
develop briefing packs on GBV that are continuously overall aim of GBV response. They
updated. There should be a mechanism for ensuring that concluded that more systematic
relevant materials are delivered to the field in a timely information-sharing (structures,
manner. Although working with hard-copy materials can TORs, clearer information channels
be extremely time-consuming, sharing information is an and flows from the deep field to the
capital and vice versa) is needed.
essential task of coordination and should not be limited to
those who have Internet access.

Annexes

A8: Sample WWW Form

A9: Sample Training Information Matrix

54 Section Three: GBV coordination FUNCTIONS

 Section Three: GBV
coordination FUNCTIONS
2. Making appeals for GBV funding
Which funding sources are available for GBV during an emergency?

One of the most important responsibilities for a cluster/sub-cluster or other humanitarian

coordination group is soliciting funds to support the urgent needs identified by coordination
partners. It is therefore critical that GBV Coordinators understand the sources of funding that are
available and how to access them. The UN system has funding streams the GBV coordination
mechanism can tap into during emergencies (see illustration below). Information about how and
when to submit proposals for these funds is typically distributed at the national level by OCHA
to cluster leads. Where there is a Protection Cluster, the GBV Coordinator should work with the
Protection Cluster lead to become familiar with funding processes and timelines. Where there is
no Protection Cluster, the GBV Coordinator may wish to seek information directly from OCHA.
(See Annex 10 for additional information on Flash Appeals, CERF, CAP and a CAP template.)

Sequence Funding Mechanism Time Frame

FLASH APPEAL. A FLASH APPEAL should clearly

IS 3.2
Onset up to 6 months
articulate humanitarian needs, priority sectors for
1st response, response plans, and roles and responsibilities.
(UN, IOM, NGOs and governments through partners)

Making appeals for GBV funding

CERF. Projects that address life-saving activities from
the flash appeal can easily be submitted to the CERF
Onset up to 3 months
mechanism. All that is required is endorsement from the
2nd HC, putting them in the CERF format and signed Letters
of Understanding between submitting agencies and
OCHA. (UN, IOM, NGOs through UN agencies-IOM)

FLASH APPEAL - revision. As better assessment

information becomes available, the projects within the Up to 6 months
3rd Flash Appeal can be revised at any time. New projects
can be inserted. The Flash Appeal is not a static document
but is open and flexible.

CONSOLIDATED APPEAL PROCESS (CAP). The CAP

can be considered if the emergency continues for more Beyond 6 months
4th than six months. (All agencies and governments through
partners)

What is the GBV Coordinator’s role in the funding process?

In the initial five to 10 days after the onset of an emergency, details of individual GBV projects
may need to be submitted for a Flash Appeal. The GBV Coordinator should aim to do this as part
of a systematic planning process promoting an inter-agency strategic framework. If information
about the GBV partners is not yet available because the coordination mechanism is not fully
functional, the GBV Coordinator should at minimum ensure that money to support coordination
efforts is solicited through the initial Flash Appeal.

Section Three: GBV coordination FUNCTIONS 55

 In all pooled-funding processes, from the Flash Appeal forward, the GBV Coordinator can play a
key role in:

►► Facilitating the collection of information about ongoing and proposed projects amongst
GBV coordination partners.
►► Providing necessary information to GBV partners about funding requirements and the
selection process.
►► Ensuring GBV projects submitted to the GBV coordination mechanism are channelled
through the appropriate clusters/sectors (e.g., GBV-related health projects through the
Health Cluster; GBV-related livelihoods projects through the Early Recovery Cluster;
GBV-related protection projects and more ‘general’ GBV projects through the Protection
Cluster; etc.).
►► Collaborating with government partners, the Protection Cluster (where existent) and other
clusters/sectors to ensure submissions are made according to the goals of multi-sectoral
programming and to promote transparency in project selection and submission processes.

Critical to know
Selecting projects for funding must be carefully managed, with special attention to transparency and
communication. It is critical to provide clear guidance and supporting information about pooled funding
mechanisms and their criteria. It may be useful to manage project selection through an ad hoc working
or advisory group of members of the GBV coordination mechanism. Particular care should be taken to
ensure group members are genuinely representative of the diverse interests within the GBV coordination
mechanism. A group dominated by international agencies, or with inadequate government and/
IS 3.2

or community representation, may lead to misunderstanding, tension and/or conflict, undermining

the participatory basis of coordination. Care should also be taken to ensure the advisory group has
representation of other cluster/sector actors, or at minimum works closely with other clusters/sectors
in the design and selection of projects relevant to their particular cluster/sector so as to enhance multi-
sectoral action and reduce the likelihood of project replication/overlap across various clusters/sectors.
Making appeals for GBV funding

It is also very important that the GBV Coordinator be a participant rather than a lead of this group, in
order to avoid giving the impression that s/he controls the funding processes and outcomes. The GBV
Coordinator may find her/himself in the difficult position of being hosted by an agency (such as UNFPA
or UNICEF) that is a donor. In this case, the Coordinator will have to make it clear to his/her host agency
and to GBV coordination partners what role s/he has in facilitating funding processes. It is important for
the GBV Coordinator to remain as neutral as possible in the funding process.

How can a GBV Coordinator encourage exchange of funding information?

To get a realistic overview of the funding required

for critical GBV coordination and response needs,
Good practice
information should be solicited from GBV partners To help other sectors not typically engaged
about the funds already available and/or committed in GBV prevention or response to integrate
for their agencies’ GBV projects. Gathering this data gender and GBV into their 2010 CAP
proposals, the GenCap in Zimbabwe
will be difficult, particularly in the early-response
provided guidance notes to clusters and
phase when information is hazy or agencies are advocated in the CAP planning workshop
reluctant to provide financial data. Nevertheless, to include gender and GBV as project
continuous effort is required through ongoing partner prioritization and selection criteria. See
mapping and review to ensure that donor funding is Annex 11 for a copy of these guidance
prioritized for use in meeting the most critical – and notes.
under-resourced – aspects of GBV.

Other strategies to encourage sharing of funding information amongst partners include: ensuring
the involvement of agencies in the action-planning process within the GBV coordination mechanism
so that partners understand and agree on priorities for funding; making efforts to represent
the interests of as many GBV partners as possible in the projects submitted; and encouraging
collaborative projects that bring different actors together to share resources. Transparency and
participation are key.

56 Section Three: GBV coordination FUNCTIONS

What are other possible sources of funding?

The responsibility for obtaining funding does not cease when the initial crisis has waned. In
addition, funding sources are not limited to the UN system pooled-funding mechanisms described
above. The GBV Coordinator should become familiar with other sources of funding (and share
this information with GBV partners) and should also anticipate what the evolving GBV-related
funding needs may be as the GBV coordination mechanism and GBV coordination partners are
transitioning from emergency to early recovery to post-emergency and into development. Each of
these stages may require solicitation of different types of donors.

Emergency Response Fund

Good practice
In addition to common or pooled funding Regular donor liaison is an important strategy
sources, the GBV coordination mechanism in when seeking funds and will assist in providing
some countries may be able to bid for project guidance on:
funding through the Emergency Response • Donor priorities.
Fund (ERF). The ERF is managed by OCHA • Funding availability and restrictions.
through the HC and aims to provide rapid, • Funded / implementing partners.
flexible funding to:
In Kenya, a sub-group of the GBV Sub-Cluster was
tasked with advocating for additional resources
►► Address gaps in humanitarian aid. from donors. They put together a ‘donor package’
►► Enable scaling-up of response and that included an information sheet on GBV
recovery interventions, particularly during the 2008 post-election conflict and copies

IS 3.2
through international and national of unfunded CAP appeal submissions. A high-
NGOs that are not eligible for direct level official of the US Embassy voluntarily hosted
funding through the CERF. See: http:// a donor event, to which traditional and non-
ochaonline.un.org/FundingFinance/ traditional donors (i.e., local corporations) were
ResponseFunds/tabid/4404/Default. invited.

Making appeals for GBV funding

aspx

Multi-donor trust funds

A multi-donor trust fund (MDTF) is a mechanism through which donors pool their resources with
the intention of supporting national humanitarian, recovery, reconstruction and development
priorities. It is a useful additional source of funding after the immediate relief stage and helps
to reduce the burden of seeking and reporting on funding from multiple sources. The funds
are managed through an administrative agent such as UNDP, and the nature and requirements
for funding are determined based on the individual country context and programme or project
objectives. See: http://www.undp.org/mdtf/trustfunds.shtml

Traditional donors

The GBV coordination mechanism provides a useful platform for participants to develop
collaborative proposals for their traditional bilateral donors: USAID (BPRM, OFDA), ECHO, DFID,
CIDA, SIDA, Irish Aid, NorAid; private foundations (Novo, Avon, Johnson&Johnson); and UN
agencies (UNICEF, UNHCR, UNFPA, UNIFEM). Many donors encourage collective or consortia
bids, particularly bids that demonstrate partnerships with local organizations, and as such GBV
partners should use the collaborative assessment and planning process as a basis for building
relationships with other GBV agencies in order to pursue additional funding appeals.

Section Three: GBV coordination FUNCTIONS 57

 UNIFEM Trust Fund to End Violence Against Women

The UN Trust Fund is the only multilateral grant-making mechanism that supports local,
national and regional efforts to end violence against women and girls. The grants have ranged
from US$100,000 to US$300,000 and support:

►► Awareness raising.
►► Advocacy for adequate budgetary allocation.
►► Multi-sector partnerships.
►► Development of sustainable capacities of judiciaries,law enforcement and health-service
providers.
►► Access of survivors to services.
►► Creation and strengthening of data-collection systems.

See: http://www.unifem.org/gender_issues/violence_against_women/trust_fund.php

Critical to know
To successfully raise funds, all GBV actors must be good advocates (see IS 3.3) and must find ways to
develop required skills. Essential to GBV fund-raising is:
• Demonstrating an understanding of the situation.
• Being able to clearly articulate needs and gaps and the steps necessary to fill those needs and gaps.
• Demonstrating an understanding of what other actors are doing and a willingness/plan to engage
with others to ensure a truly multi-sectoral and comprehensive response.
IS 3.2

Resources
Making appeals for GBV funding

All interagency technical guidance on UN system funding procedures (Humanitarian Financing,

CERF and CAP) can be found and downloaded at the OneResponse website:
http://oneresponse.info/Pages/default.aspx
For additional information on humanitarian funding, also see:
http://ochaonline.un.org/HUMANITARIANAPPEAL/webpage.asp?Page=1241
http://ocha.unog.ch/humanitarianreform/Default.aspx?tabid=143
Kerr, J,. The Second Fundher Report: Financial Sustainability for Women’s Movements Worldwide
(Association for Women’s Rights in Development (AWID), June 2007).
http://new.vawnet.org/category/Documents.php?docid=1278&category_id=682

Annexes

A10: FAQs on FLASH, CERF, CAP and CAP Template

A11: Zimbabwe CAP Cluster Guidance Notes

58 Section Three: GBV coordination FUNCTIONS

 Section Three: GBV
coordination FUNCTIONS
3. Conducting advocacy

What is advocacy?

Often, advocacy is misunderstood as synonymous with behaviour change communication (BCC)/

information, education, communication (IEC) and/or community mobilization. Although these
activities are targeted toward promoting change and involve developing messages tailored to
a specific audience, advocacy stands apart from these approaches because the ultimate goal of
advocacy is policy change. The advocacy process is complete when a decision-maker takes a
prescribed policy action. While raising awareness of the general public may be an important step
in this process, it is not the ultimate goal.

Type of approach Aim Target groups

Community Raise awareness, empower General public, specific groups
mobilization community, build community of people
capacity to address the problem

BCC/IEC Raise awareness, change General public, specific groups

behavior of people

IS 3.3
Advocacy Raise awareness, use decision- Specific groups of influential
and policy-making to change people
the social environment

Conducting advocacy
Why is advocacy an important responsibility of a GBV coordination
mechanism?

The GBV coordination mechanism is particularly well-suited Good to know

to undertaking advocacy because it is comprised of multiple
organizations and individuals who can speak with one voice on Some of the most powerful
advocacy messages are led
a particular issue. A collective voice is often much stronger than
by the people affected by the
a solitary voice, and speaking out collectively avoids backlash problem—as long as there
being directed at a lone individual or organization, especially are no security risks to those
when an issue is controversial or difficult. The GBV coordination speaking out and the rules of
mechanism—if it is functioning effectively—should also have informed consent are very
at its disposal the information necessary to develop a strong carefully followed.
advocacy message.

How would a GBV coordination mechanism undertake advocacy?

The advocacy may best be undertaken by a GBV coordination subgroup and generally involves
the following steps:
Monitoring &
Data Collection Evaluation

STEP 1: GBV coordination partners begin with the ISSUE around which
they want to promote policy change. The issue is focused, clear and
perceived as important by the partners.

STEP 2: The partners articulate an advocacy GOAL (medium- or long-

term with vision for change) AND OBJECTIVES (short-term, specific,
measurable) based on the advocacy issue.

Section Three: GBV coordination FUNCTIONS 59

 STEP 3: The partners identify the policy AUDIENCE: decision-makers
who have the power to bring about a policy change.

STEP 4: Select GBV coordination partners with advocacy expertise

(perhaps working within a coordination sub-group) develop a compelling

Monitoring & Evaluation

advocacy MESSAGE and tailor it to the interests of the policy audience.
Data Collection

STEP 5: Partners identify the appropriate COMMUNICATION

CHANNELS to deliver the advocacy message to the policy audience. This
may include a press conference, an executive briefing packet, a public
debate, a conference for policy-makers, etc.

STEP 6: The GBV coordination partners seek to broaden the SUPPORT

base among civil society members and other allies.

STEP 7: The GBV coordination partners RAISE FUNDS and mobilize other
resources to support the advocacy campaign.

STEP 8: The GBV coordination mechanism IMPLEMENTS their advocacy

strategy according to a Plan of Action.

Data collection is an ongoing activity throughout the advocacy process and may include researching
the position of a policy audience regarding the advocacy issue.
IS 3.3

Monitoring and evaluation take place throughout the advocacy process. Before undertaking
the advocacy campaign, it is important for the advocates to determine how they will monitor their
implementation plan. In addition, group members should decide how they will evaluate or measure
results. Can they realistically expect to bring about a change in policy, programmes or funding as a
Conducting advocacy

result of their efforts? How will the group know the situation has changed?

Where and to whom should the advocacy be targeted?

Depending on the context, advocacy strategies may be targeted at one or a combination of levels:

Community level:
This type of advocacy is frontline, community-based advocacy and most often
addresses affected communities and/or direct services to survivors. It involves
persuading local decision-makers, such as humanitarian organizations or local
leaders, to support holistic GBV responses. Local decision-makers include: managers
of camps for refugees or internally displaced persons, community leaders, religious
leaders, UN and other international coordination groups, local government leaders,
local law enforcement, judicial leaders and local civil-society leaders.

District/national level:
This type of advocacy addresses improving resources and perceptions to establish or expand
systems to address GBV wherever it occurs. Targeted decision-makers might include:
district-level government officials, national-level government officials, staff in humanitarian
coordination groups, staff at UN bodies providing regional or national support, international
and local NGOs.

International level:
This type of advocacy involves organizing meetings and establishing relationships with decision-
makers influencing policies and resources for the emergency. Targeted decision-makers might include
the RC/HC, senior staff at UN agencies, international governmental aid agencies, regional coordination
bodies and other international coalitions, alliances and NGOs. The aim of these advocacy actions is
to promote an increase in financial and human resources for survivors and also to draw attention to
immediate needs to establish interventions to address sexual violence.

60 Section Three: GBV coordination FUNCTIONS

What about conducting advocacy in hostile environments?

In hostile environments—where the government, for example, is resistant to acknowledging GBV

or where armed conflict makes exposing GBV issues dangerous—it is extremely important to take
security issues into account when developing advocacy strategies. Some alternative, or ‘back–
door’ advocacy approaches include:

►► Developing strategic partnerships with trusted advocacy organizations/individuals to

confidentially channel sensitive in-country information to the international arena is one means of
back-door advocacy. Information and insight from service-delivery agencies on the ground is highly
valuable to advocacy-based organizations. Advocacy-based organizations (such as international
human rights organizations) and individuals (such as Special Rapporteurs) are in a better position
to speak loudly and publicly on sensitive issues because they do not have an on-the-ground service-
delivery element.

►► Confidentially providing journalists with accurate information about GBV during an emergency
provides additional outlets for information. Ideally the GBV coordination mechanism will provide
recommendations to GBV partners on working with journalists. (See IS 3.4 on working with media.)

►► Educating international donor organizations is an ongoing priority for the GBV coordination
mechanism. (See IS 3.2 on making appeals for GBV funding.) Providing recommendations on how
and where donor funds can be most effective improves emergency response. In addition, donor
agencies have significant influence at the highest international decision-making levels.

IS 3.3
►► Working with the HC/RC to ensure that s/he is apprised of strategic and policy-level issues for
which the UN can facilitate advocacy and, when appropriate, lead the UNCT in joint advocacy
action.

Conducting advocacy
Resources

International Rescue Committee, “GBV in Emergencies: Training Curriculum”, Module 1, Session

3 (publication pending, to be posted in 2010 to the www.rhrc.org website).
CEDPA Training Manual Series, “Gender, Reproductive Health, and Advocacy” (Washington,
DC, 2000) Sessions 9-14.
http://www.cedpa.org/section/publications?topic=37

Section Three: GBV coordination FUNCTIONS 61

 Section Three: GBV
coordination FUNCTIONS
4. Working with the media

Why is it important for the GBV coordination mechanism to work with the
media?

The media can help us:

►► Convey information. ►► Educate the local community about

►► Expose injustice. available services.
►► Promote accountability. ►► Communicate advocacy messages
►► Generate dialogue. and raise awareness about issues and
►► Increase donations/donor interest. problems in the communities in which
►► Fulfil our donor obligations. we work.
►► Make our organizations visible. ►► Say things we cannot.

How does the GBV coordination mechanism collaborate with the media?

The media can be an ally, and responsible1 journalists should be included as partners in any GBV
IS 3.4

coordination mechanism. Providing journalists with accurate information about GBV during an
emergency offers an outlet for information that can be used in strategic ways to effect positive
change. When working with journalists, however, it is important to understand the importance of
conveying appropriate messages, not only in terms of the ethical and safety issues associated with
sharing information, but also because of the high level of exposure media stories can generate.
Working with the media

It is also useful to remember that in order to engage effectively with the media, partners within
the GBV coordination mechanism will have to identify stories that are newsworthy. Partners also
may have to help journalists communicate an effective message, which usually means a message
comprised of the following elements (See Annex 12 on newsworthy stories and Annex 13 on
effective messages):

problem solution action vision

There are a variety of ways to engage with the media to get messages out there. The most likely
instruments are the press release and the interview.

Press release A vehicle for alerting the

media to an event, new data Critical to know
or a situation. It is a brief explanation of plans Providing information to journalists and donors
or ideas, meant to attract news coverage. News must be done in a confidential manner, with an
organizations are usually swamped with them emphasis on safety. Staff and those they assist
and most are thrown away without being read, can be put at risk. The realities of operating
which is why agencies and organizations tend programmes in a hostile environment are often
to send out press releases only when they have not clearly understood by non-implementing
something very significant to say. For a press partners and require a level of vigilance in
release to generate coverage, the information ensuring staff and people of concern are not
placed in dangerous situations. (See Annex 16
has to jump off the page. (See Annex 14 on press
on ethics and sensitivity.)
release guidelines and Annex 15 for a sample
press release.)
1
“Responsible” journalists refers to all those who understand and abide by the safety and ethical guidelines related to
collecting and reporting information on GBV.

62 Section Three: GBV coordination FUNCTIONS

 Press statement When someone is interviewed by the press or makes a statement to the media
in person. The press pursues getting the statement and is responsible for
responding to inquiries after the statement is released.

Press conference A media event in which newsmakers (i.e., partners in the GBV coordination
mechanism) invite journalists to hear them speak and the press is given an
opportunity to ask questions.

Interviews When a person (or persons) is asked questions on a certain topic, for radio,
television or newspaper. If members of the GBV coordination mechanism
decide to give interviews on behalf of coordination partners, it is important to remember that not
everyone will be good at interviews. It may be helpful to identify specific spokespeople within the
coordination group. (See Annex 17 on solicited interviews; Annex 18 on unsolicited interviews;
and Annex 19 on handling controversy.)

What if journalists are not reporting GBV issues Good practice

properly?
The GBV Unit of Liberia’s
Partners within the GBV coordination mechanism should track Ministry of Gender and
media coverage of GBV issues, not only to share with members Development (MOGD) has
of the coordination mechanism and, where appropriate, the organized a critical mass

IS 3.4
of journalists working
wider community, but also to determine whether GBV issues
throughout the country who
are being covered appropriately. If it is evident that journalists are willing to partner with
are not adhering to basic guiding principles when reporting a agencies and community
story, members of the GBV coordination body may decide to groups to advocate for the

Working with the media

conduct media training and/or share guidelines with media. cessation of GBV. This group
For example, journalists might be provided the guidelines calls itself Journalists Against
on GBV developed by the Ethical Journalism Initiative, a GBV, and all participants
global campaign of programmes and activities to support and have been trained in ethical
strengthen quality in media that was adopted by the World guidelines. A representative
Congress of the International Federation of Journalists in from the group attends every
GBV coordination meeting at
Moscow in 2007 and was formally launched in 2008. (See Annex
the MOGD.
20 for a copy of the guidelines.)

Resources

Drezin, J., (ed.), Picturing a Life Free of Violence: Media and Communications Strategies to End Violence
Against Women (UNIFEM, 2001).
http://www.unifem.org/materials/item_detail.php?ProductID=8
Interpress Service and Gender Links, “Reporting GBV: A Handbook for Journalists”(2009).
http://www.ips.org/mdg3/GBV_Africa_LOWRES.pdf

Annexes

A12: What Makes a Story Newsworthy?

A13: Developing an Effective Message
A14: The Press Release
A15: Sample Press Release
A16: Ethics and Sensitivity
A17: Solicited Interviews
A18: Unsolicited Interviews
A19: Handling Controversy
A20: Ethical Journalism Initiative Guidelines on GBV

Section Three: GBV coordination FUNCTIONS 63

 Section Three: GBV
coordination FUNCTIONS
5. Mainstreaming GBV into other clusters/sectors

What does it mean to ‘mainstream’ GBV into other clusters/sectors?

Too often, sectoral actors—those working in the areas of water/sanitation, shelter, food distribution,
etc.—will have limited to no experience in addressing GBV. Within the network of a ‘humanitarian
system’, GBV actors must therefore work with sectoral colleagues to promote multi-sectoral, inter-
agency action to prevent and respond to GBV and to encourage accountability of cluster/sector
leads in meeting their sector-specific GBV responsibilities.

The key to engaging cluster/sectors in GBV issues and activities is to educate and motivate
them about their responsibilities according to the IASC GBV Guidelines and the GBV Guiding
Principles (see IS 1.3) as well as the IASC Gender Handbook. Where necessary and feasible,
it is important to assist them in meeting their responsibility to mainstream GBV programming
into their work by reviewing and integrating GBV into sectoral needs assessments and analysis,
policy and programming documents, action plans, funding appeals, etc. (See Annex 21 for sample
sectoral information sheets on the GBV Guidelines; see Annex 11 for sample sectoral guidelines
on CAP submissions; see Annex 22 for sample sectoral information sheets on the IASC Gender
Handbook; see Annex 23 for a Gender Tip Sheet for Cluster/Sector Leads.)
IS 3.5

How should the GBV coordination mechanism facilitate cross-sectoral

collaboration?
Mainstreaming GBV into other clusters/sectors

In an emergency context, sectoral actors may be somewhat reluctant to take on GBV issues
because they are already overwhelmed with the more standard challenges associated with their
sector. Therefore, constant communication and monitoring of sectoral activities are important
components of GBV cross-sectoral coordination activities. The challenge is figuring out how to
create the means for this collaboration.

Ideally, cluster/sector leads would participate in the GBV coordination mechanism by attending
all GBV coordination meetings. Unfortunately, given the number of meetings cluster/sector leads
are required to attend, voluntary participation in GBV coordination meetings is unlikely. More
realistic options include:

►► Making periodic presentations to cluster leads at the OCHA cluster lead meetings
(usually held at the national level once a week during an emergency).
►► Helping the cluster/sector leads identify someone with sufficient authority and
commitment within their coordination group to represent their cluster/sector at all
GBV coordination meetings. While important in terms of facilitating collaboration, it
should be emphasized that this strategy is not likely to result in significantly improved
knowledge of GBV issues across all the clusters/sectors, because many of the cluster/
sector representatives attending GBV coordination meetings will (presumably) not be
experts on GBV.

collaboration

Sector representatives GBV representatives

participate in fielded to sector
GBV coordination meetings coordination meetings

64 Section Three: GBV coordination FUNCTIONS

 ►► Identifying GBV coordination members to regularly attend various cluster/sector
meetings to represent GBV concerns as appropriate and report back on emerging issues
at the GBV coordination meetings. It is probably not realistic—or efficient—for GBV
Coordinators to participate in all cluster/sector meetings, but they may choose to join the
designated GBV focal points (FPs) during their initial introduction and on an as-needed
basis if there are significant GBV issues that require discussion and/or advocacy. The
cluster/sector ‘report back’ of GBV FPs should be a standing item on the GBV coordination
meeting agenda, and FPs should also be responsible for ensuring key cluster/sector
documents are regularly reviewed for GBV content.

What are the responsibilities of the GBV Focal Points who participate in other
cluster/sector meetings?

In all sectoral coordination meetings, the GBV coordination representative(s) should:

►► Raise relevant GBV-related issues as per sector discussions and priorities.

►► Direct sectors to relevant elements of IASC GBV Guidelines.
►► Advocate to keep the issue of GBV on the agenda of all participating agencies, including by
ensuring all agencies have access to relevant guidelines, tools and training opportunities.

It can often be intimidating for FPs to speak up in meetings with partners who may not be
enthusiastic about their presence or about addressing the issue of GBV. FPs therefore should
be briefed on their responsibilities as well as on strategic communication, so they know their

IS 3.5
key messages and are able to deliver them succinctly and effectively. (See IS 5.2 for additional
information on strategic communication.)

Good practice

Mainstreaming GBV into other clusters/sectors

In Mozambique following the floods of 2007, the Protection Cluster was combined with the Education
Cluster and there was no GBV Sub-Cluster. In order to ensure that GBV concerns were integrated in the
preparedness and response strategies of all sectors, the Protection/Education Cluster leads identified
GBV & HIV/AIDS Focal Points to participate in other clusters. Selected FPs attended the Child Protection
& GBV in Emergencies Training (organized by Save the Children, UNFPA and UNICEF) to increase their
knowledge and understanding of the issues prior to assuming their responsibilities. They were provided
specific TORs (see Annex 24) as well as checklists to assist them in monitoring sectoral activities (see
Annex 25) and reported back regularly to the Protection/Education Cluster.

What about collaboration with the Protection Cluster?

As described in IS 2.A.4, a GBV coordination mechanism that is developed under the Protection
Cluster will be responsible for reporting to the Protection Cluster on its activities, and the GBV
Coordinator should participate in all Protection Cluster meetings to facilitate collaboration and
communication. The GBV coordination mechanism should further ensure that all GBV-related
protection work is not only closely linked with the work of the larger Protection Cluster, but also
with the other AoRs within the Protection Cluster (such as Child Protection, Rule of Law and
Justice, etc.). As such, it will be important for the GBV Coordinator and/or designated FPs within
the GBV coordination mechanism to attend AoR meetings on a regular basis.

Are there special considerations when collaborating with the Health Cluster?

Generally speaking, outside of the Protection Cluster (where one exists), the GBV coordination
mechanism is likely to work most closely with the Health Cluster. The Health Cluster has very
specific GBV-related responsibilities, e.g., implementation of the MISP (see IS 1.2), and the GBV
coordination mechanism should assist the Health Cluster—and WHO as the provider of last resort
(see IS 2.A.4)—to meet those responsibilities in whatever ways possible.

Section Three: GBV coordination FUNCTIONS 65

 Ensuring an appropriate response to the clinical management of rape is a priority MISP objective
that is required from the early stages of emergency response. While it is very important to effective
implementation of the MISP that all relevant actors are mobilized—which the GBV coordination
mechanism can help facilitate by encouraging multi-sectoral response through, for example,
ensuring the development of SOPs (see IS 3.6)—it is the ultimate responsibility of the Health
Cluster lead to see that health staff are trained and health facilities are equipped to provide care
to survivors. This is not the responsibility of the GBV coordination mechanism. Nevertheless,
the GBV coordination mechanism should be familiar with the standards of the MISP in order
to work with the Health Cluster to guarantee that basic, minimum health response is functional
and accessible to survivors. Throughout all phases of the emergency the GBV coordination
mechanism should continue to collaborate closely with the Health Cluster in terms of scaling up
health interventions, linking protection-related GBV activities of the coordination mechanism to
health interventions, and data collection and monitoring.

In addition, mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) is a cross-cutting issue that is
relevant to GBV work and usually sits within the Health or Protection clusters or is addressed
in a cross-sectoral working group. It is important for a GBV FP to attend MHPSS meetings and
promote issues of GBV, including survivor support.

Annexes

A21: GBV Guidelines Sectoral Information Sheets

A11: CAP Cluster Guidance Notes Zimbabwe
IS 3.5

A22: Gender Handbook Sectoral Information Sheets

A23: Gender Tip Sheet for Cluster/Sector Leads
A24: GBV FP ToR-Mozambique
A25: GBV FP Cluster Checklist-Mozambique
Mainstreaming GBV into other clusters/sectors

66 Section Three: GBV coordination FUNCTIONS

 Section Three: GBV
coordination FUNCTIONS
6. Supporting the development of Standard Operating
Procedures

What are Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)?

Standard Operating Procedures are specific

Critical to know procedures and agreements amongst organizations
The SOP is not a policy document; it is that reflect a plan of action and identify individual
meant to provide operational guidance organizations’ roles and responsibilities with regard
based on a multi-sectoral approach to GBV to GBV prevention and response. SOPs should
and therefore requires the endorsement of serve as a companion document to the broader
multiple GBV actors and agencies. plan of action developed by the GBV coordination
mechanism (see IS 4.4). SOPs include agreed-upon
reporting and referral systems, mechanisms for obtaining survivor consent and permission for
information-sharing, incident documentation and data analysis, coordination, and monitoring.
SOPs also address ethical and safety considerations and guiding principles for issues related to
confidentiality, respecting the wishes of the survivor, mandatory reporting and acting in the best
interests of a child.

IS 3.6
What is the process for developing SOPs?
Good to know
One of the most important aspects of developing

Supporting the development of Standard Operating Procedures

The IASC Sub-Working Group on
SOPs is the process. It should involve a series of Gender and Humanitarian Assistance:
consultations with key stakeholders and actors in Originally a task force chaired by OCHA
the setting where the SOPs will be implemented. and WHO, the IASC Sub-Working Group
Inclusiveness, participation and transparency are key. on Gender and Humanitarian Assistance
Facilitating the development of SOPs is among the was formally recognized as a permanent
most important jobs a GBV coordination body has: it sub-working group of the IASC in
is where coordination and programming intersect. The November 2006, and chairmanship was
transferred to UNFPA. The sub-working
agency(ies) responsible for GBV coordination should
group provides technical support to
initiate the SOP-development process as early as the IASC and works to ensure gender
possible in emergency response. The GBV coordination mainstreaming in the cluster approach
body should also manage the negotiations and revisions and in humanitarian emergency response
of the SOPs and monitor their functioning over time. in general. Before the development
of the global GBV AoR (see IS 2.A.4),
In May 2008, the IASC Sub-Working Group on the Gender Sub-Working Group was
Gender and Humanitarian Action produced a detailed responsible for producing several key
template on developing SOPs that is the key reference GBV-related resources, such as the IASC
document in any GBV coordination mechanism’s GBV Guidelines and IASC SOPs. The
Gender Sub-Working Group continues
efforts to facilitate SOPs. Every GBV Coordinator
to collaborate with the GBV AoR to
should be familiar with this document. (See resources meet mutual goals and objectives. More
below for the link to the template). information is available at the Gender
Sub-Working Group website: http://
A Plan of Action (see IS 4.4) must be established oneresponse.info/crosscutting/gender/
by the GBV coordination mechanism to ensure Pages/Gender.aspx
implementation of the minimum prevention and
response interventions (as described in the IASC GBV Guidelines) by all relevant actors. The Plan
of Action should include a plan for developing SOPs.

Experience indicates that it may be useful to develop specific SOPs for different settings within
a given country. Each setting will have different actors, services and considerations. All key

Section Three: GBV coordination FUNCTIONS 67

 actors must be involved in the process of SOP development.
Good to know With a small, focused group of key stakeholders—ideally led
When developing SOPs in by partners of the GBV coordination mechanism—the initial
preparation for an anticipated SOPs can be developed and finalised over a two- to three-week
emergency, such as a natural period.
disaster, the SOPs process can
be initiated in the emergency-This kind of efficiency will require dedicated personnel to
preparedness phase. Once the facilitate the process, especially if separate SOPs are produced
disaster strikes, the SOPs will
for different affected areas. In the earliest stages of an
need to be revised to reflect emergency, it may be challenging to find such personnel, or for
more accurately the services
partners to prioritize the time to participate in the process. The
that are available on the ground.
GBV Coordinator, when conducting an initial mapping of GBV
actors and programmes, should bear in mind the need to identify potential partners to lead the
SOP-development process.

While it is important, especially in the early stages of an emergency, that SOPs are developed
as quickly as possible so that basic survivor-care services and essential prevention activities are
put into place rapidly, it may not be possible to develop the entire SOPs document according to
the IASC template quickly enough to meet immediate needs in the crisis phase of an emergency
situation.

Some sections in the template require negotiation and

discussion, which may not be possible or appropriate Good practice
in the early stages of an emergency. Moreover, the full
IS 3.6

Liberia has a national SOP that was

complement of actors to launch a truly multi-sectoral drafted to guide the development
response may not be in place. In this case, the general of SOPs at the county level. The
guidance in the IASC GBV Guidelines should be followed process was consultative, with
in the emergency phase, and ‘preliminary’ SOPs should be different ministries leading sector
Supporting the development of Standard Operating Procedures

established. discussions (e.g., the Ministry of

Justice and Police led the Legal and
The preliminary SOPs should cover the most relevant Protection Sector; the Ministry of
Health and Social Welfare led the
and urgent sections of the SOPs template. These should
Health Sector; and the Ministry of
be developed, at minimum, by the health, psychosocial, Gender and Development led the
security and protection actors who will be implementing Coordination Sector). The same
the procedures. Women in the community must also be collaborative process is being
consulted during this process, and other community adopted to develop and roll out the
members should be involved as much as possible. Over county-level SOPs.
time, the SOPs can be expanded and revised as more actors
enter the setting and more services become available.

What about developing SOPs in hostile settings?

Developing SOPs can be a very public process that brings attention to the models for GBV
response and partners’ responsibilities. In settings where GBV issues are not politicized and
there is support for GBV programming, this exposure is one of the key benefits of drafting SOPs.
However, in settings where GBV issues are highly politicized and there may be security risks
in publicly discussing and developing GBV services, GBV Coordinators and GBV coordination
partners should proceed with extreme caution.

In these cases, it may be most effective in the earliest stages of an emergency to develop an
abbreviated referral protocol for survivors and distribute it only to those who fully understand
the GBV guiding principles associated with working with survivors. When and if the situation
improves—or when more partners are identified through a safe network of service providers—
more comprehensive SOPs may be developed. (See Annex 26 for Darfur Referral Pathway and
Annex 27 for Darfur Referral Protocol Narrative for examples of strategies used to address safety
and security concerns.)

68 Section Three: GBV coordination FUNCTIONS

Resources

Establishing Standard Operation Procedures for multi-sectoral and inter-organizational prevention and
response to GBV in humanitarian settings (SOP Guide) (IASC Gender SWG, 2008).
http://oneresponse.info/crosscutting/gender/Pages/Gender.aspx

Annexes

A26: Darfur Referral Pathway

A27: Darfur Referral Protocol Narrative

IS 3.6
Supporting the development of Standard Operating Procedures

Section Three: GBV coordination FUNCTIONS 69

 Section Three: GBV
coordination FUNCTIONS
7. Building the capacity of GBV partners

Why is building capacity of GBV partners an “Supporting national organizations

important function of GBV coordination? through partnership and addressing
their capacity development needs is
Every GBV coordination mechanism will include an important way to ultimately ensure
effective programs—programs that
partners with different levels of capacity related to
are rooted in local knowledge and
GBV programming and GBV coordination. Building networks but also benefit from the
capacity therefore involves building upon the technical and organizational strengths
strengths of GBV partners in order to improve the of international organizations.” -ARC
skills of all members of the GBV coordination group. Partnership Approach and Guidance
Building capacity is not a top-down effort, in which Tools, 2009, p. 5. (For more information
coordination leaders determine needs and abilities on ARC partnership tools, see resources
of coordination members, but rather a collaborative below.)
process in which the expertise of all members—from
people of concern to international NGOs—is shared amongst coordination partners to develop
a strong and effective coordination mechanism. Some of the key benefits of building capacity
include:
IS 3.7

Enhancing coordination efforts: In order for a coordination mechanism to be successful, everyone

involved has to experience some benefit, either for themselves as individuals or for their agencies.
One way to ensure this is to provide learning-exchange opportunities among partners so that
participating in coordination builds GBV-related knowledge and skills as well as coordination
Building the capacity of GBV partners

efforts. The more partners understand and benefit from the collaborative process and from
others within the coordination mechanism, the more successful and cohesive the coordination
mechanism will be.

Promoting shared principles and practices: Another important reason for building capacity of
coordination partners is that all partners should speak—to the greatest extent possible—with the
same voice when promoting principles and programming related to GBV. For some partners, this
may require specialized training on key theories and models.

Ensuring delivery of efficient, effective and ethical programming: Yet another reason for building
capacity is to ensure the ultimate goals of coordination in emergencies—delivering comprehensive,
ethical and safe services for survivors and introducing GBV prevention strategies—are achieved.

What are the key methods for building capacity?

It is important for GBV Coordinators to remember that capacity-building can sometimes be very
targeted, as in providing training (see text box below). However, it also occurs in more subtle
ways: through modeling leadership, encouraging potential and promoting individuals’ and
agencies’ responsibility and accountability:

CAPACITY-BUILDING
WHAT YOU CAN DO:
INVOLVES:

Equipping people with skills • Ensure processes and procedures are clearly explained and
and competencies which they understood.
would not otherwise have. • Share information and resources to enable knowledge transfer.
• Translate key guidelines.

70 Section Three: GBV coordination FUNCTIONS

 CAPACITY-BUILDING
WHAT YOU CAN DO:
INVOLVES:

• Conduct mapping of partners’ capacity to identify skills.

Realizing existing • Involve a range of skills and experience in a technical and/or
skills and developing working group to enable cross-learning.
potential. • Share responsibilities across coordination partners.

Increasing people’s • Value individual contributions and respect individual differences.

self-confidence. • Use active listening.
• Give positive feedback.

Promoting people’s ability • Use coaching skills to encourage individual and agencies’
to take responsibility for responsibility.
identifying and meeting • Use participatory problem-solving techniques.
their own, and other • Delegate responsibility where appropriate.
people’s, needs and rights.

Other specific methods for building capacity of GBV partners might include:

►► Encouraging partners to get involved

in coordination sub-groups on topics Good practice
related to their individual or agency Many people consider training to be one of
areas of interest (e.g., working with

IS 3.7
the key methods for building capacity of
the media, advocacy, data collection, partners in an emergency because it requires
funding, IEC/BCC, drafting SOPs, a relatively small investment of technical and
etc.). GBV Coordinators should try to financial resources. At the outset of establishing
identify leaders of the sub-groups who a coordination mechanism, it may be useful to

Building the capacity of GBV partners

can work with members to build their distribute a list of potential training topics to
skills on the particular focus issue. (See partners to identify the greatest training needs.
(See Annex 28 for a list of training topics that
IS 4.6 for more information on creating
can be used as the basis for a survey of training
coordination sub-groups.) needs.) From this list, GBV coordination partners
can identify those within the GBV coordination
►► Regularly distributing—in coordination mechanism who have the skills to conduct those
meetings and via e-mail or in hard- trainings. However, while training is indeed
copy ‘resource packets’—global GBV important, it should be considered only one step
resources and tools. Occasionally make in a longer process of capacity-building! Once
time for a brief review of the materials partners have participated in basic training (or
during a coordination meeting. if partners have already had training on various
GBV-related topics), it may be useful to arrange
trainings-of-trainers (TOTs) so that a broader
►► Distributing targeted ‘talking points’
base of individuals/ agencies can develop
or ‘guidance/information notes’ to the skills necessary to lead trainings. This is
partners about key issues that require especially important when developing strategies
elaboration or emphasis. (See Annex for building capacity at the ‘deep- field’ level:
29 for sample GBV talking points wherever feasible, coordination partners in the
distributed to partners in Darfur. See field should be supported to lead trainings in
Annex 30 for a sample guidance note their settings, in order to avoid all training events
for Uganda partners on quality GBV originating at the national level.
programming.)

►► Working individually with partners on key issues, including having them ‘shadow’
experts where learning opportunities exist, such as at media interviews, when speaking
with donors and/or government officials, while conducting rapid assessments, etc.

Section Three: GBV coordination FUNCTIONS 71

 Resources

For key general resources to share with partners refer to the list in the Introduction to this
handbook. For more specific resources, refer to individual information sheets. Other noteworthy
training tools for building capacity of and among partners include:

ARC Partnership Approach Guidance and Tools (ARC, 2009).

http://www.arcrelief.org/PartnershipGuide
RHRC/JSI Research and Training Institute, Training Manual Facilitator’s Guide: Multisectoral &
Interagency Prevention and Response to Gender-based Violence in Populations Affected by Armed
Conflict (2004).
http://www.rhrc.org/resources/gbv/gbv_manual/intro.pdf
Dipak N. and Michau L., Rethinking Domestic Violence: A Training Process for Community Activists
(Raising Voices, 2004).
http://www.raisingvoices.org/women/domestic_violence.php
Dipak N. and Michau L., Mobilizing Communities to Prevent Domestic Violence: A Resource Guide for
Organizations in East and Southern Africa (Raising Voices, 2003).
http://www.raisingvoices.org/women/mobilizing_communities.php
Different Needs - Equal Opportunities: Increasing Effectiveness of Humanitarian Action for Women, Girls,
Boys and Men. Online course produced by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee (2010).
http://www.iasc-elearning.org

Annexes
IS 3.7

A28: GBV Training Topics

A29: GBV Talking Points-Darfur
A30: Quality GBV Programming Information Note-Uganda
Building the capacity of GBV partners

72 Section Three: GBV coordination FUNCTIONS

 Section Three: GBV
coordination FUNCTIONS
8. Developing information, education and communication
materials

What is information, education and communication (IEC)?

The Inter-agency Field Manual on Reproductive Health provides the following description of IEC:

Information, education and communication (IEC) combines strategies, approaches and

methods that enable individuals, families, groups, organisations and communities to
play active roles in achieving, protecting and sustaining their own health and well-being.
Embodied in IEC is the process of learning that empowers people to make decisions,
modify behaviours and change social conditions. Activities are developed based upon needs
assessments, sound educational principles, and periodic evaluation using a clear set of goals
and objectives.

In short, IEC involves using participatory and community-based approaches (see IS 1.3) to promote
behaviours that improve health and well-being. The basic behaviour-change goals of IEC related
to GBV are usually two-fold: to reduce the incidence of GBV and to ensure that those who have

IS 3.8
experienced GBV are enabled to seek the care they need.

IEC messages can be delivered a variety of ways: through interpersonal communication (such as
individual discussions, group discussions and community meetings and events) or mass-media

communication materials
Developing information, education and
communication (such as radio, television and other forms of one-way communication, including
brochures, leaflets and posters, visual and audio-visual presentations and some forms of electronic
communication).

Why is it important for the coordination

mechanism to develop IEC materials in an
Critical to know
emergency? Informing the community about the
availability of services for survivors of
sexual violence should occur only when
The IASC GBV Guidelines emphasize IEC that informs appropriate, accessible and confidential
the target community about sexual violence and the services are available. The IEC process
availability of services as a key action to be undertaken in must not be limited to the distribution
an emergency (pp. 76-77). The coordination mechanism of pamphlets about where to access
creates an opportunity for partners working in GBV services. Service providers must be
to pool their resources to ensure IEC messages are sensitized to communicate supportively
developed collaboratively and according to community- with those survivors who come forward,
and the larger community must also
based approaches so that all messages speak with ‘one
support attitudes and behaviours that
voice’ and adhere to guiding principles. (See Annex 31
encourage the safe reporting of GBV
for guidelines on developing ethical communication incidents.
messages related to GBV from Uganda and Annex 32
for a sample IEC leaflet developed by the GBV Sub-Cluster in Kenya.) Another key benefit of
developing collaborative IEC strategies through the coordination mechanism is that messages can
be distributed by multiple partners, thereby expanding the geographical reach of any IEC efforts.

In the early stages of an emergency, IEC related to raising awareness of sexual violence should
have the following objectives:

►► To inform survivors about potential severe and life-threatening consequences of sexual

violence.

Section Three: GBV coordination FUNCTIONS 73

 ►► To inform communities about the availability of support services and how to access them
and to convey the message that these services will help survivors and their families.
►► To inform the community and build trust that services respect and preserve the
confidentiality and dignity of the survivor and her family.
►► To inform the community of the need to protect and care for survivors of violence and to
not discriminate against them.

Once an emergency stabilises, coordination partners can consider the development of more
elaborate and formal IEC strategies. Whatever IEC materials and activities are developed, it
is important to ensure that IEC efforts are coordinated and that all messages (and the media
used to convey those messages) are complementary. It is also vital to ensure that people are
provided with the necessary support and resources to act in accordance with the messages.

What are the steps for developing IEC materials in an emergency?1

Identify existing resources and potential channels for communication that can be mobilized
1 to inform the community about prevention of and response to sexual violence (and other
forms of GBV that have been identified).

Compile a resource list of organizations and services related to prevention of and response
2 to sexual violence. Establish coordination and referral mechanisms and orient all partners—
government, local and international NGOs, UN agencies—about them.
IS 3.8

Work with GBV coordination partners and the community to determine the key messages
3 to be disseminated, based on a situational analysis and the resources available in the setting.

Adapt or develop simple methods and materials to communicate the messages according to
communication materials
Developing information, education and

4 input of coordination partners and the community. Work with the community to conduct
pre-testing.

Finalize materials based on pre-testing and establish a plan to disseminate information in

5 the community as part of action planning and coordination.

Resources

“Through Our Eyes: Participatory Communication for Community Empowerment and Social
Change” (ARC, ongoing).
http://www.arcrelief.org/throughoureyes
UNFPA, Reproductive Health in Refugee Situations: An Inter-Agency Field Manual (1999), Appendix
One.
http://www.unfpa.org/emergencies/manual/a1.htm#Further
IASC, Guidelines for Gender-based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Settings: Focusing on
Prevention of and Response to Sexual Violence in Emergencies (2005).
http://gbv.oneresponse.info

Annexes

A31: Guidelines on Developing Communication Materials on Violence Against Women, Uganda

A32: Sample IEC leaflet from Kenya GBV Sub-Cluster

1
Summarized from the IASC GBV Guidelines, Action Sheet 10.1, pp 76-77.

74 Section Three: GBV coordination FUNCTIONS

 Section Three: GBV
coordination FUNCTIONS
9. Conducting assessments and ongoing data collection

Why are facilitating assessments and ensuring data collection key functions
of the emergency coordination mechanism?

Overseeing information-gathering regarding GBV issues and helping partners use that information
to inform their activities is central to the work of the coordination mechanism. Safe and ethical
information-gathering about the nature and scope of GBV as well as about the availability,
utilization and effectiveness of services in a given setting ensures that the priorities identified
by coordination partners are evidence-based, so that project development and implementation,
policy work, funding solicitation, advocacy efforts, etc., are all rooted in identified problems and
related needs.

The most important consideration before engaging in any type of GBV data collection
is how the information can be used to safely promote protection (which includes all
prevention and response activities) for those at risk.

IS 3.1 addresses the types of information a GBV coordination mechanism might collect and share

IS 3.9
about the capacities and activities of GBV partners within the coordination mechanism. This
information sheet provides summary guidance on undertaking a situational analysis of GBV in
affected communities, as well as collecting and analyzing data related to GBV incidents. Each
type of information-gathering is critical to leading coordination activities.

Conducting assessments and ongoing data collection

What is important to know about conducting assessments?

As is depicted in the illustration in Annex 33, action-planning within the GBV coordination
mechanism occurs in a cycle. The very first stage of the cycle—the foundation of all action
planning—involves conducting an assessment of the situation, sometimes referred to as a
‘situational analysis’. The IASC GBV Guidelines clarify the overall goal of a situational analysis in
the earliest phases of an emergency (when the focus is more likely to be on sexual violence):

A situational analysis is an opportunity to collect

information about the type(s) and extent of sexual Critical to know
violence experienced by the community. It will also The purpose of an assessment is to more
help to identify policies, attitudes, and practices of clearly understand the situation in order
key actors within the health, psychosocial, security, to design appropriate and effective
human rights, and justice sectors and within the interventions across multiple sectors. IT IS
community. The situational analysis can be seen as an NOT for collecting prevalence information in
intervention itself, as it initiates public discussion of order to make the case for GBV interventions.
sexual violence, raises awareness, and opens dialogue The IASC GBV Guidelines assert that “all
among key actors and within the community. (p. 25) humanitarian personnel should…assume
and believe that GBV, and in particular
sexual violence, is taking place and is a
The IASC GBV Guidelines also suggest that serious and life-threatening protection
inclusion of issues related to sexual violence in all issue, regardless of the presence or absence
rapid assessments conducted across the relevant of concrete and reliable evidence.”(p.2)
clusters/sectors in a humanitarian setting is very Donors, cluster actors, government
useful. Rapid assessments typically aim to analyze representatives, etc., need to understand that
a situation quickly to determine whether and how collecting data on the specific number of GBV
clusters/sectors should initiate programmes and incidents IS NOT a priority in an emergency
are usually led by teams working simultaneously and the absence of such data should have no
across all affected geographic areas. If not across all bearing on establishing programming.

Section Three: GBV coordination FUNCTIONS 75

 clusters/sectors, GBV issues should at minimum be included in all rapid assessments undertaken
by the Protection Cluster (where it exists). The Protection Cluster Working Group at the global
level is developing a Rapid Protection Needs Assessment Toolkit, which when finalized will
include GBV components. In all cases, it is important to bear in mind when adding GBV questions
to cluster/sector assessments that someone knowledgeable and experienced in GBV programming
should be part of the assessment team(s) in order to ensure that all GBV-related issues are explored
in an ethical and safe way.

While beneficial, rapid assessments do not usually involve in-depth analysis. Therefore, they
do not provide the kind of detailed information that is necessary to design comprehensive GBV
programming. For this reason, the IASC GBV Guidelines further recommend that wherever
resources exist, efforts should be made to conduct a specific, GBV-focused assessment. When
planning a GBV assessment, there are several guidelines that should be followed:

►► Try to engage multiple GBV partners when

conducting the assessment so that it is ‘inter- Good practice
agency’; this approach not only capitalizes In Uganda, the need for a rapid
on the human and financial resources of assessment of GBV in transit and return
several agencies, it promotes coordination sites was identified by the GBV Sub-
and cooperation of GBV partners at the Cluster members at the district level.
earliest stages of emergency response. Key The national GBV Sub-Cluster organised
partners might include those from the Health inter-agency rapid assessments in
Cluster, government representatives (where four relevant districts, which were
appropriate), at least one NGO partner (in order led by the social-welfare department
IS 3.9

of the local government. Numerous

to prevent the assessment from being ‘UN-led’)
agencies contributed to the design of
and the lead coordination agencies of the GBV the assessment tool and to logistics, as
coordination mechanism. well as to disseminating the results of
the assessment. Because of the inter-
Conducting assessments and ongoing data collection

►► Be realistic in terms of timing and resources agency nature of the research, there
available to collect data. In the early stages of was significant buy-in on the findings.
an emergency, the goal is to collect information Therefore, many partners (including the
about the situation and produce a report as government) shifted their priorities and
quickly as possible—ideally within two weeks programming approaches to better meet
of launching the assessment. the evolving needs on the ground.

►► Adhere to the guiding principles in IS 1.3, as well as to international ethical and safety
standards for collecting information on sexual violence during an emergency. (See Annex
34 for guidelines on reporting and interpreting sexual violence data and Annex 35 for a
summary of ethical and safety recommendations related to researching violence against
women.)

The GBV Tools Manual (see below) has a sample situational analysis tool that can help GBV actors
design a situational analysis and consider how to specifically apply some of the ethical and safety
guidelines/recommendations contained in Annex 34 and Annex 35. In general, a situational
analysis will include the following:

Who to assess What to assess

• Key stakeholders and actors providing • Security situation.
services in community. • Types and extent of GBV.
• Members of community affected or at • Types and extent of multi-sectoral services.
risk. • Policies, practices, attitudes of service
• Leaders of community. providers.
• Representatives of clusters/sectors in • Attitudes, practices, norms in the
humanitarian response. community.
• Help-seeking behaviour.
• Legal environment.

76 Section Three: GBV coordination FUNCTIONS

 How to assess Sample tools
• Review existing assessments/ • GBV Tools Manual (available at www.
studies. rhrc.org/gbv).
• Conduct key informant • Camp Safety Audit (Annex 36).
interviews with multi-sectoral • Sample Situational Analysis
stakeholders. Questions (Annex 37).
• Conduct focus groups. • FGD Guides (Annex 38).
• Site observation. • Key Informant Interview Guides:
GBV (Annex 39).
• Key Informant Interview Guides:
Gender (Annex 40).

What is important to know about ongoing GBV data collection?

GBV ‘data’ is documented information or evidence of any kind that is related to GBV. It can be
qualitative (i.e., data that deals with descriptions, such as opinions and attitudes, and therefore
cannot be measured statistically) or quantitative (i.e., data that can be counted, and therefore can
be used as a measure). While qualitative data is easier to obtain and is therefore the priority at the
early stage of emergencies, there is often a high demand for quantitative data, particularly from
donors and policy-makers. It is reasonable to try and meet this demand to the extent possible—but
only after programming has been established. As such, it will be important for the coordination
mechanism to work with partners over time in order to develop standardized systems to access

IS 3.9
quantitative data, and in this process it is critical that data collection methods include information
about how to accurately analyze and present the data. In the early stages, it is also important that
GBV partners draw upon global data in order to anticipate some of the concerns that may arise in
the settings in which they work (see IS 1.1).

Conducting assessments and ongoing data collection

Some key considerations related to data collection:

When considering data in the context of addressing GBV in humanitarian settings, the emphasis
should be on identifying trends and patterns in how a situation might be evolving and its impact on
women and girls, as this is key to developing prevention and response programmes.

It is nearly impossible—and potentially very dangerous!—to measure either the incidence or prevalence
of GBV in emergencies as they are both population-based, and therefore require methods such as
population-based surveys, which are costly, time-consuming and require very specialized methods
in order to address safety and security concerns.

Often the best we can do is collect information on reported cases (e.g., by reviewing case files and
inputting anonymous incident information into a database) or estimating magnitude based on
anecdotal information and focus group discussions.

Ideally, we should be using all available safe and ethical methods at our disposal to review, compare
and analyze data we have, using it to make informed decisions about programming needs.

Sharing GBV information is critical to coordination. However, we must have standards and systems
in place in advance of sharing any data to anticipate some of the serious safety and ethical issues that
could threaten the safety and well-being of survivors, communities and those involved in collecting
information. All data-sharing must be confidential to protect the rights of the survivor!

In hostile political environments where data-collection and -sharing is potentially very dangerous,
special provisions should be developed about how data is to be managed.

Section Three: GBV coordination FUNCTIONS 77

 Good practice
According to the GBV AoR Guidance Note on Determining Field-level Leadership of a GBV Working Group
in a Cluster Context (see Annex 7) one of the key responsibilities of the chair(s) of the GBV coordination
mechanism is to facilitate a GBV information management system (GBVIMS), as per the following:
• Use global guidance to revise GBV intake and other relevant forms as needed for the setting.
• Collect, compile and analyze monthly GBV report data with an emphasis on identifying trends and
patterns and feedback information to AoR members and to those from the field who have provided
the primary data.
• Develop monthly report formats that capture relevant information and that support the analysis and
evaluation of programme progress and outcomes.
To this end, GBV Coordinators should access resources through the GBVIMS Project to aid
coordination partners in safely and ethically collecting high-quality verifiable data. (See Annex 41
for project overview.) The project represents an inter-agency effort initiated at the global level by IRC,
UNHCR and UNFPA, with support of the IASC and the GBV AoR, in order to build systems at the
country level to collect and analyze reported incident data on GBV. The GBVIMS is unique because it
standardizes GBV incident data collection and terminology across all GBV service-providing agencies;
anonymizes GBV data for safe storage and sharing; automatically creates reports on reported incidents
of GBV that can be used to target programming, reveal gaps and identify areas for further research; and
is easy to deploy and use because it is based on Microsoft Excel. Key components/tools of the GBVIMS
Project include: 1) an Incident Recorder (Excel spreadsheet/database) to store and facilitate analysis
on reported GBV data; 2) an Incident Classification System to facilitate data collection (Annex 42); 3)
a Standard Intake/Initial Assessment Form (Annex 43); 4) a sample Information Sharing Protocol to
address practical implementation issues, as well as confidentiality and security issues associated with
sharing GBV data (Annex 44); and 5) an inter-agency team available to provide technical support, field
IS 3.9

questions and address ethical and safety concerns. For more information about the GBVIMS Project and
data collection and analysis tools, contact [email protected].

Resources
Conducting assessments and ongoing data collection

General

RHRC Consortium, Gender-Based Violence Tools Manual (2003).

http://www.rhrc.org/resources/gbv/gbv_tools/manual_toc.html
WHO, Ethical and safety recommendations for researching, documenting and monitoring sexual violence
in emergencies (2007).
http://www.who.int/gender/documents/OMS_Ethics&Safety10Aug07.pdf
PATH/WHO, Researching Violence Against Women: A Practical Guide for Researchers and Activists
(2005).
http://www.path.org/files/GBV_rvaw_complete.pdf
Sexual Violence Research Initiative, How to Conduct a Situation Analysis of Health Services for
Survivors of Sexual Assault: A Guide (2006).
http://www.svri.org/analysis.htm

Sample Assessments

UNFPA, “GBV Assessment Report Kebri Beyah Refugee Camp, Somali Region, Ethiopia and
Shimelba Refugee Camp, from 19 February to 6 March 2007” (2007).
http://www.unfpa.org/emergencies/docs/gbv_assessment_ethiopia.pdf
UNFPA, UNICEF, UNIFEM and CCF, “A Rapid Assessment of Gender-based Violence During the
Post-Election Violence in Kenya, February 2008” (2008).
http://www.humanitarianreform.org/Default.aspx?tabid=521
“Inter-Agency Rapid Assessment Report on GBV in Camps and Areas of Return and Transit in
Northern Uganda, 19 December 2008” (2008).
http://www.ugandaclusters.ug/gbv.htm
“Joint Field Mission to Zimbabwe: UNICEF/UNFPA/IOM, May 2009” (2009). GBV AoR Resource
Library,
http://gbv.oneresponse.info

78 Section Three: GBV coordination FUNCTIONS

Annexes

A33: GBV Action Plan Cycle

A34: Reporting and Interpreting Data on Sexual Violence from Conflict-Affected Countries: The
“Dos and Don’ts”
A35: WHO Ethical and Safety Recommendations for Researching Sexual Violence
A36: Camp Safety Audit
A37: Sample Situational Analysis Questions
A38: Focus Group Discussion Guides
A39: Key Informant Interview Guides: GBV
A40: Key Informant Interview Guides: Gender
A7: GBV AoR Guidance Note on Determining Field-level Leadership of a GBV AoR Working
Group
A41: GBVIMS Project Overview
A42: GBVIMS Incident Classification System
A43: GBVIMS Standard Initial Intake/Initial Assessment Form
A44: GBVIMS Sample Information Sharing Protocol

IS 3.9
Conducting assessments and ongoing data collection

Section Three: GBV coordination FUNCTIONS 79

© UNICEF/NYHQ2008-0811/John Isaac
Namibia, 2008

Section 4:
4
Introduction
IMPLEMENTING a GBV
coordination MECHANISM

81
 Section Four: IMPLEMENTING
a GBV coordination MECHANISM
Introduction

What is this section about?

This section builds on the previous section about the ‘what’ of coordination by attempting to
describe the ‘when’ and, to some extent, the ‘how’ of coordination in terms of key start-up tasks
as well as ongoing responsibilities of the coordination mechanism. (See Section five for more
information about the ‘how’.)

The section begins with an information sheet on launching a coordination mechanism during an
emergency, which provides a rough timeline for the most important activities to be initiated within
the first month of an emergency. Several of the start-up activities identified in this information
sheet are targeted to settings where there is no pre-existing coordination mechanism. However,
as emphasized in IS 2.A.4, whenever feasible it is always preferable to work within existing
coordination mechanisms rather than to establish a parallel structure for emergency GBV
coordination, as this recognizes and builds on existing expertise and enhances the sustainability
of GBV coordination activities (see IS 4.7 on sustainability of coordination mechanisms). Working
within existing coordination mechanisms is also likely to be more efficient than establishing a
new GBV coordination body that is specific to an emergency.

4
The second information sheet reviews the importance of building inclusive membership,
identifying some of the potential benefits and challenges GBV Coordinators should consider when
soliciting participation of certain partners (e.g., the government) in the coordination mechanism.

Introduction
Information sheets three and four, respectively, review how to develop a TOR for the coordination
mechanism and draft an Action Plan—both critical responsibilities in moving the coordination
activities forward. Information sheet five discusses the benefits of identifying and supporting
coordination sub-groups, which can be tasked with some of the various responsibilities of the
coordination mechanism in order to improve accountability amongst coordination partners as
well as to increase the efficiency of the coordination mechanism.

Information sheet six discusses the importance of linking national coordination mechanisms with
regional and local coordination mechanisms, and information sheet seven highlights some of the
issues to consider when developing strategies to sustain GBV coordination structures after the
initial crisis period has passed.

Section Four: IMPLEMENTING a GBV coordination MECHANISM 83

 Section Four: IMPLEMENTING
a GBV coordination MECHANISM
1. Launching an emergency coordination mechanism

What are the key steps in launching an

Good to know
emergency coordination mechanism?
In settings where there are recurring natural
How an emergency GBV coordination disasters, strategies for risk reduction,
emergency preparedness and emergency
mechanism is launched will depend on a
response are incorporated into contingency
variety of factors determined by the local planning. GBV actors should utilize the time
environment and therefore requires creativity frame below to anticipate some of the key
and adaptability. In some settings, there will coordination responsibilities that will arise
be an existing coordination mechanism (e.g., during the emergency phase and incorporate
a gender theme group) into which emergency them into contingency planning so that response
GBV coordination activities can be incorporated. can be swift and well-organized. Even in some
However, GBV actors should bear in mind post-conflict settings there are contingency plans
that evidence suggests that a coordination for addressing surges in violence. The IASC
mechanism specific to GBV (but closely GBV Guidelines provide information about
sectoral responsibilities related to emergency
linked to broader emergency coordination
preparedness that can feed into the contingency-
efforts) greatly enhances strategic capacity, planning process. (Also see resources in IS 1.2
information-sharing and management, and
IS 4.1

on gender and disasters.) The goal, in all settings

accountability amongst GBV partners, in turn and in all stages of an emergency, is to stop GBV
increasing the likelihood that GBV actors across before it can occur. Contingency planning can
all sectors will be able to realize their mutual facilitate this goal!
goal of ensuring ethical, safe and comprehensive
Launching an emergency coordination mechanism

multi-sectoral GBV programming in an emergency. As such, it may be useful in settings where

a gender and/or GBV coordination body already exists to develop within it a specific focus on
coordination of emergency-related GBV prevention and response.

The time frame and key objectives/activities listed

Good to know below are ambitious and should serve as a very
About the GBV Coordinator: In the initial
general outline to illustrate some of the initial
stages of an emergency, GBV Coordinators steps when launching a coordination mechanism.
may be appointed through short-term surge They are meant to provide a quick overview
support, e.g., via GenCap (see IS 1.2). This of the first month and assume not only that a
support is always temporary and usually discrete coordination mechanism is developed
focuses on identifying and strengthening or (whether as a stand-alone coordination body
establishing the GBV coordination mechanism. or as a sub-group of an existing coordination
Over the longer term, the in-country lead body) but also that from the inception of the
GBV coordination agency will hire a GBV coordination mechanism meetings will be held at
Coordinator (or Technical Advisor/Technical
least once a week until the emergency stabilizes.
Specialist), generally at the international level,
but occasionally at the level of senior national
More explicit information about each of the key
staff. (See Annex 7 for GBV Coordinator TOR.) objectives/activities is available in other sections
of this handbook.

Note that UNICEF and UNFPA (according to their AoR focal point agency responsibilities under
the cluster approach—see IS 2.A.4) have been designated as providers of last resort and therefore
have the responsibility to act as the ‘first responders’ to explore emergency coordination options
and gather together GBV partners in order to build consensus on the structure and purpose of the
coordination mechanism. While UNICEF and UNFPA are responsible for catalyzing action, they
should always seek out existing resources and build upon them. As is described in IS 2.A.1, the
cluster approach is meant to support national and local capacity, not replace it.

84 Section Four: IMPLEMENTING a GBV coordination MECHANISM

Also note that in this model, a national coordination mechanism precedes the development of
local coordination mechanisms; in some settings—such as where an emergency is concentrated
in a very specific geographic area within a country or where local mechanisms are pre-existing
and well-functioning—it may be more effective to focus on local coordination mechanisms first.
Even where this is the case, many of the following activities will remain the same, such as mapping
services and gaps, developing an advocacy plan, creating SOPs, etc.

General
Key Objectives Checklist
Time Frame
1. Ensure those UNICEF and/or UNFPA designate staff to explore
responsible for GBV coordination possibilities.
implementing and/ Designated UNICEF and UNFPA staff meet with
or participating in UNHCR and/or the HC/RC to determine whether
GBV coordination a Protection Cluster will be put in place and to
understand the discuss/advocate with UNHCR and/or the HC/RC
importance of about the feasibility of developing a GBV-specific
prioritizing the needs coordination mechanism.
and rights of those
Designated UNICEF and UNFPA staff assess
vulnerable to GBV.
existing national coordination mechanisms to
Week 1 of Emergency

determine feasibility of linking with them.

2. Determine the
type of emergency Designated UNICEF and UNFPA staff identify
GBV coordination emergency funds to support initial needs related to
mechanism that both coordination personnel and functions.

IS 4.1
will be established Designated UNICEF and UNFPA staff call an
at the national level emergency meeting of key UN, NGO and (where safe
(e.g., a separate and feasible) government representatives to discuss
GBV AoR under the strategies for establishing a national emergency GBV
Protection Cluster; an coordination mechanism and potential coordination

Launching an emergency coordination mechanism

emergency sub-group leadership structures. At this meeting, priority
within an existing steps/processes/actions should be discussed. These
coordination body, include initial sharing of GBV-related information
etc.). with regard to types of GBV being reported, initial
service-provider mapping, glaring gaps in services,
obvious advocacy targets and messages, existence of
local coordination mechanisms, etc.
A GBV Coordinator(s) is identified (interim, if
permanent is not feasible at this time) to organize
the initial GBV coordination meeting.

1. Conduct initial An accessible venue is identified, as are potential

national coordination partners to be targeted for participation in the
meeting to agree upon initial national meeting (cluster/sector leads, GBV
preliminary programming agencies/ organizations, government
Week 2 of Emergency

agency/organization representatives, gender focal points, etc.). (See IS 5.3

leadership, chair/ on managing meetings.)
co-chair(s), secretariat Invitations to the initial meeting and a proposed
responsibilities, start-up agenda are distributed by the Protection Cluster
activities, etc. (NOTE: Coordinator, the HC/RC and/or individuals of
Key actions identified equivalent authority (e.g., minister responsible
here are most relevant in for gender issues, the DSSRG where peacekeeping
settings where no pre- missions exist, etc.).
existing gender/GBV
coordination mechanism
Week 1

exists and should be

adapted accordingly
in settings where
the emergency GBV
coordination mechanism
is linking to pre-existing
coordination structures!)

Section Four: IMPLEMENTING a GBV coordination MECHANISM 85

 General
Key Objectives Checklist
Time Frame
2. Put structures in Key start-up issues are addressed at the meeting,
place as quickly as including:
possible to ensure the • A brief introduction to and overview of
safety and well-being coordination, including coordination functions
of people of concern. listed in Section three of this handbook.
• Agency(ies) to facilitate overall coordination.
• Chair/co-chair agencies/individuals to facilitate
Week 2 of Emergency

meetings. (See Annex 7 for GBV AoR Guidance

Note on Determining Field-level Leadership.)
• A secretariat (individual or agency) responsible
for information management. (See IS 3.1 on
information systems.)
• Agencies responsible for conducting a
preliminary inter-agency rapid assessment. (See
IS 3.9 on assessments.)
• Basic nature of membership of the coordination
mechanism. (See IS 4.2 on inclusive
Week 1

membership.)
• Feasibility and time frame for allocation of full-
time, mid- to senior-level GBV Coordinator.
• Strategies for soliciting funding through pooled
emergency funding mechanisms as well as other
IS 4.1

sources. (See IS 3.2 on funding.)

• Further discussion of points raised in the initial
planning meeting, including GBV-related
information, initial service-provider mapping,
gaps in services, local coordination mechanisms,
Launching an emergency coordination mechanism

etc.

1. Coordination If relevant, the co-lead agencies develop a

partners agree upon Memorandum of Understanding regarding the key
a Terms of Reference responsibilities/inputs of respective leads in the
for the coordination coordination process.
mechanism. The lead agency(ies) develops a Terms of Reference
for the coordination mechanism and distributes it
2. Undertake to all coordination partners for review/finalization.
Week 3 of Emergency

inter-agency rapid (See IS 4.3 on developing TORs.)

assessment.
What kind of assessment(s) are most relevant to
the setting are determined and, where appropriate,
3. Initiate information
partners are identified to undertake an inter-agency
management.
rapid assessment; desk reviews are completed on
existing GBV information/data. (See IS 3.9.)
4. Identify Focal
Points for other Tools for information management (3 Ws, training
clusters/sectors. needs and activities of GBV partners, etc.) are
developed and distributed to GBV partners for
Week 2

completion. (See IS 3.1.)

A method for sharing information (via the Internet,
hard copy, etc.) is established.
Volunteer Focal Points are identified through the
coordination mechanism and tasked with attending
other cluster/sector coordination meetings in order
to facilitate multi-sectoral coordination and offer,
as needed, preliminary sectoral guidance as per
the IASC GBV Guidelines and the IASC Gender
Handbook. (See IS 3.5 on mainstreaming GBV into
other cluster/sectors.)

86 Section Four: IMPLEMENTING a GBV coordination MECHANISM

 General
Key Objectives Checklist
Time Frame
1. Complete A preliminary action plan/strategic framework
preliminary multi- based on needs identified through the rapid
sectoral action plan/ assessment is distributed to GBV coordination
strategic framework partners for review and finalization. (See IS 4.4 on
with indicators for developing an action plan.)
monitoring progress.
If not yet determined, strategies for local coordination
Week 3 Week 4 of Emergency

2. Identify and are initiated, as are linkages between national and

activate local sub-national coordination mechanisms. (See IS 4.6
coordination on linking national and local coordination.)
mechanisms (if this The process of developing SOPs is initiated with
has not yet been identified coordination partners at the field level.
done). (See IS 3.6 on developing SOPs.)
Training and other capacity-building of GBV
3. Initiate SOPs at the partners is initiated. (See IS 3.7 on building capacity
field level. of partners.)
Sub-groups begin working semi-autonomously on
4. Activate sub-
areas of importance to the coordination body. (See
groups in the
IS 4.5 on creating coordination sub-groups.)
coordination
mechanism to
address emerging

IS 4.1
responsibilities.

5. Develop methods
for building capacity
of GBV partners.

Launching an emergency coordination mechanism

What happens after the first month?

It is very likely that many of the objectives/activities listed above will not be completed in the
first month—nor should they, as most are ongoing. What is of critical importance is that they
are initiated. Moving them forward will then be the major focus of the coordination mechanism.
Some of the other activities that are not explicitly identified above but are of great importance—
such as working with the media, conducting advocacy, collecting and monitoring GBV data,
etc.—are described further in Section three on GBV coordination functions. Tips on building
and maintaining the momentum of the coordination mechanism are provided in Section five on
practical coordination skills.

Eventually, the coordination mechanism for GBV in the emergency phase will transition to
post-emergency and recovery. At this point, coordination leads and partners must determine
the means to sustain the coordination mechanism (although sustainability strategies should
be considered even from the start of implementing the GBV coordination body). (See IS 4.7 on
ensuring sustainability of coordination mechanisms.)

Annex

A7: GBV AoR Working Group Guidance Note on Determining Field-level Leadership of GBV
AoR Working Group (includes GBV Coordinator TOR)

Section Four: IMPLEMENTING a GBV coordination MECHANISM 87

 Section Four: IMPLEMENTING
a GBV coordination MECHANISM
2. Encouraging inclusive membership

Why is inclusive membership a priority for the GBV coordination mechanism?

Participation, transparency, equality—these are some of the principles of partnership that are
the cornerstone of humanitarian intervention (see IS 2.A.1), and they are also key to promoting
community-based methods for addressing GBV (see IS 1.3). In addition—and perhaps in more
than any other area of humanitarian response—addressing GBV requires a broad multi-sectoral
approach (see IS 1.2). Successful GBV coordination therefore depends on a wide variety
of sectoral actors—from policy-makers to advocates to programmers to people of concern—
working as partners to achieve safe, ethical and comprehensive GBV prevention and response
programming. If a GBV coordination mechanism is dominated by one particular sector and/
or one particular approach, it will be limited in its ability to achieve its goals. (For example, an
overemphasis by legal/justice and/or human rights partners on prosecution of GBV cases can
undermine the goals of a survivor-centred approach, in which survivors have access to a full
spectrum of services and have the right to determine their own course of action in addressing a
GBV incident.) Broad participation of multi-sectoral partners can be beneficial because it:
IS 4.2

►► Enables transfer of knowledge and ►► Increases leverage with key stakeholders.

problem-solving. ►► Enables strategic multi-sectoral prevention
►► Provides greater legitimacy to the and response planning.
issues through wider engagement ►► Improves advocacy efforts.
and commitment of partners. ►► Increases predictability and
accountability
Encouraging inclusive membership

►► Ensures coherence of standards in prevention and response programming.

and values.

On the other hand, evidence suggests that

engaging too many partners can have a limiting Good practice
effect on the coordination mechanism, as it In Liberia, the GBV task force was comprised
becomes too big to handle. It is therefore of 38-50 organizations, some of which were
important for GBV Coordinators to monitor attending meetings solely in hope of accessing
membership, addressing gaps in membership funding. The large group was becoming difficult
as necessary and ensuring that individuals to coordinate, resulting in long and inefficient
with decision-making capacity are present meetings. A decision was made by the GBV
at the coordination meetings and that action Coordinators to ask members to come prepared
points identified in the coordination meeting with their implementation/work plans and to
coordinate around pre-existing activities instead
minutes are effectively addressed by designated
of talking about possible future activities. By
agencies/individuals (see IS 5.3 and IS 5.7 limiting the task force to members with concrete
for related management skills). Inclusive work plans, the task force became smaller and
membership does not mean indiscriminate more action-oriented.
membership—participation of a variety of
partners should facilitate, rather than detract from, the goals of the coordination mechanism.

Who should be included in a GBV coordination mechanism?

The GBV AoR Guidance Note on Determining Field-level Leadership of a GBV AoR Working Group
(see Annex 7) calls upon the coordination mechanism to mobilize participation “by UN, NGO,
Red Cross/Red Crescent, and (as appropriate) donors and government actors.” Following the
principles of a community-based approach (see IS 1.3), people of concern should also be included
as active participants in the coordination mechanism wherever possible. Even more specifically
(as reviewed in IS 3.5), it is very important that representatives of other clusters/sectors attend

88 Section Four: IMPLEMENTING a GBV coordination MECHANISM

GBV coordination meetings in order to contribute to strategic planning and overall coordination
of GBV activities across the clusters/sectors. Finally, representatives of gender theme groups,
gender and sexual violence Focal Points from settings where there are peacekeeping operations,
and other relevant international, national and local actors should be mobilized to share their
expertise within an emergency GBV coordination mechanism.

Critical to know
The GBV AoR’s 2008 review of global GBV coordination mechanisms concluded that “in terms of
sustainability, it would seem that the best models are those that include government (preferably with a
broader range of ministries included than just Ministry of Gender, which seems to be under-resourced in
all contexts) and where the government is supported early on to assume this responsibility.” However,
in some settings involving government actors in an emergency GBV coordination forum requires
very careful consideration of all the possible positive and negative consequences of this engagement,
including issues of security and sustainability.

How should inclusive membership be encouraged/built?

For a GBV Coordinator to build inclusive membership, s/he must understand the benefits of
participation. A GBV Coordinator also must have the capacity to advocate for the participation of
particular agencies/groups, both to partners that are already participating in the GBV coordination
mechanism (to promote inclusiveness), as well as to those targeted for participation (to motivate

IS 4.2
them). The GBV Coordinator may need to pursue particular agencies/organizations/individuals,
especially in the early stages of building a coordination mechanism. At the same time, s/he
must be aware of some of the potential problems associated with including specific groups and
develop strategies to avert those problems.

Encouraging inclusive membership

TARGET BENEFITS OF PARTICIPATION ISSUES TO
PARTICIPANTS For the For the targeted TROUBLE-SHOOT
coordination groups
mechanism
Representatives of • Ensures that the • Strengthens • May not understand
other clusters/ strategies and accountability with GBV as a critical
sectors, gender focal action plans of the regard to GBV issues. issue to their sector/
points and gender GBV coordination • Provides cluster/group.
theme group leads, mechanism are opportunities for • May feel GBV is
mental health and in line with those capacity-building and irrelevant, meetings
psychosocial support of other clusters/ resource-sharing. are a waste of
focal points, mission sectors and precious time.
representatives other relevant
(where there are coordination bodies.
peacekeeping • Facilitates
operations) communication
about GBV
problems, gaps in
programming and
methods to address
these gaps.

Section Four: IMPLEMENTING a GBV coordination MECHANISM 89

 TARGET BENEFITS OF PARTICIPATION ISSUES TO
PARTICIPANTS For the coordination For the targeted TROUBLE-SHOOT
mechanism groups
People of concern • Increases service • Ensures consideration • In settings where
coverage and of their multiple needs the government is
opportunities for and rights. hostile, may pose
better prevention/ • Provides a forum for security risk to
protection. sharing their inputs. involve people of
• Limits a top- • Can be a means for concern.
down approach people of concern to • May require
to humanitarian hold humanitarian additional efforts
aid and supports actors accountable in facilitation of
guiding for delivering on meetings (e.g.,
principles of GBV promises, protecting translation) and in
programming. their needs and rights. dissemination of
information (e.g.,
hard copy instead of
electronic).
• May be emotionally
challenging for those
exposed to violence
to attend GBV
meetings.
Civil society • Have a comparative • Increases • Managing the
IS 4.2

(including local advantage in understanding of the proliferation of new

NGOs, community- early response humanitarian system. NGOs when funds
based organizations, and operational • Ensures they have become available for
etc.) planning due to a voice in what is GBV.
their links with local happening and • Managing perception
Encouraging inclusive membership

communities and enables them to share that participation in

authorities. the inputs of people of GBV coordination
concern. body will lead to
• Enables networking funding.
with partners and • Security risks for
donors in order to local actors in
build programmes settings where
and access funds. government is hostile
• Access to technical and NGOs face
support for building threats/sanctions.
capacity.
• Provides a safe forum
for accessing the
government.
International NGOs • Most often • Access to technical • Often not
the primary support and adequately engaged
implementers of opportunities for in coordination
GBV programmes problem-sharing/ (perception of ‘top–
and the major problem-solving. down’ approach and
actors in the field • Networking NGO participation as
of humanitarian opportunities with tokenism).
response. donors. • No clear
• Have resources and • Ensures they have humanitarian
expertise that differs a voice in what is structure for
from – and often happening and oversight and
exceeds – that of enables them to share accountability of
UN agencies. the inputs of people of INGOs.
• Reduces threat concern.
of overlap and • Provides a safe forum
competition for for interacting with
resources. the government.

90 Section Four: IMPLEMENTING a GBV coordination MECHANISM

 TARGET BENEFITS OF PARTICIPATION ISSUES TO
PARTICIPANTS For the coordination For the targeted TROUBLE-SHOOT
mechanism groups
Government • Primary role in • Increases • May be implicitly or
the initiation, understanding of the explicitly engaged in
organization, humanitarian system. perpetration of GBV.
coordination and • Ensures that they • May be in a position
implementation have a voice in what to significantly
of humanitarian is happening and restrict access
assistance. enables them to share of frontline
• Ultimately the inputs of their organizations to the
responsible and ministries and people affected population.
accountable for of concern. • Ministry of Gender
protecting and • Provides a space for rarely empowered
caring for the accountability when and/or given
affected population things go wrong and adequate funding
both during and a forum for taking to address GBV
beyond the crisis credit when things go (sidelined issue).
period. right. • Other ministries that
• Increases likelihood • Enables networking should be involved
of accountability with partners and may not consider
and sustainability donors. GBV to be a problem,
of coordination • Access to technical or may dismiss it as a
mechanism. support to build women’s issue.
capacity, may leave

IS 4.2
them with critical
assets to coordinate
post-crisis.
Donors • Gain a better • Ensures appropriate • May attempt to

Encouraging inclusive membership

understanding of programmatic influence strategic
key issues related to responses. frameworks/
GBV programming. • Helps them prioritize coordination goals
• Can be advocates their funding. based on their
within their agencies • Reduces confusion agencies’ priorities.
for allocating about proposals and • Can limit open
funding. potential for overlap. dialogue among
• Allows their ideas/ participants afraid of
priorities to be heard alienating donors.
and incorporated.
• Increases likelihood
that their strategies
are in line with
the government’s
viewpoints.

Resources

Coordination of Multi-Sectoral Response to Gender-Based Violence in Humanitarian Settings: Facilitator

Manual (UNFPA and Ghent University, 2010). To be posted to the GBV AoR website Spring
2010. Contact Erin Kenny for more information about the manual: [email protected]

Annex

A7: GBV AoR Guidance Note on Determining Field-level Leadership of GBV AoR Working
Group

Section Four: IMPLEMENTING a GBV coordination MECHANISM 91

 Section Four: IMPLEMENTING
a GBV coordination MECHANISM
3. Developing the Terms of Reference

Why must a coordination body have a Terms of Reference (TOR)?

A Terms of Reference describes the purpose and structure of the coordination mechanism,
providing a documented basis from which to carry out coordination activities. Creating a TOR
should be one of the first activities of the coordination mechanism (completed within the first
two to three weeks of meetings) in order to ensure a common understanding about coordination
leadership, membership and the nature, scope and objectives of coordination activities. TORs
should be created for all coordination mechanisms, from the national level down to the local level,
and in settings where there are multiple coordination mechanisms every effort should be made to
ensure that all TORs—at minimum—are consistent in their background information, definitions
of GBV and guiding principles. In settings where the emergency GBV coordination mechanism is
incorporated into a pre-existing coordination structure, it is still important to develop a TOR for
the emergency coordination body.

How should a TOR be developed? Lesson learned

IS 4.3

It is useful to remember that in the earliest phases In its global review of GBV coordination
of forming a coordination mechanism, the GBV mechanisms conducted in 2008, the GBV AoR
highlighted two key findings regarding TORs
Coordinator may need to take a more active role in
of coordination mechanisms. The first was that
ensuring key start-up activities are completed (see TORs were not often widely shared, so that
IS 5.1 on collaborative leadership). With this in
Developing the Terms of Reference

many GBV actors were not clear on the role

mind, the GBV Coordinator and/or chair/co-chair of the coordination mechanism. The second
of the coordination mechanism may wish to draft was that the relationship between the GBV
the first outline of the TOR, rather than drafting the coordination mechanism and the Protection
preliminary document based on consensus. After Cluster was not well-delineated within the
the initial draft has been completed, coordination TORs, such that there was confusion about
members can participate in the revision process. how the GBV coordination linked with
protection activities and structures. (See IS
2.A.4 for more information about the link
The revision process is often a very useful
between the GBV coordination mechanism
opportunity to clarify some of the fundamentals and the Protection Cluster.)
of GBV prevention and response in emergencies,
such as what GBV actually entails, the importance of engaging multi-sectoral actors and the role of
a coordination mechanism. For this reason, it is recommended that feedback on the TOR is given
at a coordination meeting, rather than via e-mail or telephone, and that discussions on the content
of the TOR continue until consensus is achieved. (See IS 5.4 for tips on building consensus.)

After agreement has been reached about the TOR, organizations may wish to ‘sign on’ to the TOR
by listing their names directly on the document. If this is not possible or recommended due to
security reasons, organizations should give their verbal agreement about the content of the TOR,
which should in turn be documented in coordination meeting minutes so that there is a record of
consensus about the TOR that can be referenced in the event conflicts about the nature/purpose
of the coordination mechanism arise in the future.

92 Section Four: IMPLEMENTING a GBV coordination MECHANISM

What are the key elements of a GBV coordination mechanism TOR?

In general, a TOR should be kept to a maximum of two or three pages so that it can be read
quickly and easily. (See Annex 45 for a sample TOR from Afghanistan, Annex 46 for a sample
TOR from Uganda, Annex 47 for a sample TOR from Sudan and Annex 48 for a sample TOR from
Kenya.) After a TOR is completed, it can be used as an information-sharing document with new
coordination members as well as with the broader community. The TOR therefore should not
contain long lists of activities that are better left to a strategy document/action plan (see IS 4.4).
Some of the key components of a TOR are listed below:

A very brief introduction explaining why the coordination mechanism has

1. Background
been introduced.

2. Definition of GBV
A reference to how GBV is defined and the key types of GBV the
coordination mechanism is addressing (see IS 1.1 on understanding
GBV).

3. Overall purpose A very brief statement of the primary goal(s) and objectives of the
coordination mechanism.

4. Membership A description of the target members of the coordination mechanism and an

explanation of whether the membership is open or selective. It may also be
useful in this section to briefly outline the expected responsibilities of membership (participation,

IS 4.3
accountability, etc.).

5. Leadership A description of the leadership structure, identifying lead agency(ies) and

chairs/co-chairs of the coordination mechanism and briefly describing the
different responsibilities of all parties. This section may also include a description of the secretariat

Developing the Terms of Reference

function/responsibilities.

6. Meetings Information about the time, place and frequency of meetings.

7. Principles A description of some of the guiding principles related to GBV programming

and GBV coordination to which partners in the coordination mechanism are
expected to adhere (see IS 1.3 on guiding principles).

8. Reporting A description of to whom/what the GBV coordination mechanism reports; in

a cluster system where there is a Protection Cluster, reporting at the national
level would be to the Protection Cluster lead and reporting at the sub-national level would be to
the GBV AoR.

9. Key functions/responsibilities A brief description of some of the primary activities of

the coordination mechanism, such as those identified in
Section three of this handbook.

10. Further contact Information regarding who may be contacted for further information
about the coordination mechanism.

Remember, each topic above should be addressed as concisely as possible in order to

keep the document brief and easily readable.

Section Four: IMPLEMENTING a GBV coordination MECHANISM 93

 Are there differences in TORs for field-level coordination mechanisms and
national-level coordination mechanisms?

The general content of TORs for national- and field-level coordination mechanisms is likely to be
very similar; the primary difference will be in functions/responsibilities. At the national level,
activities may be more broad-based and focus on policy, advocacy, oversight of information-
gathering, fundraising, etc., whereas at the local level activities may be more specifically related to
ensuring effective programming and monitoring. At the local level it is important to clarify with
coordination partners that the TOR for the coordination mechanism is distinct from SOPs. (See IS
3.6 on developing SOPs.)

Critical to know
In settings where the cluster approach has been initiated, it is important that decisions are made regarding
who is the provider of last resort (see IS 2.A.4) for GBV prevention and response. The provider of last
resort should be clearly identified, and their responsibilities should be outlined in the TOR.

Annexes

A45: Sample TOR from Afghanistan

A46: Sample TOR from Uganda
A47: Sample TOR from Sudan
IS 4.3

A48: Sample TOR from Kenya

Developing the Terms of Reference

94 Section Four: IMPLEMENTING a GBV coordination MECHANISM

 Section Four: IMPLEMENTING
a GBV coordination MECHANISM
4. Drafting an inter-agency GBV Action Plan

Why must a coordination body have an Action Plan?

The very first action sheet (pp. 17-19) of the IASC GBV Guidelines highlights the responsibility
of the GBV coordination mechanism to develop a plan of action for coordination, prevention
of and response to GBV. An inter-agency GBV Action Plan is a document that provides a
vision for comprehensive GBV programming in an emergency, outlines priority objectives and
associated activities, allocates specific roles and responsibilities to various partners, and identifies
indicators for measuring whether objectives have been met. It increases accountability of the GBV
coordination mechanism by linking the work of the coordination mechanism to programming
efforts. An Action Plan is critical to both coordination and programming, in so far as it assists in
achieving the following results:

Creating a guiding framework An Action Plan not only

lists key objectives/ Lesson learned
activities, it also identifies the rationale for those A global review of GBV coordination
objectives/activities by articulating a common framework mechanisms undertaken in 2008

IS 4.4
for combating GBV so that all partners are united in the by the GBV AoR found that GBV
overarching approach to addressing GBV, which in turn coordination in the field has not
facilitates strategic thinking in programme development always managed to help promote
and implementation, as well as in coordination. joint strategic thinking and planning.
In addition, not all agencies had the

Drafting an inter-agency GBV Action Plan

same vision of what the priorities were
Building more effective Identifying shared objectives for GBV programming in a particular
and innovative responses and specific activities of country, sometimes making strategic
all partners will facilitate
planning very difficult, and in turn
coordination, decrease duplication of efforts and increase undermining coordination activities
the likelihood of overcoming gaps and obstacles. by limiting coordination efforts to
basic information-sharing. A need
A coherent, comprehensive was identified to assist field-based
Facilitating advocacy and
Action Plan can be used as actors—including those working in
communication
the basis for educating key the ‘deep field’—to think critically
stakeholders and conducting advocacy on priority issues about models for GBV programming
related to GBV prevention and response. and related priorities for various
clusters/sectors, institutions and
programmes.
Improving access to resources Related to advocacy,
the Action Plan
facilitates more effective communication with donors, in so far as GBV partners are speaking with
one voice on key priorities, objectives and activities. The Action Plan is also a key component of
inter-agency fund-raising efforts, such as the CHAP or CAP (see IS 3.2).

In so far as it links activities to an over-arching strategy for GBV

Promoting continuity and
coordination, prevention and response, an Action Plan helps
sustainability
inter-agency partners understand and work towards a long-term
goal, even if the Action Plan in the earliest stages of the emergency is oriented to activities within
the first three to six months.

The indicators linked with the key activities in an Action Plan will
Monitoring and
allow the coordination mechanisms as well as all implementing
evaluating interventions
partners to measure the extent to which objectives are being met.

Section Four: IMPLEMENTING a GBV coordination MECHANISM 95

 How should an inter-agency Action Plan be developed?

Because the successful implementation of an inter-agency Action Plan depends on the commitment
of all GBV actors, the process for developing the plan requires broad-based participation and buy-
in. To every extent possible, input into the Action Plan should be solicited at all levels, from policy
leaders (such as the HC/RC, UNCT or INGO country directors, Protection Cluster leads and,
where appropriate, government representatives) to field-based programming staff and people
of concern. However, it may be useful in the early stages for a designated working group to
take the lead in drafting a document that can be used as the basis for consensus-building around
priority objectives/activities. It is critical that this working group is multi-sectoral and includes
representatives from the GBV coordination mechanism, including government (where possible),
all of the relevant humanitarian clusters/sectors, people of concern, gender advisors/experts, etc.
(See IS 4.6 on creating coordination sub-groups.)

As indicated in the time line in IS 4.1, the action-planning process should begin immediately after
an initial assessment is conducted, and a preliminary plan would ideally be completed within the
first month of an emergency. However, because participation is key, consensus-building should be
prioritized over a specific time line. Some of the key steps in the action-planning process include
(but are not limited to):

Steps Activities Relevant actors

Information-gathering through collection of Usually a small, dedicated inter-
IS 4.4

background data, rapid assessment(s) and agency team of researchers that is

1 mapping of the 3 Ws (see IS 3.1 and IS 3.9) across led by the GBV Coordinator.
all key sectoral prevention and response areas.
Gap analysis in programming according to IASC Working Group within the GBV
2
Drafting an inter-agency GBV Action Plan

GBV Guidelines’ multi-sectoral model and across coordination mechanism, in

all affected geographic areas. consultation with key stakeholders.
Clarifying initial needs, prioritizing objectives/ Working Group within the GBV
3 activities and drafting an Action Plan with coordination mechanism, in
indicators. consultation with key stakeholders.
Presentation of draft Action Plan for review Spokesperson of Working Group,
and discussion/consensus-building (see IS 5.4). to all partners within the GBV
Note: this stage of action planning may work coordination mechanism, including
4 most effectively when accompanied by basic representatives from all clusters/
training on key models for GBV prevention and sectors identified in the IASC GBV
response (see IS 1.2). Guidelines, gender experts, people
of concern and, where appropriate,
government representatives.
Dissemination of final draft of Action Plan to Identified representatives within the
key stakeholders, such as the HC/RC, UNCT, Working Group.
5 Protection Cluster, MHPSS working group,
government representatives (where appropriate),
NGO field staff, etc., for review and final
comments.
Completion of final version of Action Plan. Working Group within the GBV
6 coordination mechanism.
Distribution of finalized Action Plan to all All GBV coordination partners.
7 relevant actors.
Periodic review of Action Plan according to key Working Group within the GBV
indicators in the Action Plan, as well as through coordination mechanism, in
8 ongoing assessment and mapping. Start again consultation with key stakeholders as
with step one. (See Annex 33 for a visual of the well as all GBV coordination partners.
overall cycle.)

96 Section Four: IMPLEMENTING a GBV coordination MECHANISM

 Good practice
Action-planning is a cyclical process that builds upon itself, in so far as any Action Plan requires regular
monitoring and revision. An Action Plan should include a provision for how often it will be periodically
reviewed/revised. In Sudan, it was decided at the Darfur-wide level and by the GBV Core Working
Group that each Action Plan would be by state due to the dynamics and political sensitivities in each
location. A first Action Plan Development Process was undertaken in each state in 2007, followed by a
Darfur-wide exchange of best practices and lessons learned that identified key advocacy points common
to the three states. In 2009 the GBV Working Groups did their own review and Action Plan development
based on the same structure from 2007/2008. (See Annex 49 for a sample of a workplan.)

What are the key elements of an inter-agency Action Plan?

Every Action Plan should be adapted to its setting, and in some cases it may be useful to develop
an over-arching Action Plan at the national level with sub-plans at the regional and/or local level
(see examples of GBV action plans from Kenya (Annex 50) and Uganda (Annex 51). However,
there are some common principles in creating Action Plans (see text box below) as well as some
basic elements that every Action Plan should strive to include. It is important for those drafting
an Action Plan to understand the standards for addressing GBV that are articulated in the multi-
sectoral and multi-level models presented in IS 1.2.

IS 4.4
1. Background Good to know
• Outlines relevant facts that have led to the existing
humanitarian crisis, including information about the There are several key principles
GBV situation prior to the emergency. related to creating effective
• Provides a current situational analysis related to GBV, Action Plans:

Drafting an inter-agency GBV Action Plan

summarizing findings from assessments and mapping. • Make them realistic! Do
not include activities
2. Purpose that cannot be completed
• Describes the overall purpose of the Action Plan within the designated time
document. frame/environment.
• Make them accurate! Do
not include information
3. Strategy that has not been verified
• Outlines the model(s) that inform the Action Plan; through assessment/
provides a ‘framework’ for the recommended action. mapping.
• Make them easy to
4. Action Plan understand! Do not
• Describes key objectives, associated activities and use overly technical or
indicators for the activities. unfamiliar language.
• Describes the geographical areas where the activities • Make them representative!
will be undertaken. Ensure that all
• Describes target populations for activities. stakeholders—not just
• Identifies responsible implementing partners. those with the most
• Where relevant, organizes activities in terms of phases money—are represented as
of emergency (e.g., initial emergency response, post- partners within the Action
emergency response, recovery, etc.) Plan.
• Describes methods for coordination of activities. • Keep them brief! Try to
present the Action Plan in
5. Budget bullet points and tables in
• In some settings, it may be useful to include a budget order to make it easy to
for specific activities in order to inform fundraising read and understand.
efforts.

Section Four: IMPLEMENTING a GBV coordination MECHANISM 97

 What is important to know about monitoring and evaluating implementation
of a GBV Action Plan?

Monitoring is the tracking of priority information about a programme/project and its intended
outcomes and is therefore sometimes referred to as ‘process evaluation’. Monitoring activities
include:

►► Routine, regular tracking of information about the implementation of activities within the
GBV Action Plan and intended outputs, outcomes and impact.
►► Measurement of progress toward achieving objectives of the Action Plan. Most often this
involves quantifying what is being done, but it may also include observation, anecdotal
information and/or focus-group discussions and key informant interviews.
►► Tracking costs and funding for implementation of activities with the Action Plan.

When linked to a specific programme/project, monitoring provides the basis for programme/
project evaluation. Monitoring and evaluation must be integrated into the plan of action by
establishing indicators as well as systems for consistent review and analysis of the indicators.
Indicators are qualitative or quantitative criteria that provide a simple and reliable means
to measure achievement, to reflect the changes connected to an activity or to help assess the
performance of a cluster/sector. Standard indicators should be measurable and well-defined. In
the emergency phase, indicators may not reflect service utilization as much as they reflect whether
the services have been put in place. Sample indicators for clusters/sectors are available in the
IASC GBV Guidelines (p.28).
IS 4.4

How is an Action Plan different from Standard Operating Procedures?

An Action Plan articulates the rationale for and the activities linked to broad-based multi-sectoral
Drafting an inter-agency GBV Action Plan

programming and coordination. SOPs, on the other hand, are more specifically related to ensuring
targeted prevention activities as well as coordinated response mechanisms and referral pathways
for meeting the needs of survivors. In essence, the Action Plan describes an overall vision for
and activities related to GBV programming, while the SOPs provide operational guidance. SOP
development should be one of the key activities identified in an initial Action Plan.

Resources

IASC, Guidelines for Gender-based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Settings: Focusing on

Prevention of and Response to Sexual Violence in Emergencies (2005).
http://gbv.oneresponse.info
IASC, Gender-Based Violence Guidelines Introduction and Implementation Planning Package. (This
package supports introduction of the IASC GBV Guidelines in field sites and facilitates a
planning process to develop Action Plans for implementing the interventions and actions
described in the guidelines.)
http://www.gbvnetwork.org
RHRC Consortium, Gender-Based Violence Guidelines Tools Manual (2003).
http://www.rhrc.org/resources/gbv/gbv_tools/manual_toc.html
Bloom, S., “Violence Against Women and Girls: A Compendium of Monitoring and Evaluation
Indicators” (USAID, 2008).
http://new.vawnet.org/category/Documents.php?docid=2045&category_id=495

Annexes

A33: Action Plan Cycle

A49: Sample GBV Workplan South Darfur
A50: GBV Strategy/Action Plan Kenya
A51: GBV Strategy/Action Plan Uganda

98 Section Four: IMPLEMENTING a GBV coordination MECHANISM

 Section Four: IMPLEMENTING
a GBV coordination MECHANISM
5. Creating coordination sub-groups

What are coordination sub-groups and why are they useful?

Coordination sub-groups are essentially working groups of individuals within the coordination
mechanism that are assigned specific tasks—many of which are related to the functions of a GBV
coordination mechanism that are described in Section three of this handbook. Coordination
sub-groups are a useful way of delegating responsibility to a relatively small corps of volunteers
(anywhere from four to 10 people) in order to increase efficiency of the coordination mechanism
by avoiding the time-consuming process of managing all activities in a large quorum. Sub-groups
also useful because they:

►► Promote ownership and accountability of those participating in the coordination

mechanism.
►► Provide an opportunity to exploit the specific capacities/expertise of partners.
►► Facilitate capacity-building when those with less experience are encouraged to join a sub-
group led by those with greater experience.
►► Avoid top-down leadership in which the majority of decisions are made by the GBV

IS 4.5
Coordinator(s) or coordination mechanism chair/co-chair(s).
►► Build cohesion among members working together for a common goal in small groups.
►► Increase momentum of the coordination mechanism by allowing it to work simultaneously
on a number of different objectives.

Creating coordination sub-groups

When should coordination sub-groups be implemented?

As described in IS 5.1 on Lesson learned

collaborative leadership, a group
sometimes takes time to solidify in In the GBV AoR’s 2008 global review of coordination
order to work inter-dependently mechanisms, the top five least effective areas of GBV
towards common goals and coordination activities included:
objectives. For this reason, the GBV
• Establishing data collection systems.
Coordinator may initially assume
• Supporting inter-agency development of IEC materials.
a more directive style. However, • Documenting and disseminating best practices and
s/he should transition to a more lessons learned.
delegative style as soon as there is an • Engaging in inter-agency field missions.
indication of growing cohesiveness
and commitment of coordination While it is not entirely clear from the review why these
partners. While the standard of particular areas were of limited success, one explanation
participation should be promoted may be related to the fact that they are all time-consuming
from the outset of establishing a and require the commitment and coordination of partners.
coordination mechanism, it may Planning for and/or undertaking these activities in a large
group can be daunting. All of these activities might best be
not be in the best interests of the
realized through the work of coordination sub-groups.
group to introduce coordination
sub-groups immediately, before the coordination members have had an opportunity to build
mutual trust.

After the group has worked successfully together to finalize a TOR (usually within the first three
weeks of implementing a coordination mechanism), the GBV Coordinator can begin to solicit
group interest in developing sub-groups for particular activities. If initial participation is slow, the
GBV Coordinator may set an example by volunteering to lead one or two of the first sub-groups.
As the coordination mechanism continues to solidify, all efforts should be made to encourage

Section Four: IMPLEMENTING a GBV coordination MECHANISM 99

 partners with relevant expertise to take on leadership roles of sub-groups, and less active partners
should also be encouraged to act as participants in the sub-groups.

How do sub-groups relate to the larger coordination mechanism?

Sub-groups conduct their work outside of coordination meetings and are therefore responsible
for organizing the time and frequency of their own meetings. However, in order to ensure
accountability to the entire coordination mechanism, each sub-group should develop an informal
action plan that they share with the larger group. Each sub-group should also have a timeline
for activities/outputs and should report on their progress at each coordination meeting. If the
sub-group is responsible for creating a ‘product’ (such as a poster for IEC), the product should be
reviewed and approved by all members of the coordination mechanism. A sub-group should never
complete an activity and/or product without the buy-in of the entire coordination mechanism.

If a coordination sub-group stalls on their particular activity, it may be useful for the GBV
Coordinator to step in and trouble-shoot any emerging problems, such as the lack of technical
or financial resources, or conflict/disagreement amongst group members (see IS 5.6 on conflict
resolution). In all instances, the GBV Coordinator should encourage and compliment the work of
the sub-groups by highlighting their successes at every coordination meeting.
IS 4.5
Creating coordination sub-groups

100 Section Four: IMPLEMENTING a GBV coordination MECHANISM

 Section Four: IMPLEMENTING
a GBV coordination MECHANISM
6. Linking national and local coordination mechanisms
Why is it a priority for coordination mechanisms at the national level to link
with coordination mechanisms at the field level?

One of the most glaring concerns emerging from the GBV AoR’s 2008 global review of GBV
coordination mechanisms was the apparent lack of communication between the national
coordination mechanisms and the field-based coordination mechanisms and/or field-based actors.
According to the findings:

►► Those in the ‘deep field’ often had Good practice

a less clear idea about coordination
structures than those working at the The GBV Sub-Cluster in Uganda is often referred to
national level, particularly in terms as a model of good coordination because a variety of
actors are involved in the coordination mechanism
of how their coordination structure
and because the coordination bodies at both the
linked with other coordination national and sub-national levels are strong. GBV
structures. prevention and response activities are coordinated at
►► Information-transfer and reporting four levels in Uganda: national, regional, district and
lines between national coordination sub-county. UNFPA established GBV Coordinator

IS 4.6
mechanisms and field coordination positions at the different levels to further promote
mechanisms were not well-established effective coordination. A national GBV Coordinator
in several settings. was brought on board to UNFPA Kampala in
►► Field coordination mechanisms were November 2007. In addition, there is a regional
GBV Coordinator based in Gulu district, and four

Linking national and local coordination mechanisms

not always sure to whom they were
district GBV Coordinators in Lira, Kitgum, Pader
accountable.
and Moroto. At the sub-national levels (regional,
►► National coordination mechanisms
district and sub-county) the GBV Working Groups
were not always aware of what are chaired by the local government district gender
activities were being undertaken in officers and co-chaired by UNFPA. (See Annex 52
the field. for generic TOR of district working groups.)

Linking national and field-level coordination mechanisms is a top priority for all actors working
on GBV, as these coordination mechanisms often have different but mutually reinforcing
responsibilities: the national coordination mechanism may work on the ‘bigger picture’ (e.g.,
national-level advocacy, data collection and management, working with media, assisting other
clusters/sectors at the national level, etc.) and the field coordination mechanism may work more on
the level of operational guidance and oversight of programme implementation. When the national
and field-based coordination mechanisms do not coordinate, their respective responsibilities
are compromised. For example, the national coordination mechanism cannot adequately meet
its national-level advocacy responsibilities unless it understands what is happening at the field
level. Those working at the field level, in turn, cannot meet their responsibilities for providing
operational guidance unless they are speaking with the same voice as the national coordination
mechanism about guiding principles, best-practice models, etc.

How are the linkages between the national-level and field-level coordination
mechanisms established?

Getting started. Most often, GBV coordination in an emergency will be initiated at the national level.
One of the minimum responsibilities of the national GBV coordination mechanism, as articulated
in the GBV AoR Guidance Note (see Annex 7), is (where relevant) catalyzing and supporting
sub-national structures for GBV coordination. As with national coordination mechanisms, it
is always preferable at the sub-national level to build on pre-existing coordination structures,

Section Four: IMPLEMENTING a GBV coordination MECHANISM 101

 wherever possible. Sub-national structures should be identified and/or developed as quickly as
possible after the establishment of the national coordination mechanism—ideally within the first
month of emergency response (if not part of emergency preparedness). It is important to note,
however, that it may not be advisable to attempt to formalize field-based emergency coordination
mechanisms until after the national coordination mechanism has determined its leadership and
drafted a TOR, in so far as having an established mechanism at the national level provides a basic
frame of reference for the development of structures at the field level. On the other hand, if sub-
national structures are pre-existing, it will be important to engage them from the outset of any
national coordination efforts.

Identifying membership. These sub-national structures should be comprised of the key actors
(health, psychosocial, security/protection) at the local levels, as well as people of concern, local GBV
and gender experts, etc. One of the activities while conducting a rapid assessment of GBV issues
and programmes in the affected geographic areas should involve identifying coordination groups
and/or coordination partners at the field level that can be mobilized to undertake emergency GBV
coordination. Where working with the government poses no security risks, it will be important
to determine how to build on government structures to promote sub-national GBV coordination.
In some settings, the Protection Cluster may field protection actors to work locally—these actors
may be particularly well-suited to promote the initial implementation of local GBV coordination
groups where no other options are pre-existing, and this possibility should be explored with the
Protection Cluster at the national level in settings where the clusters have been activated.

Identifying leadership. The IASC GBV Guidelines and the IASC template for Standard Operating
Procedures (see IS 3.6) provide specific guidance on establishing coordination mechanisms at
IS 4.6

the field level. They suggest that the national GBV coordinating agency(ies) might not be the
same organization(s) as the regional and local GBV coordinating agencies. It is not necessary,
and sometimes not appropriate, for the same agency to be in the coordinating role at all levels. In
some settings, it has proven effective to have different organizations in the coordinating roles at
Linking national and local coordination mechanisms

different geographic levels, and in all cases it is important to build on and support local structures
as is feasible. Determining leadership of the field-level coordination mechanisms should be done
by partners at the first meeting, in the same participatory manner as is done at the national level
(see IS 4.1). In order to support the sustainability of field-based coordination mechanisms, it may
be preferable to identify local rather than international partners as leads and ensure they have
sufficient technical and financial support to meet their responsibilities.

Sharing information. Information should be shared at least monthly (and in the early stages
of an emergency, even more often) among and between the national coordination mechanism
and the field-based coordination mechanisms through dissemination of meeting minutes. Other
strategies for communication, information-sharing, problem-solving and mutual support should
be identified in the TORs of the respective coordination mechanisms and periodically updated as
best practices and lessons learned emerge.

Developing communication channels. The following diagram illustrates how the local, regional
and national coordination mechanisms may relate to one another (arrows indicate communications
flow):
Camp/village/local GBV Working Groups

Regional GBV Working Groups

National GBV Working Group

102 Section Four: IMPLEMENTING a GBV coordination MECHANISM

According the diagram, local coordination mechanisms work through regional communication
mechanisms to share information with the national coordination mechanisms and vice versa.
This structure is probably most appropriate in settings where the emergency extends over
a large geographic area and/or where communication is improved by the introduction of
regional coordination groups due to the challenges of national coordination partners regularly
communicating with local partners (such as where the Internet is not available at the local level).

Another important element of this diagram is that regional working groups, where they exist,
should foster cross-communication amongst themselves. This may also happen amongst local
coordination groups, though for the reasons identified above in terms of limited communication
options over a wide geographic area, cross-communication at this level may prove more
challenging. To every extent possible, the regional and national coordination groups should
attempt to facilitate information- and resource-sharing across all local-level groups.

How do coordination mechanisms link in settings where different

coordination groups are focusing on the needs of different populations?

In some settings, such as where there are both IDPs and refugees, sub-national coordination
groups might form separately according to the populations they are serving. In these instances, it
is important that the national coordination body support and maintain strategies for information-
and resource-sharing as is appropriate to the goals and Action Plans of the different coordination
groups. The national coordination body may choose to do this by, for example, developing sub-

IS 4.6
groups at the national level to provide support to specific coordination groups at the sub-national
level (see IS 4.5 on creating coordination sub-groups).

Resources

Linking national and local coordination mechanisms

Establishing Standard Operation Procedures for multi-sectoral and inter-organizational prevention and
response to GBV in humanitarian settings (SOP Guide), (IASC Gender SWG, 2008).
http://oneresponse.info/crosscutting/gender/Pages/Gender.aspx

Annexes

A52: Northern Uganda 2008 GBV Working Groups TOR

A7: GBV AoR Guidance Note on Determining Field-level Leadership of a GBV AoR Working
Group

Section Four: IMPLEMENTING a GBV coordination MECHANISM 103

 Section Four: IMPLEMENTING
a GBV coordination MECHANISM
7. Ensuring sustainability of coordination mechanisms

What does ‘sustainability of coordination mechanisms’ mean?

As described in the Introduction to this handbook, emergencies occur in phases. While this
handbook primarily focuses on the crisis stage—following the onset of an emergency—it highlights
work that can be undertaken in the pre-crisis stage (in terms of disaster risk reduction, contingency
planning for emergency preparedness and response, etc.). It is also important to anticipate and
prepare for work that should be done during the post-crisis (stabilization) and recovery phases.
One of the most critical issues for a GBV coordination mechanism to consider, especially after the
initial emergency response has waned, is how to ensure that coordination mechanisms for GBV
are continued after the cluster systems (or other humanitarian structures) have terminated—this
is what sustainability is all about.

Good practice
The GBV AoR’s 2008 global review of coordination mechanisms observed that in some settings where
there were no GBV coordination activities in place before the humanitarian crisis, the crisis itself
IS 4.7

provided a window of opportunity to introduce coordination and to scale-up GBV programming—first

linked to the emergency and then to other non-emergency GBV issues. In these cases, the emergency
demonstrated the need for and value of having a GBV-specific coordination structure and also resulted
in the development of resources—training materials, mapping tools, etc.—that could be mainstreamed
into sustained GBV prevention and response efforts.
Ensuring sustainability of coordination mechanisms

Why is it important to sustain GBV coordination mechanisms after an

emergency?

Any real efforts to eradicate GBV require long-term strategies aimed at broad-based social change
targeting the discriminatory practices that promote and/or condone violence against women and
girls. GBV is a problem that does not end when the emergency phase ends, and in some instances,
shifting from the emergency to recovery and development phases can herald increased rates of
certain types of GBV, especially when emergency-related programming for the most vulnerable
is discontinued. In settings where women and girls have lost basic protective mechanisms as a
result of the emergency (such as family, livelihoods, etc.), their vulnerability is likely to increase
when they can no longer access the benefits of humanitarian aid and must struggle to reintegrate
into their communities.

In order to meet their ongoing needs, as well as to address the larger social issues that contribute
to GBV, anti-violence work should continue in all settings: there is no country or region in the
world where it is not important to combat GBV. And as this handbook highlights, that work must
be well-coordinated: developing programmes, improving systems, changing policy, conducting
advocacy, etc., all require the input of multi-sectoral actors working according to the same
principles and with the same understanding of the key strategic approaches to addressing GBV.

104 Section Four: IMPLEMENTING a GBV coordination MECHANISM

What are some of the strategies for ensuring the GBV coordination
mechanism is sustained?

Ideally, a GBV coordination mechanism will be in place even before an emergency strikes, and
in this instance, it is best to merge the emergency coordination mechanism back into pre-existing
coordination structures (see IS 2.A.4 for a review of various options for linking emergency
coordination to pre-existing GBV coordination structures) that focus on recovery and development
work. This process should be relatively straightforward (and anticipated from the onset of the
emergency) and will hopefully contribute to an improvement in coordination efforts based on best
practices and lessons learned during the emergency phase.

Where GBV coordination is introduced during the emergency (i.e., there are no pre-existing
mechanisms), it is important that the lead coordination agencies anticipate some of the challenges
that may arise when transitioning the coordination body to a permanent structure, as described
below. Strategies for addressing these challenges should be developed as soon as possible during
the emergency phase.

►► Capacity: Ideally, a permanent GBV Lesson learned

coordination mechanism should
be government-led in order to Uganda offers insight into some of the challenges
ensure that GBV is mainstreamed associated with planning the transition of the
GBV coordination mechanism from a UN agency
into national structures. Where
(UNFPA) to the government. There is strong
government leadership presents commitment to GBV coordination by the Ministry of

IS 4.7
political or security problems, other Gender, Labor and Development, but engagement
local agencies should be identified. of other line ministries remains limited. Within the
With either option, it is often Ministry of Health, for example, the GBV Focal Point
the case that local actors will not is also the focal point for gender and therefore does
have the experience to coordinate not have the time or resources to focus on GBV or

Ensuring sustainability of coordination mechanisms

programming for GBV. Strategies humanitarian settings moreso than the rest of the
should be developed for building country. At the district level, government actors are
capacity of relevant actors during enthusiastic, but not enough resources (human or
financial) are allocated. As a result District Gender
the emergency by, e.g., having a
Officers do not have the time or capacity to fully
government representative co- focus on gender and GBV—many are also working
chair the coordination mechanism on labour issues. In order to effectively transition the
and, if possible, shadow the GBV GBV coordination mechanism from UNFPA to the
Coordinator in order to learn as government, strategies will need to be developed to
much as possible about how to lead scale-up resources so that GBV is prioritized within
coordination post-emergency. A government work plans and budget allocations.
time frame should be developed for
handing over responsibility of the coordination mechanism from humanitarian actors to
recovery/development actors as part of the post-emergency GBV Action Plan (see IS 4.4
on drafting an Action Plan).

►► Funding: Securing financial resources for post-emergency coordination efforts is essential

for facilitating the transition of the coordination mechanism to a permanent structure.
Since this funding cannot be accessed through emergency streams (such as the CAP), the
coordination mechanism will have to seek out recovery and development donors in order
to design a funding strategy. (See IS 3.2 on various funding options.) The lead agencies of
the emergency coordination mechanism have a responsibility to inform donors about the
need for ongoing funding.

Section Four: IMPLEMENTING a GBV coordination MECHANISM 105

 ►► Advocacy: The pressure to discontinue humanitarian-led coordination mechanisms will
intensify as the crisis shifts into early recovery. At this stage, the GBV Coordinator and
other partners within the GBV coordination mechanism should be prepared to articulate
the need to sustain coordination efforts and should have a plan ready for presentation
to the UNCT, IASC, government, etc., about including GBV in recovery efforts. This
kind of advocacy may be done most effectively through a coordination sub-group that
is specifically tasked with developing an advocacy platform related to transitioning the
coordination mechanism from the emergency phase to recovery/development. (See IS 3.3
on advocacy and IS 4.5 on coordination sub-groups.)

►► Technical resources/tools: Many of the tools that are developed during an emergency
can and should be used for post-emergency work. These might include training curricula,
assessment tools, data collection systems, SOPs, etc. However, they will likely need to be
adapted, not only to address the shift in focus from sexual violence during an emergency
to broader GBV issues post-emergency, but also to accommodate the transition from
humanitarian actors to development actors. Strategizing during the emergency phase
about how to adapt existing resources and develop new tools will facilitate the eventual
transition to recovery and development.
IS 4.7
Ensuring sustainability of coordination mechanisms

106 Section Four: IMPLEMENTING a GBV coordination MECHANISM

 © UNICEF/NYHQ2007-1259/Tom Pietrasik
India, 2007

Section 5:
5
Introduction
PRACTICAL coordination
SKILLS

107
 Section Five: PRACTICAL
coordination SKILLS
Introduction

What is this section about?

This section, possibly the most important of the handbook, reviews basic skills in leadership,
management and coordination. It aims to give the GBV Coordinator the tools necessary to maintain
the momentum and the commitment of those participating in a GBV coordination mechanism by
employing techniques aimed at promoting collaboration, mutual responsibility and consensus.

It is often the case in emergencies that the urgent need to get something done overwhelms
considerations of how to engage in a productive and participatory process that has long-term
benefits for all coordination partners, especially people of concern. And yet, in order for any
coordination to be effective and sustainable, the GBV Coordinator will need to be as mindful
of the methods for coordination as s/he is of outcome. Partners need to be encouraged to take
responsibility from the outset of the coordination process to develop their capacity to work
together over the long term.

At the same time, in some contexts so much time has been spent working on establishing
coordination systems (e.g., through lengthy inter-agency and multi-sectoral assessments and
situational analyses) that it has taken too long time to establish urgent services—despite the fact

5
that providing urgent services is the goal of good coordination. GBV Coordinators must find
ways to balance their dual responsibilities: ensuring immediate services are implemented and
building mechanisms to coordinate those services. Hopefully, some of the techniques outlined in

Introduction
this section will increase efficiency and effectiveness.

The skills outlined here will also be useful to those who need to work with a wide array of cluster/
sector actors, members of the community, gender advisors and others engaged in humanitarian
action. To this end, information from this section can be shared with GBV partners in order to
build the competencies required to emphasize the importance of GBV prevention and response to
key stakeholders.

With permission from the authors, the seven information sheets from this section have been
adapted from the Child Protection Coordinators’ Handbook 2009 for Clusters, available at: http://
oneresponse.info/GlobalClusters/Protection/CP/Pages/Child%20Protection.aspx

Critical to know
“Leadership is earned, it is not about declaring yourself or your agency in charge due to some global
mandate. It is about listening and learning and observing and supporting. It is about treating others
with as much respect as you’d wish them to treat you. Leadership in the context of GBV coordination
means offering technical input and information and supporting group-generated action.” -From GBV
Coordination Course Curriculum, UNFPA and Ghent University, 2010

Section Five: PRACTICAL coordination SKILLS 109

 Section Five: PRACTICAL
coordination SKILLS
1. Fostering collaborative leadership

What is collaborative leadership?

Collaborative leadership is a process through which individuals and organizations are encouraged
to:

Share resources Share common goals

Exchange information Exchange activities

Search for creative solutions to Constructively explore

emerging challenges differences
Enhance capacity for mutual benefit and a common purpose
by sharing risks, rewards and responsibilities
IS 5.1

Why is collaborative leadership important to GBV coordination?

Given the multi-sectoral nature of GBV programming, any GBV coordination efforts—whether
through the cluster system or not—must engage a wide variety of actors with different agendas
Fostering collaborative leadership

and priorities. All of these actors, in addition to being committed to fulfilling their particular GBV-
related responsibilities, must also be committed to working with others to ensure that the whole is
greater than the sum of its parts.

Those responsible for facilitating collaboration must work to create an enabling environment for
participation, problem-solving and decision-making, so that participants share responsibility and
feel ownership of collective outcomes. This often requires a mental and practical shift from more
typical (and sometimes easier) authoritative leadership methods to more collaborative leadership
methods:

From... ...To
• Leading based on line authority • Leading based on trust, relationships,
• Unilateral decision-making services
• Command and control • Shared decision-making and consensus
• Implementing partners management
• Focus on agency interest • Facilitate, network and enable
• Being at the forefront • Equal partners
• Focus on broader sector and emergency as
a whole
• Facilitating and networking ‘behind-the-
scenes’

110 Section Five: PRACTICAL coordination SKILLS

What are the key guidelines for effective collaborative leadership?1

Cultivate a shared vision and identity right from the start. Make sure, for example, that
1 all actors agree on the Terms of Reference for the GBV coordination mechanism in the
earliest stages of the coordination process.

Take care to involve the right mix of stakeholders and decision-makers. This can often be
challenging in GBV coordination, especially in settings where GBV is a politically charged
2 issue. (See IS 4.2 for recommendations on building membership of the GBV coordination
mechanism.)
Sustain the momentum and focus on ongoing collaboration. A reliable and regular flow
3 of accurate information to all coordination partners and periodic review of coordination
action plans and outcomes will help to achieve this.

Engage the perspectives and address the needs of each stakeholder group in the work of
4 the GBV coordination mechanism. Be sure to sensitively (i.e., non-aggressively) draw out
those whose contributions are critical but who may be overshadowed by stronger voices.

Ensure that both the process and products of the collaboration, to the greatest extent
5 possible, serve each participant agency’s self-interests. Recognize that in order for
participants to value collaboration, they must see some benefit for themselves!

Don’t waste time. Meetings must be efficient and productive; management must be lean
6 and driven. (See IS 5.3 for more information about managing meetings.)

Develop clear roles and responsibilities for GBV coordination participants (even if these

IS 5.1
7 roles and responsibilities regularly shift). This can often be facilitated by developing sub-
groups within the coordination mechanism, as described in IS 4.6.

Secure commitments from all participants that every effort will be made to ensure that the
same people come to each meeting. One way to indirectly reinforce this is to make sure
8

Fostering collaborative leadership

that action points of every meeting contain the names of individuals responsible, not just
the names of organizations.

All collaboration is personal – effective collaboration happens between people – so

9 maintain regular communication. If you are facilitating coordination, take the time before
coordination meetings, during breaks and after meetings to informally chat with partners.

What are the different styles of collaborative leadership?

Experience has shown that different situations require different leadership styles. A collaborative
leader assesses the situation and chooses an appropriate leadership style.

When those facilitating

coordination are directive, A directive style can be appropriate in the initial stages of
they initiate action, structure establishing the GBV coordination body, when guidance is
activities, motivate others and needed on how it will work, and when frameworks, processes
give feedback to participants. and timescales are being set. It is also useful when time is short.
Being directive, however, does This style must be used cautiously and judiciously so that partners
not mean being threatening do not become accustomed to (and frustrated with) following
and/or demanding. directions. Even a directive style should incorporate key aspects
of collaborative leadership.

1
Adapted from Hank Rubin, http://www.collaborative-leaders.org/, as presented in the Child Protection Coordinators’
Handbook 2009 for Clusters, at: http://oneresponse.info/GlobalClusters/Protection/CP/Pages/Child%20Protection.aspx

Section Five: PRACTICAL coordination SKILLS 111

 The participative coordinator
gets results by leading A participative style in GBV coordination is important in building
discussions, asking questions trust, engaging participants and establishing initial principles,
to involve others, encouraging plans and modes of operation. Coordinators should try whenever
others to volunteer for possible to apply this style, while recognizing that it is time-
responsibilities, confirming consuming and that not every decision must be democratic.
commitments and asking for a Participants will likely respond positively to the efficiency of a
vote to get a consensus decision more directive style as long as they understand that participation
or a majority decision. is the norm and there are no pre-existing or underlying conflicts
within the coordination group that have not been addressed.

The delegative style lets the

group make decisions and A delegative style is the basis for setting up sub-groups within
encourages others to use their a GBV coordination mechanism, which in turn encourages
expertise, while still maintaining participants to use their specialist knowledge and experience.
responsibility for the overall The delegative style reinforces mutual responsibility. As the GBV
outcomes. coordination mechanism matures and takes on more activities, it
will be increasingly important to engage this style of leadership.

What are the developmental phases of a group?

IS 5.1

A coordination body’s ability to perform increases over time as it goes through stages. In an
emergency, those stages are likely to change rapidly and often overlap. In order to maximize the
performance of the GBV coordination mechanism, it is important to recognize and manage the
developmental phases of a group.2
Fostering collaborative leadership

NEW GROUP EFFECTIVE GROUP

Stage I Stage II Stage III Stage IV

Relationship DEPENDENCY CONFLICT COHESION INTER-
(Forming) (Storming) (Norming) DEPENDENCE
(Performing)

Group looks to Challenges to Common goals are A real team;

Behaviour
leader for support leadership, power solidified relationships working
and authority well
Task ORIENTATION ORGANIZATION DATA FLOW PROBLEM-SOLVING

Behaviour What are we here Of rules, Information and Effective team, high
to do? What are procedures, ideas begin to performance of
our goals? structures, roles, be received and appropriate tasks
etc. shared
GBV Establish roles, Clarify roles, Facilitate Use a delegative style
Coordinator’s responsibilities responsibilities, discussions, use of leadership, monitor
actions and purpose of procedures, participative progress, provide
the coordination systems; explain leadership, coach feedback
mechanism; limits; facilitate others
encourage getting conflict resolution
to know each
other

2
Taken from Child Protection Coordinators’ Handbook, 2009 and adapted from ‘WASH Cluster Coordinators
Handbook” (Draft 12 October); Blake R.R. and J.S. Mouton: The Managerial Grid. Houston: Gulf Publishing Co., 1964;
Tuckman B.W. Developmental Sequence in Small Groups. Psychological Bulletin, 1965.

112 Section Five: PRACTICAL coordination SKILLS

Resources

Hank Rubin: http://www.collaborative-leaders.org/

UN Training on Leadership: http://www.clustercoordination.org
Coordination of Multi-Sectoral Response to Gender-Based Violence in Humanitarian Settings:
Facilitator Manual (UNFPA and Ghent University, 2010). To be posted to the GBV AoR
website Spring 2010. Contact Erin Kenny for more information about the manual:
[email protected]

IS 5.1
Fostering collaborative leadership

Section Five: PRACTICAL coordination SKILLS 113

 Section Five: PRACTICAL
coordination SKILLS
2. Effective communication

What are the essential elements of effective communication?

Many of the positive outcomes of GBV coordination efforts can be linked to the communication
skills of the coordination leaders—whether in leading meetings, conducting advocacy, meeting
with stakeholders, etc. It is therefore absolutely critical that coordinators are aware of their
strengths and weaknesses related to communication. In the race against time during emergencies,
coordinators often overlook the importance of communication. Familiarize yourself with the
recommendations below—and use them.

ESSENTIAL PERSONAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS

►► Ask questions that draw out ideas, as well as information.

• Ask positive, open-ended questions to involve people in solving problems.
• Avoid letting the way you phrase a question imply that there are no other options.
• When leading meetings, speak a little louder and more slowly than you normally would.
►► Show that you are listening and understand.
IS 5.2

• Use paraphrase to check what you think you have heard. Ask ‘So, just to be clear, are you
saying...?’
• Show you are listening by responding to what is being said, without interrupting.
• Do not answer on someone else’s behalf or finish what is being said. Do not show
impatience.
Effective communication

• Understand different connotations of the locally expressed words and phrases.

►► Use body language sensitively and effectively.
• Maintain eye contact.
• Avoid defiant or defensive postures, e.g., arms tightly folded in front of you.
• In meetings, do not always assume a position at the head of the table—unless you are
consciously attempting to be more directive than participatory.
• Actively listen to ensure sure information flows both ways during one-to-one and group
meetings.
►► Build trust by making yourself approachable.
• If trust is not there, people tend to hold back from telling you ‘bad news’. Problems may
reach a crisis point before you know they exist.
• Get out in the community and visit other organizations; talk to people but listen more than
you talk.
• Continually ask others for ideas on all aspects of GBV programming. Feedback is valuable
and people are motivated by an inclusive approach.
• Do not make promises you cannot keep.
►► Be prepared to take criticism and to hear things you might not like.
• Focus on the validity of what is being said rather than your own feelings.
• Do not make excuses that will not withstand close scrutiny.
• Accept when you have made mistakes and take steps to rectify them.
►► Use social events to break down barriers among GBV partners.
• Even in an emergency it is important to take time out—this is good for building working
relationships. If feasible, arrange social events for/with GBV partners periodically,
according to the cultural norms of the community.

In addition to these basic communication skills that GBV Coordinators should apply in all their
efforts to work with partners, there will be many situations in which GBV partners themselves will
have to use strategic communication skills in order to promote the goals and objectives related to
ethical, safe and comprehensive GBV prevention and response programming.

114 Section Five: PRACTICAL coordination SKILLS

It may be useful for GBV coordination partners to review and discuss some of the basics related to
strategic communication.

Strategic communication is any planned communication activity that seeks to achieve

one of the following communication goals:

inform persuade motivate move to action

A key element of strategic communication is seeing an issue from the perspective of the audience.
It is important to get to know key stakeholders and identify ‘GBV allies’. GBV partners must also
think about what will motivate their target audiences to meet their GBV-related responsibilities
and be prepared with persuasive messages. Persuasive techniques:

►► Use facts, figures and real-life human examples often.

►► Appeal to the audience at a personal level as well as an intellectual level.
►► Listen to others’ viewpoints.

When communicating with individuals or with groups, remember:

Be clear about the goal of your communication.

Goal • Break down your message into a series of points that you want to

IS 5.2
get across.

Know your audience.

• Are they interested in what you have to say? Are they already

Effective communication
well-informed? Are they likely to be receptive or hostile to the
Audience information that you are communicating?
• Consider the timing of your message. People in an emergency are
unlikely to take in much information unless the message is directly
relevant to their job.

Structure your message carefully.

• Explain the purpose of the communcation.
Structure • Present your ideas in order of importance.
• End a meeting by summing up all the important points again.

Use language your audience understands.

• Use simple, direct words and short sentences.
• When using interpreters, use short phrases and pause for
translation.
Language • Avoid vagueness. For example, ‘Mike will check the supplies
tomorrow’ is clearer than ‘The supplies will be checked’.
• Use jargon and technical terms sparingly. Specialist vocabulary and
UN acronyms are difficult for non-specialists or non-UN personnel.

Resources

CEDPA Training Manual Series, “Gender, Reproductive Health, and Advocacy” (Washington,
DC, 2000) Sessions 9-14.
http://www.cedpa.org/section/publications?topic=37

Section Five: PRACTICAL coordination SKILLS 115

 Section Five: PRACTICAL
coordination SKILLS
3. Managing meetings

What are the essential considerations when planning and conducting a GBV
coordination meeting?

During an emergency, humanitarian actors often complain about the number of meetings they
have to attend. It is therefore critical that those participating in GBV coordination meetings
understand and appreciate the importance of their attendance. Not only should they feel they are
integral to the process, they should enjoy it.

The following checklist can assist facilitators to ensure that GBV meetings are organized, efficient
and inclusive.

►► Identify a venue for the meeting that is accessible to all participants—not just those
W working for the UN!
H ►► Try and establish consensus about the acceptability of the venue early on; avoid
changing venues to the greatest extent possible.
E ►► Ensure the venue has the necessary space, equipment, ventilation, catering, etc., and is
IS 5.3

R free from interruptions.

►► Make sure the venue is set up in advance of the meeting with all necessary supplies,
E including flipcharts and markers, LCD projector, etc.
Managing meetings

W ►► Identify a regular day/time for the meeting that maximizes participation—and stick

H to it!
►► Plan to hold meetings at least once a week in the early stages of the emergency, then
E consider changing to once every two weeks when the situation has stabilized, and once
N a month when the situation is shifting to recovery.

►► If the Internet is widely available, create an e-mail list of all prospective meeting
W participants to alert them each week about the meetings and to provide them with
H an agenda. Identify other methods (telephone, hand-written reminders) for alerting
partners about meeting time/agenda if the Internet is not available. Distribute a sign-
O up list at each meeting to regularly update e-mail and other contact information.

►► Allow time for preparation of the meeting content so that all necessary resources are

W available before and during the meeting.

• Prepare how you will lead the meeting and identify agenda items.
H • Circulate the proposed agenda and other items for review at least three days in
A advance so everyone can be well-prepared. Invite participants to add items to the
proposed agenda.
T • Ask participants to bring relevant materials with them if they are presenting
information.

116 Section Five: PRACTICAL coordination SKILLS

 ►► Allocate sufficient time for the meeting so that the agenda is not rushed, but never
allow meetings to exceed two hours.
• Set a fixed time for the meeting to begin and end.
• Allocate and manage time appropriately for each item under discussion.
►► Provide translation for participants as necessary.
►► Identify a secretary to take meeting minutes, preferably the same person for each

H meeting.
►► Provide tea, coffee and biscuits for participants during the meeting. If time permits,
O allow for a coffee break during the meeting to facilitate networking.
W ►► Take decisions during the meeting in order to promote an action-oriented approach.
• Make sure that decisions are within the authority of those present.
• Accurately record decisions and action points in the meeting minutes.
• Communicate decisions to others (not attending the meeting) who need to know.
►► Allow time at the end of the meeting to evaluate whether the goals of the meeting have
been achieved and to review key action points.
►► Circulate the minutes no more than three days after the meeting, making sure to
highlight action points.

What are some alternatives to holding meetings?

When you run a meeting you are making demands on people’s time and attention – you need to
use time wisely and consider alternatives where possible. Do not call a meeting if there is a better
way to exchange information – identify the purpose the information exchange, consider issues

IS 5.3
related to that purpose and, wherever possible, utilize alternatives.

Purpose Considerations Alternatives

Managing meetings
• Providing • Is the information easily • Written memos / reports
information presented and understood • E-mail messages / fax
• Receiving without interaction? • Phone calls
information • Who needs to participate • Instant messaging
• Problem- in the decision or • Teleconferencing
solving discussion? • One-to-one exchange
• Decision- • Who needs to be • Online options (e.g.,
making committed to the googlegroups, websites)
outcome? • Video

What are the key characteristics of an effective meeting facilitator?

Facilitating a GBV coordination meeting is likely to be one of the biggest challenges facing a GBV
Coordinator—s/he will need to balance the need to be seen as impartial, independent and a
good listener at the same time as achieving the tasks associated with GBV coordination. The GBV
Coordinator’s role is to facilitate meetings in such a way that the collective wisdom of the attendees
is tapped into, while keeping discussions in line with the meeting’s agenda. It is important to
create an environment where participants understand and meet their responsibilities to prepare
for and engage constructively in meetings. The suggestions below are meant to complement those
on effective communication identified in IS 5.2.

Facilitates
• Begins the meeting with introductions, icebreakers, etc.
• Makes suggestions on how the meeting can move forward.
• Encourages ideas from others.
• Looks for connections between participants’ ideas.
• Limits his/her own opinions and ideas to remain neutral.

Section Five: PRACTICAL coordination SKILLS 117

 Encourages positive reactions
• Checks the level of support and agreement for others’ ideas.
• Encourages reasoned disagreement to ensure constructive debates.
• Stays positive and focused on the purpose of the meeting.

Clarifies
• Asks open-ended questions.
• Restates an idea or thought when it needs to be clarified.
• Ensures others have understood.
• Limits overly detailed explanations from others, keeps discussion focused.

Summarizes
• Condenses key points in the discussion, agreements, action points, etc.
• Arranges for a volunteer to record salient points as they arise—perhaps on a flipchart
or other visual. This helps the group stay focused, avoids repetition and helps build
consensus.
IS 5.3

Manages participants
• Creates opportunities for everyone to participate and feel they are listened to and their
contributions valued.
• Asks for information and opinions, especially from smaller NGOs and donors.
Managing meetings

• Prevents exclusive side conversations.

• Avoids strong characters dominating, e.g., by moving from one speaker or topic to
another.
• Discourages unhelpful comments and digressions: is firm, but sensitive, in asking those
present to keep to the purpose of the meeting.

Uses verbal and nonverbal signals

• Listens actively.
• Allows time and space for reflection by pausing between comments.
• Combines body language and speech to communicate – e.g., uses eye contact to
encourage (or politely discourage!) behaviours.
• Is aware of and respectful of cultural differences and promotes non-discrimination.

Resources

For an excellent range of tools and techniques for use in meetings:

http://www.seedsforchange.org.uk/free/tools.pdf
For a guide to facilitating meetings:
http://www.seedsforchange.org.uk/free/facil.pdf
Also see “Tips and resources, IASC Cluster Leadership Training – Smarter Coordination Meetings”
http://www.humanitarianreform.org/Default.aspx?tabid=425

118 Section Five: PRACTICAL coordination SKILLS

 Section Five: PRACTICAL
coordination SKILLS
4. Consensus-building

What is consensus-building? Good to know

Consensus is one form of decision-making that can be used in The key indicator that
consensus has been reached is
many aspects of GBV coordination, particularly when trying to
that everyone agrees they can
move an issue forward. It means “overwhelming agreement” or live with the final proposal/
the “maximum agreement among people while drawing on as outcome after every effort has
much of everyone’s ideas as possible”.1 been made to meet various
interests.
Consensus-building is a process for encouraging participation
and ownership. It can lead groups to create innovative solutions to complex problems. Consensus-
building is not appropriate for all aspects of GBV coordination. It is time-consuming, requires
equal input and commitment and can lead to conflict if no consensus is reached. Therefore, a
key skill is assessing when it is important and appropriate to build consensus around an issue or
decision.

IS 5.4
When is consensus-building most When should consensus-building
useful? be avoided?

►► Participants have perspectives ►► The problem is not complex, and

Consensus-building
and information valuable to the the solutions are either highly
decision-making, prioritization technical or clearly obvious and/
and planning process. or options are severely limited.
►► Buy-in is necessary for ►► Interagency standards and
commitment, ownership of objectives are being compromised
decisions and follow-through. or threatened by the same
►► The way forward is in doubt and/ consensus.
or solutions are ambiguous. ►► Another decision-making process
►► Solutions require interdependent is more efficient and effective.
actions by stakeholders. ►► Stakeholders are highly
►► Power, information and politicized or views highly
implementation is fragmented polarized.
among many stakeholders. ►► Decision-makers are not at the
►► Stakeholders hold conflicting table.
views yet unity on major ►► There is insufficient information.
decisions is required to uphold ►► There is insufficient time for a
standards and accountability. full exploration of all views and
►► Good relationship among consensus to be reached.
stakeholders is needed in the
future.
►► The group is relatively small
(up to 20) and has mutual
understanding.

1
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, A Short Guide to Consensus Building. Available at
http://web.mit.edu/publicdisputes/practice/cbh_ch1.html

Section Five: PRACTICAL coordination SKILLS 119

 What is the process for building consensus?

For GBV coordination, consensus-building is especially important when addressing challenging

issues in GBV meetings and when undertaking activities that require the support of all actors in
order to be effective, such as developing GBV Action Plans, facilitating SOPs, etc. The steps below
provide a useful summary of how to lead a consensus-building process.

1 Agree on your objectives for the task/project, expectations and rules.

2 Define the problem or decision to be reached by consensus.

3 Brainstorm possible solutions.

4 Discuss pros and cons of the narrowed down list of ideas/solutions.

Adjust, compromise and fine-tune the agreed upon idea/solution so all group
5 members can accept the result.

Testing for agreement: Notice when the group is nearing agreement and can move on to a
IS 5.4

firm decision. Groups can waste a lot of time talking around ideas that they largely agree
on. It is worth presenting the group with the ideas you are hearing and asking for some
sign of agreement or disagreement. Some disagreement may still allow the group to move
forward. For example: Non-support: ‘I don’t see the need for this but I’ll go along with it’.
Standing aside: ‘I personally can’t do this, but I won’t stop others from doing it’.
Consensus-building

Make your decision. If a consensus is not reached, review and/or repeat steps one
6 through six (see below for tips on dealing with an impasse).
Breaking an impasse:
• Remind all actors of the humanitarian consequences of failing to reach an
agreement, how an agreement will benefit the GBV survivors you are all there to
serve (reference obligations as duty-bearers).
• Confer and invite suggestions – use probing questions.
• Retrace progress and summarize areas of agreement and disagreement.
• Find out where people stand/how strongly they feel.
• Gather further information or ‘evidence’ to facilitate decision-making.
• Build consensus in mixed small groups, then meet all actors together.
• Set a time limit for establishing consensus – and then suggest that the issue goes to
a majority vote.
• Meet individually with primary disputants and ask them ‘What could be changed
so that you could support it?’.
• In the most difficult situations, bring disputing parties together at a separate time
in order to facilitate conflict resolution and problem-solving.

7 Once the decision has been made, act upon what you have decided.

8 Follow up and monitor the implementation of the agreement.

120 Section Five: PRACTICAL coordination SKILLS

What are some key tips for leading consensus-building?

►► Use active listening (see IS 5.5) and questioning skills.

►► Try to understand other points of view.
►► Communicate openly.
►► Remember and review common goals.
►► Focus on and explore underlying interests.
►► Identify and grow the ‘zones of agreement’ – areas and priorities on which the group
agrees.
►► Trust the process – believe that you can reach agreement and infuse this belief
throughout the group.
►► Remain calm and respectful.

Resources

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, A Short Guide to Consensus Building. Available at:

http://web.mit.edu/publicdisputes/practice/cbh_ch1.html

IS 5.4
Consensus-building

Section Five: PRACTICAL coordination SKILLS 121

 Section Five: PRACTICAL
coordination SKILLS
5. Negotiation in GBV coordination

Under what circumstances will

Good to know
a GBV coordinator need to enter
negotiations? Negotiation, in its simplest form, involves a
discussion between two or more people/agencies
who are trying to work out a solution to their
A GBV coordinator may have to negotiate dispute. Negotiations may be entered into when:
directly with another person, agency or group • Two individuals or groups have
(e.g., on behalf of the GBV coordination group conflicting interests.
at an inter-cluster/sector meeting) or facilitate • There is joint interest in achieving a
negotiations between two conflicting parties. settlement.
Within the GBV coordination body, the • More than one potential outcome is
coordinator may need to negotiate issues such possible.
as the strategic focus, division of responsibilities • Both parties are prepared to make
concessions.
or simply the scheduling of meetings.

What are the guidelines for entering negotiations?

IS 5.5

Negotiation is a complex process but one worth mastering. Whatever the level of negotiation, the
following guidelines are useful:
Negotiation in GBV coordination

Prepare options beforehand.

Before entering into a negotiation, prepare:

• What do you really want?

• What is the minimum you are prepared to accept?
• What are all the issues you could negotiate over (time, money, quantity, quality)?
You also need to consider:
• What they might want from you and what you are prepared to offer. Anticipate
why the other person might resist your suggestion and be prepared to counter
with an alternative.

Draw out the other’s perspective.

In a negotiating situation use questions to find out what the other
person’s concerns and needs might be. You might try:

• What do you need from me on this?

• What are your concerns about what I am suggesting?
• Use active listening, gauging what issues are most important to them and which
they are most likely to move on.

State your needs.

The other person needs to know what you need. It is important to state not only what
you need, but also why you need it. Often disagreement may exist regarding the method
for solving an issue, but not about the overall goal. Start with what you ideally want, but
indicate you are prepared to make some concessions.

122 Section Five: PRACTICAL coordination SKILLS

 Do not argue.

Negotiating is about finding solutions. Do not waste time arguing. If you disagree with
something, state your disagreement in a gentle but assertive way and offer an alternative.
Do not demean the other person or enter into a power struggle.

Consider timing.
There are good and bad times to negotiate. Bad times include
those situations where there is:

• A high degree of anger on either side.

• Preoccupation with something else.
• A high level of stress.
• Fatigue on one side or the other.
Time negotiations to avoid negative circumstances as much as possible. If they arise
during negotiations a time-out/rest period is in order or perhaps rescheduling to a
better time.

Resources

“Negotiation,” International Online Training Program on Intractable Conflict, Conflict Research

Consortium, University of Colorado. Available at

IS 5.5
http://www.colorado.edu/conflict/peace/treatment/negotn.htm
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, A Short Guide to Consensus Building. Available at
http://web.mit.edu/publicdisputes/practice/cbh_ch1.html

Negotiation in GBV coordination

Annex

A53: Susie Michelle Cortright, “10 Tips to Effective and Active Listening.”

Section Five: PRACTICAL coordination SKILLS 123

 Section Five: PRACTICAL
coordination SKILLS
6. Conflict resolution

What are common sources of conflict?

Conflicts are a pervasive and inevitable part of any group and, if handled well, can lead to growth
and development of the GBV coordination mechanism as well as of each individual partner.

Sources of conflict Positive outcomes of conflict

resolution
• Strategies (lack of clarity,
no common vision). • Awareness of problems and
• Systems (methods of encouragement to change.
communicating). • Better decisions and more
• Structures (division of creativity.
responsibilities, physical • Heightened interest and energy
barriers). of the group.
• Differing values. • Increased cohesiveness and
• Individuals (personalities, clearing the air.
IS 5.6

styles of working).

Good to know
Conflict resolution

If conflicts tend to be avoided or resolved prematurely, or discussion of differences is stifled, serious

difficulties will arise. Relationships among GBV coordination partners will suffer, as will the productivity
of the GBV coordinating mechanism. If a group cannot manage the stress of a conflict among its members,
it is unlikely to last very long.

What are the key skills for resolving conflicts?

Conflicts—and the negotiations around them—can often lead to more effective and sustainable
solutions because they draw in a much wider range of views and possible solutions. Conflicts are
not to be avoided! The following skills can assist in handling conflicts constructively.

1. Recognize symptoms
• Overt symptoms include: anger, disengagement, silence, body language, formation
of cliques and arguments.
• Hidden symptoms include: low energy, non-attendance, arriving late/leaving early,
mistakes, not socializing.

2. Tackle it early: left alone, conflict grows and spreads.

3. Identify the source (see possible sources above).

4. Focus on the core issue or problem: avoid ‘old scores’ or ‘getting personal’.

124 Section Five: PRACTICAL coordination SKILLS

 5. Consider each point of view—use active listening (see IS 5.2).

6. Invite suggestions on the way forward: focus on solutions and building consensus
(see IS 5.4).

7. Check agreement of all stakeholders and that everyone accepts the resolution.

What happens when an impasse is reached?

An impasse occurs when key stakeholders are unable to perceive effective solutions to their dispute
or differences. People feel stuck, frustrated, angry and disillusioned. They might dig their heels
in deeper, adopt extreme or rigid positions, or they might withdraw from participating in GBV
coordination. Either way, an impasse represents a turning point in efforts to negotiate a solution
to the conflict—it is usually a forerunner to actually resolving a conflict. Strategies for managing
an impasse are similar to those listed above as well as those identified in consensus-building—but
they may require a bit more time and patience. They include1:

►► Identifying underlying concerns.

►► Respecting a variety of needs.
►► Exploring alternatives to a negotiated agreement.

IS 5.6
►► Trying active-listening variations.
►► Respecting silence.
►► Talking about feelings.
►► Caucusing or gathering together in small groups.

Conflict resolution
Resources

Child Protection Coordinators’ Handbook 2009 for Clusters, at:

http://oneresponse.info/GlobalClusters/Protection/CP/Pages/Child%20Protection.
aspx
For detailed guidelines on consensus building, see:
http://www.seedsforchange.org.uk/free/consensus.pdf
For useful guidelines on facilitating consensus-building in large groups, see:
http://www.seedsforchange.org.uk/free/conslarge.pdf

1
Harry Webne-Behrman, The practice of facilitation: managing group process and solving problems. UK: Praeger
Publishers (1998), pp. 35-36.

Section Five: PRACTICAL coordination SKILLS 125

 Section Five: PRACTICAL
coordination SKILLS
7. Accountability

Are GBV coordination partners accountable to the GBV Coordinator?

The cluster approach itself does not require humanitarian actors

to be held accountable to cluster/sector leads. Individuals are
Good to know
accountable to the organizations for which they work. Likewise, Three key determinants
it does not demand accountability of non-UN actors to UN of the functioning of
agencies. Individual humanitarian organizations can only be accountability mechanisms 1:
held accountable to cluster/sector leads in cases where they have ►► Availability and use of
made specific commitments to this effect. The same is true of information.
GBV coordination partners in settings where the cluster system ►► Mechanisms for
is not in place. monitoring performance.
►► The existence of adequate
incentives for compliance.
To ensure the proper functioning of the GBV coordination
mechanism, participants must perform to their best ability within the agreed parameters of the
coordination process. This means they must understand and act on responsibilities laid out in
key operational guidance documents, such as the GBV coordination Terms of Reference, the GBV
IS 5.7

Action Plan, etc. A mechanism for monitoring partners’ success in meeting their responsibilities
is also necessary.

How can a GBV Coordinator promote accountability among participants?

Accountability

First, the GBV Coordinator’s responsibilities should be clearly outlined in the TOR of the
coordination mechanism, and every effort should be made to ensure that these responsibilities are
met. The best way to encourage accountability is to lead by example.

Additionally, the GBV Coordinator should ensure that:

►► The GBV coordination Action Plan designates agencies, individuals or small groups for
specific tasks.
►► TOR for the Chair(s) are drafted at the outset.
►► Meetings are efficient and action-oriented.
►► Action points are included in meeting minutes.
►► There is a process through which agencies, individuals and small group commitments (as
recorded in the minutes) are routinely reviewed.
►► Attending participants have the authority to make decisions on behalf of their designated
organizations.
►► The GBV Coordinator continuously acknowledges and applauds the work of partner
organizations that are meeting their responsibilities.

Resources

IASC, ‘Guidance Note on Using the Cluster Approach to Strengthen Humanitarian Response’ (2006).
http://oneresponse.info/Pages/default.aspx

1
Overseas Development Institute (ODI), Briefing Paper, “Promoting Mutual Accountability in Aid Relationships,” April
(2006), p.1.

126 Section Five: PRACTICAL coordination SKILLS

© UNICEF/NYHQ2009-1304/Olivier Asselin

Section 6:
Annexes 6 Annex

Section Six: Annexes 127

What is GenCap? GenCap Advisers provide technical leadership and
The IASC Gender Standby Capacity (GenCap) project support on Gender Equality Programming, including
seeks to build capacity of humanitarian actors GBV programming, through close collaboration
at country level to mainstream gender equality with humanitarian actors and building on existing
programming, including prevention and response resources in the following main areas of work:
to gender-based violence, in all sectors of information collection and analysis; programme
humanitarian response. planning; capacity building; coordination; and
advocacy. The expected output of the GenCap
GenCap’s goal is to ensure that humanitarian Advisers’ work is effective gender equality
action takes into consideration the different needs programming, including prevention and response
and capabilities of women, girls, boys and men to GBV in humanitarian situations.
equally. It is a critical part to building inter-agency
capacity on the integration of cross-cutting issues How long is each deployment?
into the cluster approach. Each deployment will be made for 6-12 months

A1
(less in exceptional cases). Extensions can be
GenCap consists of a pool of 35 gender advisers made up to a maximum of 24 months altogether. If
at a P-4/ P-5 level to be deployed on short notice an office needs a more permanent gender adviser
as an inter­agency resource to support the UN

GenCap FAQs
presence it should go through its regular recruitment
Humanitarian/Resident Coordinators (HC/RC), procedures.
humanitarian country teams and cluster/sectors
leads, in the initial stages of sudden-onset How does GenCap differ from
emergencies as well as in protracted or recurring
humanitarian situations. ProCap?
The Protection Standby Capacity Project (ProCap)
The Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) is is a roster of protection officers and GenCap
administering the expert pool. GenCap Advisers’ is copying many of ProCap’s structures. While
salary, DSA/hazard pay, insurance and flights are protection issues such as GBV is a part of the
covered by the GenCap project. GenCap Advisers’ ToR they have a broader role
in facilitating gender equality programming in all
sectors/clusters of humanitarian response.

GenCap is an initiative of the IASC’s Who can make requests for a

Sub-working Group on Gender in GenCap Adviser?
Humanitarian Action All UN/INGO entities with a MoU with the Norwegian
Refugee Council (NRC) can make a request for a
GenCap Adviser.

What is the primary role of the

GenCap Advisers?
The primary role of the GenCap Advisers is to
work with the humanitarian country team and in UN Agencies and Organizations with
particular the cluster/sector actors to facilitate MoUs with NRC are:
the establishment of sustainable coordination IOM, FAO, OCHA, OHCHR, UNDP,
mechanisms and build capacity to ensure that
UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNICEF,
the needs and capabilities of women, girls, boys
and men are considered in all clusters’/sectors’ UNRWA, WFP and WHO
emergency response.

Section Six: Annexes 129

 How do I make a request for a The GenCap Adviser will also send regular monitoring
and evaluation reports to the GenCap Secretariat.
GenCap Adviser?
The HC and relevant cluster leads will sign off on the
Ideally one agency should initiate the request and
reports. The GenCap Advisers also sends a bi-monthly
bring other IASC partners into the development
update to NRC.
of a country specific ToR, adapting the standard
GenCap ToR. This should be done in a consultative
fashion with relevant actors in the entire What is the responsibility of the host
humanitarian country team. For administrative agency?
reasons, an entity with a MoU with NRC will be The host agency is responsible for providing the
the host of the GenCap Adviser. The GenCap GenCap Adviser with an office space, phones,
Adviser could be based in the HC office or where computer, local transport/vehicle and interpreter (if
the country team deems it most adequate. The necessary); and for covering cost of internal travel.
HC must approve and sign the request before For more details, please consult your agency’s MoU
submission. with NRC.

Questions can be directed to the GenCap

secretariat ([email protected]), which is the recipient What is the role of NRC?
of the signed request. The inter-agency GenCap The Norwegian Refugee Council covers salary, DSA/
Steering Committee formally approves the request hazard pay, insurance and travel to and from duty
before a deployment is made. station; and maintains contact with the advisers on
logistical and contractual issues during the deployment.
A1

The request form is available on

http://www.humanitarianreform.org/gencap What is the role of the GenCap
Steering Committee?
GenCap FAQs

The Steering Committee is made up of a core group

GenCap had by April 2009 deployed of IASC entities and oversees the operations of the
GenCap. It considers and approves requests for
29 GenCap Advisers to support
deployments and has the final responsibility for
19 humanitarian situations: monitoring and evaluation of the project.
Afghanistan, CAR, Chad, Ethiopia,
Georgia, Guinea, Indonesia, Iraq, What is the role of the GenCap
Kenya, Liberia, Myanmar, Namibia,
Nepal , oPt, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan,
Secretariat?
The Secretariat supports the Steering Committee;
Uganda, Yemen the monitoring and evaluation project; organises
the GenCap Advisers’ training workshop; provides
substantive support to GenCap Advisers on mission;
Can GenCap Advisers work on a and liaises with donors and partners. It also supports
specific agency’s programme or do field offices in developing requests for GenCap
Advisers.
they need to sit with the HC?
GenCap Advisers work primarily on inter-agency
activities and not on the work of the hosting agency.
On a case-by-case basis GenCap Advisers could Contact and Further Information:
also be deployed to agencies/programmes needing GenCap Secretariat
specific gender equality programme support if [email protected]
there is capacity available on the roster. phone: +41 78 69 23 255
www.humanitarianreform.org/gencap
Who does the GenCap Adviser
report to?
The GenCap Adviser reports to the Humanitarian
Coordinator and/or head of the hosting agency.
As the nature of deployments may vary, additional
solutions for reporting lines will have to be decided
on in consultation with the GenCap Steering
Committee on a case-by-case basis.

130 Section Six: Annexes

 International Milestones Regarding Human Rights and GBV: The International
Legal Framework1

Date Event What it says/Why is it relevant to GBV

1948 Universal The first effort made by governments to commit to the expression of rights to which all human beings
Declaration of are entitled, which later served as the blueprint for many international treaties and laws focused on
Human Rights human rights.
1949 Geneva Convention Established standards in internation law for humanitarian treatment of victims of war, defined the
(IHL) basic rights of those captured during a military conflict and established protections for civilians in
and around a war zone, noting: “Women shall be especially protected against any attack on their
honour, in particular against rape, enforced prostitution or any form of indecent assault.” (§.27)
1951 UN Convention Defined who is a refugee and established the rights of individuals who are granted asylum and
Relating to the the responsibilities of nations that grant asylum. The 1951 convention was limited to protecting
Status of Refugees European refugees after World War II; the 1967 Protocol removed the geographic and time limits
(and the 1967 of the original convention.
Protocol)
International Granted economic, social and cultural rights (ESCR) to individuals. It also established rights to
1976 Covenant on health, education, labour and an adequate standard of living and “equal rights of men and women.”
Economic, Social (§3)
and Cultural Rights
(CESCR)

A2
1979 Convention on Established an agenda of action for putting an end to sex-based discrimination, which led to the
the Elimination creation of the international bill of rights for women. “States ratifying the Convention are required to
of all Forms of enshrine gender equality into their domestic legislation, repeal all discriminatory provisions in their
Discrimination laws, and enact new provisions to guard against discrimination against women.”

International Legal Framework

Against Women
(CEDAW)
1991 UN Guidelines on “Women and girls have special protection needs that reflect their gender: they need (...) protection
the Protection of against ( ) sexual and physical abuse and exploitation, and protection against sexual discrimination
Refugee Women in the delivery of goods and services.” (§.3)
1992 CEDAW General “GBV, which impairs or nullifies the enjoyment by women of human rights and fundamental
Recommendation freedoms (…) is discrimination.” (§9)
No.19 on Violence “Wars, armed conflicts and the occupation of territories often lead to increased prostitution,
Against Women trafficking in women and sexual assault of women, which require specific protective and punitive
measures.” (§16.)
1993 Vienna Conference The second global conference to focus exclusively on human rights. Asserts a human rights
- Vienna perspective regarding violence against women, obliging governments to respect and fulfill
Declaration and women’s human rights on an equal basis with men’s rights:
Programme of “The human rights of women and of the girl-child are an inalienable, integral and indivisible part of
Action universal human rights.” (§.18)
- Declaration on the “Violations of the human rights of women in situations of armed conflict are violations of the
Elimination of VAW fundamental principles of international human rights and humanitarian law. All violations of this
(UN Res 48/104 ) kind, including in particular murder, systematic rape, sexual slavery and forced pregnancy, require
a particularly effective response.” (§.38)
1994 International Developed the Programme of Action, which served as the steering document for the United
Conference on Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). Established that sexual and reproductive rights are human
Population and rights:
Development “ (...) [Reproductive health] services should be particularly sensitive to the needs of (...) women
(ICPD) Cairo and children (...) with particular attention to those who are victims of sexual violence.” (§.7.11)
“(...) All necessary measures should be taken to ensure the physical protection of refugees – in
particular , that of refugee women and refugee children – against sexual exploitation, abuse and all
forms of violence.” (§.10.24)
1995 Fourth World FWCW, Platform for Action, Beijing, 1995:
Conference on Chapter D: Violence against women: particular vulnerability of war affected women and girls to
Women Beijing violence
Chapter E: Women and armed conflict: attention to sexual violence and other forms of GBV.

Section Six: Annexes 131

 1998 ICC Rome Statute The treaty that established the International Criminal Court (ICC):
“Rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, enforced sterilization, or any other
form of sexual violence of comparable gravity” are: crimes against humanity (§.7.1.g) and war
crimes (§.8.2.e.)
1998 UN Guiding “Special attention should be paid to the health needs of women, including access to female health
Principles care providers and services, such as reproductive health care, as well as appropriate counseling
on Internal for victims of sexual and other abuses.” (§.19.2)
Displacement
1999 CEDAW General “Special attention should be paid to the health needs of women, including access to female health
Recommendation care providers and services, such as reproductive health care, as well as appropriate counseling
No.24 on Women for victims of sexual and other abuses." (§19.2)
and Health
2000 UN Security Calls on all parties to armed conflict to take special measures to protect women and girls from
Council Resolution gender-based violence, particularly rape and other forms of sexual abuse, and all other forms of
1325 on Women, violence in situations of armed conflict. Emphasizes the responsibility of all states to put an end
Peace and Security to impunity and to prosecute those responsible for genocide, crimes against humanity and war
crimes, including those involving sexual and other violence against women and girls.
2005 World Summit 2005 The World Summit 2005 MDGs include several strong references to ending violence against
Millennium women and the girl child in situations of armed conflict, including:
Development Goals • violation of human rights of women and girls
• sexual violence against women and girls
• reporting, preventing and punishing GBV.

UN Security SCR 1612 implements a monitoring and reporting mechanism (to the Special Representative
A2

Council Resolution of the Secretary-General) on children and armed conflict and the use of child soldiers, including
1612 on Children monitoring and reporting sexual violence.
and Armed Conflict
2006 UN Security Condemns in the strongest terms all sexual and other forms of violence committed against civilians
International Legal Framework

Council Resolution in armed conflict, in particular women and children, and undertakes to ensure that all peace-
1674 on Protection support operations employ all feasible measures to prevent such violence and to address its
of Civilians impact where it takes place.
2008 UN Security Condemns the use of rape and other forms of sexual violence in conflict situations, stating that
Council Resolution rape can constitute a war crime, a crime against humanity or a constitutive act with respect
1820 on Women, to genocide. Resolution 1820 also calls for effective steps to prevent and respond to acts of
Peace and Security sexual violence as a way of contributing to the maintenance of international peace and security –
including urging Member States to comply with their obligations to prosecute the perpetrators of
sexual violence, to ensure that all victims of sexual violence, particularly women and girls, have
equal protection under the law and equal access to justice, and to end impunity for sexual violence
as part of a comprehensive approach to seeking sustainable peace, justice, truth and national
reconciliation.
2009 UN Security Resolution 1882 is a follow-up to and reinforcement of Security Council Resolution 1612 (2005),
Council Resolution condemning the use of children in armed conflict, and asking member states to respect resolutions
1882 on Women, against the use of children in armed conflict. It also highlights the issue of rape and sexual
Peace and Security violence and calls upon states to halt such violations and strengthens the monitoring and reporting
mechanisms established in Resolution 1612 in relation to sexual violence.

UN Security Resolution 1888 reaffirms Resolution 1325 (2000) on Women and Peace and Security and
Council Resolution condemns ongoing sexual violence against women in conflict and post-conflict situations, urging
1888 on the Role of Member States, United Nations bodies, donors and civil society to ensure that women’s protection
Peacekeepers and empowerment is taken into account during post-conflict needs assessment and planning and
factored into subsequent funding and programming.

UN Security Resolution 1889 mandates peacekeeping missions to protect women and girls from sexual
Council Resolution violence in armed conflict.
1889 on Women,
Peace and Security

1
Information adapted from Bossman, M, Material for training course: Coordination of Multi-Sectoral Response to Gender-Based
Violence in Humanitarian Settings, Ghent University, November 2008.
132 Section Six: Annexes
 Principles of Partnership
A Statement of Commitment

Endorsed by the Global Humanitarian Platform, 12 July 2007

The Global Humanitarian Platform, created in July 2006, brings together UN and non-UN
humanitarian organizations on an equal footing.

• Striving to enhance the effectiveness of humanitarian action, based on an ethical

obligation and accountability to the populations we serve,

• Acknowledging diversity as an asset of the humanitarian community and recognizing the

interdependence among humanitarian organizations,

• Committed to building and nurturing an effective partnership,

… the organizations participating in the Global Humanitarian Platform agree to base their
partnership on the following principles:

• Equality

A3
Equality requires mutual respect between members of the partnership irrespective of size and power.
The participants must respect each other’s mandates, obligations and independence and recognize each
other’s constraints and commitments. Mutual respect must not preclude organizations from engaging
in constructive dissent.

Principles of Partnership, A Statement of Commitment

• Transparency
Transparency is achieved through dialogue (on equal footing), with an emphasis on early consultations
and early sharing of information. Communications and transparency, including financial transparency,
increase the level of trust among organizations.

• Result-oriented approach
Effective humanitarian action must be reality-based and action-oriented. This requires result-oriented
coordination based on effective capabilities and concrete operational capacities.

• Responsibility
Humanitarian organizations have an ethical obligation to each other to accomplish their tasks
responsibly, with integrity and in a relevant and appropriate way. They must make sure they commit
to activities only when they have the means, competencies, skills, and capacity to deliver on their
commitments. Decisive and robust prevention of abuses committed by humanitarians must also be a
constant effort.

• Complementarity
The diversity of the humanitarian community is an asset if we build on our comparative advantages
and complement each other’s contributions. Local capacity is one of the main assets to enhance and
on which to build. Whenever possible, humanitarian organizations should strive to make it an integral
part in emergency response. Language and cultural barriers must be overcome.

www.globalhumanitarianplatform.org

Section Six: Annexes 133

 Basics, Structure and Information on
Support from the Global Protection Cluster to Field Protection Clusters

The aim of the cluster and cluster leadership approach is to strengthen system-wide preparedness and technical capacity to
respond to humanitarian emergencies by ensuring that there is a high standard of predictability, accountability and partnership
in all sectors, including protection.

UNHCR is the global lead agency for the Protection Cluster, however, at the country level in natural disaster situations or in
complex emergencies without significant displacement, the three protection-mandated agencies (UNHCR, UNICEF and OHCHR)
have committed to consult closely and, under the overall leadership of the Humanitarian Coordinator/Resident Coordinator,
agree which among them would assume the role of cluster lead for protection.

Once protection cluster leadership is assumed at the country level, the Protection Cluster Lead Agency is responsible for
ensuring a well coordinated and effective response in the protection area of activity covering the identified needs of persons of
concern. This does not mean that the cluster lead agency is expected to carry out all the necessary activities within protection,
but that it is committed to being provider of last resort, which entails, inter alia, advocating for full coverage if this is not possible
immediately. Accordingly, a Protection Cluster Lead Agency can not purport to be only responsible for a specialist segment of
the protection area of activity as this will result in a partial activation of the Protection Cluster.
A4

The Global Protection Cluster has five (5) Areas of Responsibility (AOR) which are led by Focal Point Agencies: Rule of Law and
Justice (UNDP/OHCHR); Prevention of and Response to Gender-Based Violence (UNFPA/UNICEF); Child Protection (UNICEF);
Mine Action (UNMAS); and Housing, Land and Property Rights (UN HABITAT). To facilitate its work the Global Protection Cluster
PCWG Info Note

has established a Global Protection Cluster Working Group (GPC) which has a Support Cell to undertake secretariat and liaison
functions, and acts as the main point of contact for information, advice and support from the Global Protection Cluster to Field
Protection Clusters.

The Focal Point Agencies for the five (5) Areas of Responsibility can also provide information, advice and support from the
Global Protection Cluster within their Areas of Responsibility.

GPC SUPPORT CELL

The Support Cell of the GPC can provide you with information, advice and support from the Global Protection Cluster on the
following issues:

• Channelling requests to access available support on protection information management and database tools
(including advice/support on undertaking needs assessment and protection monitoring and reporting);

• Information on the possibility for making a request for the deployment of an information management and database
expert;

• Information on the possibility for making a request for the deployment of a technical expert to assist with the
assessment of the protection needs of older persons, persons with disabilities and other persons with special needs;

• Information on and requests for protection management training;

• Information on and requests for protection coordination training;

• Information on the possibility for the deployment of a Senior Protection Officer through the Protection Standby
Capacity Project;

• Information on the possibility for the deployment of surge protection capacity or a Senior Gender Advisor;

Working Together for Protection

Support Cell : [email protected]
protection.oneresponse.info
134 Section Six: Annexes
 • Requests for a Protection Cluster support mission to assist with elaborating a protection strategy; protection response
plan, contingency planning and preparedness; reviewing the implementation of the protection strategy; addressing
coordination challenges; or assisting with drawing up a protection cluster improvement plan for field protection
clusters;

• Ad hoc advocacy requests for cluster related protection coordination issues to be brought up at the HQs level can also
be received and channelled to the relevant colleagues for action;

• Ad hoc requests for advice on protection and protection coordination challenges that you think should be brought to
the attention of the Global Protection Cluster;

• You may also make requests to the Global Protection Cluster to put you in contact with Focal Point Agencies responsible
for any one of the five Areas of Responsibility mentioned above.

For the aforementioned requests please contact:

Leonard Zulu Rebecca Skovbye

UNHCR/GPC Support Cell. UNHCR/GPC Support Cell

A4
[email protected] [email protected]

However, you may also get in direct contact with the Focal Point Agencies on issues related to their Areas of Responsibility

PCWG Info Note

(specialisation):

For Child Protection issues:

Bo Viktor Nylund Katy Barnett
Child Protection in Emergencies Child Protection Working Group
UNICEF NY UNICEF Geneva
[email protected] [email protected]

For prevention of, and response to GBV issues:

Maha Muna Mendy Marsh
Humanitarian Response Unit, Child Protection Section
UNFPA Geneva UNICEF NY
[email protected] [email protected]

For Mine Action, unexploded ordinances and explosive remnants of conflict

Arezou Azad
UNMAS Geneva
[email protected]

For Housing, Land and Property rights and issues:

Anna PONT
UN-HABITAT Geneva
[email protected]

For Rule of Law and Justice issues:

Katy Thompson Zaveed Mahmooh
Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery Peace Mission Support & Rapid Response
UNDP Geneva OHCHR Geneva
[email protected] [email protected]

Working Together for Protection

Support Cell : [email protected]
protection.oneresponse.info
Section Six: Annexes 135
 Key References to Get You Started
(These will be sent to you by the Support Cell of the GPC by electronic mail)

• Inter-Agency Standing Committee Principals Meeting, Cluster Working Group on Protection Progress Report, 12
December 2005, Annex 2: Responsibility-Sharing for the enhancement of protection in humanitarian emergencies

• IASC, Guidance Note on Using the Cluster Approach to Strengthen Humanitarian Response, 24 November 2006

• Generic Terms of Reference for Sector/Cluster Leads at the Country Level, IASC, Annex 1 to the November 2006
Gudiance Note

• Protection Cluster Working Group, Mission Statement and Terms of Reference, 21 March 2007

• IASC Operational Guidance on Designating Sector/Cluster Leads in Major New Emergencies. Prepared by the IASC Task
Team on the Cluster Approach Geneva, 23 May 2007

• IASC Operational Guidance on Designating Sector/Cluster Leads in Ongoing Emergencies. Prepared by the IASC Task
Team on the Cluster Approach, Geneva 23 May 2007
A4

• IASC Operational Guidance on the Responsibilities of Cluster/Sector Leads and OCHA in Information Management,
Endorsed by the IASC Working Group, 17 October 2007
PCWG Info Note

• IASC Operational Guidance on the Concept of “Provider of Last Resort”

Endorsed by the IASC Working Group on 20 June 2008

• IASC Operational Guidance for Cluster Lead Agencies on Working with National Authorities (forthcoming)

• IASC Operational Guidance for Humanitarian Country Team, November 2009

• IASC Generic Terms of Reference for Sector/Cluster Leads at the country level, November 2006

• IASC Revised Terms of Reference for the Humanitarian Coordinator

• Protection in Natural Disasters: Standard Operating Procedures for Designating A Protection Sector/Cluster Lead
Agency in the Event of a Natural Disaster at Country Level (forthcoming)

• Principles of Partnership

• Questions and Answers on the Cluster Approach and Cluster Implementation Issues

• Handbook for the Protection of Internally Displaced Persons

• Protection of conflict-induced IDPs: Assessment for Action

• Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement: Annotations, by Walter Kalin, 2008

Additional information on the Global Protection Cluster and the support it can provide to Field Protection Cluster is contained
in the Protection Cluster Information Brochure /Pamphlet: “Working Together for Protection” (forthcoming).

Working Together for Protection

Support Cell : [email protected]
protection.oneresponse.info
136 Section Six: Annexes
Master list of protection problems
List of first issues to be taken into account to elaborate
data collection tools

Concept Component
Life, physical security and Attacks, combats, bombings
integrity Killing of civilians
Destruction of civilian infrastructure
Use of civilians as human shields
Other forms of forced assistance to combatants or arm bearers
Landmines, UXO
Extra-judicial,arbitrary or summary executions or other unlawful killing
Enforced or involuntary disappearance
Threats or intimidations to life
Torture and other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment
Criminal violence, banditry
Intercommunal violence
Sexual and gender-based violence
Treatment of the dead

A5
Other safety and security issues, including risks from natural disasters
Displacement and freedom of Forced displacement
movement Coerced return or relocation of displaced persons
Restrictions and other obstacles to freedom of movement, including as

Master List of Protection Problems

related to infrastructure and disasters
Family life Unaccompanied and separated children
Family separation
Liberty Arbitrary or illegal arrest or detention
Abduction, taking of hostages
Trafficking
Forced recruitment
Basic needs and essential Denial, obstruction, lack of or unequal/discriminatory access to adequate
services food
Denial, obstruction, lack of or unequal/discriminatory access to adequate
water or sanitation
Denial, obstruction, lack of or unequal/discriminatory access to adequate
shelter and choice of location
Denial, obstruction, lack of or unequal/discriminatory access to adequate
health services
Denial, obstruction, lack of or unequal/discriminatory access to adequate
education
Denied or obstructed access to civilians
Lack or malfunction of systems to register beneficiaries
Information and consultation Lack of access to adequate information about rights, protection and relief
of communities activities
Lack of consultation of communities on protection and relief policies and
activities
Individual documentation, Current status of personal identity documentation
civil status and information

Land and property Present status of land and housing titles

Illegal confiscation, occupation or destruction of property, including forced
evictions

Section Six: Annexes 137

 GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY
WORKING GROUP OF THE PCWG

TERMS OF REFERENCE

BACKGROUND
The Protection Cluster Working Group (PCWG) was established in September 2005 as an element of humanitarian
reform, with the objective of providing predictable leadership and accountable response to protection in humanitarian
settings. The PCWG, led by UNHCR at the global level, is accountable to the Emergency Relief Coordinator.

To ensure comprehensive attention to the range of violations, risks, and specialized activities which comprise
protection work in the field, the PCWG agreed that strengthening of protection coordination, policy, capacity, and
response at the global level would benefit from being divided into specific “areas of responsibility” under the cluster
lead.1 These were designated to build on pre-existing inter-agency coordination and policy work in specific technical
areas. Focal point agencies were designated for recognized areas of protection expertise and tasked with ensuring
an effective response in its specialized protection sector in collaboration with other participating agencies, functioning
in many ways as “clusters in miniature” at global level. UNFPA and UNICEF were designated as co-leads of the
Gender-Based Violence area of responsibility (GBV AoR).2

MISSION STATEMENT
A6

In line with the mission of the PCWG, the GBV AoR working group aims to facilitate a more predictable, accountable
and effective protection response to gender-based violence in complex emergencies, natural disasters and other
such situations. Gender-based violence is understood to encompass a range of harmful acts which are based on
socially-ascribed gender differences, with the recognition that sexual violence and targeted killing or maiming, are
GBV Area of Responsibility Terms of Reference

the most urgent considerations in rapid-onset emergencies, and continue, along with domestic violence, in protracted
emergencies3.

To this end, and accountable to the Protection Cluster lead, the GBV AoR working group will undertake global level
advocacy, standards and policy setting, capacity building and tool development on protection from GBV.

OVERALL OBJECTIVE
The overall objective of the GBV AoR working group is to develop effective and inclusive protection mechanisms
which promote a coherent, comprehensive and coordinated approach to GBV at the field level, including regarding
prevention, care, support, recovery, and works to hold perpetrators accountable. These actions will be in line with the
IASC Guidelines for Gender-based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Settings4 and undertaken in accordance
with international humanitarian law and human rights law, and be informed by regional or national legal frameworks
in specific country support actions.

The GBV AoR working group will undertake its activities within a framework which promotes action based on gender
analysis, participation, transparency, partnership, and survivor-centered principles.

PARTICIPATION
Recognizing that a number of inter-agency multi-sectoral coordination mechanisms on GBV actions, policy and
advocacy exist, particularly within the IASC SWG on Gender and Humanitarian Action and UN Action Against
Violence in Conflict, and that a coherent GBV protection response requires multi-sectoral linkages, the GBV AoR
working group will ensure strategic linkages with these other mechanisms. The GBV AoR working group will seek
broad and diverse participation from NGOs, UN agencies, and other international organizations working on GBV
issues from a protection perspective. It will actively solicit participation from other cluster actors and will ensure
appropriate representation of GBV AoR working group members in these clusters to ensure complementarities and
the development of integrated approaches to protection from GBV in emergencies. The GBV AoR working group will
feed protection perspectives into the work of the multisectoral group working within the IASC SWG to develop overall
norms and standards for operationalizing the IASC-GBV Guidelines.

1
Progress Report of the Cluster Working Group on Protection to the IASC Principals Meeting, 12 December 2005.
2
Id.
3
Guidelines for Gender-based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Settings, IASC, 2005. The guidelines are available at
http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/iasc/content/subsidi/tf_gender/gbv.asp
4
Id.
138 Section Six: Annexes
COORDINATION AND REPORTING
The GBV AoR working group will be co-chaired on an annual rotation basis, with UNFPA and UNICEF alternating as
one of the co-chairs, and an NGO (to be determined annually by the working group) alternating as the other co-chair
with support from the PCWG support cell and an active inter-agency membership. Minutes of meetings will be shared
with members as well as the PCWG.

Annual planning meetings will be held to exchange field-level experiences, review learning in protection programming
and advocacy work, and develop annual inter-agency GBV protection work plans. Coordination and reporting
mechanisms will focus on tracking results and informing both the PCWG and the GBV AoR working group on periodic
progress made on work plan activities.

Specific mechanisms will be developed to ensure close collaboration with UN Action against Sexual Violence in
Conflict, the IASC Sub-Working Group on Gender and Humanitarian Action, and other relevant pre-existing groups.

SUB-OBJECTIVES FOR GLOBAL LEVEL ACTIVITIES

• Document and disseminate information on field models of GBV actions, coordination and programming in
order to allow analysis, adaptation and replication of promising and successful protection experiences across
countries and agencies.

• Promote the IASC GBV Guidelines and accompanying tools, such as the GBV Standard Operating Procedures
as standard good practices for addressing GBV in humanitarian settings.

• Develop and/or elaborate norms, standards and tools for GBV protection.

• Build capacities within the protection sector to respond to and prevent sexual violence during acute

A6
emergencies, recognizing that other forms of GBV will also occur and that GBV protection considerations
must be addressed during response, rehabilitation and recovery.5 Collate, rationalize and disseminate inter-
agency training and staffing standards, guidelines and tools in support of more effective field programming.

GBV Area of Responsibility Terms of Reference

• In coordination with the IASC SWG on Gender in Humanitarian Action, work to Integrate GBV protection
considerations into the other clusters and other elements of humanitarian reform by providing technical
support, promoting predictable funding and supporting HC leadership.

• In collaboration with the PCWG, ensure that GBV is mainstreamed within the global protection agenda and
strategy, particularly with linkages to other protection AORs, including on the rule of law and child protection.

• Support the utilization, and, as needed, development of information management and analysis tools for
safe and ethical documentation of GBV, such as the GBV Information Management System project being
developed under the auspices of the IASC SWG on Gender and Humanitarian Action.

• Ensure integration of protection considerations into and clear linkages, mapping of complementarities, and
consultations in strategic planning with the IASC SWG on Gender and Humanitarian Action and UN Action
against Sexual Violence in Conflict.

SUB-OBJECTIVES FOR FIELD SUPPORT

• Identify and develop norms, guidance and tools for GBV protection as needed to operationalize the action
sheets on protection in the IASC-GBV Guidelines.

• Build capacity on norms, standards and tools for GBV protection to enable field level protection actors to
operationalize the action sheets on protection in the IASC-GBV Guidelines.

• Support use of the IASC-GBV Guidelines to coordinate comprehensive GBV prevention and response
interventions in cluster countries.

• Support protection sector/cluster participation in GBV Standard Operating Procedures process to ensure
effective and coordinated GBV interventions.

• Support the establishment of inclusive and rational cross-cluster/multi-sectoral GBV coordination mechanisms
in all cluster countries (structure to depend on the country context ).

• In line with the WHO Ethical and Safety Recommendations for Researching, Documenting and Monitoring
5
Id.
Section Six: Annexes 139
 Sexual Violence in Emergencies, support use of standardized systems for collection, analysis, sharing and
management of GBV-related data in a safe and ethical way. 6

• Receive and respond to requests from the field and the PCWG for provision of guidance on protection
aspects of a comprehensive GBV approach (in line with the IASC-GBV Guidelines and GBV SOPs), including
short-term, inter-agency technical support missions to the field as necessary.

• Expand a community of practice by maintaining a web-portal on GBV on the website of the PCWG and
encourage active field-exchange, including annual meetings.

WORK PLAN
To assist in building an effective and comprehensive protection response, the GBV AoR working group will develop
and implement an annual work plan which will be incorporated into the overall PCWG work plan. The work plan
will include a set of prioritized activities together with outputs, specific timeframes and responsible organizations.
In addition to specific GBV activities, contributions to overall PCWG outputs and activities will also be identified
according to field and membership priorities.

___________________________________
A6
GBV Area of Responsibility Terms of Reference

6
WHO Ethical and Safety Recommendations for Researching, Documenting and Monitoring Sexual Violence in Emergencies,
WHO, 2007. Available at http://www.who.int/gender/documents/OMS_Ethics&Safety10Aug07.pdf
140 Section Six: Annexes
 Gender-Based Violence Area of Responsibility Working Group

1 September 2009

Dear Colleagues:

Kindly find enclosed a Guidance Note on Determining Field‐Level leadership of a Gender‐Based

Violence (GBV) Area of Responsibility (AoR) Working Group in a cluster context.

As you may know, the GBV AoR Working Group of the Global Protection Cluster was established in
May 2008 under the co‐leadership of UNFPA and UNICEF. The aim of the GBV AoR Working Group
is to facilitate a more predictable, accountable and effective protection response to GBV in complex
emergencies, natural disasters and other such situations. The overall objective of the GBV AoR
Working Group is to develop effective and inclusive protection mechanisms which promote a coherent,
comprehensive and coordinated approach to GBV at the field level.

As initially highlighted through a study to document GBV Coordination structures and identify constraints
and facilitating factors to “good coordination” spearheaded by the GBV AoR Working Group in
2008, field guidance on establishing and leading a GBV AoR, sub‐cluster, or other GBV coordinating
body is a priority need. This need was further confirmed by headquarter and field‐based GBV

A7
actors during the first annual GBV AoR planning retreat in Geneva, Switzerland in January 2009.
To that end, the 2009/2010 GBV AoR workplan prioritized the following activity:

GBV AoR Guidance Note

Write a short, simple and clear (guidance) note on who the lead agencies are at the
global level and how leadership for the AoR should be determined at field level, the
obligations of co‐leads at the field level for determining who will and can lead and
repercussions within the UNCT and others on implications for identified lead not
stepping up.

The GBV AoR Co‐Lead/Co‐Chair Roles and Responsibilities document was developed (see Annex
1) that provides generic guidance on the global and field‐level responsibilities of the AoR co‐
leads and co‐chairs.

This document seeks to further articulate what GBV AoR leadership means at the field level, in countries
that have already adopted (or are intending to adopt) the cluster approach. A more detailed “GBV
Coordinator’s Handbook” is also in development by the GBV AoR, which will go into greater depth on
each of the core issues outlined in this Guidance Note.

Kind Regards,

Erin Kenny & Maha Muna (UNFPA)

Pernille Ironside & Mendy Marsh (UNICEF)
Heidi Lehmann (IRC)

Section Six: Annexes 141

 Gender-Based Violence Area of Responsibility Working Group

GUIDANCE NOTE
Field‐Level Coordination of a GBV Area of Responsibility Working Group

Table of Contents
Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................ 2
Objective of the Guidance Note ..................................................................................................... 3
Global Co‐Leadership of the GBV AoR ............................................................................................ 3
Determining Field Leadership ......................................................................................................... 3
Pre‐Existing Forum for Addressing GBV.......................................................................................... 4
Considering Co‐Leadership ............................................................................................................. 4
Establishing and Formalizing Leadership ........................................................................................ 5
Provider of Last Resort................................................................................................................ 5
A7

Minimum Actions to be Undertaken by an Inter‐agency GBV Coordination Body .................... 6

Table 1: Determining Leadership .................................................................................................... 7
GBV AoR Guidance Note

Annex 1: Co‐Lead/Co‐Chair Roles and Responsibilities .................................................................. 8

Annex 2: Sample GBV Coordinator Terms of Reference .............................................................. 11
Annex 3: Terminology ................................................................................................................... 13

Acronyms
AoR Area of Responsibility
CERF Central Emergency Response Fund
CAP Consolidated Appeals Process
GBV Gender‐Based Violence
HC Humanitarian Coordinator
IASC Inter‐Agency Standing Committee
NGO Non‐governmental Organization
SOP Standard Operating Procedure(s)
ToR Terms of Reference
UN United Nations
UNCT United Nations Country Team
UNFPA United Nations Population Fund
UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNICEF United Nations Fund for Children
WG Working Group
WHO World Health Organization

142 Section Six: Annexes

Objective of the Guidance Note

The intention of this Guidance Note is to outline the minimum mandatory actions that must be taken
by the global co‐leads of the GBV AoR – the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the United
Nations Fund for Children (UNICEF) – to establish field‐level structures for the coordination of multi‐
sectoral action to address GBV in “clusterized” humanitarian contexts.

Global Co‐Leadership of the GBV AoR

As established by the Principles of the Inter‐Agency Standing Committee (IASC) under the auspices of
the Global Protection Cluster, UNFPA and UNICEF share responsibility for leading the global‐level GBV
AoR. As outlined in Annex 1, at a minimum this entails development and implementation of a multi‐
year strategic framework; day‐to‐day management and coordination of the working group; capacity
development and technical assistance (at global and field levels, as requested); sharing information on
good practices, relevant documents and tools, etc.; fundraising; engaging in advocacy and outreach
on GBV issues (as representatives of the working group); and representing the working group in
global inter‐agency forums (e.g. within the IASC).

Determining Field Leadership

While there is no set formula for determining who (which agency(ies) and which individual within

A7
that agency) assumes leadership for coordinating GBV interventions in a cluster context, the following
general rules can guide field actors in determining an appropriate leadership structure for GBV
coordination:

GBV AoR Guidance Note

1. Where there is a Protection Cluster, UNFPA and UNICEF, as the global GBV AoR co‐leads, are
responsible for supporting and/or establishing an inter‐agency GBV coordination body. As a first
action, UNFPA and UNICEF must determine if one or both have adequate capacity to assume a
leadership position in this regard, including funding1 and staff. This includes allocating a full‐time,
preferably mid‐ to senior‐level staff person to the role of GBV Coordinator.
Both agencies (UNFPA and UNICEF) must always carefully consider their capacity for taking on
the GBV coordination leadership role. If one agency does not have the capacity to assume a
leadership role they should openly acknowledge this so that appropriate action can be taken by
the other global lead entity or other relevant actor.

2. Where neither UNFPA nor UNICEF have the capacity to assume this leadership role, both
UNFPA and UNICEF have equal responsibility to work together with the Humanitarian
Coordinator, the Protection Cluster lead (where relevant), the Humanitarian Country Team and
relevant NGOs, Red Cross/Red Crescent and Government actors to identify and support an agency
to take on a leadership role in the coordination of inter‐agency GBV interventions. This
could be a UN entity, international or national NGO, or the Government.

3. Where there is no Protection Cluster but GBV has been identified as a priority area of concern
to the Humanitarian Country Team and the cluster system is in place, UNFPA and UNICEF should
coordinate with other relevant entities and NGOs to support and/or establish an inter‐agency
GBV coordination body, in line with the actions outlined in this Guidance Note. See Table 1:
Determining Leadership.

1
Funding is used here to mean financial resources for organizing and conducting the GBV AoR coordination activities
including holding regular meetings, obtaining information from and transmitting information to field actors, and capacity
building for coordination group members (e.g. resources for email, phone calls, printing, training materials etc.).
Section Six: Annexes 143
 Pre‐Existing Forum for Addressing GBV

Where an inter‐agency group already exists to coordinate GBV prevention and response activities,
this body should always be considered first as a potential forum for coordinating GBV in a cluster
context. Do not establish parallel structures unless absolutely necessary; make what exists stronger
and sustainable.
Potential situations when setting up a parallel structure might be considered include:
 A gender coordination body exists, but this forum does not allow for sufficient focus on the issue of
GBV in emergencies, and within this body are too many organizations focusing on gender more
broadly. Possible solution: Creation of a GBV Task Force that includes institutions working
directly on GBV prevention and response that reports to both the existing gender coordination
body and the Protection Cluster.
 A GBV coordination structure already exists, but the group does not specifically address the issue of
GBV in emergencies. Possible solution: Creation of a GBV in Emergencies Sub‐ working Group.
 A national, Government‐led GBV coordination structure already exists, but a gap analysis highlights
that this group is not as effective as it could be. Possible solution: Development of a joint UNCT and
NGO program to bolster the activities of this coordination structure.

Considering Co‐Leadership
A7

Where feasible, it is often preferable to have two entities in a co‐lead role for coordinating GBV
interventions, e.g. both UNFPA and UNICEF or either UNFPA or UNICEF plus an NGO, Government
GBV AoR Guidance Note

or other UN partner. In all cases – whether co‐leading with a UN agency, NGO, the Government or other
relevant entity – the roles and responsibilities of each actor, as well as their limitations, must be clearly
articulated and widely disseminated.

When considering co‐leadership with the Government, it is important to think about the potential
security concerns for frontline NGOs and impact on participation. For example, in contexts where the
State is implicated in the perpetration of incidents of sexual violence, it may not be in the best interests
of those we are seeking to support (those who have been abused and those at risk of experiencing
abuse) to engage the Government in a co‐leadership capacity.

Indeed, in many such contexts, Government actors are often not invited to participate in Protection
Cluster working groups. Determination of Government participation in a GBV AoR must be made by
the GBV AoR (co‐)leads together with UNHCR, NGOs and other relevant field actors on a case‐by‐case
basis.

Both the potential benefits and challenges to partnering with a non‐UN entity (e.g. Government or NGO)
for GBV coordination in an emergency must be considered. Potential benefits include:
 Enhanced Government ownership that leads to more responsive and sustainable action over the
long term.
 The GBV AoR working group is more reflective of the humanitarian community as a whole, e.g. by
being less UN centric and by being able to better represent and discuss operational issues; and
 In certain areas where the designated UN lead is not present, a Government or NGO lead can
ensure that GBV AoR coordination continues at field level.

The decision to have an NGO or Government entity play a co‐leadership role within the GBV AoR
should be related to its strategic positioning within the Protection Cluster (where relevant) and/or
144 Section Six: Annexes
amongst other country‐level GBV actors. The Government or NGO’s choice of role within the
GBV AoR should be in line with its programme capacity, relations with other relevant GBV actors, and
experience addressing GBV in the country. Additionally, consideration of a Government actor or NGO
for the AoR co‐lead role must be based on the presence of (or intention to hire) a suitable staff
member to effectively meet the co‐lead requirements, as further outlined in this Guidance Note.

In the event that an appropriate NGO or Government body is identified as the primary AoR lead entity,
but this institution does not feel as though they can dedicate a staff person to take on this role, or if
they feel as though it might have negative outcomes for their institution, UNFPA and UNICEF should
work together to identify an alternative solution. This might include ensuring that there is at
minimum short‐term GBV coordination leadership capacity through the ProCap or GenCap standby
personnel rosters.

Establishing and Formalizing Leadership

Once leadership has been determined and agreed upon, in all cases – whether co‐leadership with a
UN agency, NGO, Government or other relevant entity – it is imperative that the division of labour
between the co‐leads is clearly articulated and communicated to relevant stakeholders. This should
include drafting, and finalizing/agreeing upon TORs for the coordination body and possibly developing
a Memorandum of Understanding between the co‐ leads. Annex 1 (Co‐Lead/Co‐Chair Responsibilities)
can be used as a guide for developing TORs.

A7
Provider of Last Resort

GBV AoR Guidance Note

The IASC has designated global cluster leads in eleven areas of humanitarian activity. The
“provider of last resort” concept represents a commitment of these cluster leads and global focal points
to ensure an adequate and appropriate response. Where there are critical gaps, it is the responsibility of
cluster leads to call on all relevant humanitarian partners to address these. If this fails, the cluster lead
as provider of last resort may need to fill the gap. For GBV‐related protection issues, the provider of
last resort is UNHCR, and for GBV‐related health issues the provider of last resort is WHO. How this
concept is applied should be clearly defined and outlined in the GBV AoR Terms of Reference. Note
that if cluster leads and global focal points do not adequately discharge their responsibilities, actors on
the ground should consult with the UN Humanitarian Team for trouble shooting purposes.

Minimum Actions to be Undertaken by an Inter‐agency GBV Coordination Body

a. Mapping2 all relevant actors (e.g. identifying who is doing what and where) and existing relevant
coordination bodies or working groups (including in fields such as gender, health, etc.) that
could be supported and/or mobilized to form a GBV AoR working group.
b. Allocating a full‐time, usually mid‐ to senior‐level staff person to the role of GBV
Coordinator, with distinct functions for GBV coordination over agency‐specific
programme management (see Annex 2 for sample TOR). This person must have relevant
organizational support, including adequate funds and support staff.
c. Mobilizing participation by UN, NGO, Red Cross/Red Crescent, and (as appropriate) donors
and Government actors in the GBV AoR working group.
d. Drafting an AoR ToR, strategic framework and time‐bound work plan, drawing upon existing
models.

2
Mapping is used here to refer to identifying exactly what key actors are doing with regard to GBV‐related prevention
and response activities as opposed to the mapping of services that are available to survivors.
Section Six: Annexes 145
 e. Developing Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) using the IASC GBV SOP template.
f. Disseminating and ensuring comprehension and use of the IASC Guidelines for Gender‐ Based
Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Settings (IASC, 2005).
g. Ensuring inclusion of GBV in all relevant humanitarian funding processes (CAP, CERF, Flash and
other appeals, etc.) and humanitarian action plans.
h. Representing the GBV AoR working group in the Protection Cluster and ensuring that
GBV issues are given adequate attention and consideration in that forum.
i. Ensuring cross‐cluster coordination by interacting with other relevant cluster leads (e.g.
Health, Water and Sanitation, Nutrition, Education etc.) and working group meetings and by
identifying GBV AoR working group focal points for participation in other relevant clusters
and working groups.
j. Where relevant, catalyzing and supporting sub‐national structures for GBV coordination.
A7
GBV AoR Guidance Note

146 Section Six: Annexes

 Table 1: Determining Leadership
The Inter‐Agency Standing Committee (IASC) agreed in 2006 that all countries with Humanitarian
Coordinators should use the cluster approach.

The IASC has also agreed that it should be used in major “new” emergencies requiring a multi‐sectoral
response with participation of a wide range of international humanitarian actors. In such situations,
the cluster approach should be used from the start to plan and organize the international response.3

Humanitarian Coordinator consults

with Humanitarian Country Team to
CRISIS agree on relevant clusters based on
assessment of needs and gaps.

Protection Cluster?

A7
YES NO

GBV AoR Guidance Note

Protection Cluster Other relevant cluster
lead consults with leads (UNICEF, WHO) +
UNFPA and UNICEF UNFPA and prominent
(who in turn consult UN/non‐UN GBV actors
discuss if and how to
with other relevant National Coordinating
establish a mechanism
actors, e.g. WHO, Agency/Agencies
IRC, ARC, Oxfam
GBV Group for multi-sectoral GBV
coordination and if and
GB, NRC, national how this can link into
NGOs, relevant the other clusters.
government
ministries, etc.) to
determine if and Sub-National GBV Groups
how a GBV AoR
will be formed and
develop ToR.

3
http://www.humanitarianreform.org/humanitarianreform/Default.aspx?tabid=202?tabid=202
Section Six: Annexes 147
 Annex 1: Co‐Lead/Co‐Chair Roles and Responsibilities
CO‐LEADS AT GLOBAL LEVEL (UNFPA and UNICEF)
1. Develop multi‐year strategic framework as a component of the PCWG framework: a. In consultation
with co‐chair and members, develop overall vision and projected outputs over time to advance the
work of the AoR; b. Monitor progress toward achieving outputs and modify strategic vision and
framework as necessary; c. in consultation with co‐chair develop annual workplan and budget
2. Management/Coordination: a. Rotate co‐chair responsibilities on an annual basis; b. Review and
provide input to all meeting agendas (monthly and annual/bi‐annual planning and review meetings)
and review/approve draft meeting minutes prior to distribution; c. Participate in all AoR meetings; d.
represent AoR at relevant cluster meetings as necessary
3. Capacity development / Technical assistance: a. Support development of standard templates,
training materials and guidance notes for: strategic planning and standard operating procedures roll‐
out; training and capacity development; field‐level identification of AoR lead agency; data collection;
monitoring and evaluation, etc; b. provide technical guidance to field‐level GBV Working Groups on all
of the above as requested and with field missions when necessary
4. Information Sharing: a. Facilitate information‐sharing within the group and with external
stakeholders on events, news articles, documents, etc.; b. Gather and share good practices, data
collection methodologies and tools, and other information of interest to AoR members and the
Protection Cluster Working Group; c. Maintain AoR website including reviewing all documents for
posting and reviewing site for revision; d. Maintain stocks of all relevant guidelines and distribute to
field‐level GBV working groups as requested
A7

5. Fundraising: a. Liaise directly with donors to solicit funds to support inter‐agency AoR activities;
b. Develop (multi‐year) funding proposals that reflect strategic framework and annual work plan; c.
Manage all grants received and report to donors and AoR members
GBV AoR Guidance Note

6. Advocacy/Outreach: a. Lead on global advocacy priorities identified by the AoR; b. Liaise with
UN Action and the IASC SWG on Gender in Humanitarian Action (including the GenCap Secretariat)
to keep those groups engaged in AoR developments, solicit input/feedback, and identify areas for
collaboration; c. Gather and share good practices, data collection methodologies and tools, and other
information of interest to AoR members and the Protection Cluster Working Group
7. Representation: a. Represent GBV AoR in global inter‐agency fora (IASC, UN Action) and with donors

CO‐CHAIRS AT GLOBAL LEVEL (1 INGO & 1 UN on rotational basis)

1. Develop, monitor and advance annual workplan as a component of the PCWG framework:
a. Develop workplan and budget in consultation with AoR stakeholders; b. Monitor workplan
implementation and provide quarterly updates to AoR; c. Assist to develop, review and endorse
GBV AoR documents (e.g. guidance notes, website materials) related to workplan
2. Management/Coordination: a. Facilitate meetings on a bi‐monthly basis; b. Set meeting
agendas, organize meeting logistics, manage minutes, follow‐up on action points; c. Participate in
all AoR meetings; d. Represent AoR at relevant events and meetings as necessary
3. Capacity development / Technical assistance: a. Support development of standard templates,
training materials and guidance notes for: strategic planning and SOP roll‐out; training and capacity
development; field‐level identification of AoR lead agency; data collection; monitoring and evaluation,
etc; b. provide technical guidance to field‐level GBV Working Groups on all of the above as requested
4. Information Sharing: a. Facilitate information‐sharing within the group and with external
stakeholders on events, news articles, documents, etc.; b. Gather and share good practices, data
collection methodologies and tools, and other information of interest to AoR members and the
Protection Cluster Working Group; c. Work with co‐lead to maintain AoR website including reviewing,
editing and regularly updating site with documents and relevant information
5. Fundraising: a. Review and endorse GBV AoR funding proposal(s); b. Assist to secure
necessary financing; c. Assist with developing donor reports and communicating with AoR
members on expenditures

148 Section Six: Annexes

6. Advocacy/Outreach: a. Support development and implementation of AoR advocacy strategy; b.
[NGO] Facilitate outreach to NGOs (e.g. through relevant groups such as InterAction and ICVA) to keep
members engaged and solicit input on AoR outputs. [UN] Liaise with UN Action and the IASC SWG on
Gender in Humanitarian Action (including the GenCap Secretariat) to keep those groups engaged in
AoR developments, solicit input/feedback, and identify areas for collaboration; c. Gather and share
good practices, data collection methodologies and tools, and other information of interest to AoR
members and the Protection Cluster Working Group
7. Representation: a. [NGO] Represent GBV AoR to NGOs, including within bodies such as InterAction
and ICVA. [UN] Represent GBV AoR in inter‐agency meetings, e.g. within the Clusters, the IASC
Gender SWG, and other relevant bodies

CO‐LEADS AT REGIONAL LEVEL WITH CLUSTERIZED COUNTRIES

1. Develop multi‐year strategic framework: a. Develop GBV strategy/workplans that address

common issues, needs and regional gaps; b. Monitor progress toward achieving outputs and modify
strategic framework and workplans as necessary
2. Management/Coordination: a. Review and provide input to all meeting agendas (monthly and
annual/bi‐annual planning and review meetings) and review/approve draft meeting minutes prior
to distribution; b. Participate in all Regional WG meetings; c. represent WG at relevant regional
meetings; d. submit regular updates to global‐level GBV AoR and participate in global‐level AoR
forums as necessary
3. Fundraising: a. Liaise with donors to solicit funds to support inter‐agency WG activities; b.

A7
Develop (multi‐year) funding proposals that reflect strategic framework and workplans; c. Manage
all grants received and report to donors and WG members
4. Information Sharing: a. Facilitate information‐sharing within the group, with the global‐level GBV

GBV AoR Guidance Note

AoR, with field‐level GBV coordination bodies and with external stakeholders on events, news articles,
documents, etc.; b. Gather and share good practices, data collection methodologies and tools, and
other information of interest to WG members and country‐level field colleagues; c. Contribute to WG
website including reviewing all documents for posting and reviewing site for revision
5. Advocacy/Outreach: a. Develop joint advocacy messages based on regional priorities identified by
the WG; b. Liaise with regional bodies and solicit new partnerships; c. Gather and share good practices,
data collection methodologies and tools, and other information of interest to WG members, field‐
colleagues and the global‐level GBV AoR
6. Technical Assistance: a. Promote/support joint missions and capacity development programmes in
clusterized countries for GBV coordination and multi‐sectoral prevention and response; b. Identify/
share good practices

CO‐LEADS WITHIN A CLUSTERIZED COUNTRY

1. Identify GBV AoR Lead: a. Determine capacity of either global co‐lead for field‐level GBV AoR/sub‐
cluster/working group coordination to ensure predictable leadership and multi‐sectoral prevention
and response programming; b. Determine other relevant UN or NGO partner for co‐leadership/
leadership (the latter if neither of the global co‐leads is able/willing to coordinate); c. Allocate
existing agency resources and mobilize additional urgent resources (e.g. through CAP, CERF, Flash
Appeals, other resources) to support GBV coordination staff and functions (personnel, programming,
assessments, training, etc.)
2. Establish/Support Working Group(s): a. Support and coordinate with existing groups and/or
catalyze the formation of inter‐agency, multi‐sectoral GBV coordination groups at national, zonal, and
provincial levels; b. Develop ToR and strategic framework; c. Facilitate meetings, manage minutes, and
follow‐up on action points; d. Feed into and coordinate with national Protection Cluster and other
AoRs, e.g. Child Protection (where they exist) as well as other relevant clusters

Section Six: Annexes 149

 3. Strategic Planning and Management: a. Consolidate existing field assessments and/or participate
in inter‐agency assessments (or carry out GBV‐specific field assessments) to identify urgent needs
and available assets/resources; b. Lead the effort to develop a multi‐sectoral and inter‐agency
prevention and response programme to include referral and reporting mechanisms, information
sharing, coordination, and monitoring/evaluation; c. Facilitate rapid development of agreed‐upon
standard operating procedures and related policies and practices
4. Advocacy and Communication: a. Represent the GBV AoR at all relevant cluster and other meetings
to ensure adequate consideration of GBV issues; b. Communicate as necessary with global‐ and
regional‐ level AoR and working groups
5. Fundraising: a. Actively solicit funds from existing humanitarian and other funding mechanisms
through both inter‐agency (e.g. Flash Appeals, CAPs, CERF) and individual agency resource mobilization
channels; b. Coordinate the GBV inputs to the Protection Cluster Appeal and advocate with donors to
fund GBV actors to carry out priority activitiesin the sector concerned; c. Monitor funding levels for
GBV and consolidate reports; d. Explore alternative funding mechanisms
6. Capacity Development: a. Disseminate GBV Guidelines and ensure all agencies understand their
role in preventing and responding to GBV; b. through the Protection Cluster, inform the HC and
HCT on all relevant GBV issues in line with the ToR and strategic framework; c. Work with partners
to develop and/or adapt training materials according to local context, as necessary, and carry out
relevant training sessions
7. Establish Information Management System: a. Use global‐guidance to revise GBV intake forms and
other relevant forms as needed for the setting; b. Collect, compile, and analyze monthly GBV report
A7

data with an emphasis on identifying trends and patterns and feedback information to AoR members;
c. Develop monthly report formats that capture relevant information and that support the analysis and
evaluation of program progress and outcomes
GBV AoR Guidance Note

150 Section Six: Annexes

Annex 2: Sample GBV Coordinator Terms of Reference

JOB DESCRIPTION
The GBV Coordinator facilitates and coordinates rapid implementation of GBV programming in an
acute humanitarian emergency setting in accordance with the IASC Guidelines for GBV Interventions
in Humanitarian Settings. GBV programming in humanitarian emergencies is multi‐sectoral, involving
multiple organizations and actors from the displaced and host communities, NGO and government
implementing partners, UN agencies, and other national and international organizations to engage
in comprehensive prevention and response initiatives. The GBV Coordinator’s duties include
liaison and coordination with other organizations (coalition building), training and sensitization,
strategic planning, monitoring and evaluation. The Coordinator will use the IASC Guidelines for GBV
Interventions in Humanitarian Settings and companion materials (orientation and training guides,
planning worksheets, etc.) to facilitate planning, coordination, monitoring and evaluation of GBV
initiatives.

MAJOR DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

Partnerships and Coordination

1. Catalyze the formation of and/or strengthen and assist in the facilitation of inter‐agency, multi‐
sectoral GBV coordination groups at national, regional, and local levels, as necessary.
2. Liaise with Humanitarian Coordinators, Country Representatives, cluster leads, GBV
managers, SEA focal points, and gender advisers in other agencies and organizations
(including governments, national and international NGOs and women’s groups) and in

A7
peacekeeping missions.
3. Lead efforts to develop a coordinated multi‐sectoral and inter‐agency prevention and
response program to include referral and reporting mechanisms, information sharing,

GBV AoR Guidance Note

coordination, and monitoring/evaluation. Facilitate rapid development of agreed‐upon
standard operating procedures and related policies and practices.
Technical Leadership
1. In line with WHO’s Ethical and Safety Recommendations for Researching, Documenting and
Monitoring Sexual Violence in Emergencies, consolidate existing assessments on the GBV situation
and/or work with relevant agencies and the displaced and host populations to conduct relevant
participatory analyses of GBV.
2. Promote and facilitate the inclusion of GBV into CAP, Flash and other humanitarian appeal
processes and documents.
3. Work with partners to develop new and/or adapt existing training materials to the local
context and implement relevant training sessions for multi‐sectoral prevention and response
actors.
4. Provide technical support to the development of relevant advocacy and policy documents
to address GBV in the context of broader gender (inequality) issues.
Monitoring and Evaluation
In line with WHO’s Ethical and Safety Recommendations for Researching, Documenting and
Monitoring Sexual Violence in Emergencies:

1. Work with the GBV coordination groups to revise GBV Incident Report and other relevant forms
as needed for the setting. Train partner organizations and other sectors in use of this form with
particular emphasis on the Guiding Principles for Working with GBV Survivors.
2. Collect, compile, and analyze monthly GBV report data with an emphasis on identifying trends
and patterns. Develop monthly report formats that capture relevant information and that
support the analysis and evaluation of program progress and outcomes.
Administrative and Miscellaneous Duties
1. Write monthly work plans, monthly reports, and other reports as needed or requested.
2. Assist in writing proposals and other fundraising efforts to support joint programming.
3. Other duties as required.

Section Six: Annexes 151

 DESIRED QUALIFICATIONS:

Education and Training

1. University degree in social work or other social sciences, public health, community health,
international relations, international law, human rights or related field.
2. Master’s degree recommended (in similar fields).
3. Prior training in gender issues and their application in international humanitarian or
development settings.
Experience and Knowledge
1. Awareness and demonstrable knowledge of gender issues and their relevance in
humanitarian emergency settings.
2. Awareness and demonstrable knowledge of gender‐based violence issues.
3. Demonstrable knowledge of reproductive health issues and/or protection issues in
humanitarian settings.
4. Knowledge of humanitarian emergency operations and roles/responsibilities of
humanitarian actors.
5. Knowledge, skill, and experience in participatory methods for community development and
mobilization.
6. Group facilitation skills and experience.
7. Training skills.
8. Counselling skills and experience (recommended).
9. Coalition‐building skills.
10. One year of experience in program management (in NGO preferred).
A7

11. Experience working in humanitarian settings ‐ preferably in an acute emergency.

Skills and Philosophical Orientation
1. Belief in and commitment to a survivor‐centred approach to addressing GBV.
GBV AoR Guidance Note

2. Belief in and commitment to gender equality.

3. Belief in and commitment to human rights.
4. Diplomacy and assertiveness; the ability to respectfully and carefully confront and discuss
sensitive issues with a wide range of actors, groups, and individuals.
5. Sensitivity to and respect for a range of cultural beliefs.
6. Fluency in the national language preferred.

152 Section Six: Annexes

Annex 3: Terminology
Gender‐based violence is an umbrella term for any harmful act that is perpetrated against a person’s
will, and that is based on socially ascribed (gender) differences between males and females. While
GBV can take many forms in an emergency context, during the early stages – when communities
are first disrupted, populations are moving, and systems for protection are not fully in place – most
reported GBV incidents are sexual violence involving female survivors/victims and male perpetrators.4

A Cluster is a sector of humanitarian response. GBV is an Area of Responsibility of the Protection

Cluster – not a cluster in and of itself. Other AoRs in the Protection Cluster include: Child Protection;
Housing, Land and Property Issues; Mine Action; and Rule of Law and Justice. Launched by the
Emergency Relief Coordinator in 2005, the intention of the cluster approach is to ensure predictability
and accountability in international responses to humanitarian emergencies by clarifying the division
of labor among organizations, and better defining their roles and responsibilities within the different
sectors of the response.

The inter‐agency working group that coordinates multi‐sectoral interventions to address GBV in a
humanitarian context may be referred to as any of the following: sub‐cluster, working group, area
of responsibility, task force, consortium, etc. In a cluster context, the most common (unofficial)
designation for this body is “GBV Sub‐Cluster”.

Coordination in the context of addressing GBV is the operationalisation of multi‐sectoral, inter‐ agency
action – the process of moving from theory to practice. In a humanitarian emergency, coordination
means: promoting participation; sharing and synthesizing information; identifying and filling

A7
gaps; advocating for action (all levels), including by mainstreaming GBV prevention and response
actions into all sectors/clusters of humanitarian response; prioritizing urgent needs as defined by
the beneficiary population (especially survivors and those most at risk for experiencing GBV); and

GBV AoR Guidance Note

assigning roles and responsibilities – ensuring accountability for action on specific tasks while fostering
a group identity.

Accountability is the obligation of power‐holders to take responsibility and to answer for their
actions. In coordinating GBV interventions, we are first accountable to our beneficiaries and
especially to the survivors themselves and those most at risk for experiencing GBV. Ultimate
accountability for ensuring inter‐agency action to address GBV in a humanitarian context lies with
the designated GBV sub‐cluster lead agency (or agencies). When this responsibility is assumed by
an NGO, accountability and responsibility (e.g. to the global GBV AoR lead entities and/or to the
Protection Cluster lead in country) must be clearly articulated and outlined in a MoU between the
NGO and the relevant UN entities.

A GBV Coordinator may be responsible either for coordinating all GBV programmes within a single
agency or may be charged with overseeing inter‐agency, multi‐sectoral coordination, e.g. in the
context of a GBV sub‐cluster. While in most cluster contexts the inter‐agency GBV Coordinator will
be at a senior level and will be employed by a United Nations entity, inter‐ agency GBV coordinators
may also represent Government, NGO or other relevant actors depending on the context. Annex 2
provides a full sample Terms of Reference (ToR) for an inter‐agency GBV Coordinator in a humanitarian
emergency.

4 Guidelines for Gender‐Based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Settings. IASC, 2005

Section Six: Annexes 153
 Sample WWW Form A8

154
WHO WHAT WHERE FORM OF GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE
PREVENTION AND RESPONSE ACTIVITIES
Please provide specific information under the health, psychosoicial, legal and security columns

WHO WHERE WHAT CONTACT

Organisation Province Location Health Psychosocial Legal Security Training Other Name Tel/Email

Section Six: Annexes

Provide your specify the specify the provide details of provide details of provide details of provide Full name
organisation province location activities related to health activities related activities related details of of contact
name in full to psychosocial / to legal services activities person
counselling services related to
security
 GBV and Gender Trainings--Completed and Planned

WHO WHERE TRAINING WHEN CONTACT

ISSUES
Organisation Province Location Name Tel/Email

A9
Sample Training Information Matrix

Section Six: Annexes 155

 CONSOLIDATED APPEAL PROCESS (CAP) GUIDANCE

The Consolidated Appeal Process (CAP) is a tool used by aid organizations to plan, coordinate, fund,
implement and monitor their activities. The CAP fosters a more thoughtful and thorough approach to
humanitarian action.

A Consolidated Appeal is usually developed through a month of consultations between government

agencies, UN agencies, NGOs, donors, IOM and the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. It may be
compiled up to six months after the onset of an emergency. A Consolidated Appeal presents a snap-
shot of the situation and response plans; if the situation or people’s needs change, any part of the appeal
can be revised at any time. In complex emergency situations, the CAP may be prepared on an annual
basis.

The Consolidated Appeal Process

UN OCHA 2008 CAP

A CAP consists of a Common Humanitarian Action Plan (CHAP) and a set
of projects necessary to achieve this strategy. If the situation changes or
new needs emerge, the CAP can be revised at any time.

The CHAP includes: An appeal must include as many proposed projects as

• Analysis of the context; possible in order to state the overall funding needs – an
A10

• Best, worse and most likely scenarios; essential advocacy point.

• Assessment of needs and statement of priorities;
• Detailed response plans, including who does what, where; A set of projects necessary to achieve a coordinated strategy
• The link to longer term objectives and goals; that will enable humanitarians to save lives and bring relief
FAQs on FLASH, CERF, CAP and CAP Template

• A framework for monitoring the strategy and revising it if and to appeal for funds cohesively instead of competitively.
necessary.

Who prepares a CAP / CHAP?

The HC leads a one-month (approximately) consultation exercise with the Humanitarian Country Team
(or CAP sub-group) to consider detailed assessments, priorities and appropriate strategies for a longer-
term response. Selected projects form the basis of the Common Humanitarian Action Plan (CHAP).

What do you need to do?

1. Expand the inter-agency assessment and GBV strategy (consider that the CHAP may be adopted
as your GBV inter-agency strategy).
2. Coordinate/solicit proposals (proposals and priorities can be modified as situations evolve) and
submit, in the CAP format, information about all ongoing or planned projects under the GBV
coordination mechanism – whether funded by other donors or not.
3. Develop the GBV part of the Consolidated Appeal.
4. Advocate for GBV prevention and response to be recognized in the Appeal – within cluster and
with HC/RC.
5. Prepare for monitoring and reporting.

It is important to list all projects, regardless of whether they are likely to be funded
by other donors. This helps to highlight funding shortfalls and reinforce advocacy
messages. NGO projects can be listed separately, rather than under the umbrella
of a UN agency (e.g., UNFPA), which can help to overcome funding delays and
NGO concerns about autonomy.

156 Section Six: Annexes

CAP PROJECT SHEET

Appealing agency Name(s) of appealing organisation(s) in bold and capital

letters, followed by acronym in parenthesis ( )
e.g., WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO)
Project title Be very concise. Capture the essence of the project.
Project code (Leave blank – code number is assigned by OCHA’s FTS)
Sector Choose one of the agreed clusters or sector working groups in
this CAP.
Objective What does the project aim to achieve? This should relate
directly to one of the sector objectives.
Beneficiaries TOTAL: persons
Children: Women:
Other group (specify):
Disaggregate numbers as much as possible.
Implementing partners List partners only in the sense of those you will sub-contract –
not those with whom you will coordinate. It is assumed you
will coordinate with others in the cluster.
e.g., Ministry of Health, Oxfam
Project duration January – December 2009
Change the above if necessary. Note that a project’s duration

A10
can exceed one year. In that case, “total project budget”
covers the entire project, while “funds requested” should be
the portion needed for 2009 only.

FAQs on FLASH, CERF, CAP and CAP Template

Total project budget $ (Optional, if different from funds requested for 2009)
Funds requested for 2009 $ Bottom line amount appealed for in the CAP for 2009 only.
Contact e-mail
Priority The priority level assigned by the cluster or HC, based on
previously described criteria.

Needs
(What is the evidence for the needs that this project addresses? Be specific-do not simply repeat the
sectoral response plan’s needs analysis. State the evidence for needs for this project’s particular target
group (e.g., to propose a water and sanitation project for Bulungu, give the statistics for water supply
and water-related disease for Bulungu). Also, how does the project support overall strategic priorities
and sector objectives?)

Activities
(What are the project’s main activities?)
This section should be in bullet format whenever possible.
•
•
•

Outcomes
(What are the expected outcomes?)
Also in bullet format.
•
•
•

Section Six: Annexes 157

 FINANCIAL SUMMARY
Budget items $

TOTAL

Values should be rounded off to the nearest thousand. Budget item lines can include items
such as staff costs, input costs, administrative costs, etc. The value in the “total” line of the
financial summary should match exactly the “funds requested for 2009” line in the box at
the top of the page.

“Do’s and Don’ts” for project sheets

Please DO NOT send project sheets longer than one page (nor should you shrink the standard
margins and font). Such modifications will result in the project sheet being returned to
the agency and not included in the appeal until shortened to one page. Remember that a
project sheet is an “advertisement” for a project and that interested donors will contact the
agency if they require additional information.
A10

DO NOT send joint or multi-agency projects without specifying the funding breakdown per
agency. Otherwise, FTS will have to split the project funding requirement equally among
FAQs on FLASH, CERF, CAP and CAP Template

the joint appealing agencies. You can add columns to the budget summary box as shown
below:

FINANCIAL SUMMARY
Budget items UNFPA UNICEF WHO $
Rehabilitation of youth-friendly spaces and equipment 45,000 0 0 45,000
Technical assistance (staff cost and supervision) 40,000 70,000 35,000 145,000
IEC/BCC activities and non-formal training activities 60,000 70,000 0 130,000
Training and refresher training at basic services level 50,000 50,000 40,000 140,000
Condoms, oral contraceptives, STI kits, treatment, etc. 80,000 60,000 30,000 170,000
Adaptation/production of training modules and
30,000 0 30,000 60,000
materials
Monitoring and evaluation 30,000 25,000 13,500 68,500
Sub-total 335,000 275,000 148,500 758,500
Administrative costs (7%) 23,450 19,250 10,395 53,095
Total 358,450 294,250 158,895 811,595

DO NOT forward incomplete project sheets. They will not be published in the
CAP.

158 Section Six: Annexes

CENTRAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE FUND (CERF) GUIDANCE

The CERF is a UN standby fund for timely, effective and reliable humanitarian assistance for victims
of natural disasters, complex emergencies and time-limited responses to deteriorating situations in
protracted emergencies. CERF application is initiated, and submission has to be endorsed, by the HC/
RC.

CERF aims and principles

• CERF is a startup fund – very initial, immediate response, limited duration of three months
• CERF aims to mitigate against or avert loss of life, physical harm or threats to the population (it
essentially focuses on the life-saving criteria)
• CERF aims to enhance response to time-critical needs (intervention to reduce escalation)
• CERF adheres to basic humanitarian principles of humanity, neutrality and impartiality and is
consistent with principle of ‘Do No Harm’
• CERF should contribute to the improvement, durability and sustainability of solutions
• CERF recognizes the special vulnerability of children and women

Life-saving criteria
Sexual violence programmes can be funded under CERF as part of an agency’s provision of core
humanitarian needs. Field-based actors are encouraged to liaise with the Humanitarian Coordinator’s
office to submit projects incorporating GBV prevention and response elements. SGBV can be
incorporated into the following sectors for CERF responses: Education, Health, Protection/Human
Rights/Rule of law, and Water and Sanitation.

A10
What do you need to do?
1. Lobby and advocate for life-saving SGBV function with HC/RC, IASC, clusters
2. Collate available evidence / information on SGBV (assessed/demonstrable needs)

FAQs on FLASH, CERF, CAP and CAP Template

3. Identify and agree on priorities on SGBV emergency humanitarian needs with your cluster
(partnership)
4. Develop the SGBV part of CERF proposal
5. Follow up and continue advocating for SGBV recognition in the proposal– with HC/RC and other
clusters
6. Prepare for monitoring and reporting.

• Evidence or demonstrable needs in SGBV are crucial (make direct link between
concerns and remedy – i.e., mitigation of direct physical arm or threat)
• No recurrent, running and sectoral coordination costs allowed
• No activities if not directly linked to life-saving criteria – i.e., capacity building only in
relation to life-saving functions
• NGOs can access funding only through UN agencies – including IOM

Section Six: Annexes 159

 FLASH APPEAL GUIDANCE1

The Flash Appeal is a tool for structuring a coordinated humanitarian response for the first three
to six months of an emergency.

The Flash Appeal is issued within one week of an emergency. It provides a concise (maximum 10
pages) overview of urgent life-saving needs within one week of the onset of an emergency. It addresses
acute needs and recovery projects that can be implemented within the Flash Appeal timeframe (up to six
months), based on the best available information at the time of writing.

Who prepares a Flash Appeal?

The UN Humanitarian Coordinator triggers the Flash Appeal in consultation with all stakeholders. The
overall content is coordinated and compiled by the Humanitarian Coordinator and UNOCHA, with input
from the Humanitarian Country Team, usually within five to 10 days of the onset of an emergency.

What do you need to do?

1. Lobby and advocate for GBV prevention and response function with HC/RC, IASC, clusters
2. Collate available information on GBV
3. Identify and agree on priorities on GBV emergency humanitarian needs with your cluster
(partnership)
4. Develop the GBV part of the Flash Appeal (one page) – this normally would be based on early
response planning
5. Follow up and continue advocating for GBV recognition in the proposal – within the cluster, with
HC/RC and other clusters
A10

6. Prepare for monitoring and reporting.

• The Flash Appeal may be developed into a Consolidated Appeal if the emergency
FAQs on FLASH, CERF, CAP and CAP Template

continues beyond six months.

• The Flash Appeal can be used as the basis for the Central Emergency Response
Fund (CERF).
• Funds are not channeled through the Protection Cluster or GBV Coordination
mechanisms but should be counted as funding towards meeting GBV needs
within the cluster approach.
• UN agencies and NGOs are eligible to submit projects under the Protection
Cluster/ GBV coordination mechanism, and government activities may be
considered if incorporated under a UN or NGO project.
• The Protection Cluster/GBV coordination mechanism may also submit projects,
including proposals to support funding for cluster coordination activities.

Revised Flash Appeal

Given that Flash Appeals necessarily are based on early estimates, they and their projects can be
revised at any point after the launch as more information emerges. A revised Flash Appeal may be made
– usually approximately one month after the initial appeal. This follows the same format but will be based
on more detailed assessment data and new or revised response projects.

1
Adapted from Wash Cluster handbook and IASC Guidelines for Flash Appeal:
http://www.humanitarianreform.org/humanitarianreform/Portals/1/Resources & tools/Guidelines for Flash appeals.pdf
160 Section Six: Annexes
 Education Cluster
CAP 2010

Reflecting Gender & GBV in Education Project Sheets

1. CAP 2010 project selection criteria:

In order for the projects to be selected for the CAP, they need to meet several ‘selection criteria’,
which were determined at the CAP Workshop and confirmed by the UN Country Team. If a project
does not meet one of the selection criteria, it will be DESELECTED and will not be submitted as one
of the CAP projects for submission.

One of the selection criteria for the 2010 CAP projects is:

“The project reflects the cross-cutting issues of gender, HIV/AIDS, protection, and age, unless
otherwise justified.”

2. Subsequent to the selection criteria for the projects is the prioritization process, during which
the cluster determines which of their project sheets should take priority over others. One of the
prioritization criteria for the 2010 CAP projects is:

“gender is reflected throughout the project”

A11
Exclusion of gender could result in lower prioritization of the project.

Zimbabwe CAP Cluster Guidance Notes

Strategies for ensuring project selection and high prioritization:

Zimbabwe-specific issues to Gender/GBV in the needs Gender strategies

consider analysis GBV mitigation strategies
• Gender balance of teaching and • Enrollment ratio between • Raise awareness on any disparity
administrative staff boys and girls on drop-out rates and need for
• Exploitation in schools • Sex-disaggregation by education for ALL children
o Inappropriate relationships grade level • Minimize any gender disparity of
between male teachers and • Sex-disaggregation school teaching staff to mitigate potential
female students attendance rates for exploitation and abuse
o Forced labour by teachers • Sex- and age- • Provision of life skills training, with
on male students disaggregation of drop-out emphasis on mitigation of GBV,
• Coping strategies for shortage of rates exploitation and exposure to HIV/
money to cover school-related costs • Sex disaggregation of AIDS
o Coping by families (selective reports of exploitation and • Teacher training on codes of conduct
removal of children from abuse • Mechanisms for reporting issues of
school) • Sex-disaggregated exploitation and abuse
o Early marriage for girls achievement measures • Awareness-raising on risks to
o Boys having to leave school • % and disaggregation of children when not in school or when
to work teachers trained on codes conducting basic chores inside
o Transactional sex between of conduct and outside the home (water and
students and teachers to firewood collection, traveling long
cover costs distances, working in the fields, etc.)
• Advocacy for girls’ education (to
minimize risk of early marriage)

Section Six: Annexes 161

 Health Cluster
CAP 2010

Reflecting Gender & GBV in Health Project Sheets

1. CAP 2010 project selection criteria:

In order for the projects to be selected for the CAP, they need to meet several ‘selection
criteria’, which were determined at the CAP Workshop and confirmed by the UN Country
Team. If a project does not meet one of the selection criteria, it will be DESELECTED and
will not be submitted as one of the CAP projects for submission.

One of the selection criteria for the 2010 CAP projects is:

“The project reflects the cross-cutting issues of gender, HIV/AIDS, protection, and
age, unless otherwise justified.”

2. Subsequent to the selection criteria for the projects is the prioritization process, during which
the cluster determines which of their project sheets should take priority over others. One of
the prioritization criteria for the 2010 CAP projects is:
A11

“Does the project, where appropriate, include gender aspects, and a component
preventing or reducing the impact of gender-based violence”
Zimbabwe CAP Cluster Guidance Notes

Exclusion of gender could result in lower prioritization of the project.

Strategies for ensuring project selection and high prioritization:

Zimbabwe-specific issues to Gender/GBV in the Gender strategies

consider needs analysis GBV mitigation strategies
• Gross shortage of data by sex and • Gender and age- • Distribution of rape treatment kits and
age on cholera-affected populations breakdown of health other relevant commodities
• Impact of cholera on various groups issues (priority placed • Training on appropriate treatment
(past and future) on cholera) and interaction with survivors of
o Exposure to cholera through • Sex- and age- GBV (taking into consideration
treatment of the dead (who disaggregation of experiences and needs of various
is responsible for treating the barriers to accessing age groups)
bodies?) various forms of • Programmes increasing women’s
o Vulnerability through healthcare (Dem Health access to healthcare (primarily
transiting from one location Survey, 2005) maternal healthcare)
to another (Men for work? • GBV assessments or • Increased psychosocial support
Women for work? Children situation analyses (Joint programmes for GBV survivors
for school? IDPs, cross- IOM/UNICEF/UNFPA • Sex- and age-disaggregated
border activities, CSWs, etc.) GBV Assessment, 2009) database on health issues (especially
o Primary caregivers when cholera)
someone is sick. Impact on • Targeted GBV-response strategies
vulnerability/exposure for rural health facilities
o Exposure to less hygienic
locations

162 Section Six: Annexes

• Problems in access to healthcare:
o Over 83% of women (age 35-
49) list one or more problems
in accessing healthcare (cost,
transport, permission, etc.)
o No data on problems with
MEN accessing healthcare
• Gender implications of cost of
healthcare (access to maternal care,
etc.)
• Over 36% of women have reported
experiencing some form of physical
violence
• 25% of women report having
experienced sexual violence (highest
between ages of 20 and 39)
• Limited availability of rape treatment
kits
• Limited capacity among rural health
actors on administration of rape
treatment kits

A11
Zimbabwe CAP Cluster Guidance Notes

Section Six: Annexes 163

 Nutrition Cluster
CAP 2010

Reflecting Gender & GBV in Nutrition Project Sheets

1. CAP 2010 project selection criteria:

In order for the projects to be selected for the CAP, they need to meet several ‘selection
criteria’, which were determined at the CAP Workshop and confirmed by the UN Country
Team. If a project does not meet one of the selection criteria, it will be DESELECTED and
will not be submitted as one of the CAP projects for submission.

One of the selection criteria for the 2010 CAP projects is:

“The project reflects the cross-cutting issues of gender, HIV/AIDS, protection, and
age, unless otherwise justified.”

2. Subsequent to the selection criteria for the projects is the prioritization process, during which
the cluster determines which of their project sheets should take priority over others. One of
the prioritization criteria for the 2010 CAP projects is:
A11

“Does the project, where appropriate, include gender aspects, and a component
preventing or reducing the impact of gender-based violence”
Zimbabwe CAP Cluster Guidance Notes

Exclusion of gender could result in lower prioritization of the project.

Strategies for ensuring project selection and high prioritization:

Gender/GBV in the needs analysis and

Zimbabwe-specific issues to consider
among project strategies
• Children under five classified as • Sex and age breakdown of various nutritional issues
malnourished higher among boys than girls for children over age five, and adults
(31.2% of boys, 27.6% of girls) • Sex and age disaggregation of feeding practices (and
• 4+ times fed per day lower among girl relevant trends) among children over age five and
children over 23 months than among boy adults
children over 23 months • Address any inequalities in nutritional rates at the HH
o 26.1% for girls level
o 34.9% for boys • Awareness-raising activities about any disparities
• According to 2009 IDP assessment in food consumption and the implications of such
(preliminary data), adult females in the HH activities
more likely to consume less food than adult • Establish sex-balanced nutrition committees in
males when there is a food shortage communities
• According to IDP assessment (preliminary
data), some reports of girl children being
forced into marriage as a coping strategy
during food shortages
• Very little gender- and age-specific data on
nutritional issues for over 5s

164 Section Six: Annexes

 Protection Cluster
CAP 2010

Reflecting Gender & GBV in Protection Project Sheets

1. CAP 2010 project selection criteria:

In order for the projects to be selected for the CAP, they need to meet several ‘selection
criteria’, which were determined at the CAP Workshop and confirmed by the UN Country
Team. If a project does not meet one of the selection criteria, it will be DESELECTED and
will not be submitted as one of the CAP projects for submission.

One of the selection criteria for the 2010 CAP projects is:

“The project reflects the cross-cutting issues of gender, HIV/AIDS, protection, and
age, unless otherwise justified.”

2. Subsequent to the selection criteria for the projects is the prioritization process, during which
the cluster determines which of their project sheets should take priority over others. One of
the prioritization criteria for the 2010 CAP projects is:

A11
“Does the project, where appropriate, include gender aspects, and a component
preventing or reducing the impact of gender-based violence”

Zimbabwe CAP Cluster Guidance Notes

Exclusion of gender could result in lower prioritization of the project.

Strategies for ensuring project selection and high prioritization:

Zimbabwe-specific issues to Gender/GBV in the Gender strategies

consider needs analysis GBV mitigation strategies
• IDP • Gender breakdown of • Increased access to services for
o Women overly represented in IDP populations (IDP IDP women and other survivors
displaced populations assessment) of GBV
o Higher rates of GBV among • GBV assessments/ • Distribution of and training on
IDPs situation analyses rape treatment kits
 SV, CSW, transactional • Gender disaggregation • Training of police and health
sex of CP issues actors on survivor-centred
o Safety issues for men transiting • Gender breakdown of approaches
for work; safety issues for those teaching and education • Integration of GBV mitigation
who remain in the home administration staff strategies across other clusters
• Child protection • Situation analysis of o Education (life skills in
o Reports of inappropriate sexual access to services for schools)
relationships between girl survivors (health, PS o WASH (safety measures
children and teachers support, legal aid) at water points, in transit
o How do families deal with • Sex disaggregation of to water points)
economic challenges? reports of exploitation o Health (increased
 early marriage for girls and abuse access to healthcare,
 forced into work for • Sex and age training for health actors
boys (in fields, on disaggregation of on use of rape treatment
streets) school attendance and/ kits)
o reports of girls being raped or drop out rates
while on the way to school, at
water points

Section Six: Annexes 165

 o Street children (different • Awareness-raising on risks to
experiences of each gender children when not in school or
when ‘on the street’) when conducting basic chores
• GBV inside and outside the home
o GBV occurs most commonly (water and firewood collection,
when crossing borders, when in traveling long distances, working
transit, when collecting water, in in the fields, etc.)
schools (joint assessment) • Advocacy for girls’ education (to
o IPV reportedly very high (see minimize risk of early marriage)
DHS as reference)
o SV rates high among IDP
populations
o Removing children from school
for economic reasons:
 marriage for girls
 work for boys
• Human rights/rule of law
o Legal aid for survivors
 Prioritizing
confidentiality
 Informed consent
o Gender breakdown among
police force, especially VFUs
o CSWs (especially marginalized
and difficult to target for
support)
A11

Resources:
Zimbabwe CAP Cluster Guidance Notes

• Gender Scoping Study (2007)

• DHS (2005)
• Joint UNFPA/UNICEF/IOM GBV Assessment (undertaken in Mberegwa, Mudzi, Mutare)
• HIV/AIDS and GBV Needs of Cross-Border Mobile Populations…(IOM, et. al)
• Protection in the Cholera Response (SC-Alliance)

166 Section Six: Annexes

 WASH Cluster
CAP 2010

Reflecting Gender & GBV in WASH Project Sheets

1. CAP 2010 project selection criteria:

In order for projects to be selected for the CAP, they need to meet several ‘selection criteria’,
which were determined at the CAP Workshop and confirmed by the UN Country Team. If a
project does not meet one of the selection criteria, it will be DESELECTED and will not be
submitted as one of the CAP projects for submission.

One of the selection criteria for the 2010 CAP projects is:

“The project reflects the cross-cutting issues of gender, HIV/AIDS, protection, and
age, unless otherwise justified.”

2. Subsequent to the selection criteria for the projects is the prioritization process, during which
the cluster determines which of their project sheets should take priority over others. One of
the prioritization criteria for the 2010 CAP projects is:

A11
“gender is reflected throughout the project”

Zimbabwe CAP Cluster Guidance Notes

Exclusion of gender could result in lower prioritization of the project.

Strategies for ensuring project selection and high prioritization:

Zimbabwe-specific issues to Gender/GBV in the Gender strategies

consider needs analysis GBV mitigation strategies
• Gross shortage of data by sex and • Gender breakdown • Raise awareness on any
age of cholera-affected disparity between cholera-
• Impact of cholera on various groups populations affected age and gender groups
(past and future) o water collection • Hygiene promotion activities
o Exposure to cholera through locations and specifically targeting men and not
treatment of the dead (who practices only women
is responsible for treating o hygiene promotion • Placement of water points in safe
the bodies?) activities areas; ensure water points are
o Vulnerability through o waste-disposal well-lit, etc.
transiting from one location practices • Adapt hand pumps and water
to another (Men for work? o vulnerabilities/ risk collection containers appropriate
Women for work? Children factors (disposal of for children and women
for school? IDPs, cross- bodies, caretaking, • Ensure water collection times are
border activities, CSWs, high- risk areas realistic, convenient and safe
etc.) and locations, etc.)
o Primary caregivers when • Sex and age
someone is sick. Impact on disaggregation of
vulnerability/exposure hygiene practices and
o Exposure to less hygienic vulnerabilities
locations • Impact of water collection
and practices on GBV
(identify safety and
security risks)

Section Six: Annexes 167

 • Unequal knowledge of hygiene
promotion activities
o Do they follow social norms
(e.g., only target women,
thereby making men more
vulnerable)?
• Water and sanitation responsibilities
in the home
o What age/gender group(s)
responsible for water
collection
o What age/gender groups
responsible for sanitation
responsibilities
o Water collection times not
always realistic for working
men – result in collecting
water at unsafe points
• Reports of sexual violence most
often occurring when collecting
water (especially for young girls/
young women)
o Assessment from
Mberengwa and Mudzi)
A11
Zimbabwe CAP Cluster Guidance Notes

168 Section Six: Annexes

 WHAT MAKES A STORY NEWSWORTHY?
Every news day is different and media coverage greatly depends on what else is happening. In most cases,
reporters are looking for an interesting and timely story - one that will captivate the majority of their readers,
viewers or listeners. This can come in the form of a breaking news event, the issuing of credible new data,
compelling stories about ordinary or extraordinary people, conflict, devastation, etc.

In the case of our work, much of what we do and why we are doing it can generate news coverage if it is
presented to the right person, at the right time and in an interesting and appealing way. If you have an idea
about an upcoming event, a programme, or a situation that you think may attract news coverage, discuss it with
your manager or communications department. But first, here are 10 qualities that make a story newsworthy.
The first six apply to our work in particular.

Timeliness
The word news means exactly that - things that are new. Topics that are timely are good newsworthy. Events that
happened last week are no longer interesting. When it comes to our work, there are certain “pegs”, or calendar
tie-ins or reasons a story should be told now: International Women’s Day, the anniversary of a war ending, six
months after an election. Develop a calendar of newsworthy pegs and pitch stories in advance of them.

Significance
The number of people affected by the story is important. An earthquake in which hundreds of people died is more
significant than a quake killing a dozen. An organisation’s ability to continue aiding hundreds of thousands of
women in North Kivu, DRC, despite mounting violence is more significant than its ability to do so in more peaceful

A12
times.

Proximity
A story that seems near to an audience, either in regard to geographic location or personal relevance, is

What makes a story newsworthy?

newsworthy. So, a story from a Francophone country in Africa will probably have a better shot at receiving
coverage by French press. A story about a woman working to help rape survivors might be of particular interest to
an editor at a women’s magazine.

Prominence
A story featuring a topic or person who is considered important or well-known is newsworthy. If Secretary-General
Ban Ki Moon is visiting your region, and there is a tie-in with your work, capitalize on his visit and pitch a story.

Human interest
These stories are designed to arouse the audience’s emotions, based on the people and problems described in the
story. A human-interest story highlights the extraordinary troubles or triumphs of a person or group of people.
Audiences can better relate to an issue when they see how it has affected another.

Consequence
A story that shows the effect or result of an event or action. Example: a school built in the aftermath of war has
graduated X classes of children and sent Y onto college.

Novelty
A story that is about something new or that examines an issue in a new way.

Suspense
A story with an uncertain outcome.

Conflict
A story where there is opposition, disagreement or controversy.

Sensationalism
A story intended to have a startling or scandalous effect.

Section Six: Annexes 169

 DEVELOPING AN EFFECTIVE MESSAGE
An effective message will include:
1) The problem/issue that we want to address
2) Our solution to the problem/issue
3) The action we are taking to achieve this solution
4) Our overarching vision

Example One: In Liberia, Helping Vulnerable Women Advance with Small Businesses

Problem/issue:

The bodies and spirits of women and girls are the forgotten frontline in conflicts throughout the world.
Sexual violence is not just a by-product of war; it is a strategy of combat systematically used to terrorize
and humiliate.

Our solution to the problem/issue:

Around the world, the International Rescue Committee helps survivors heal and works with communities
A13

and institutions to break the cycle of violence. As first-responders in emergencies such as in Central
African Republic, the IRC works hands-on to deliver urgent care and referrals for victims of assault. In
longstanding crises, such as Darfur, we provide safe spaces for women to come together for support
Developing an Effective Message

and to build skills at our women’s centers. And in the aftermath of war, such as in West Africa, the
IRC addresses the root causes of violence against women by helping them gain greater economic
independence and play a more meaningful role in decision-making.

Action we are taking:

In Lofa County, Liberia, the IRC has provided seed money and training to vulnerable women, many of
them rape survivors.  The IRC reached out to women, asked them what types of businesses they believed
would succeed, assisted women in putting those plans into action, and provided support as their
businesses took off.

Our overarching vision:

The recovery of communities devastated by war relies heavily on the participation of women and girls.
Being able to provide for themselves, and oftentimes their children, means women are less likely to
fall prey to violence.  The IRC works to foster conditions in which women and girls not only survive the
effects of conflict, but ultimately thrive. 

Example Two: The Road from Child Soldier Back to Child

Problem/issue:

Children are the first victims of war and other humanitarian emergencies.
During Sierra Leone’s decade-long civil war, many children were abducted and forced to become child
soldiers. Now that war has ended…but for children stripped of their childhoods, they lack the support
they need to thrive.

170 Section Six: Annexes

Our solution to the problem/issue:

The International Rescue Committee sees education as one of the primary strategies for protecting
children. In the places where we work, this means using education as a way of mitigating the worst
effects of war, mass displacement and natural disaster. “Normalcy” doesn’t exist. But developing a safe
and nurturing environment where children can be children again and resume their education is critical.

Action we are taking:

The IRC has established schools and vocational training programmes for former child soldiers across
Sierra Leone. We work together with the government Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports to support
former child soldiers’ general psychosocial well-being through educational programming.

Our overarching vision:

Education is the key to helping young people develop. It prepares them for a constructive adulthood and
active participation in the rebuilding of their countries. In Sierra Leone and around the world, helping
children become what they are capable of being is our way of encouraging a better tomorrow.

A13
Developing an Effective Message

Section Six: Annexes 171

 THE PRESS RELEASE

Here are some basic guidelines to assist you in developing a press release:

1. At the top, include your organization’s logo, office address, phone number, the words “For
Immediate Release” and the release date.

2. Type the name and phone number of the one or two people who should be contacted for
more information or interviews. These people must be easily reachable by telephone for at least
two days after the release is distributed.

3. Create a powerful headline that conveys the essential message of the release.

4. Write the release like a news story, with the information in descending order of importance.

5. Emphasize the ‘newsiest’ elements of your story and include one or two quotes from staff
members who can be interviewed.

6. Make sure that the release answers ALL of the key elements of any statement - who, when,
A14

where, why and what?

7. Keep the sentences and paragraphs short and avoid insider jargon and acronyms.
The Press Release

8. Limit the release to one or two pages.

9. Conclude with a brief general description of your organization.

10. At the end, include the statement, “For more information, visit our web site, www.
ourorganization.org.”

172 Section Six: Annexes

GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE SUB-CLUSTER GROUP

Press release: DRAFT

Date: 13th March 2008

A DECLARATION AGAINST SEXUAL VIOLATION AND ABUSE OF

WOMEN IN THE KENYAN HUMANITARIAN CRISIS

Throughout the Kenyan post-election crisis, many forms of gender-based violence have been recorded in individual
testimony and field-based assessments. Rape and torture were the most immediate and dangerous types of gender-
based violence occurring in this humanitarian crisis. Statistics from the Nairobi Women’s Hospital indicate that 90
percent of the cases the hospital has received since the violence began have been gang rapes. The gangs involved
range from groups of two men to as many as 11.

The GBV sub-cluster group, made up of organizations that are focused on gender-based violence, wish to strongly
condemn these sexual violations and demand that sexual violence stops, including sexual exploitation and abuse.

For the purposes of this statement the term “sexual exploitation” means any actual or attempted abuse of a position
of vulnerability, differential power or trust, for sexual purposes, including, but not limited to, profiting monetarily,
socially or politically from the sexual exploitation of another. Similarly, the term “sexual abuse” means the actual or
threatened physical intrusion of a sexual nature, whether by force or under unequal or coercive conditions.

A15
The sexual exploitation and abuse issues of particular concern for us are related to reports of aid workers abusing
their positions of authority within IDP camps. There is an explicit mandate about the role of aid workers in
camps to promote and protect human rights . According to the UN Secretary-General’s Bulletin of 2003, sexual

Sample Press Release

exploitation and sexual abuse violate universally recognized international legal norms and standards.

Preliminary findings of a rapid assessment report done in mid-January by the UN suggests that perpetrators within
communities across Kenya have exploited the conflict in order to commit sexual violence with impunity, and efforts
to protect or respond to the needs of women and girls are remarkably insufficient.

We further note that risks of sexual violence are ongoing for women and young girls seeking sanctuary in IDP
settlements. We therefore recommend that measures be put in place to stop the violence, to offer protection to
women and children, to investigate the crimes that have already been committed and to prosecute the perpetrators.

We also demand that displaced persons in the camps be provided accessible information about standards, laws and
appropriate responses to such violations as well as the establishment of a report-back mechanism.

We call upon His Excellency the President Mwai Kibaki and Honorable Raila Odinga and members of Parliament
to aggressively and proactively deal with this social injustice by supporting the agreements of disarming and
demobilizing the militia, who as we know have been responsible for a good number of the gang rapes. In the long-
term we call upon them to establish elaborate systems of preventing, protecting and responding to all forms of
gender-based violence and respect of women’s rights.

“A gender perspective should be integrated into all disaster risk management policies, plans and decision-
making processes…”
Hyogo Framework for Action, adopted by 168 countries at the World Disaster Reduction Conference, Kobe,
January 2005

Signing organizations
List of organizations attached

Section Six: Annexes 173

 ETHICS AND SENSITIVITY
The interests of refugees are to be protected over any other consideration, including advocacy
and promotion of refugee issues. Here are some tips to help you when working with the press
(recommendations adapted from UNICEF’s media guidelines on refugee protection):

1. Privacy and confidentiality: Remind reporters to pay attention to the refugee’s right to privacy and
confidentiality and the need to protect the refugee from any harm and retribution, including the potential
for harm and retribution.

2. Sensitivity and safety: Ask the reporter to avoid questions, attitudes or comments that are
insensitive to cultural values, that place a refugee in danger or expose a refugee to humiliation, or that
reactivate a refugee’s pain and grief from traumatic events.

3. Comfort level: Ask the reporter to pay attention to where and how the refugee is interviewed and try
to make certain that the refugee is comfortable and able to tell his or her story without outside pressure,
including from the reporter.

4. Comprehension: Ensure that the refugee knows he or she is talking to a reporter and understands
what it means.

5. Permission: Secure permission from the refugee for all interviews, videotaping and documentary
photographs. This permission must be obtained in a manner that ensures the refugee is not coerced
in any way; the refugee must also understand the implications of being part of a story that might be
A16

disseminated locally and globally.

6. Identity protection: Change the name and obscure the visual identity of any refugee who is:
• A current or former child combatant, regardless of whether he or she is accused of violence or
Ethics and Sensitivity

atrocities
• A survivor of sexual abuse or exploitation, unless it is an adult who wants to tell his/her story
publicly,
• A perpetrator of physical or sexual abuse,
• HIV positive or living with AIDS, unless the adult refugee or the guardian of the refugee child
gives fully informed consent,
• Charged or convicted of a crime,
• Or who asks not to be identified for personal reasons.

Ask the reporter not to publish a story or image if doing so may put the refugee at risk even if identities
are changed, obscured or not used.

In certain cases, using a refugee’s identity – his or her name and/or recognizable image - is in the
refugee’s best interests. However, when the refugee’s identity is used, he or she must still be protected
against harm and supported through any stigmatization or reprisals. Some examples of these special
cases are:
• When a refugee initiates contact with the reporter, wanting to exercise his or her right to freedom
of expression.
• When a refugee is part of a sustained programme of activism or social mobilization and wants to
be so identified.

7. Children: In addition to applying the same principles described above, the following steps should be
taken when it comes to refugee children:
• Make sure those closest to the child’s situation and best able to assess it are consulted about the
political, social and cultural ramifications of any reportage.
• Secure permission for all interviews of the refugee child from his or her parents or a guardian.

174 Section Six: Annexes

 THE SOLICITED INTERVIEW
(The one you can prepare for)

BEFORE THE INTERVIEW

Prepare your core message

Have it ready and emphasize it throughout the interview.

Develop supporting points

These are sentences that back up each of your key messages.

Anticipate what will be asked

And get the information ahead of time. Think about any negative angles that might surface…
and ways to respond positively.

Study up on the reporter!

If you can, get to know the reporter and his or her programme/publication ahead of time. This
will give you a sense of what s/he may ask you.

Read recent articles on the subject

A17
This will ensure you are up-to-date on what is being said or written about on the subject. Note
the types of questions asked and consider the effectiveness of the varied responses.

Be ready with numbers

Solicited Interviews
About the situation you will be discussing, your organization’s programmes and its history.

…and possibly images

Often, your communications department will handle this. Still, if you have cleared images that
you can offer reporters at the time of the interview or afterwards, all the better.

Practice beforehand
Use the bathroom mirror!

Wear a logo
Wearing a T-shirt or hat with your organization’s logo is good advertising.

DURING THE INTERVIEW

Name recognition
Remember to tell the reporter the name of your organization.

Avoid ‘NGO speak’

Acronyms and industry jargon are a no-no.

Use anecdotes
Stories say it all. Anecdotes are a great way to humanize complex subjects and illustrate your
main points.

Take control of the interview

(see The Unsolicited Interview)

Section Six: Annexes 175

 Be honest and open
If you always tell the truth, there is nothing to remember!

Be courteous
Bear in mind who your audience is. The reporter is just the conduit. Do not get upset if he/she is
trying to provoke you.

Remember that 90% of what you say will not be used

A reporter will not print or air your entire interview…just a soundbite or two.

AFTER THE INTERVIEW

Never assume that the interview is over

The best quotes are taken after the official interview has stopped.

Offer follow-up
Say, “If you would like me to review anything or provide you with additional information, I’m happy
to help.”

Always provide contact details

Provide a business card if you can.
A17

Advertise your website

Encourage the reporter to mention/post your organization’s URL if you can.
Solicited Interviews

176 Section Six: Annexes

 THE UNSOLICITED INTERVIEW
(Being prepared…for the one you didn’t prepare for!)

Stay calm
You know what you are talking about. You are the expert.

Ask the reporter the angle of his/her story

This will give you an idea of what type of questions s/he will ask

Take control of the interview:

• Remember: the reporter need not run the show. Think of every response to a
question as an opportunity to talk about your organization’s mission and programmes and
provide positive information.

• In addition to the story the reporter wants to tell, stay focused on the story you want to
tell.

• If a reporter’s questions are moving in an inappropriate or uncomfortable direction, do

not stonewall -- saying “no” or “I can’t answer that” just sounds defensive. Instead,

A18
change course with a transitional phrase to get the interview back on track. Some
suggestions:

“But the key issue is …”

Unsolicited Interviews
“But what I’d really like to emphasize is ...”
“I can’t speak about that but what I can tell you is ...”
“I think what you’re really asking is …”
“I think this speaks to a larger issue …”
Or in the case of GBV, “We respect the confidentiality of the women at our women’s
health centres.”

• And do not speculate. Speculation or inaccurate answers can damage your credibility
and that of your organization and undermine its programmes and policies. Offer to
provide the information later in the day or to put the reporter in touch with a person who
can answer the question. Never guess. The reporter will appreciate your efforts to
provide factual information.

• “I’m not qualified to answer that but let me refer you to…”

• Do not be afraid to advise a reporter on what you think is an important or interesting

angle to cover. This is a good opportunity to talk more about your programmes.

• If you cite figures that are not your own, make sure you cite the source.

Section Six: Annexes 177

 HANDLING CONTROVERSY
(What to do when things go south)

Consult and preempt

There are times when news coverage is unwelcome, and there are issues that we sometimes want
to avoid discussing publicly. Consult with headquarters senior staff and your communications
department if an issue arises that could be problematic for the organization or for a staff member
and could lead to negative news coverage. This gives them the chance to think through the
problem together and develop a proper response. Your communications department can provide
you with talking points if necessary.

**But what happens when you are actually in an interview that is getting
uncomfortable?**

Stick to the facts

If a question is speculative or hypothetical or makes you feel uncomfortable, say you would
rather stick to facts or to what you know. “I don’t want to speculate about that, but I can tell you
that our research found ...”

Never guess
A19

Again, if you do not know the answer to a question, say so. Track down the answer later and
call the reporter.

Do not stonewall
Handling Controversy

Instead of stonewalling or saying “No Comment” when a sensitive subject arises -- which
makes you sound evasive and guilty -- try to explain why you are unable to divulge particular
information. “We’re gathering facts right now and we’ll respond as soon as we can.” This is far
more positive.

“Off the record”

There is no such thing as off-record. There is only a difference between providing background
information and information “on camera.”

Stay calm
Do not become angry or antagonistic.

Return to your message

Remember that you can always guide the interview toward friendlier territory by sticking to your
message and your supporting statements.

Option to terminate
If you become truly uncomfortable with the nature of the questions or suspect the reporter
is developing a negative or biased story, you always have the option of terminating the
conversation. Politely say that you do not feel you can contribute any more to the topic.

Defer
You always have the option of telling the reporter that his or her questions might be better
answered by the communications department. Make sure you alert the necessary persons to
the impending call.

178 Section Six: Annexes

Ethical Journalism Initiative1: Guidelines on Reporting of VAW

1. Identify violence against women accurately through the internationally accepted definition in the 1993
UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women.

2. Use accurate, non-judgmental language. For instance, rape or sexual assault is not in any way to be
associated with normal sexual activity; and trafficking in women is not to be confused with prostitution.
Good journalists will strike a balance when deciding how much graphic detail to include. Too much
may be sensationalist and can be gratuitous; too little can weaken the survivor’s case. At all times, the
language of reporting should avoid suggestions that the survivors may be to blame, or were otherwise
responsible for the attack or acts of violence against them.

3. People who suffer in such an ordeal will not wish to be described as a ‘victim’ unless they 
use the
word themselves. The use of labels can be harmful. A term that more accurately describes the reality of a
person who has suffered in this way is ‘survivor’.

4. Sensitive reporting means ensuring that the media interview meets the needs of the survivor. A female
interviewer should be on hand and the setting must always be secure and private, recognizing that there
may be a social stigma attached. Media must do everything they can to avoid exposing the interviewee
to further abuse. This includes avoiding actions that may undermine their quality of life or their standing
in the community.

5. Treat the survivor with respect. For journalists this means respecting privacy, providing detailed
and complete information about the topics to be covered in any interview, as well as how it will be

A20
reported. Survivors have the right to refuse to answer any questions or not to divulge more than they
are comfortable with. Journalists should make themselves available for later contact; providing contact
details to interviewees will ensure they are able to keep in contact if they wish or need to do so.

Ethical Journalism Initiative Guidelines on GBV

6. Use statistics and social background information to place the incident within the context of violence in
the community or conflict. Readers and the media audience need to be informed of the bigger picture.
The opinion of experts on violence against women such as the DART centre will always increase the
depth of understanding by providing relevant and useful information. This will also ensure that media
never give the impression that violence against women is an inexplicable tragedy that cannot be solved.

7. Tell the whole story: sometimes media identify specific incidents and focus on the tragic aspects,
but reporters do well to understand that abuse might be part of a long-standing social problem, armed
conflict or part of a community history.

8. Maintain confidentiality: as part of their duty of care, media and journalists have an ethical
responsibility not to publish or broadcast names or identify places that in any way might further
compromise the safety and security of survivors or witnesses. This is particularly important when those
responsible for violence are the police, or troops in a conflict, or agents of the state or government, or
people connected with other large and powerful organizations.

9. Use local resources: Media who contact experts, women’s groups and organizations on the ground
about proper interviewing techniques, questions and places will always do good work and avoid
situations – such as where it is unacceptable for male camera workers or reporters to enter a secluded
place – which can cause embarrassment or hostility. There is always virtue in reporters educating
themselves on the specific cultural contexts and respecting them.

10. Provide useful information: reports that include details of sources and the contact details of local
support organizations and services will provide vital and helpful information for survivors/witnesses and
their families and others who may be affected.
1
The Ethical Journalism Initiative is a global campaign of programmes and activities to support and strengthen
quality in media. It was adopted by the World Congress of the IFJ in Moscow in 2007 and was formally launched in
2008. The Ethical Journalism Initiative is a global campaign of programmes and activities to support and strengthen
quality in media. http://ethicaljournalisminitiative.org/en/contents/ifj-guidelines-for-reporting-on-violence-against-
women
Section Six: Annexes 179
 IASC GBV Guidelines Sector Action Sheets
COMMUNITY SERVICES/CAMP MANAGEMENT/CAMP COORDINATION SECTOR
GBV Key Actions

TARGET: IMPLEMENT SAFE SHELTER AND SITE PLANNING PROGRAMMES

1. Establish information-sharing and coordination systems among organizations that register new arrivals
and shelter/site planning organizations.

Key Actions:
• Participate in a coordinated situation analysis and use this
information for safe shelter and site planning programmes.
• During registration, identify individuals in need of shelter
assistance (i.e., those most vulnerable to sexual violence
(SV).

2. Select sites that allow sufficient shelter space for the population and that do not pose additional security
and protection risks.

Key Considerations:
A21

• Proximity to borders (to reduce risk of cross-border

attacks) or other specific high-risk areas.
• Proximity to fuel collection and other activities that involve
GBV Guidelines Sectoral Information Sheets

movement outside the designated site.

3. Establish shelter committees with equal female and male participation; monitor to ensure that women
participate in the decisions and that their needs are met.

Key Actions:
• Facilitate the participation of both women and men
by reviewing their other roles and support community
mechanisms to address barriers to women’s equal
participation.
• Provide both women and men with the same benefits for
their input and their work in construction.

4. Plan the physical layout of the site in collaboration with the community shelter committee, incorporating
prevention and response to SV.

Key Actions:
• Plan location of shelter areas to promote a sense of
community and reinforce community-based protection.
• Provide a common area for children to play where family
members can watch them from the shelter.
• Carefully plan water and sanitation facilities.
• Make arrangements for lighting in communal areas and
lighting for individual use.

180 Section Six: Annexes

 IASC GBV Guidelines Sector Action Sheets

5. Designate space for community centers, safe spaces for women/girls, child-friendly spaces, confidential
access to SV care at health centres, and other services and facilities related to prevention and response to
SV (allow for physical access, privacy and confidentiality/ anonymity).

Key Actions:
• Consult with women in the community to design a women’s
centre. In most sites, the women’s centre will be the space
for recreation, reproductive health (RH), and SV-related
services.
• Establish child-friendly spaces where children can meet
and share their experiences and concerns with staff and
each other.
• Mobilize women and girls to participate in managing the
spaces and activities.

6. Design communal shelters to maximize safety and prevent SV. If communal shelters are to be used, even
as temporary measures at the onset of the emergency:

Key Actions:
• Provide adequate material for partitions between families.
• Accommodate single women and single men in separate

A21
communal booths.
• Seek ongoing input from women to ensure their needs and
security concerns are addressed

GBV Guidelines Sectoral Information Sheets

• Inspect communal shelters regularly to monitor security
and protection.

7. Design and allocate shelters/plots to maximize safety and prevent sexual violence.

Key Actions:
• Ensure that individual shelter allocation does not
compromise protection.
• Establish clear, consistent and transparent systems for
shelter allocation, distribution of any shelter materials and
criteria for qualifying for shelter assistance.
• Provide materials that are necessary for shelter construction
but are not easily available in the environment.
• Do not make women and girls dependent on men for
shelter construction or shelter allocation.
• Conduct regular consultations with women, girls and
groups with special needs on shelter issues.

Section Six: Annexes 181

 IASC GBV Guidelines Sector Action Sheets

TARGET: IMPLEMENT SAFE FUEL-COLLECTION STRATEGIES

1. Assess and analyze information about the location(s), routes, means and personal safety for collecting
cooking and heating fuel. Participate in a coordinated situational analysis.
Key Actions:
• Consult with women and children, community leaders and
other relevant groups.
• Consult with the local community about their own safety
during fuel collection and about allowing the displaced
population safe access to collect fuel.

2. Reduce fuel consumption by implementing saving measures.

Key Actions:
• Provide fuel-efficient stoves to reduce the amount of fuel
required.
o Consult with women for selection of the type of
energy-saving fuel stove.
A21

o Mobilize women and community leaders to promote

the use of energy-saving stoves and to train women
in their use.
GBV Guidelines Sectoral Information Sheets

o Add milling or other means to reduce cooking times

for food rations.

3. Implement strategies to increase safety and security during fuel collection.

Key Actions:
• Mobilize the community into mixed groups of men and
women to collect fuel.
• Establish regular patrols with reliable security personnel to
designated areas where organized firewood collection can
be done by the population at specified times.

4. When feasible and appropriate, request and ensure adequate funding to meet temporary fuel needs during
the early stages of an emergency and/or to provide fuel to community members who are unable to collect
their own fuel.

Key Actions:
• Fuel that is distributed should be culturally acceptable and
easy to use.
• Pay attention to the issue of displaced populations selling
firewood as a source of income and risking exposure to
violence while collecting fuel.
• Involve women and girls in any distribution of fuel.
• Identify priority groups that should receive fuel if fuel
distribution is not available for everyone.

182 Section Six: Annexes

1. Coordinate with the GBV Working Group on incidents that occur during firewood collection.
Information-sharing must be done in accordance with the guiding principle of confidentiality and
anonymity for survivors.

Key Actions:
• If the survivor does not give consent to refer her case to
police/security, then incident information can be compiled
anonymously into data reports that give no identifying
information.
• Use this information to inform and problem-solve with the
community about security risks.

TARGET: PROVIDE SANITARY MATERIALS TO WOMEN AND GIRLS

5. Provide individual sanitary packs for all women and girls from at least 13 to 49 years.

Key Actions:
• Estimate the number of menstruating women and girls at

A21
25% of the total population.
• Consult with women and girls to identify materials most
culturally appropriate.

GBV Guidelines Sectoral Information Sheets

• The following can be used as a guide in preparing the first
sanitary packs, with changes made later after consultations
with women and girls. A basic sanitary pack for one person
for six months:
i. 2 square metres absorbent cotton per six months OR
12 disposable sanitary towels per month
ii. 3 underpants
iii. 250 grams of soap per month (in addition to any
other soap distribution)
iv. 1 bucket (can last for 1 year)
• Distribute sanitary packs at regular intervals throughout the
emergency and distribute to any new arrivals.

6. Actively seek participation from relevant groups in the distribution of sanitary packs.

Key Actions:
• Consult with and facilitate the participation of women and
girls.
• Seek input and participation from community-based health
providers (e.g., health promoters, animators).

7. If there is an accurate database with disaggregated age and sex data, use that database to develop the
distribution list for sanitary packs. If there is no database, or if it is uncertain, inaccurate or incomplete,
collaborate with women and girls and community health providers to develop a distribution list. Avoid
using family ration or registration cards unless there is a clear indication of sex and age breakdown.

Section Six: Annexes 183

 EDUCATION SECTOR
GBV Key Actions

TARGET: ENSURE BOYS’ AND GIRLS’ ACCESS TO SAFE EDUCATION

1. Plan education programme using guidance from the Minimum Standards for Education in Emergencies.

2. Keep children, particularly those at the primary school level, in school or create new schooling venues
when schools do not exist.

Key Actions:
• Link humanitarian services with schools.
• Monitor drop-out lists to determine if and why children are
leaving school.
• If children are dropping out of school because of lack of food,
provide school feeding.
• Provide assistance with school fees, materials and uniforms.
• Offer flexible school hours to accommodate children who cannot
attend school all day due to other responsibilities.
A21

3. Prevent sexual violence (SV) and maximize child survivors’ access to services by raising awareness among
students and teachers about SV and implementing prevention strategies in schools.
GBV Guidelines Sectoral Information Sheets

Key Actions:
• Inform teachers about SV, prevention strategies, potential after-
effects for children and how to access help and SV services in the
community.
• Actively recruit female teachers.
• Include discussion of SV in life skills training for teachers, girls and
boys in all educational settings.
• Ensure all teachers sign codes of conduct.
• Establish prevention and monitoring systems to identify risks in
schools and prevent opportunities for sexual exploitation and abuse
(SEA).
• Provide materials to assist teachers (i.e., “School in a box” and
recreation kits that include information on gender-based violence
and care for survivors).
• Provide psychosocial support to teachers who are coping with their
own psychosocial issues as well as those of their students.

4. Establish community-based activities and mechanisms in places where children gather for education to
prevent abuses like SV and recruitment by armed groups.

Key Actions:
• Provide facilities for recreation, games and sports at school and
ensure access and use by both boys and girls.
• Gain community support for school-based SV programming.
• Ensure parents and the community know about teachers’ codes of
conduct.
184 Section Six: Annexes
 FOOD SECURITY SECTOR
GBV Key Actions

TARGET: IMPLEMENT SAFE FOOD SECURITY PROGRAMMES

1. Collect sex-disaggregated data for planning and evaluation of food security strategies.

2. Incorporate strategies to prevent sexual violence (SV) in food security and distribution programmes at all
stages of the project cycle (including design, implementation, monitoring and follow-up), giving special
attention to groups in the community that are more vulnerable to SV.

Key Actions:
• Target food aid to women- and child-headed households.
Registering household ration cards in the names of women
rather than men can help to ensure that women have greater
control over food and that it is actually consumed.
• For polygamous families, issue separate ration cards for each
wife and her dependents. Carefully consider how to assign the
husband’s food ration and give clear information to all members
of the family (i.e., all wives).

A21
3. Involve women in the entire process of implementing food security strategies. Establish frequent and

GBV Guidelines Sectoral Information Sheets

consistent communication with women in order to understand the issues that need to be addressed and
resolved.

Key Actions for women’s participation:

• The assessment and targeting process, especially in the
identification of the most vulnerable.
• Discussions about the desirability and appropriateness of
potential food baskets.
• Decisions about the location and timing of general food
distributions.
• The assessment of cooking requirements and additional tools,
their availability within the community and the strategies in
securing access to those non-food-items. Special attention
should be given to this point since women could be exposed to
SV in the process of collection of these items

Section Six: Annexes 185

 4. Enhance women’s control of food in food distributions by making women the household food
entitlement holder.

Key Actions:
• Issue the household ration card in a woman’s name.
• Encourage women to collect the food at the distribution point.
• Give women the right to designate someone to collect the rations
on their behalf.
• Encourage women to form collectives to collect food.
• Conduct distributions at least twice per month to reduce the
amount of food that needs to be carried from distribution points.
• Introduce funds in project budgets to provide transport
support for community members unable to carry rations from
distribution points.

5. Include women in the process of selecting the location of the distribution point. Consideration should be
given to the following aspects:

Key Actions:
• The distance from the distribution point to the households
should not be greater than the distance from the nearest water or
A21

wood source to the household.

• The roads to and from the distribution point should be clearly
marked, accessible and frequently used by other members of the
GBV Guidelines Sectoral Information Sheets

community.
• Locations with nearby presence of large numbers of men should
be avoided, particularly those where there is liberal access to
alcohol, or where armed persons are in the vicinity.

6. Establish sex-balanced food distribution committees that allow for the meaningful and equal participation
of women. Attention should be given to the following aspects:

Key Actions:
• Make sure food distribution is done by a sex-balanced team.
• Provide packaging that facilitates handling and can be re-used
for other domestic activities.
• Select the time of distribution according to women’s activities
and needs, to permit the organization of groups that can travel
together to and from the distribution point.
• Distribute food during the day. Leave enough time for women to
return to their homes during daylight.

186 Section Six: Annexes

7. Provide enough and sufficient information about distributions using a variety of methods to ensure
communication to everyone, especially women and girls.

Key Information:
• The size and composition of the household food rations.
• Beneficiary selection criteria.
• Distribution place and time.
• The fact that they do not have to provide services or favours in
exchange for receiving the rations.
• The proper channels available to them for reporting cases of
abuse linked to food distribution.

8. Reduce security risks at food distributions. Create “safe spaces” for women at distribution points.

Key Actions:
• Appeal to men in the beneficiary community to protect women
and ensure safe passage of women from distribution sites to
their homes.
• Ensure sex balance of those carrying out the distribution.
• If necessary, segregate men and women receiving rations, either
by having distributions for men and women at different times,

A21
or by establishing a physical barrier between them during the
distribution.
• Assure that food distribution teams and all staff of

GBV Guidelines Sectoral Information Sheets

implementing agencies have been informed about appropriate
conduct, avoidance of sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) and
mandatory reporting.
• Create ‘safe passage’ schedules for child household heads.
• Begin and end food distribution during daylight hours.
• Consider placing two women guardians (with vests and whistles)
to oversee off-loading, registration, distribution and post-
distribution of food.

9. Monitor security and instances of abuse at the distribution point as well as on departure roads.

Key Actions:
• Ensure there are women staff present during food distributions.
• Establish a community-based security plan for food distribution
sites and departure roads in collaboration with the community.
• Establish a security focal point at each of the distribution sites.
• Monitor security on departure roads and ensure that women
are not at an increased risk for violence by having the food
commodity.

Section Six: Annexes 187

 GBV SECTOR
GBV Key Actions

TARGET: ENSURE THAT SURVIVORS OF SV HAVE SAFE SHELTER

1. When helping a survivor of sexual violence (SV), all actors must discuss safety/security issues and ensure
that either there is no immediate threat or that she has a realistic safety plan. She should be referred -
with her consent - to the system for safe shelter.

2. Mobilize the community to establish a system where survivors of SV can access safe shelter if it is not
safe to return to their place of residence.

Key Actions:
• Work with women in the community to form action groups.
• Consult with leaders, men’s groups and women’s groups.
• Set up structures so that survivors can stay with a family member
or community leader.

3. When family- or community-based solutions cannot be found for temporary housing, a short-term safe
A21

shelter may be the only option. ‘Safe shelters’ should be considered as a last resort because they are
difficult to manage, especially in the early stages of a humanitarian emergency.
GBV Guidelines Sectoral Information Sheets

Key Actions:
• Establish confidential referral systems.
• Plan for the safety and security for the family/individual/staff
providing or managing the safe shelter.
• Develop clear guidelines and rules for managing safe shelters to
prevent misuse and security problems. As soon as a survivor is
referred, a longer-term arrangement should be developed.
• Coordinate with all key SV response actors, especially psychosocial
services and security/protection staff.
• Liaise with camp management and/or shelter organizations at
the site to incorporate shelter allocation as a longer-term security
solution.
• Ensure that survivors have access to their food and non-food
rations while they live in the safe shelter.
• Ensure that survivors can be accommodated with their children in
the shelter if they so wish.
• Child survivors/victims should remain in their family shelters
when possible. When this is not possible, ensure that child
survivors receive extra attention and care at safe shelters.

188 Section Six: Annexes

TARGET: PROVIDE COMMUNITY-BASED PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT

1. Identify and mobilize appropriate existing resources in the community, such as traditional birth attendants
(TBAs), women’s groups, religious leaders and community services programmes.

Key Actions:
• Discuss issues of SV, survivors’ needs for emotional support and
evaluate the individuals, groups and organizations available in the
community to ensure they will be supportive, compassionate, non-
judgmental, confidential and respectful to survivors.
• Establish systems for confidential referrals among and between
community-based psychological and social support resources,
health and community services.

2. At all health and community services, listen and provide emotional support whenever a survivor discloses
or implies that she has experienced sexual violence. Give information, and refer as needed and agreed by

A21
the survivor.

Key Actions:
• Listen to the survivor and ask only non-intrusive, relevant and non-

GBV Guidelines Sectoral Information Sheets

judgmental questions for clarification only. Do not press her for
more information than she is ready to give (i.e., do not initiate a
single-session psychological debriefing).
• If the survivor expresses self-blame, care providers need to gently
reassure her that SV is always the fault of the perpetrator and never
the fault of the survivor.
• Assess her needs and concerns, giving careful attention to security;
ensure that basic needs are met; encourage but do not force
company from trusted, significant others; and protect her from
further harm.
• Ensure safety; assist her in developing a realistic safety plan, if
needed.
• Give honest and complete information about services and facilities
available.
• Do not tell the survivor what to do, or what choices to make.
Respect her choices and preferences about referral and seeking
additional services.
• Discuss and encourage possible positive ways of coping, which
may vary with the individual and culture.
i. Stimulate the re-initiation of daily activities.
ii. Encourage active participation of the survivor family and
community activities.
• When feasible and appropriate, raise the support of family
members, but recognize that families can contribute to increased
trauma if they blame the survivor for the abuse, reject her or are
angry at her for speaking about SV.

Section Six: Annexes 189

 3. Address the special needs of children.

Key Actions
• Persons interviewing and assisting chid survivors should possess
basic knowledge of child development and SV.
• Use creative methods to help put young children at ease and
facilitate communication.
• Use age-appropriate language and terms.
• When appropriate, include trusted family members to ensure that
the child is believed and supported in returning to normal life.
• Do not remove children from family care in order to provide
treatment (unless it is done to protect from abuse or neglect).
• Never coerce, trick or restrain a child whom you believe may have
experienced SV. Coercion and force are often characteristics of the
abuse, and using those techniques will further harm the child.
• Always be guided by the best interests of the child.

4. Organize psychological and social support, including social reintegration activities.

Key Actions
• Always adhere to the guiding principles for action:
A21

o Safety and security.

o Confidentiality.
o Respect the choices and dignity of the survivor.
GBV Guidelines Sectoral Information Sheets

o Non-discrimination.
• Advocate on behalf of the survivor with relevant health, social,
legal and security agencies if the survivor provides informed
consent.
• Initiate community dialogues to raise awareness that SV is never
the fault of the survivor and to inform community about SV and
the availability of services.
• Provide material support as needed via health or other community
services.
• Facilitate participation and integration of survivors in the
community.
• Encourage use of appropriate traditional resources. Many such
practices can be extremely beneficial; however, ensure that they
do not perpetuate blaming-the-victim or otherwise contribute to
further harm to the survivor.
• Link with other sectors.

190 Section Six: Annexes

 HEALTH SECTOR
GBV Key Actions

TARGET: ENSURE WOMEN’S ACCESS TO BASIC HEALTH SERVICES

1. Implement the Minimum Initial Service Package of reproductive health in emergency situations (MISP).

Key Actions:
• Identify an organization(s) and individual(s) to facilitate the
coordination and implementation of the MISP.
• Prevent and manage the consequences of sexual violence.
• Reduce HIV transmission by:
i. Enforcing respect for universal precautions
ii. Guaranteeing the availability of free condoms.
• Prevent excess neonatal and maternal morbidity and mortality by:
i. Providing clean delivery kits for use by mothers or birth
attendants to promote clean home deliveries
ii. Providing midwife delivery kits to facilitate clean and safe

A21
deliveries at the health facility
iii. Initiating the establishment of a referral system to
manage obstetric emergencies.
• Plan for the provision of comprehensive reproductive health

GBV Guidelines Sectoral Information Sheets

(RH) services, integrated into primary health care as the situation
permits.

2. Conduct or participate in rapid situational analyses to address the accessibility for women and the
availability and capacity of health services to respond to the needs of women.

Key Actions should address:

• The number, location, and care level of functioning health
facilities.
• Numbers of health staff at the different levels, disaggregated by
sex.
• The range of services provided related to reproductive health.
• Obstructions to women’s and children’s access to the services:
discrimination, security, costs, privacy, language, cultural.
• Known reproductive health indicators and existing challenges to
women’s health.

Section Six: Annexes 191

 3. Ensure health services are accessible to women and children.

Key Actions:
• Make basic health care services available to all affected
populations.
• Locate health services within walking distance of communities
and on safe access roads.
• Make opening times convenient for women and children
(household duties, water and wood collection, school times).
• Set up a private exam room for women and girls.
• Recruit female staff where possible.
• Provide 24-hour access for pregnancy and SV services.
• Ensure that all languages in the ethnic sub-groups are represented
among health providers or that there are interpreters for each
ethnic sub-group.
• Establish evacuation plans for medical reasons, or mobile clinical
services where otherwise not available.
• Carefully consider access for girls, taking into consideration
cultural issues. For example, girls of a certain age, or who are
unmarried, may not be permitted to participate in reproductive
health services, so girls’ presence in those areas of a health
centre will be noted and questioned, which prevents anonymity,
A21

confidentiality and access.

GBV Guidelines Sectoral Information Sheets

4. Motivate and support staff.

Key Actions:
• Ensure all staff are aware of and abide by medical confidentiality.
• Provide staff at health centres and hospitals with clear protocols
and sufficient supplies and equipment.
• Inform health staff on FGM, which may affect the health of
women and girls, and make protocols available on how to manage.
• Put in place an efficient and supportive supervisory system.

5. Involve and inform the community.

Key Actions:
• Involve women in decisions on accessibility and on an appropriate, non-
offensive, non-stigmatizing name for SV services.
• Make the community aware of services available at the health centre.
• Ensure men’s access to health care and counseling, and provide them
with information about women’s RH and about the health risks to the
community of SV.

192 Section Six: Annexes

TARGET: PROVIDE SV-RELATED HEALTH CARE

1. Prepare the survivor.

Key Actions:
• Before starting a physical examination, prepare the victim/survivor.
Insensitive examinations may contribute to the emotional distress of the
victim/survivor.
• Introduce yourself and explain key procedures (e.g., pelvic exam).
• Ask if she wants to have a specific support person present.
• Obtain the consent of the victim/survivor or a parent if the victim is a
minor.
• Reassure the victim/survivor that she is in control of the pace of the
examination and that she has the right to refuse any aspect of the
examination she does not wish to undergo.
• Explain that the findings are confidential.

2. Perform an examination.

A21
Key Actions:
• At the time of physical examination, normalize any somatic symptoms of

GBV Guidelines Sectoral Information Sheets

panic or anxiety, such as dizziness, shortness of breath, palpitations and
choking sensations that are medically unexplained.
• Conduct the medical examination only with the survivor’s consent.
It should be compassionate, confidential, systematic and complete,
following an agreed upon protocol.

3. Provide compassionate and confidential treatment.

Key Actions should include:

• Treatment of life-threatening complications and referral if appropriate.
• Treatment or presumptive treatment for STIs.
• Post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV (PEP), where appropriate.
• Emergency contraception.
• Care of wounds.
• Supportive counseling (community-based, if and when appropriate).
• Discuss immediate safety issues and make a safety plan.
• Make referrals, with survivor’s consent, to other services such as social
and emotional support.

Section Six: Annexes 193

 4. Checklist of supplies.

Supplies should include:

• Written medical protocol in language of provider.
• Trained health care professionals (on call 24 hours a day).
• A ‘same language’ female health worker during examination.
• Room (private, quiet, accessible, with access to a toilet or latrine).
• Light, preferably fixed (a torch may be threatening to children).
• Sterilized equipment and materials.
• ‘Rape kit’.
• Set of replacement clothes.
• Needles, syringes.
• Cover (gown, cloth, sheet) for the survivor during the examination.
• Sanitary supplies (pads or local cloths).
• Medication for treatment of STIs as per country protocol.
• PEP drugs, where appropriate.
• Pain relief (e.g., paracetamol)
• Local anaesthetic for suturing.
• Antibiotics for wound care.
• Medical chart with pictograms.
• Consent forms.
• Information for post-rape care and support (for survivor).
A21

• Safe, locked filing space to keep confidential records.

• Emergency Contraception
GBV Guidelines Sectoral Information Sheets

194 Section Six: Annexes

 HUMAN RESOURCES SECTOR
GBV Key Actions

TARGET: RECRUIT STAFF IN A MANNER THAT WILL DISCOURAGE SEXUAL

EXPLOITATION AND ABUSE (SEA)

1. Designate appropriate personnel to be responsible for recruitment and hiring of employees and
consultants (trained in human resources, knowledgeable about the risks of staff misconduct with
regard to sexual violence (SV) and SEA, and must be held accountable for implementing internationally
recognized standards in hiring practices).

2. When recruiting local/national and international staff, including short-term consultants, interns and
volunteers, careful hiring practices should include reference checks for all categories of employee.

Key Actions
• Reference checks should specifically include questions seeking
information about the candidate related to any prior acts,
personnel actions or criminal history.
• Careful reference checks can filter out those candidates with a

A21
history of exploitative behaviour.

3. Do not hire any person with a history of perpetrating any type of gender-based violence, including sexual
exploitation, sexual abuse or domestic violence.

GBV Guidelines Sectoral Information Sheets

4. Coordinate with other organizations to establish systems for sharing information about (names of)
employees terminated for engaging in SEA. Any such system must be established in accordance with
relevant laws governing employers and employees.

5. Recruit more women employees at all levels.

Key Actions
• Human Resources must endeavour to increase the numbers of
women staff, including management and leadership positions.
• Identify, understand and address obstacles to employing women.
Consider the following ideas, depending on feasibility in the
setting:
o Meet with community leaders to discuss the importance of
having women work for the organization.
o Establish a day care or cooperative among mothers to share
child care
o Establish job-sharing arrangements.
o Provide arrangements for lunchtime meals for employees
and their families.
o Enroll new staff in literacy and numeracy training,
linking progress with increasing job responsibilities and
compensation.
o Hire husband-wife or brother-sister teams to fill positions.

Section Six: Annexes 195

 6. Ensure that hiring practices prohibit and prevent sexual exploitation from occurring during hiring.

Key Actions
• All personnel involved in recruitment and hiring must be held
accountable for their behaviour and practices.
• Checks must be put into place to ensure transparency in hiring
practices and that staff do not abuse their position of differential
power in the hiring process.

TARGET: DISSEMINATE AND INFORM ALL PARTNERS ON CODES OF

CONDUCT

1. All humanitarian actors must agree to abide by the code of conduct and must sign a document to indicate
their agreement and commitment. Humanitarian organizations are responsible and accountable for
ensuring this occurs among all staff at all levels.

Key Actions
• All humanitarian organizations must have procedures in place to
A21

implement a code of conduct that incorporates the six principles

outlined in the Secretary-General’s Bulletin and governs all staff,
consultants and other workers.
GBV Guidelines Sectoral Information Sheets

2. Each sector must establish systems of accountability for community members engaged in humanitarian
activities (e.g., teachers, food distributors, camp management committees, etc.). These community
members must understand and agree to abide by the code of conduct, sign an appropriate document and
be held accountable for her/his behaviour.

3. Inform all new and incoming staff about the code of conduct and standards for behaviour through
orientation and information sessions.

Key Actions
• Allow sufficient time and opportunity to discuss and clarify aspects
of the standards that staff may find confusing (A frequent staff
concern relates to the obligation to report suspicions of SEA.
Stress that the standards of conduct are non-negotiable and there
is a policy of zero tolerance for noncompliance.).
• The code(s) of conduct and any accompanying policies or
statements must be translated into local languages so that local/
national staff fully understand all aspects of these standards.

196 Section Six: Annexes

TARGET: IMPLEMENT CONFIDENTIAL COMPLAINTS MECHANISM

1. Establish clear and transparent procedures, including follow-up.

Key Actions
• Clear and transparent procedures must be in place for receiving
and following up on complaints.
• The safety, health and welfare of the survivor are the foremost
priority.
• At all times, preserve the anonymity of the complainant.
• Complainant must be consulted and kept informed of the progress
of the investigation and all actions taken.
• Referrals for support services for the complainant may be
indicated.

2. Use standard investigation protocols.

Key Actions
• All investigations must comply with gender and age-specific good

A21
practice as well as other standards outlined in the IASC Model
Complaints and Investigation Procedures and Guidance Related to
Sexual Abuse and Sexual Exploitation.

GBV Guidelines Sectoral Information Sheets

• Investigations should be undertaken by experienced and qualified
professionals in the field of GBV.

3. Appropriate disciplinary action must be taken against perpetrators.

4. Designate a sexual exploitation and abuse Focal Point and an alternate among the staff.

Key Actions
• Focal points and managers must be trained on how to receive,
document and respond to complaints of SEA.
• At least one of these focal points must be a woman.

5. Inform all staff about complaints/reporting mechanisms for suspected sexual exploitation and abuse,
including contact persons/focal points.

6. Inform the community about standards of behaviour and complaints mechanisms.

Key Actions
• Inform about the right to protection against SEA.
• Inform about the complaints procedures and specifically how
to make a complaint, and to whom, and what they can expect
afterward.
• Inform about available survivor assistance, including
confidentiality of services.

7. Integrate record-keeping with documentation systems for other forms of sexual violence although
additional documentation may be needed within the organization in which the staff member is employed
(e.g., internal investigation notes, reports to headquarters).

Section Six: Annexes 197

 8. Ensure coordinated action in response to reports of SEA.

Key Actions
• Confidential complaints mechanisms should be implemented in
close cooperation with other agencies and with the GBV Working
Group to avoid confusion or duplication and to simplify the
process for survivors.
• It is crucial that organizations work together in receiving and
investigating complaints. Note that some survivors may not
wish to - or be able to - contact the organization in which the
perpetrator is employed. Their only option to report the abuse may
be through another organization in the setting.

TARGET: IMPLEMENT SEA FOCAL GROUP NETWORK

1. Participate in the GBV Working Groups.

A21

Key Actions
• Integrate SEA reporting mechanisms with the systems to prevent
and respond to all forms of sexual violence.
GBV Guidelines Sectoral Information Sheets

• Participate in documentation, monitoring and evaluation activities.

2. Establish regular focal point network meetings, at least once every two months.

Key Actions
• Share information about lessons learned and best practices.
• Never share information about cases that could jeopardize the
confidentiality of the complainant.
• Coordinate activities to prevent and respond to SEA.
• Provide support to delegated focal points and alternates.

3. Participants of focal point networks must never discuss details of cases/reports that are not involved
in investigative or disciplinary processes. This information must remain strictly confidential to protect
survivors/victims, witnesses and the alleged perpetrator.

4. Develop, coordinate and monitor training, sensitization and community-information campaigns in

collaboration with others. (See Action Sheet 10.1, Inorm community about sexual violence and the
availability of services.)

5. Report to headquarters on prevention and best practice.

6. Ensure availability and distribution of the IASC materials and other resources.

198 Section Six: Annexes

 NUTRITION SECTOR
GBV Key Actions

TARGET: IMPLEMENT SAFE NUTRITION PROGRAMMES

1. Collect sex-disaggregated data for planning and evaluation of nutrition strategies.

2. Incorporate strategies to prevent sexual violence (SV) in nutrition programmes at all stages of the project
cycle (including design, implementation, monitoring and follow-up), giving special attention to groups in
the community that are more vulnerable to SV.

Key Actions:
• Target nutrition and food aid to women- and child-headed
households.
• Give special attention to pregnant women and lactating mothers,
addressing their increased nutritional needs.

3. Involve women in the entire process of implementing nutrition strategies. Establish frequent and
consistent communication with women in order to understand the issues that need to be addressed and
resolved.

A21
Key Actions for women’s participation:
• The assessment and targeting process, especially in the

GBV Guidelines Sectoral Information Sheets

identification of the most vulnerable.
• Discussions about the desirability and appropriateness of
potential food baskets.
• The assessment of cooking requirements and additional tools,
their availability within the community and the strategies in
securing access to those non-food-items. Special attention
should be given to this point because women could be exposed
to SV in the process of collecting these items

4. Enhance women’s control of food and nutrition access in the household.

Key Actions:
• Ensure the household ration card is issued in a woman’s name.
• Encourage women to form collectives to determine contents of
food baskets.
• Conduct distributions at least twice per month to maintain
appropriate levels of nutrition and access to food.

Section Six: Annexes 199

 PROTECTION SECTOR
GBV Key Actions

TARGET: ASSESS SECURITY AND DEFINE PROTECTION STRATEGY

1. Become familiar with protection and security issues related to sexual violence; participate in the
coordinated situation analysis.

Key Actions
• Identify high-risk areas in the setting: where sexual violence (SV)
occurs and where women and girls perceive safety and security
risks, etc.
• Identify factors in the setting that place women and children at
high risk of harm.
• Identify individuals who may be targeted for abuse.
• Assess and evaluate existing security response and legal follow-up
mechanisms.
• Identify relevant national laws and policies.
• Identify traditional systems in the community for problem-solving
A21

or justice.
• Identify availability of legal aid services for survivors.
• Identify assets and resources in the community, which may
contribute to providing protection/prevention and response to SV.
GBV Guidelines Sectoral Information Sheets

• Determine the intent of political and military actors to comply

with international legal standards.

2. Build alliances and establish a network of contacts in-country among individuals, organizations,
institutions and groups that can contribute to protection from sexual violence.

Key Actions:
• Expand from contacts in the GBV Working Groups.
• Include police, armed forces, judiciary, traditional leaders,
women’s leaders, women’s groups, traditional healers, diplomats,
donors, peacekeepers, etc.

3. Coordinate with authorities and the GBV Working Group to establish strategies to remove or reduce
obstacles to arrests and prosecution. Consider the following:

Key Considerations:
• Police/security may lack information about relevant laws and
procedures.
• Lack of reporting (to police) by survivors.
• Impediments to prosecution, such as impunity, long distances to
courts, lack of transport and/or overnight accommodation for
witnesses.
• Peacekeeping presence may present an opportunity for capacity-
building and training with local authorities.

200 Section Six: Annexes

4. Establish systems for compiling anonymous incident data so that any trends and protection issues can be
identified and addressed.

Key Actions:
• Establish coordination mechanisms and orient partners on
reporting and referral system and guiding principles for all actors.
• Compile and analyze data about SV incidents.

TARGET: PROVIDE SECURITY IN ACCORDANCE WITH NEEDS

1. Encourage authorities to strengthen security, as well as law and order arrangements, in the affected areas.

Key Actions:
• Ensure there are adequate numbers of properly trained police and
security personnel who are accountable for their actions.
• Capacity-building measures for police.

2. Establish short-term security objectives and indicators for minimum prevention and response to sexual

A21
violence.

3. Establish strategies for improving security, combining a targeted, proactive presence around specific
hotspots’.

GBV Guidelines Sectoral Information Sheets

Key Actions:
• Community-watch programmes and/or security groups, preferably
with trusted female and male members of the community. Be
aware of the need to provide training and to monitor to prevent
abuse by members of the teams.
• Security patrols.
• Community centres/women’s centres.
• Regular and frequent presence of international protection staff in
communities (camps, villages).

4. Advocate with police/security forces and promote confidence-building between police/security forces
and the community.

Key Actions:
• Increase numbers of female police.
• Meetings and information-sharing between police and the
community.
• Information sessions about laws and protections from police to
women and girls in the community.
• Regular contact and communication with the local authorities.

Section Six: Annexes 201

 5. Coordinate with appropriate partners to disseminate information on the availability and value of SV
response services. Inform the community, especially women and girls, about SV.

Key Foci:
• Potential consequences of SV.
• Survivors’ need for help and support, not blame and social stigma.
• How and where survivors can go for help that is confidential.

6. Provide security when survivors/victims report incidents to the police and/or security staff.

Key Actions:
• Always respect the confidentiality, rights, choices, dignity and
confidentiality of the survivor; involve her in all decisions.
• All interviews with the survivor must be conducted in private
spaces and, preferably, by female staff.
• Some survivors may want and need a safe place to go either
temporarily or for the longer term.
• Work in conjunction with cultural leaders, authorities and women’s
groups to counter the perception that survivors are culpable.

7. Establish mechanisms to maximize safety and security of all who provide help and assistance to survivors,
including humanitarian staff and community members.
A21

8. Monitor security to identify high-risk areas and security issues, within the constraints of the security
situation.
GBV Guidelines Sectoral Information Sheets

Key Actions:
• Consistently review SV data.
• Meet regularly with network of contacts to share information and
coordinate for security improvements.
• Consult members of the community, ensuring that women and
girls are fully included in private consultations.

9. Provide guidance to the GBV Working Group on how to prevent future incidents of SV: monitor and
analyze security through anecdotal information and reported data on SV.

Key Actions:
• Evaluate incidents and response actions, identify patterns and nature
of violations
o Assess acts of commission or acts of omission.
o Find out if there is a particular pattern connected with the
abuses, and gauge if there are any factors that may put people
more at risk.
o Clarify exactly who is responsible for these violations.
o Identify critical factors that facilitate violations
• Learn who is orchestrating, encouraging, permitting and colluding in
the perpetration of violations.
• Attempt to anticipate or predict perpetrators’ next steps.

202 Section Six: Annexes

TARGET: ADVOCATE FOR COMPLIANCE AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS

1. Participate in a multi-sectoral, coordinated situational analysis and compile information relevant to legal
redress for SV (e.g., national laws, legal procedures and practices for sexual violence crimes, numbers and
circumstances of successful prosecutions, etc.).

2. Develop a sub-working group within the GBV Working Group related to legal redress for SV. Ensure
local representation, including women, in the sub-working group.

3. Designate personnel within the UN and/or humanitarian institutions to provide legal advice to the State
and direct legal assistance to survivors who wish to pursue legal justice for SV crimes. Ensure these
personnel participate in the sub-working group.

4. Designate members within the sub-working group responsible for tracking the State’s investigation and
resolution of SV cases.

5. Build networks with judges, prosecutors, police and traditional systems to ensure that existing laws relating

A21
to SV are upheld.

6. Wherever necessary, develop coordinated action to pressure states to ratify and/or implement the
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and other

GBV Guidelines Sectoral Information Sheets

instruments and to more effectively investigate and prosecute sexual assault crimes.

7. Designate members of the sub-working group to provide training on international and human rights as
they relate to prohibitions of rape and other forms of SV to community, police, national and traditional
courts, and national and international humanitarian actors.

Section Six: Annexes 203

 WATER/SANITATION SECTOR
GBV Key Actions

TARGET: IMPLEMENT SAFE WATER/SANITATION PROGRAMMES

1. Identify safety and security risks for women and girls that are relevant to water and sanitation systems to
ensure the location, design and maintenance programmes maximize safety and security of women and
girls.

Key Actions:
• Participate in a coordinated situational analysis to gather relevant
information about the community and situation related to sexual
violence (SV).
• Pay special attention to the needs of vulnerable groups of women
and girls, such as single female-headed households, adolescents,
unaccompanied girl children.

2. Mobilize women and men to participate in the location, design and maintenance of water and sanitation
facilities.
A21

Key Actions
• Do not let women be overburdened.
GBV Guidelines Sectoral Information Sheets

• Ensure all users, and particularly women and girls, participate

in identifying risky hygiene practices and conditions, and that all
users share responsibility to measurably reduce these risks.
• Establish water and/or sanitation committees comprised of 50%
women.

3. Locate water points in areas that are accessible and safe for all, with special attention to the needs of
women and children.

Key Actions
• Discuss the location of the pumps with all members of the
community.
• As a guide, no household should be more than 500 m from a water
point.

4. Design or adapt hand pumps and water-carrying containers for use by women and children.

5. In situations where water is rationed or pumped at given times, plan this in consultation with all users, but
especially with women.

Key Actions
• Times should be set which are convenient and safe for women and
others who have responsibility for collecting water.
• All users should be fully informed of when and where water is
available.

204 Section Six: Annexes

6. Design communal bathing and washing facilities in consultation with women and girls to ensure that users
have privacy and maintain dignity.

Key Actions
• Determine numbers, location, design, safety, appropriateness and
convenience of facilities in consultation with the users, particularly
women and adolescent girls.
• Facilities should be central, accessible and well-lit in order to
contribute to the safety of users.
• Bathing facilities should have doors with locks on the inside.

7. Design latrines in consultation with women and girls to maximize safety, privacy and dignity.

Key Actions
• Consider preferences and cultural habits in determining the type
of latrines to be constructed.
• Use sex-disaggregated data to plan the ratio of women’s cubicles
to men’s. A rough guide is 3:1.
• Install latrines with doors that lock from the inside.
• Location of latrines should ensure that women and girls feel - and
are - safe using them.

A21
• Communal latrines should be provided with lighting, or families
provided with torches.

GBV Guidelines Sectoral Information Sheets

8. Distribute suitable materials for the absorption and disposal of menstrual blood for women and girls who
menstruate.

9. Inform women and men about the maintenance and use of water and sanitation facilities.

Key Actions
• Women and men should be fully informed on how to repair
facilities and how to make/where to find spare parts.
• Determine timings of information sessions in consultation with
the intended users, particularly women, so as not to conflict with
their other responsibilities.
• Use/adapt information and promotional materials to ensure they
are culturally acceptable and accessible to all groups.
• Use participatory materials and methods that allow all groups to
plan and monitor their own hygiene improvements.

10. Maintain awareness of involvement of women and men in hygiene promotional activities and ensure
continuous sex balance on committees and among hygiene promoters.

Key Actions
• Ensure that women are not overburdened with the responsibility
for hygiene promotional activities or management of water and
sanitation facilities.
• Ensure that women and men have equitable influence in hygiene
promotional activities and that any benefits or incentives are
distributed equally among women and men.

Section Six: Annexes 205

 CAMP COORDINATION/CAMP MANAGEMENT – GENDER CHECKLIST
Analysis of gender differences
1. Information is gathered from women, men, boys and girls about:
• household composition by sex and age
• gendered division of labour and power distribution
• social organizational structures and cultural practices, including possible
obstacles to women’s, girls’, boys’ or men’s participation in decision-
making and camp management
• local justice and community governance structures and their possible
differential impact on women, girls, boys and men
• the skills, capacities and needs of women, girls, boys and men
2. The gender analysis is reflected in planning documents and situation reports
Design
1. Women, girls, boys and men meaningfully participate in camp planning
2. Women, girls, boys and men are consulted and participate in the development of
camp policy
3. Women and men representatives share their views and opinions with the camp
managing agency for their negotiation of new camp sites with the national
authorities and host governments
4. The views and knowledge of women, girls, boys and men are consulted and
reflected in camp design
A22

Access
1. Information and awareness-raising about camp and security management are
provided equally to women, girls, boys and men
Gender Handbook Sectoral Information Sheets

2. Information on camp closure is disseminated through the most appropriate means

so as to reach all groups in the community
3. Women, girls, boys and men equally access camp services and assistance
4. Obstacles to equal access are promptly addressed
Participation
1. There is 50% participation of women in camp governance structures
2. Women and men are fully engaged in the management of camp facilities
3. Women and men are fully engaged in the decision-making process for camp
closures
Training/Capacity-building
1. Equal numbers of men and women are receiving training on camp management
issues, including participatory assessments with the affected population
2. 50% of camp management staff members are women
Actions to address GBV
1. There is a comprehensive understanding of the specific risk factors faced by
women, girls, boys and men in camp settings, and this analysis is incorporated in
security provisions within the camps (e.g., appropriate lighting in areas frequently
used by women and girls, patrols of fuel-wood collection routes, monitoring of
school routes)
2. Police officers (female and male) patrol the camps
3. Women participate directly in decision-making on local security arrangements for
the camp community
4. Regular observation visits are undertaken on food distribution points, security
check points, water and sanitation facilities and service institutions (e.g., schools
and health centres)
5. High-risk security areas are monitored regularly at different times of the day, such
as the route to school for girls, video clubs at night, bars, etc.

206 Section Six: Annexes

Targeted actions based on gender analysis
1. Appropriate arrangements are in place to address the needs of groups, including
women, girls, boys and men living with HIV/AIDS or disabilities, single heads of
households, separated and unaccompanied children, elderly women and men,
etc.
2. Support is provided to women and adolescent girls and boys to strengthen their
leadership capacities and facilitate their meaningful participation as necessary
Monitoring and evaluation based on sex- and age-disaggregated data
1. Sustainable structures and mechanisms are established for meaningful dialogue
with women, girls, boys and men
2. Camp managers routinely collect, analyze and report on data by age and sex to
monitor and ensure that women and men are using camp facilities as needed
3. Plans are developed and implemented to address any gaps or inequalities
Coordinate actions with all partners
1. Actors in your sector liaise with actors in other sectors to coordinate on gender
issues, including participating in regular meetings for the gender network
2. The sector/cluster has a gender action plan, has developed and routinely
measures project-specific indicators based on the checklist provided in the IASC
Gender Handbook

A22
Gender Handbook Sectoral Information Sheets

Section Six: Annexes 207

 EDUCATION – GENDER CHECKLIST
Community Participation
1. Number of women and men involved in community education committees on a
regular basis
2. Number of women and men involved in community education plans
3. Number and type of gender-specific issues in education plans
4. Percentage of girls involved in child/youth participation activities
5. Number of community members provided with gender training
Analysis
1. Percentage of relevant and available sex- and age-disaggregated data collected
2. Number and type of references to gender-specific issues in assessment planning,
tools design and data analysis
3. Number of women, girls, boys and men consulted in assessment, monitoring and
evaluation processes
Access and learning environment
1. Net enrollment ratio of girls and boys
2. Sex-disaggregated enrollment rates by grade level
3. Sex-disaggregated school attendance rates
4. Sex-and level-disaggregated dropout rates
5. Number of reported incidents of sexual abuse and exploitation
A22

6. Existence of a ‘safe school’ policy with clear implementation actions

Teaching and learning
1. Percentage of teachers who demonstrate attempts to create girl-friendly
Gender Handbook Sectoral Information Sheets

classroom environments and use teaching strategies to engage girls

2. Number of gender-specific lessons and topics in the school curriculum
3. Sex-disaggregated achievement measure (e.g., exam results)
4. Percentage of teachers (women/men) involved in in-service training
5. Number of women/men involved in pre-service teacher programmes
6. Percentage of teachers (women/men) provided with gender training
Teachers and other education personnel
1. Number of male and female teachers, head teachers, teacher trainers/supervisors
and other education personnel (disaggregated by ethnic/caste groups)
2. Percentage of women teachers who feel safe and respected in school and in the
community and are fully involved in education decision-making
3. Percentage of teachers (women/men) trained on and have signed a code of
conduct
Education policy and coordination
1. Number and type of references to gender-specific issues in coordination meetings
2. Number and type of references to gender-specific issues in coordination
statements/agreements
3. Development of materials that address/challenge gender stereotypes and reflect
new realities in society

208 Section Six: Annexes

FOOD DISTRIBUTION – GENDER CHECKLIST
Analysis of gender differences
1. Participatory assessments with women, girls, boys and men gather information
on:
• roles of women, girls, boys and men in food procurement
• cultural and religious food restrictions/preferences for women and men
• differences in women’s and men’s control over and access to food
resources
• cultural, practical and security-related obstacles women, girls, boys and
men could be expected to face in accessing services
2. Reasons for inequalities between women, girls, boys and men are analyzed and
addressed through programming
3. The gender analysis is reflected in planning documents and situation reports
Design of services
1. Services are designed to reduce women’s and children’s time spent getting to,
at and returning from food distribution points (e.g., distribution organized at
different time intervals to avoid crowds and long waiting time, to ensure timely
distribution, and to avoid long waits for food delivery)
2. Services are designed to reduce the burden that the receipt of food aid may pose
on women beneficiaries

A22
• food distribution points established as close to beneficiaries as possible
• weight of food packages manageable for women (e.g., 25 kg vs. 50 kg
bags, etc.)

Gender Handbook Sectoral Information Sheets

Access
1. Women’s, girls’, boys’ and men’s access to services is routinely monitored through
spot checks, discussions with communities, etc.
2. Obstacles to equal access are promptly addressed
Participation
1. Women and men take part equally (in numbers and consistency) in decision-
making, planning, implementation and management of food aid programmes
2. Committees with equal representation of women and men are formed for
targeting, monitoring and distributing of food items and for determining the
needs of vulnerable/marginalized groups
Training/capacity-building
1. An equal number of women and men are employed in food distribution
programmes and have equal access to trainings
Actions to address GBV
1. Both women and men are included in the process of selecting a safe distribution
point
2. Food distribution is done by a sex-balanced team
3. ‘Safe spaces’ are created at the distribution points and ‘safe passage’ schedules
created for women and children heads of households
4. Distribution is conducted early in the day to allow beneficiaries to reach home
during daylight
5. Security and instances of abuse are monitored

Section Six: Annexes 209

 Targeted actions based on gender analysis
1. Women are targeted as the initial point of contact for emergency food
distribution
2. Women are the food entitlement holders
3. Positive measures are adopted to redress the discrimination in allocation of food
resources (e.g., ensure that children under 5, the sick or malnourished, pregnant
and lactating women and other vulnerable groups are given priority for feeding)
Monitoring and evaluation based on sex- and age-disaggregated data
1. Sex- and age-disaggregated data on food distribution coverage is collected,
analyzed and routinely reported on
2. Monitoring and evaluation tools are developed in consultation with women and
men in the target population to specifically look at the impact of food distribution
on women’s and men’s vulnerability, including in the design of questionnaires that
examine how the food needs of women and men have been addressed
3. The impact of the food aid programme on women and men (needs, access
and control over resources, physical and human capital, income and livelihood
options, etc.) is assessed
4. Women, girls, boys and men are consulted in the identification of remaining gaps
and areas of improvement
5. Plans are developed and implemented to address any inequalities and ensure
access and safety for all of the target population
A22

Coordinate actions with all partners

1. Actors in your sector liaise with actors in other sectors to coordinate on gender
issues, including participating in regular meetings for the gender network
Gender Handbook Sectoral Information Sheets

2. The sector/cluster has a gender action plan, has developed and routinely
measures project-specific indicators based on the checklist provided in the IASC
Gender Handbook

210 Section Six: Annexes

FOOD SECURITY – GENDER CHECKLIST
Analysis of gender differences
1. A participatory needs assessment is undertaken, consulting an equal number of
women and men, to gather information on:
• short- and long-term losses of livelihood assts of women and men (e.g.,
single season’s harvest or permanent loss of land)
• changes in women’s and men’s access to and control over land or other
critical productive resources
• literacy level and employment rates of female- and male-headed
households
• the coping strategies of women and men in the crisis situation
• malnutrition rates for girls and boys in terms of stunting, wasting and
underweight
• micronutrient deficiencies
2. The data is analyzed and used for programming to ensure activities will benefit
women, girls, boys and men directly and indirectly
Design
1. The operation is designed to address the different effects of the disaster on
women and men and to build on existing/available capacities of women, girls,
boys and men in the community
Access and control

A22
1. Women’s, girls’, boys’ and men’s access to services, as well as control over
productive resources, is routinely monitored through spot checks, discussion with
communities, etc.

Gender Handbook Sectoral Information Sheets

2. Obstacles to equal access and control are promptly addressed
Participation
1. Women and men are systematically consulted and included in good security
interventions
2. Women and men participate equally and meaningfully in decision-making and
management of livelihood assets
3. Women and men participate equally and meaningfully on registration and
distribution committees
Training/capacity-building
1. Training and skills development is made available to balanced numbers of women,
men and adolescent girls and boys based on a needs assessment
2. Training and skills development activities are organized at a time and venue
convenient for both women and men
3. Training and information materials are developed based on the education level
and knowledge of different socio-economic groups
Actions to address GBV
1. Training on GBV-related issues and potential risk factors is conducted for an
equal number of female and male humanitarian workers to enable them to
provide support to affected persons and direct them to adequate information and
counselling centers
2. Programmes are in place to ensure income-generation activities and economic
options for women and girls so they do not have to engage in unsafe sex in
exchange for money, housing, food or education – or are exposed in other ways to
GBV because they are economically dependent on others
3. Women and men in the community, including village leaders and men’s groups,
are sensitized on violence against women and girls, including domestic violence

Section Six: Annexes 211

 Targeted actions based on gender analysis
1. Public awareness campaigns on women’s and children’s rights (e.g., right to food)
are organized
2. Vulnerable groups are taught about their property rights (e.g., land) to increase
their negotiating power and diminish abusive relationships
3. Social mobilization is supported to raise awareness on the main (practical and
strategic) needs of the most vulnerable groups as part of their empowerment
process
4. Gender disparities are addressed in basic and productive infrastructures to ensure
food security for the most vulnerable communities
Monitoring and evaluation based on sex- and age-disaggregated data
1. The perceptions of women and men regarding changes in their lives (positive
and negative) as a result of food security interventions are recorded and the
implications are addressed in programming
2. Assessments are conducted of the specific changes occurring in the livelihood
systems of beneficiary female-, male- and child-headed households
3. An analysis of how women’s and men’s different needs could have been met more
efficiently is prepared and informs future programming
Coordinate actions with all partners
1. Actors in your sector liaise with actors in other sectors to coordinate on gender
issues, including participating in regular meetings for the gender network
A22

2. The sector/cluster has a gender action plan, has developed and routinely
measures project-specific indicators based on the checklist provided in the IASC
Gender Handbook
Gender Handbook Sectoral Information Sheets

212 Section Six: Annexes

HEALTH – GENDER CHECKLIST
Analysis of gender differences
1. Balanced ratio of women and men assessors and translators
2. Balanced ratio of women, girls, boys and men who participate in assessments
3. Balanced ratio of women and men consulted about their health needs
4. The following data are available and a gender analysis applied:
• age- and sex-disaggregated cause-specific mortality rates
• age- and sex-disaggregated case fatality rates
• female-, male- and child-headed households
• social structures, including positions of authority/influence, and the roles
of women and men
• groups with specific needs (including physically and mentally handicapped)
by age and sex
Design of services
1. The timing, staffing and location of health services ensure equal opportunity for
women and men to access them
2. Health care delivery strategies and facilities address the health needs of women,
girls, boys and men equitably
3. Percentage of health care facilities with basic infrastructure, equipment, supplies,
drug stock, space and qualified staff for reproductive health services, including
delivery and emergency obstetric care services (as indicated in the MISP)

A22
4. Percentage of health facilities providing confidential care for survivors of sexual
violence according to the IASC Guidelines
5. Ratio of health care providers disaggregated by profession, level and sex

Gender Handbook Sectoral Information Sheets

6. Ratio of community-based psychosocial care disaggregated by sex and age
Access
1. Proportion of women, girls, boys and men with access to sanitary materials
(including household-level sanitary disposal facilities for women)
2. Proportion of women, girls, boys and men with access to safe water supply
3. Proportion of women, girls, boys and men with access to food aid
4. Proportion of women, girls, boys and men with access to health services
Participation
1. Balanced ratio of women and men participating in the design, implementation,
monitoring and evaluation of humanitarian health responses
2. Balanced ratio of women and men in decision-making positions
3. Balanced ratio of local women and men hired/deployed in health sector
4. Balanced ratio of international women and men hired/deployed in health sector
5. Women and men participate regularly in group meetings or activities
Training/capacity-building
1. Balanced/proportionate number of women and men from the community trained
to provide health care
2. Balanced/proportionate number of women and men from the community given
employment opportunities in the health sector after training
Actions to address GBV
1. 24-hour access to sexual violence services
2. Staff are aware of and abide by medical confidentiality
3. Staff are trained on the clinical management of rape
4. Confidential referral mechanisms for health and psychosocial services for rape
survivors
5. Information campaigns for men and women about the health risks to the
community of sexual violence

Section Six: Annexes 213

 Targeted actions based on gender analysis
1. Men, active and recently demobilized members of armed/security forces,
displaced persons and refugees are targeted with HIV/AIDS messages
2. Communication strategies are developed and implemented to highlight the
specific health risks affecting women and men, as well as targeting adolescent
girls
Monitoring and evaluation based on sex- and age-disaggregated data
1. Data on demographics, mortality, morbidity and health services are routinely
collected and are disaggregated and reported by age and sex and a gender
analysis is applied
2. Percentage of participatory assessment reports addressing the needs of women,
girls, boys and men equally
3. Formal monitoring and participatory evaluation mechanisms reporting the health
impact of humanitarian crises on women, girls, boys and men
Coordinate actions with all partners
1. Actors in your sector liaise with actors in other sectors to coordinate on gender
issues, including participating in regular meetings for the gender network
2. The sector/cluster has a gender action plan, has developed and routinely
measures project-specific indicators based on the checklist provided in the IASC
Gender Handbook
A22
Gender Handbook Sectoral Information Sheets

214 Section Six: Annexes

LIVELIHOODS – GENDER CHECKLIST
Analysis of gender differences
1. Information is gathered from women, girls, boys and men about:
• different skill sets, needs, vulnerabilities and responsibilities of affected
women and men and adolescent girls and boys, including women-headed
and child-headed households
• gender division of labour, responsibilities and coping strategies within the
household
• inequalities in access to and control of resources
• obstacles women, girls, boys and men could be expected to face in
accessing or devoting time to income generation activities (e.g., child care
or other household responsibilities)
2. The gender analysis is reflected in planning documents and situation reports
Design
1. The livelihood programmes that are developed do not discriminate against
women or men – for example, construction projects traditionally targeted only to
men should be reviewed to ensure access by both women and men
2. Women, girls, boys and men benefit equally from livelihood alternatives (e.g.,
receive equal compensation for equal labour)
Access

A22
1. Women and adolescent girls have equal access to livelihood programmes and
livelihood services as do men and adolescent boys
2. Women’s, girls’, boys’ and men’s access to livelihood programmes is routinely
monitored through spot checks, discussions with communities, etc.

Gender Handbook Sectoral Information Sheets

3. Obstacles to equal access are promptly addressed
Participation
1. Women and men are participating in consultative meetings/discussions in equal
numbers and with regular frequency
2. Child care or family care provisions are in place to allow women and girls access to
programmes, trainings and meetings
Training/capacity-building
1. Vocational training and non-formal education programmes target the specific
needs of adolescent girls and boys and provide them with practical skills that they
can use, including non-traditional skills
2. Employment opportunities are equally open and accessible to both women and
men
Actions to address GBV
1. Programmes are monitored for possible negative effects of changes in power
relations (e.g., rise in domestic violence as a reaction to women’s empowerment)
2. Workplaces are monitored and instances of discrimination or GBV are addressed
Targeted actions based on gender analysis
1. Livelihood programmes are tailored to the unique needs of the various segments
of the affected community (e.g., female heads of households, adolescent girls and
boys, displaced women and men, elderly person, survivors of GBV, etc.)
Monitoring and evaluation based on sex- and age-disaggregated data
1. Sex- and age-disaggregated data on programme coverage and impact are
collected, analyzed and routinely reported on
2. Livelihood programmes are monitored for improvements in self-reliance as well as
beneficiary satisfaction for both women and men
3. Plans are developed and implemented to address any gaps or inequalities

Section Six: Annexes 215

 Coordinate actions with all partners
1. Actors in your sector liaise with actors in other sectors to coordinate on gender
issues, including participating in regular meetings for the gender network
2. The sector/cluster has a gender action plan, has developed and routinely
measures project-specific indicators based on the checklist provided in the IASC
Gender Handbook
A22
Gender Handbook Sectoral Information Sheets

216 Section Six: Annexes

NFIs – GENDER CHECKLIST
Analysis of gender differences
1. Information is gathered from women, girls, boys and men about family structures
and NFI needs based on age and sex, and the distribution system is set up
accordingly
Design
1. Family entitlement cards and ration cards are issued in the name of the primary
female and male household representatives
2. Women, girls, boys and men have at least two sets of clothing in the correct size,
appropriate to the culture, season and climate
3. People have access to a combination of blankets, bedding or sleeping mats to
keep them warm and to enable separate sleeping arrangements as required
4. Women and girls have sanitary and hygiene kits, including soap and underwear
5. Training or guidance in the use of NFIs is provided where necessary
Access
1. The programme is routinely monitored to ensure that women and men benefit
equally if there is payment for NFI distribution, including a gender balance in
employment
2. Obstacles to equal access and benefits are promptly addressed
Participation

A22
1. Women and men are involved in planning and implementing NFI selection and
distribution
2. Women and men are informed and aware of their individual entitlements; the
quantity and variety of items they should receive; and the place, day and time of

Gender Handbook Sectoral Information Sheets

distribution
Training/capacity-building
1. An equal number of women and men are employed in NFI distribution
programmes and have equal access to trainings
Actions to address GBV
1. Both women and men participate in the identification of safe and accessible
distribution sites
2. Distribution points are monitored to ensure they are safe and accessible
Monitoring and evaluation based on sex- and age-disaggregated data
1. Sex- and age-disaggregated data on programme coverage are collected, analyzed
and routinely reported on
2. Plans are developed and implemented to address any gaps or inequalities and
ensure access and safety for all of the target population
Coordinate actions with all partners
1. Actors in your sector liaise with actors in other sectors to coordinate on gender
issues, including participating in regular meetings for the gender network
2. The sector/cluster has a gender action plan, has developed and routinely
measures project-specific indicators based on the checklist provided in the IASC
Gender Handbook

Section Six: Annexes 217

 NUTRITION – GENDER CHECKLIST
Analysis of gender differences
1. Information on the nutritional needs, cooking skills and control over resources of
women, girls, boys and men is gathered through participatory assessments
2. Reasons for inequalities in malnutrition rates between women, girls, boys and
men are analyzed and addressed through programming
3. Information is collected on the cultural, practical and security-related obstacles
women, girls, boys and men could be expected to face in accessing nutritional
assistance and measures taken to circumvent these obstacles
4. The gender analysis is reflected in planning documentation and situation reports
Design of services
1. Nutritional support programmes are designed according to the food culture and
nutritional needs of the women (including pregnant or lactating women), girls,
boys and men in the target population
Access
1. Women’s, girls’, boys’ and men’s access to services is routinely monitored through
spot checks, discussions with communities, and obstacles to equal access are
promptly addressed
Participation
1. Women and men are equally and meaningfully involved in decision-making and
A22

programme design, implementation and monitoring

Training/capacity-building
1. Training courses on nutrition and gender issues are held for women, girls, boys
and men
Gender Handbook Sectoral Information Sheets

2. An equal number of women and men from the communities are trained on
nutrition programming
3. An equal number of women and men are employed in nutrition programmes
Actions to address GBV
1. Both women and men are included in the process of selecting a safe distribution
point
2. Food distribution is done by a sex-balanced team
3. ‘Safe spaces’ are created at the distribution points and ‘safe passage’ schedules
created for women and children heads of households
4. Special arrangements are made to safeguard women to and from the distribution
point (e.g., armed escort if necessary)
5. Security and instances of abuse are monitored
Targeted actions based on gender analysis
1. Unequal food distribution and nutrition rates within the household are addressed
through nutritional support as well as programmes to address underlying reasons
for discrimination and to empower those discriminated against

218 Section Six: Annexes

Monitoring and evaluation based on sex- and age-disaggregated data
1. Sex- and age-disaggregated data on nutrition programme coverage is collected:
• percentage of girls and boys aged 6-59 months who are covered by vitamin
A distribution
• percentage of girls and boys under 5, pregnant and lactating women in the
target group who are covered by supplementary feeding programmes and
treatment for moderate acute malnutrition
• percentage of girls and boys under 5 who are covered by nutrition
surveillance
• percentage of women, girls, boys and men who are still unable to meet
their nutritional requirements in spite of ongoing nutritional programming
• exclusive breastfeeding rates for girls and boys
2. Plans are developed and implemented to address any inequalities and ensure
access and safety for all of the target population
Coordinate actions with all partners
1. Actors in your sector liaise with actors in other sectors to coordinate on gender
issues, including participating in regular meetings for the gender network
2. The sector/cluster has a gender action plan, has developed and routinely
measures project-specific indicators based on the checklist provided in the IASC
Gender Handbook

A22
Gender Handbook Sectoral Information Sheets

Section Six: Annexes 219

 REGISTRATION – GENDER CHECKLIST
Analysis of gender differences
1. Information is gathered on cultural, practical and security-related obstacles that
women, girls, boys and men could be expected to face in accessing registration
services
Design
1. Registration procedures are designed to minimize discrimination on gender or age
2. Women and men participate equally in the design of the registration process and
in information-sharing meetings
3. Registration is done by a sex-balanced team, allowing for same-sex interviews
4. The registration site is set up to ensure privacy and confidentiality for all
5. Data is stored in secure places to ensure confidentiality
Access
1. Women’s, girls’, boys’ and men’s access to registration is routinely monitored
through spot checks, discussions with communities, etc.
Participation
1. Women and men participate equally in informing the community about
registration processes and concerns
2. Women and men participate equally in monitoring registration sites
3. Women and men participate equally in registration
A22

Training/capacity-building
1. Equal numbers of women and men are trained to provide guidance and timely
referrals regarding safety and groups with specific needs
Actions to address GBV
Gender Handbook Sectoral Information Sheets

1. A mechanism is in place for monitoring security and instances of abuse

2. A referral system for reporting of security and abuse incidents is operational
Targeted actions based on gender analysis
1. Obstacles to women’s, girls’, boys’ and men’s equal access to registration services
and documentation are addressed
Monitoring and evaluation based on sex- and age-disaggregated data
1. Percentage of populations of concern in the country for whom age/sex
breakdowns are available
2. Percentage of women and men for whom the basic registration data have been
collected
3. Percentage of women and men interviewed and registered individually
4. Availability of information by age and sex of individuals and groups with specific
needs requiring specific protection services and assistance
5. Percentage of population of concern by sex and age issued with documentation
conforming to the standards
6. Frequency with which existing data are updated to record births, new arrivals,
deaths, and departures, marriages and other changes
7. Frequency of use of demographic profile of the population of concern in planning
and implementing protection and assistance activities, and in distribution of non-
food items
Coordinate actions with all partners
1. All actors involved in registration are fully aware of the agreed registration process
2. All actors involved in registration are fully aware of the categories and criteria for
those with specific needs
3. Actors in your sector liaise with actors in other sectors to coordinate on gender
issues

220 Section Six: Annexes

SHELTER – GENDER CHECKLIST
Analysis of gender differences
1. Focus group discussions on shelter construction, allocation and design conducted
with women, girls, boys and men of diverse backgrounds and results fed into
programming.
Design
1. Single people, young and old, have access to dignified shelter
2. Public spaces for social, cultural and informational needs of women, girls, boys
and men are provided and used equitably
Access
1. Male and female heads of households and single women and men have the same
access to housing and shelter supplies
2. Obstacles to equal shelter are promptly addressed
Participation
1. Women and men are equally represented and participate in the design, allocation
and construction of shelters and camp facilities
2. Women and men, adolescent girls and boys have equal opportunity for
involvement in all aspects of shelter construction, receiving equal pay for equal
work
Training/capacity-building

A22
1. Equal opportunities exist for training for women, girls, boys and men in
construction skills training
2. Percentage of women and men trained in shelter construction
3. Percentage of women and men involved in shelter construction

Gender Handbook Sectoral Information Sheets

Actions to address GBV
1. Routine spot checks and discussions with communities to ensure people are not
exposed to sexual violence due to poor shelter conditions or inadequate space
and privacy
2. Mechanisms put in place to ensure people can report any harassment or violence
Targeted actions based on gender analysis
1. The specific needs of girl- and boy-headed households are met
2. Where construction materials are supplied, female-headed households have
direct access to materials and have construction skills training support
Monitoring and evaluation based on sex- and age-disaggregated data
1. Sex- and age-disaggregated data on programme coverage are collected, analyzed
and routinely reported on
2. Plans are developed and implemented to address any inequalities and ensure
access and safety for all of the target population
Coordinate actions with all partners
1. Actors in your sector liaise with actors in other sectors to coordinate on gender
issues, including participating in regular meetings for the gender network
2. The sector/cluster has a gender action plan, has developed and routinely
measures project-specific indicators based on the checklist provided in the IASC
Gender Handbook

Section Six: Annexes 221

 WASH – GENDER CHECKLIST
Analysis of gender differences
1. Information is gathered from women, girls, boys and men about:
• cultural beliefs and practices in water and sanitation use
• hygiene habits
• needs and roles in operation, maintenance and distribution
• methods and time spent in water collection
2. Data disaggregated by sex and age are used to develop a profile of at-risk
populations with special water requirements
Design
1. Water sites, distribution mechanisms and maintenance procedures are accessible
to women, including those with limited mobility
2. Communal latrine and bathing cubicles for women, girls, boys and men are sited
in safe locations, are culturally appropriate, provide privacy, are adequately
illuminated and are accessible to those with disabilities
Access
1. Women’s, girls’, boys’ and men’s access to services and facilities is routinely
monitored through spot checks, discussions with communities, etc.
2. Obstacles to equal access are promptly addressed
Participation
A22

1. Women and men are equally and meaningfully involved in decision-making and
programme design, implementation and monitoring
2. Women and men are involved in safe disposal of solid waste
Training/capacity-building
Gender Handbook Sectoral Information Sheets

1. Women and men are trained in the use and maintenance of facilities
2. Women and men are sensitized/trained to protect surface and groundwater
Actions to address GBV
1. Both women and men participate in the identification of safe and accessible sites
for water pumps and sanitation facilities
2. Facilities and collection points are monitored to ensure they are safe and
accessible (locks, lighting)
Targeted actions based on gender analysis
1. Unequal knowledge levels on hygiene and water management are addressed
through trainings
2. Women’s and men’s access to and control over resources for collecting/carrying
water, containers and storage facilities are monitored and inequities are addressed
3. Discriminatory practices hindering women’s participation in water management
groups are addressed through empowerment programmes
Monitoring and evaluation based on sex- and age-disaggregated data
1. Sex- and age-disaggregated data on programme coverage are collected, analyzed
and routinely reported on
2. Plans are developed and implemented to address any inequalities and ensure
access and safety for all of the target population
Coordinate actions with all partners
1. Actors in your sector liaise with actors in other sectors to coordinate on gender
issues
2. The sector/cluster has a gender action plan, has developed and routinely
measures project-specific indicators based on the checklist provided in the IASC
Gender Handbook

222 Section Six: Annexes

Cross-cutting Issue Gender Equality Programming
Brief description of gender in emergencies
In the words of John Holmes, Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator:
“Effective humanitarian response addresses the needs and concerns of all groups in an affected
population. This means understanding how conflicts and disasters affect women, men, boys and
girls differently and basing programming on their differential needs and capacities. This is what
gender equality programming is all about.”
In a letter to Humanitarian Coordinators, April 2007

Ignoring or being blind to these different needs can have serious implications for the protection and survival of people caught up
in humanitarian crises.
What is expected of you in your role as Cluster/Sector lead in the field?

Sector [cluster] leads in the field have a particular responsibility for ensuring that humanitarian actors working in their sectors
remain actively engaged in addressing cross cutting concerns such as gender equality. Experience of recent crises suggests
that these important dimensions to ensuring appropriate responses have too frequently been ignored.

Sector/cluster leads at the country level are accountable to the Humanitarian Coordinator for facilitating a process aimed at
ensuring the following:

Ensure integration of agreed priority cross-cutting issues in sectoral needs assessment, analysis, planning, monitoring
and response (e.g., age, diversity, environment, gender, HIV/AIDS and human rights); contribute to the development

A23
of appropriate strategies to address these issues; ensure gender sensitive programming and promote gender equality;
ensure that the needs, contributions and capacities of women and girls as well as men and boys are addressed.

Field challenges related to integrating gender in the clusters

Gender Tip Sheet for Cluster/Sector Leads

Gender equality or equality between women and men refers to the equal enjoyment by females and males of all ages
of rights, socially valued goods, opportunities and resources. Equality does not mean that women and men are the same but
that their enjoyment of rights, opportunities and life chances are not governed or limited by whether they were born female
or male. Protecting human rights and promoting gender equality must be seen as central to the humanitarian community’s
responsibility to protect and provide assistance to those affected by emergencies. As sector leaders the job is to make sure
that the assistance and protection we provide meets the needs of all the population equally, that their rights are
protected and that those most affected by a crisis receive the support they need.

Recurrent challenges in integrating gender concerns in clusters are:

□□ Data is not disaggregated by sex and age, thus impairing targeting assistance in accordance with the particular needs
of each group of a given community.
□□ Needs assessments are seldom truly participatory in nature, meaning that many community members’ concerns
are not taken into consideration. A gender analysis is almost entirely dependent upon a participatory approach to
needs assessments and planning and implementation of programmes, and needs to be an analysis of the needs and
capabilities of women, girls, men and boys – not just women.
□□ Gender is perceived to be something that is not vital to take into consideration in the rush to provide immediate
humanitarian relief, something that can wait until things calm down. Instead, gender, age, ethnicity and other diversities
in the affected population should be recognised as the key to designing and setting priorities for humanitarian
response. Sector programming should not be based on assumptions about the needs and social structure of the
community.

What can you do to ensure gender equality programming in humanitarian action?

Tips, tool application and best practices.

Conflict and disaster affects women, girls, boys and men differently, and they have different coping strategies. To mainstream
gender equality programming in emergencies, it is essential to understand the roles, capacities and constraints of women, girls,
boys and men, and the power relations between them. Their differing needs and capabilities must be identified to make sure
all have access to services and information, and can participate in the planning and implementation of relief programmes. Go
through the ADAPT and ACT Collectively steps to ensure your sector is taking gender issues seriously.
Section Six: Annexes 223
 Cross-cutting Issue Gender Equality Programming
Analyse: Analyse the impact of the humanitarian crisis on
Framework for Gender Equality
women, girls, boys and men. Be certain, for example, that all needs Programming
assessments include gender issues in the information gathering and Analyse gender differences.
analysis phases, and that women, girls, boys and men are consulted Design services to meet needs of all.
in assessment, monitoring and evaluation processes. Access ensured for all.
Design Services: Design services to meet the needs of women Participate equally.
and men equally. Each sector should review the way they work and Train women and men equally.
make sure women and men can benefit equally from the services, for and
example there are separate latrines for women and men; hours for Address GBV in sector programmes.
trainings, food or non-food items distribution are set so that everyone Collect, analyse and report sex/age
can attend, etc. disaggregated data.
Ensure access: Make sure that women and men can access Target actions based on a gender
services equally. Sectors should continuously monitor who is using analysis.
the services and consult with the community to ensure all are Coordinate actions with all partners.
accessing the service.
ADAPT and ACT
Ensure participation: Ensure women, girls, boys and men Collectively to ensure gender equality
participate equally in the design, implementation, monitoring and
evaluation of humanitarian response, and that women are in decision-
making positions. If it is problematic to have women in committees, put in place mechanisms to ensure their voices are brought
to the committees
A23

Train: Ensure that women and men benefit equally from training or other capacity-building initiatives offered by the sector
actors. Make certain that women and men have equal opportunities for capacity building and training, including opportunities for
work or employment.
Gender Tip Sheet for Cluster/Sector Leads

Address gender-based violence: Make sure that all sectors take specific actions to prevent and/or respond to gender-
based violence. The IASC Guidelines for Gender-based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Settings should be used by all
as a tool for planning and coordination.
Disaggregate data by age and sex: Collect and analyse all data concerning the humanitarian response by age and
sex breakdown, with differences analysed and used to develop a profile of at-risk populations and how their needs are being
met by the assistance sector.
Targeted Actions: Based on the gender analysis, make sure that women, girls, boys and men are targeted with specific
actions when appropriate. Where one group is more at-risk than others, special measures should be taken to protect that group.
Examples would be safe spaces for women and measures to protect boys from forced recruitment.
Coordinate: Set up gender support networks to ensure coordination and gender mainstreaming in all areas of humanitarian
work. Sector actors should be active in coordination mechanisms.

ADAPT and ACT Collectively to ensure gender equality

Section A in the IASC Gender Handbook in Humanitarian Action includes four chapters covering the basics of
gender equality, including sample activities and indicators for the ADAPT and ACT framework represented above – as well
as specific chapters on participation, coordination and protection.

Tips, checklists and case examples for integrating gender into the clusters can be found in Section B of the IASC Gender
Handbook in Humanitarian Action. For each cluster, see the following pages in the handbook:
Gender and Camp Coordination and Camp Management in Emergencies .....................................41
Gender and Education in Emergencies ...........................................................................................................49
Gender and Food Issues in Emergencies . .....................................................................................................57
a. Gender and Food Security in Emergencies.........................................................................................59
b. Gender and Food Distribution in Emergencies..................................................................................65

224 Section Six: Annexes

Cross-cutting Issue Gender Equality Programming
c. Gender and Nutrition in Emergencies. ..................................................................................................71
Gender and Health in Emergencies....................................................................................................................77
Gender and Livelihoods in Emergencies ........................................................................................................83
Gender and Non-food Items in Emergencies..................................................................................................89
Gender and Registration in Emergencies........................................................................................................93
Gender and Shelter in Emergencies...................................................................................................................97
Gender and Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Emergencies.................................................................105

Some examples of good practice from the field

Integration of gender equality and GBV programming into the work planning process
“Gender was identified as one of 4 cross-cutting issues to be incorporated into sector priorities and objectives. The
mainstreaming process was as consultative and inclusive as possible; the gender adviser collaborated not only with the sector
leads in each of the states, but with many of their implementing partners. The structure of the mainstreaming methodology
emphasized creating sector-specific reference worksheets itemizing tangible, realistic, practical strategies which could
subsequently be incorporated into the Workplan project sheets, without creating any additional work or parallel workplan
structures for the sectors. Though the development of the gender mainstreaming and GBV-prevention strategies proved to be
most challenging for those sectors not traditionally associated with a protection mandate (particularly WASH and Food Security/

A23
Livelihoods), it was these sectors that were the most innovative in their approaches for gender mainstreaming and GBV-
prevention. Actors’ understanding of the strategies and activities increased with the provision of concrete and tangible examples
(activities that mitigated violence against women seemed more comprehensible and practical than general strategies such as

Gender Tip Sheet for Cluster/Sector Leads

“creating a gender balance among sector staff.”)”.

Food security assessment in the West Bank and Gaza Strip

In 2003, FAO and WFP undertook a comprehensive food security and nutrition assessment across all districts of the West
Bank and Gaza Strip. A key objective was to understand the factors and conditions affecting livelihoods and food security and
nutritional vulnerability of women, girls, boys and men. In addition to reviewing secondary data, the mission conducted a primary
data collection and analysis exercise in urban, camp and remote/rural locations. This involved extensive field visits, focus group
discussions, pairwise comparison ranking, household observations and interviews using a gender focus.
Participation in camp management, Sierra Leone
In Sierra Leone, UNHCR instituted a system of refugee participation in eight refugee camps to ensure that the views and
concerns of all refugees were expressed to UNHCR, government and implementing partners. UNHCR invited its partners to
solicit refugees’ views on how they could best participate in camp management. As a result, sub-committees on specific areas of
concern were set up, increasing women’s participation in camp administration and other sector activities increased to 45% in
most camps.

Practical and strategic needs

Women, girls, boys and men have immediate, “practical” survival needs particularly in humanitarian crises. They
also have longer-term “strategic” needs linked to changing the circumstances of their lives and realizing their human
rights. Practical needs of women may include needs associated with their roles as caretakers, needs for food, shelter,
water and safety. Strategic needs, however, are needs for more control over their lives, needs for property rights, for
political participation to help shape public decisions and for a safe space for women outside the household, for example
women’s shelters offering protection from domestic violence. Practical needs focus on the immediate condition of
women and men. Strategic needs concern their relative position in relation to each other; in effect strategic needs are
about resolving gender-based inequalities.

Section Six: Annexes 225

 Cross-cutting Issue Gender Equality Programming
Critical Resources for Gender in Emergencies:

The IASC Gender Handbook: Women, Girls, Boys and Men – Different
Needs Equal Opportunities (IASC, 2006). The Handbook provides humanitarian field
practitioners with a basic understanding of gender equality programming in humanitarian settings
as well as specific activities for the different sectors of humanitarian response. It has been
produced under the auspices of the Cluster Approach, the different clusters producing the chapters
relevant to their work, making the final product an IASC-wide tool.

It will also be available in Arabic, French, Russian and Spanish on http://humanitarianinfo.org/iasc/

gender

The IASC Guidelines on Gender-based Violence Interventions in

Humanitarian Settings - with a focus on Prevention and Response to Sexual
Violence (IASC, 2005) is a field-friendly tool on how to set up a multi-sectoral GBV programme
stressing the need for a coordinated approach. It is has been rolled out with extensive capacity
building support in Colombia and Uganda, and more capacity building/ roll-out efforts are planned.
(Languages: Arabic, English, French, Spanish, Bahasa. It will also be available in Russian).

Available on http://humanitarianinfo.org/iasc/gender
A23
Gender Tip Sheet for Cluster/Sector Leads

226 Section Six: Annexes

 TERMS OF REFERENCE

Focal Points for Child Protection and Gender-Based Violence in Clusters

Background

In 2007 and 2008, Mozambique has experienced several humanitarian crises that have required an
emergency response from government institutions together with national and international organizations.
When disaster strikes, humanitarian actors move quickly to save lives, meet basic needs and protect
survivors. In this rush to provide a humanitarian response, vulnerable groups, especially women and
children and chronically ill people, risk being overlooked. The level of gender-based violence, including
sexual violence, tends to increase in emergency situations, as does the risk of children being harmed,
abused or neglected. Furthermore, the perpetrators of sexual and gender-based violence are sometimes
the humanitarian workers on whom the affected population depends to assist and protect them. It is
thus of utmost importance to provide guidance to actors involved in emergencies to prevent protection

A24
violations from occurring in emergency situations and when they do, to respond to the needs of the victim
as rapidly and effectively as possible. Also mechanisms need to be in place to ensure that people who are
too ill or weak to acquire food and materials that are rightfully theirs are being assisted.

GBV FP ToR-Mozambique
As Save the Children, UNICEF and UNFPA wish to strengthen the capacity of actors involved in Mozambican
emergencies in terms of Child Protection and Gender-Based Violence, a training event was organised in
Maputo, in August 2007. A similar training event was also rolled out to the eight most emergency-prone
provinces between November 2007 and April 2008.

One outcome of the Maputo training was the establishment of Child Protection and Gender-based Violence
focal points for each of the clusters. This was viewed as a way of ensuring that child protection and gender-
based violence checks and controls would be integrated into all clusters. In 2008, two additional protection
elements have been included into the focal points ToR which are (i) advocating for the integration of
HIV prevention, mitigation and care; and (ii) the promotion of the Secretary General’s Bulletin on Special
Measures for Protection from Sexual Abuse and Exploitation.

Timeframe

The protection focal point attends all the relevant cluster meetings and ensures that a substitute is sent
if he/she is not able to participate. For example, a protection focal point in the WASH Cluster attends all
the WASH Cluster meetings or ensures that a substitute is able to participate. During emergencies, there
are cluster meetings several times a week whereas during the remainder of the year, clusters are either
dormant or meet on a monthly or bi-monthly basis.

The protection focal point will make a commitment to the relevant cluster for one year.

Objective

To ensure that child protection, gender-based violence and HIV are integrated into the cluster work plan
and activities during an emergency and during the remainder of the year (if the relevant cluster is meeting).

Section Six: Annexes 227

 Duties and responsibilities of Protection Focal Points

• Focal Points represent the interests of children, women and men in terms of child protection and
gender-based violence in the relevant cluster.
• Focal Points promote the prevention of HIV and protection of People Living with HIV and/or AIDS
in the relevant cluster through cluster activities.
• Focal Points will apply a child protection/gender-based violence ‘lens’ to each decision taken by
the relevant cluster. It will consider how the decision will impact people living with, or vulnerable
to, HIV. A check-list has been developed to this purpose and is attached to this ToR.
• If the Focal Point has protection colleagues who attend the Protection Cluster, the Focal Point will
liaise accordingly to share information and communicate child protection/gender-based violence
and HIV issues between the relevant cluster and the Protection Cluster.
• The Focal Point will be expected to disseminate tools of relevance for child protection, gender-
based violence and HIV to members of the relevant cluster.
• The focal point will be expected to disseminate and promote the Secretary General’s Bulletin on
Special Measures for Protection from Sexual Abuse and Exploitation to cluster members.
• The Focal Point will ensure that child protection, gender-based violence and HIV are integrated
into all debates and initiatives undertaken in the relevant cluster.
• The Focal Point will maintain regular contact with Protection cluster.
• The Focal Point is always welcome to attend the protection cluster meetings and might be
specifically invited to do so on occasion.
A24

Support

• A ½ day training on Child Protection, Gender-based Violence and HIV in emergencies will be held
GBV FP ToR-Mozambique

once a year.
• Specific follow-up meetings every 4 months. The purpose of these meetings is to give continuity
to the focal points’ work, share information about HIV, Gender-based Violence and Child
Protection in emergencies, as well as give room for discussion amongst the focal points. This will
be co-ordinated by the Protection Cluster.
• Continuous support when needed from Save the Children, UNICEF, UNFPA and UNAIDS through
technical support in the area of Child Protection, Gender-based Violence and HIV.

(Updated and Approved on 07 Oct 08)

228 Section Six: Annexes

EDUCATION
1. Location of the school (short and safe distance from home)
2. Make sure that all children have access to school, included separated children, orphans,
disabled children and street children.
3. Make sure that attendance lists include name of the child, sex (male-female) and age.
4. Make sure that there are separate latrines for boys and girls.
5. Make sure that there is a mechanism for reporting cases of sexual abuse or exploitation
and that actions are taken to prevent and treat such cases.
6. Make sure that there exists a “safe school” policy with clear implementation actions.
7. Make sure that there are both male and female teachers, head teachers, teacher trainers/
supervisors and other educational personnel in the schools and that female teachers are
active in decision making.
8. Equal access to school material for all children.
9. Check if teachers had training on Child Protection, Gender-based Violence and HIV.
10. Make sure that parents are given a voice in the school functioning.

Food Security and Nutrition

1. Both women and men participate in the selection of safe distribution points.
2. Women, child-headed households and separated children must be given ration cards in
their names.
3. To the extent possible ensure that distribution teams consist of both Men and Women
4. No children or women should be victims of violence, abuse and exploitation during or
after the food distribution.
5. Women and children should know and understand that they are not expected to give

A25
anyone anything in return for food.
6. Support and protect food security of HIV-affected and at-risk households and communities.
7. Food should be kept in hygienic condition and it should be explained how to prepare and
store dry rations.

GBV FP Cluster Checklist-Mozambique

8. Everybody should be informed about food distribution sites, days and times.
9. The following people should receive food first: children under 5, the sick or malnourished,
elderly, disabled people, pregnant and lactating women. Ensure that community members
help those that are too weak to carry the food away from distribution sites.
10. Food distribution is done by a team of both men and women that will ensure no vulnerable
child or person is left out from registration or left without food.
11. Security and instances of abuse are monitored, reported and thorough investigation by
concerned authorities is undertaken.
12. Make sure that no child is lost or separated during food distribution and that children are
not left at home alone when the mothers collect food.
13. Make sure that lists for food distribution include the sex (female – male) and age of all
people receiving food.

HEALTH
1. Make sure that all the affected population has access to health facilities including: orphans,
child-headed households, street children, young girls, people with disabilities and elderly
people.
2. Make sure that women have the same access as men to basic health services (including
delivery services, reproductive health services, emergency obstetric care services, access
to Anti Retroviral treatment and Prevention of Mother-to-Child transmission)
3. Make sure that all the affected population knows where the health services are and how
to access them.
4. Make sure that women victims of sexual violence receive appropriate and confidential
treatment (including the option of emergency contraception, treatment for Sexually
Transmitted Diseases, PEP)
5. Women, girls, boys and men have access to sanitary materials and condoms
6. Groups of adolescents and youth are trained to give their families and communities
information on health and good hygiene behaviour.
7. Health workers should be sensitive to the psychological needs of the affected population
8. Make sure that people with HIV/AIDS receive appropriate and confidential care.

Section Six: Annexes 229

 SHELTER
1. All affected population has equal access to registration process.
2. Children and women are active in all decisions about shelter and can express their opinion.
3. Single people, male and female heads of households, young and old have the same
access to adequate housing and shelter supplies.
4. Public spaces are available for the community living in the camps, where they are given
information about camp management, food distribution, where family members are and
where they can meet and socialize.
5. A safe play area is available for all children to participate in recreational activities. Children
and the shelter residents are involved from the beginning in the designing, administering
and maintenance of the Safe Play Area.
6. Prevent use of poisonous insecticides, chemicals, explosive substances, restricted and
careful use of inflammable items like match boxes, candles, mosquito coils, etc.
7. Check that service providers and camp leaders have been given training on Child Protection
issues and HIV with a specific focus on sexual abuse and exploitation.
8. Check there is a complaint mechanism for the affected population as well as reporting and
investigating protocols for problems (e.g., cases of abuse and exploitation, discrimination
in service delivery etc.)
9. Make sure that victims of sexual violence have safe shelter.
10. Check that numbers on the population living in the camps specifies the sex (male and
female) and age.

WASH
A25

1. Make sure that safe water use and good hygiene practices exist and are promoted.
2. Make sure that children and adolescents are involved in water & sanitation campaigns
to pass the message about clean, safe water and adequate sanitary habits on to other
children and to their own families.
GBV FP Cluster Checklist-Mozambique

3. Ensure that water and sanitation activists are balanced in terms of gender and age.
4. Advocate for the inclusion of HIV information when training water and sanitation activists.
5. Make sure that all these people have access to safe water use: people with disabilities and
illnesses, children, pregnant and lactating women and elderly people.
6. Communal latrine and bathing cubicles for women and children are in safe locations
identified by both men and women, are culturally appropriate, provide privacy, are
adequately illuminated and are accessible for those with disabilities.
7. A community protection structure, including women, should protect girls, minority groups,
etc., after dark so they can feel safe and access services.
8. Small children should be provided with a potty and taught how to use it.
9. Long queues and other burdens pose a risk to women and children and should be avoided.
Water collection containers should not be too big for children or elderly to carry and there
should be sufficient taps to ensure there are not long queues.
10. Make sure that adolescent girls, women, vulnerable children, PLHA have sufficient sanitary
materials, soap or washing materials.
11. Make sure that numbers related to the affected population includes sex (male and female)
and age.

230 Section Six: Annexes

 NORTH DARFUR INTER-AGENCY WORKING GROUP ON GBV
(Overall Coordination by UNFPA)

Referral Pathway for GBV Cases Keep the number of people

Always Observe the Guiding informed of the case to an
Principles: absolute minimum, to ensure
No Action should
client confidentiatly. The fewer
SAFETY be taken without the
people involved, the easier to
CONFIDENTIALITY express permission
ensure client confidentiality.
RESPECT of the survivor, if and
NON-DISCRIMINATION when appropriate!

Explain role of primary point of contact

- to provide her with support and to inform
her of her choices/available resources

AT ALL
IMMEDIATE RESPONSE

ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE TIMES IN THE

REFERRAL
INFORM THE SURVIVOR OF AVAILABLE HEALTH RESOURCES, AND THE BENEFITS
TO SEEKING HEALTH CARE PROCESS,
(If survivor is under 18, she must be accompanied by an adult, and if possible a member of PRIORITIZE
her family) SURVIVOR
AND STAFF
Always inform the survivor of the importance of accessing health care within 72 SAFETY AND
hours of the incident, if possible and if she chooses. SECURITY!
IF SHE CHOOSES

A26
Refer survivor to available medical clinic or facility with capacity
for appropriate clinical management/post rape care

Darfur Referral Pathway

ACCESS TO LEGAL AND JUSTICE PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT
Focal point informs survivor of legal/justice resources; including both the Focal point informs survivor
possible benefits AND possible consequences of persuing legal action of available psychosocial and

ADDITIONAL LIFE-
SAVING SUPPORT
emotional support services
Benefits Consequences
available to her. Inform her of
- Document cases - May increase her profile
benefits AND consequences.
- Hold perpetrators accountable - Compromise her
- Assist in later court proceedings confidentiality and safety IF SHE CHOOSES
- Important for evidence gathering - Possible inappriopriate
- Provide support in interaction with treatment by officials
police Refer her to the emotional
IF SHE CHOOSES support and psychosocial
activities at women's centres,
child-friendly spaces,
Report to UNDP, UNAMID HR, UNPOL or FCPU as outreach programmes, or
appropriate. Avoid multiple interviews. Only information traditional mechanisms of
necessary for the service requested should be gathered. support available.

Legal support/aid and

coordination is led by UNDP,
(Non-medical) Documentation of case: interviewing, if
agreed on/requested by the survivor, will be conducted by
UNAMID HR or UNAMID CP in case of minors.
LONG TERM
SUPPORT

Health Psychosocial Safety and Legal Multi-Sectoral

Medical Support, counselling, Security Assistance Support
complications/ social integration, Food, NFI,
indications community follow-up Shelter, WASH,
FAO, etc.

Section Six: Annexes 231

 ND GBV Working Group Treatment Protocol, Revised 1 March 20107

NORTH DARFUR
GBV WORKING GROUP

Referral Pathway for GBV Cases

Overall coordination of GBV programming and support structures in North Darfur is coordinated by
UNFPA. This role may be taken on by another agency or organization, depending on the location and
context.

When a survivor comes to any Agency or NGO staff member, service center or community member and says
that she/he is a victim of sexual violence you must act immediately. Prior to following the steps listed below,
always remember these key points:

• Always observe the basic guiding principles:

o Safety
o Confidentiality
o Respect
o Non-discrimination
• Keep the number of people informed of the case to an absolute minimum, to
ensure client confidentiality. The fewer people involved, the easier to ensure client
confidentiality.
A27

• At all times in the referral process, prioritize survivor and staff safety and security.
• NO ACTION SHOULD BE TAKEN WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PERMISSION
OF THE SURVIVOR, IF AND WHEN APPROPRIATE.
Darfur Referral Protocol Narrative

The primary role of the ‘focal point’ is to provide the survivor with support and to inform her of her
choices and available resources.

1. Assess urgent medical needs. If an emergency medical situation, immediately refer the survivor to the
nearest medical clinic or hospital. Otherwise, keep survivor comfortable in safe and secure setting.
Only provide medical treatment to ensure stabilization.

2. Survivor information (including name, address, details of the incident, etc.) will not be necessary at
this point. DO NOT record any information on the incident or write anything down without the
permission of the survivor.

3. Once the survivor is comfortable and has given her consent, inform her of available health resources
and the benefits to seeking health care. If the survivor is under 18, she must be accompanied by an
adult, and, if possible, a member of her family. Provide a safe and confidential space in which the
survivor can be treated or support her in accessing medical services.

ALWAYS INORM THE SURVIVOR OF THE IMPORTANCE OF ACCESSING HEALTH

CARE WITHIN 72 HOURS OF THE INCIDENT, IF POSSIBLE, AND IF SHE
CHOOSES.

4. If she chooses, refer the survivor to the available medical clinic or facility with capacity for clinical
management/post-rape care.

Last updated Nov 25, 2007

232 Section Six: Annexes
ND GBV Working Group Treatment Protocol, Revised 1 March 20107

The respect and care you show as health and service providers is important and can contribute greatly to the
survivor’s healing process.

• Throughout the entire process be respectful and non-judgmental.

• The individual has already suffered a very traumatic event prior to making the decision to seek
help. It takes courage and trust for an individual to seek help and disclose such a frightening
and traumatic experience.

If and when the survivor chooses psychosocial and/or legal support, follow these steps:

AT NO POINT SHOULD ANYONE TRY TO CONVINCE OR COERCE THE SURVIVOR

INTO REPORTING OR SEEKING ADDITIONAL SUPPORT. THIS CAN OFTEN DO MORE
HARM IF THE SURVIVOR IS ALREADY IN A FRAGILE STATE AND FEELS THAT SHE
HAS NOT BEEN ABLE TO MAKE THE DECISION HERSELF.

PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT:

1. Inform the survivor of available psychosocial and emotional support services available to her. Inform
her of both the benefits and challenges to pursuing emotional support.

2. Refer the survivor to the emotional support and psychological activities (such as emotional support,

A27
literacy classes, RH classes, and income generation) at women’s centres, child- friendly spaces,
outreach programmes or traditional mechanisms of support.

Darfur Referral Protocol Narrative

LEGAL AND JUSTICE SUPPORT:

Legal support and aid for survivors is provided by UNDP

1. Inform the survivor of the access she has to legal and justice resources, including both the possible
benefits and possible consequences of pursuing legal action.

2. If she chooses, and with the survivor’s consent, contact UNDP.

If or when the survivor chooses to have her case documented (UNAMID HR or CP, CivPol):

1. The survivor may agree to have her case documented without being willing to report to law
enforcement authorities. These are two different processes, with two different objectives.

2. During documentation, interlocutors will be keeping a record of evidence of the incident to

testify that such acts have been perpetrated. The interview can be used as evidence whenever any
compensation mechanism is implemented. This process will also be used to measure trends and
patterns, and as a tool for advocacy, if and when appropriate.

3. All information will be kept confidential. Reports should NOT have the name or any other
information that can be used to identify the survivor. At no time should the identity of the
survivor be disclosed without her consent.

4. Under no circumstances should child survivors of GBV be interviewed for case

documentation. Documentation of cases involving minors should be done with the parents
or guardian of the child, following the parent’s or guardian’s approval.

Last updated Nov 25, 2007

Section Six: Annexes 233
 Guide for Training and Capacity-Building with GBV
ProgramME Staff

A number of GBV-related training resources have been developed by UNICEF, IRC, Raising Voices, Oxfam
and others working on GBV and should be used as the basis of training.

Suggested Training Objectives/Post-Test Ideas Need?

Topic
# of Days (By the end of the training, participants will be able to …) (Yes/No)
• Define Gender
• Describe the importance of understanding the concepts
of gender when doing GBV work
• Demonstrate understanding of their own gender roles
1 day
Gender and gender in their community
• Describe how issues of gender can put women and girls
at risk
• Describe the concept of gender in their mother tongue,
without using the word “gender”
Concepts of
power and
abuse of power, • Identify four characteristics each of people in the
½ day vulnerability and community who have power and those who do not
lack of choice, • Describe four different types of violence
A28

different types of
violence
• Define gender-based violence
GBV Training Topics

• Identify the causes and contributing factors of GBV

• Discuss the role of power in gender-based violence
Gender-based
1 day • Identify human rights violated by acts of GBV
violence
• Identify types of GBV
• Discuss the physical, psychological and social
consequences survivors of GBV might face
Overview of • Demonstrate an understanding of the individual’s job
GBV programme, description
½ day
staff roles & • Describe how the different job descriptions relate to the
responsibilities overall GBV programme
• Define prevention activities
• Describe four prevention activities
• Identify four groups of people prevention activities
should target
• Discuss the role the community plays in preventing
GBV
Prevention &
1 ½ days • Define response activities
response
• Identify four primary sectors that can assist a survivor
of GBV
• Identify four response actions of health actors
• Identify four response actions of psychosocial actors
• Identify two response actions of legal/justice actors
• Identify two response actions of security actors

234 Section Six: Annexes

 • Identify the three primary guiding principles
• Describe three ways staff will guard confidentiality
• Describe three ways staff will respect the survivor
1 day Guiding principals • Describe two actions staff can take to ensure survivor
security
• Describe two actions staff can take to ensure their
security
• Define domestic violence
• Describe domestic violence in their native language
• Identify two psychological after-effects and describe
survivor needs in relation to them
• Identify two health outcomes and describe survivor
needs
Domestic violence • Identify two potential threats to staff safety and how
1 day
they can avoid them when working with DV cases
• Identify two goals of counseling DV survivors
• Identify one positive and one negative potential action
on the part of police and justice system in response to
DV cases
• Discuss traditional ways of dealing with domestic
violence
• Discuss the role of power in exploitation

A28
• Identify two psychological after-effects and describe
survivor needs in relation to them
• Identify two health outcomes and describe survivor

GBV Training Topics

1 day Sexual exploitation needs
• Describe the staff ’s agency-specific Code of Conduct
and other staff performance guides in the setting
• Describe the procedure for reporting sexual
exploitation
• Identify three reasons for fatal outcomes post-rape
• Identify two psychological after-effects and describe
survivor needs in relation to them
• Identify two health outcomes and describe survivor
needs
Rape, sexual
• Identify four health and four psychosocial potential
assault, abuse,
2 days after-effects that most forms of GBV have in common
including child
• Define “blaming the victim” and describe three ways it
sexual abuse
can result in further harm and trauma
• Discuss the signs of rape trauma
• Describe how staff will use their understanding of
after-effects to offer information to the survivor on
available resources

Section Six: Annexes 235

 • Describe and apply the steps in a case management
model when working with survivors
• Understand the different needs of survivors and be
able to undertake more holistic assessment, taking into
account different needs
• Identified core knowledge and skills required to work
with survivors
• Define all terms used on the Intake and Assessment
Form
• Demonstrate ability to complete all case management
2 days Case management forms correctly
• Demonstrate ability to explain the Consent Form to the
survivor
• Describe the procedure for emergency response and
reporting a GBV incident – during the day, at night
• Identify five stakeholders who will need to be included
in the GBV coordination team at camp level
• Describe the difference between giving information and
giving advice
• Explain empowerment & confidentiality as key
concepts in assisting survivors of GBV
• Define what is a “human right”
A28

• Identify and describe five human rights relevant to

1 day Human rights
GBV
• Identify relevant human rights instruments/ documents
GBV Training Topics

• Identify four roles/responsibilities of health actors for

response
½ day Health response
• Discuss ways to ensure involvement of and ethical
services from health actors
• Identify four roles/responsibilities of psycho-social
actors for response
• Describe the difference between active listening and
advising
Emotional/ • Demonstrate emotional support and active listening
3 days psychosocial through role play in three different types of GBV cases
response • Define counselling and understand its purposes
• Name two of the aims of counselling a rape survivor
• Demonstrate through role play ability to interview a
GBV survivor, gather information, assess emotional
status and provide emotional support
• Identify two roles/responsibilities of the police in GBV
response
Security & justice • Demonstrate general understanding of relevant laws in
1 day
response northern Uganda
• Identify three survivor advocacy needs when facing the
legal justice system
• Identify four steps for developing IEC materials
IEC and
1 day • Describe the importance of targeted IEC
behaviour change
• Identify two methods for evaluating effects of IEC

236 Section Six: Annexes

GBV Working Group, March 2008

Talking Points for Helping Survivors of GBV1

These messages were developed by the GBV Working Group. They are intended for anyone who
comes into contact with GBV survivors in their work. They could be government, NGO or UN staff
from any discipline- psychosocial, health, policing, legal/justice. The information here is very basic
and does not replace training for working with survivors of GBV. It is intended to give survivors
basic information that will help them get to services that can help them further.

Very important things to always say (not necessarily in this order):

• “I’m very sorry this happened to you.”
• “You are not alone. Help is available for you.”
• “It is not your fault.” (That she/he was raped.)
• “How can I help you?”
• “I can give you some important information that will help you make decisions about what
you want to do next, but the decisions and choices are yours.”
• “If you have questions that I cannot answer, I will do my best to find the information and
speak to you again very soon.” 2

About health
• “It is very important for you to get medical care after a sexual assault, as soon as possible.”
• “It is possible to get medication to prevent pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, and
other harmful diseases, in addition to treating injuries.”
o “The medication to prevent pregnancies must be taken as soon as possible, within
5 days3 of the incident. ”
o “There is medication to prevent HIV. This must be taken as soon as possible,
within 72 hours/3 days of the incident.”

A29
• “If the incident happened more than 5 days ago, it is still important for you to seek medical
care.”
• “I can help you find a health clinic that can give you the health treatment you need and
answer your questions.”4

GBV Talking Points-Darfur

• “You do NOT need a Form 8 to receive medical care, only if you want to report the crime to
Police.”

About emotional support, counseling and follow up

• “It is normal to feel very emotional after rape. Many survivors cannot stop thinking about it,
have nightmares about it, and cannot eat and sleep normally. You are not crazy. These are
normal reactions to a terrible event.”
• [In some locations] “There are people who can help you heal emotionally and get the help
that you need. I can help you contact these people.”5

About legal/justice
• “If you are interested in seeking justice or reporting to the police, there are groups that can
help you report your case and get a lawyer. It is helpful and important to get advice before
reporting to the police.”
• “If you think you want to report the crime to the police, you will need a Form 8. You can fill
in the Form 8 first and then decide whether to report or not. Filling in the form doesn’t mean
you have to report, but will help you if you do. If you have questions about this, I can try to
help you get answers.”

About safety
• “Do you feel in danger or need help with safety?”

1
This information sheet focuses on sexual violence/rape, but it is relevant to survivors of all types of gender-based violence
(GBV).
2
It is OK if you don’t have all the information! The important thing is to ask questions to get the information the survivor
needs, and then give it to her immediately.
3
Emergency contraception to prevent pregnancy is most effective the sooner it is taken (within 72 hours is best). However, it
can be taken up to 120 hours (5 days) after the incident. Reference: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs244/en/
4
Not all health clinics are prepared to provide GBV survivors with post-rape care. Make sure you send the survivor to a clinic
that can give her the right treatment. Contact UNFPA for information about health clinics that provide this treatment in your
area.
5
Psychosocial support and counselling services are critical in helping survivors heal after the trauma of rape and return to a
normal life. If these services are available in your area, be sure to help the survivor contact them.

Section Six: Annexes 237

 GBV Working Group, March 2008

Available services
• Different services and resources are available in different locations in Darfur. It is important
to know what resources are available in the area where you are working.
• Check whether a referral pathway for GBV is available for the area. This can indicate what
services are available and who is there to respond.
• If you do not know what services are available, contact UNFPA for information. They can help
you find the right services to refer the survivor to in that area.

Questions?
• UNFPA has information about what services are available in different areas in Darfur. Contact
UNFPA for more information.
• Contact UNDP for information about free legal services for survivors of GBV and the telephone
number for the nearest lawyer in the Legal Aid Network (LAN).

Remember- the act of rape is an act of control. It is important to give control

back to the survivor by giving her information and respect, and allowing her to
make her own choices based on good information. Do not push a survivor to do
what you think is right. If we push her, she may end up being more harmed.
Our role is to give good, honest information and allow her to make choices about
her life. She will live with those choices.
A29
GBV Talking Points-Darfur

238 Section Six: Annexes

 Standards for Quality Prevention
and Response activities

GUIDING PRINCIPLES
 The guiding principles on gender-based violence are understood and used by all staff

TRAINING FOR ALL ACTORS

 Trainings and sensitizations are conducted on topics of human rights, relevant national and international
laws and policies, gender, gender-based violence for actors in all sectors, all organizations
 ‘Refresher’ workshops and activities are regularly scheduled for all actors to continue influencing knowledge,
attitudes and behaviour toward gender equity, appropriate response to survivors and prevention of gender-
based violence

THE COMMUNITY
 Women and men leaders, influential community members and any other interested people actively participate
in programmed planning, monitoring and evaluation – including decisions, activities, meetings, discussions
and training events
 The community establishes and maintains volunteer networks for crisis response, peer counselling and
advocacy, community education and awareness-raising. NGOs, UNHCR, and host government authorities
support these efforts through regular training and ongoing assistance

PREVENTION

A30
 Awareness campaigns promote changes in community attitudes, knowledge and behavior concerning gender
 Multi-sectoral actors continuously assess risk factors and review incident data to identify and resolve specific
contributing factors to gender-based violence in the setting

Quality GBV Programming Information Note-N.Uganda

HEALTH RESPONSE
 Easily accessible healthcare is provided
 Treatment is administered by trained staff using appropriate protocols and with adequate equipment,
supplies and medicine
 All patients are actively screened for gender-based violence
 Patients are referred (and provided transport) to appropriate levels of care when needed
 Follow-up care is provided to all survivors of gender-based violence
 Healthcare professionals testify in court about medical findings, if survivor chooses to pursue police action
 Healthcare professionals collaborate with traditional health practitioners in their response activities
 All data on gender-based violence is collected, documented and analyzed
 Healthcare services are continuously monitored, including access and quality of services
 The health needs of survivors are consistently monitored
 Strategies are identified and designed to address contributing factors, such as alcoholism and drug abuse
 Healthcare professionals advocate on behalf of survivors for protection, security, safety to address laws and
policies that may conflict with survivor rights and/or survivor needs
 Regular collaboration, trainings and sensitizations occur among health staff, traditional practitioners and the
community

Section Six: Annexes 239

 PSYCHOSOCIAL RESPONSE
 Sensitization and awareness-raising activities are conducted on protection, human rights, gender and gender-
based violence to raise awareness about assistance available
 A designated place or places are established where survivors can go to receive compassionate, caring,
appropriate and confidential assistance
 Crisis counselling for survivors and families is provided with referrals for ongoing emotional support if
needed
 Traditional healing or cleansing practices that survivors perceive as helpful and useful in their recovery are
used to respond to traumatic or painful events
 Advocacy and assistance for survivors is provided with healthcare, police and security forces, the legal and
justice system and other services
 Group activities are planned for survivors and other women that focus on building support networks,
community reintegration, building confidence and skills, and promoting economic empowerment

LEGAL AND JUSTICE RESPONSE

 Gender-based crimes are rigorously prosecuted with minimal delays and disruptions to the process
 Legal advice and support is provided for survivors and witnesses
 Transportation, meals, overnight accommodation are provided as needed for survivor and witness attendance
at court
 Court proceedings are monitored and key legal actors advocate as necessary to prevent delays and dismissals
in criminal proceedings
A30

SECURITY & SAFETY RESPONSE

 Plans, strategies and options are in place for immediate protection of survivors
 Incident data and communication is analyzed with all actors and the community concerning security risks
Quality GBV Programming Information Note-N.Uganda

and issues
 Security workers are present, especially after dark and in high-risk areas

If survivor chooses to report the incident to the police:

 Interviews are conducted in private space
 Investigations are immediate and alleged perpetrators apprehended as soon as possible
 Laws, policies and procedures for forwarding the case to the legal/justice system are used appropriately

COORDINATION, REFERRALS, REPORTING, MONITORING & EVALUATION

 Methods for reporting and referrals among and between different actors are established and continuously
reviewed.
 An Intake and Assessment Form is agreed upon and used consistently by all actors receiving referrals of
cases of gender-based violence.
 Written reports, especially monitoring and evaluation reports and incident data, are shared among actors
and stakeholders
 Regular meetings of key actors and stakeholders are convened to share information, analyze activities
for improvement, provide guidance and assistance, problem-solve particularly complex or difficult cases,
coordinate activities and build shared ownership of gender-based violence programmes.

240 Section Six: Annexes

 GUIDELINES FOR CREATING COMMUNICATION
MATERIALS ON VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN1

Designing communication materials can be fun and exciting; it need not be a daunting task. The following are
several key ideas that can help you develop engaging, positive and effective communication materials.

KEY IDEAS
Maintain the dignity of the characters
When creating communication materials about violence against women, it is tempting to use images that show
women being abused. While sometimes this may be necessary (particularly in booklets), this approach needs
to be used carefully, if at all. Avoid showing women in undignified positions (e.g., naked, laying on the ground,
in the middle of experiencing rape, etc.). Explicit images of acts of violence show women in powerless and
exposed situations and, while they may accurately reflect reality, they are rarely effective in helping change
people’s attitudes.

Similarly, avoid showing men being highly aggressive or violent; these are undignified portrayals of men.
Women and men viewing explicit images such as these rarely want to identify with the characters or the issue
that is being represented. Many people may feel ashamed to look at the image and, as a result, will either ignore
it or make jokes to diminish feelings of shame and embarrassment. The use of explicit images can further
marginalize the issue, keeping it taboo instead of encouraging people to discuss it. Try instead to maintain the
dignity of the characters by showing women and men as reasonable and thoughtful characters who are able to

A31
make positive decisions.

Portray the positive

When discussing violence, instead of telling people that violence is bad, show how non-violent resolution of

Guidelines on Developing Communication Materials

conflict and non-violent relationships are positive. For example, instead of showing a picture of a woman
being beaten that reads “Stop Domestic Violence”, it may be more effective to show a picture of a woman
and man sitting together discussing a problem with the male character saying, “I respect my wife, we talk about
our problems together. Do you?” Materials that portray the positive and role model respectful and alternative
ways of thinking and behaving are more engaging and can help facilitate a process of change, more so than just
showing the violence.

Help viewers engage

When viewers see themselves in the materials and characters, they are more likely to think about the issue and
reflect on how it affects them. Materials that show ‘regular’ women and men will help more people identify with
the characters. Avoid stereotypes. Take care in how you show the man who is being violent. Making this man
into a ‘monster’ (i.e., making him very scary, ugly or mean) will prevent men from identifying with the character.
Showing a man who is not out of control or looking too crazy will help others identify with him and his
behaviour. Similarly, when showing women, try to make the characters look just like women in your community.
Make them different ages and sizes, from different economic levels, or having a disability. The characters should
represent the range of people in your community.

Avoid blame and accusations

Communication materials should avoid blaming women or men for domestic violence. This does not mean that
the issue of male responsibility for domestic violence should not be explored, but accusing men of violence
and publicly shaming men in materials often only increases resistance and backlash. It is important to hold men
accountable yet not to insult, demean or demonize them. This will only make them defensive and disengaged.

Get people talking!

Materials that tell people what to think rarely have a meaningful impact on the attitudes or behaviour of their
viewers. Try to make materials controversial, inject new ideas, ask questions, encourage people to think and feel
1
From Mobilizing Communities to Prevent Domestic Violence: A Resource Guide for Organisations in East and Southern Africa, Raising Voices
2003.
Section Six: Annexes 241
 something about the issue being portrayed. Don’t be afraid to raise taboo or hidden topics; materials that tell
people what they already know are rarely useful. Be willing to stir things up!

Steps
1. With a small group (e.g., staff members, community volunteers/members, resource persons, etc.),
brainstorm specific topics and issues you want to address in the material, record them on a flipchart.
2. Discuss the ideas as a group. Ask yourselves:
• Which are most compelling?
• Which are most appropriate for the audience?
• Which should be avoided?
3. In a smaller group (no more than four), further discuss the group brainstorm and discussion. Decide
which ideas are most appropriate for the current communication material. Make sure to save the other
interesting ideas, as you may want to use them later.
4. With this smaller group, brainstorm images and words for the communication material. For many people,
it helps to make pencil sketches (even of stick people) to get a sense of what type(s) of image(s) you may
use. Note: when designing booklets, you may choose to first develop a general outline of the story and
then add detail and images after.
5. Once you have an idea, discuss it with an artist. Get her/his feedback on the design and layout. You may
choose to show your pencil sketches. Note: when designing murals, you may want to show the artist the
proposed site for the mural as this may affect the types of image(s) used.
6. Once you and the artist have discussed the communication material, ask for a pencil prototype. It is best
A31

to give the artist a general sense of what you imagine the material to look like before the pencil sketch is
started, this can save lots of time later on. Give feedback on the prototype and ask her/him to make the
appropriate changes.
7. Pre-test the design with members of the primary audience. Consider the suggested changes and
Guidelines on Developing Communication Materials

incorporate feedback as you feel is appropriate. If the changes are significant, you may have to go through
a second, detailed pre-test.
8. Discuss the changes with the artist and supervise through all stages of drawing. Make sure you check the
final pencil design before the ink/color is applied. This can save considerable time and money!

Communication Material Checklist

Content
Does your communication material:
 raise a controversial or thought-provoking issue?
 avoid telling people what to think and encourage people to think differently?
 avoid stereotyping?
 maintain the dignity of the characters?
 encourage viewers to think for themselves?
 avoid showing women as powerless victims?
 reinforce the concept of human/women’s rights?
 encourage personal reflection?
 use characters and situations that viewers can identify with?

Language
Does your communication material:
 avoid blaming or accusations?
 use language that is informal and familiar to the community?
 have a design that is accessible to low-literacy viewers?
 use language and images that are thought-provoking but not confrontational?
 use language that is simple and straightforward?
 make provocative statements or ask provocative questions to the viewer?
 keep language as non-technical as possible?

242 Section Six: Annexes

 respond to the reading level of the group you are reaching?
 use an attention-grabbing caption, slogan or question?
Illustrations
Does your communication material:
 use pictures of a scene and characters that community members can and want to identify with?
 show characters being active and thoughtful?
 use diagrams and pictures to enhance the information?
 use images to help low-literate viewers understand the ideas?

Design
Does your communication material:
 have information organized on the page (not too crowded or wordy)?
 have large enough writing to be read at a distance?
 use an attention-grabbing caption, slogan or question in a prominent place to help viewers get the main
idea?
 use creative and easy to read fonts?
 avoid using all capital letters and underlining?
 use bright and vibrant colors?
 use a consistent style?
 identify your organization’s contact information and logo?

A31
Guidelines on Developing Communication Materials

Section Six: Annexes 243

 Section Six: Annexes
244
A32 Sample IEC Leaflet-Kenya GBV Subcluster
 THE ACTION PLAN CYCLE1

Problem Definition
ASSESSMENT

M
O IMPACT P
Data/ N MEASUREMENT L Goals
Reports/ I R A Objectives
T E N
Analysis of O N Activities
V
Indicators R I I Indicators
I S N
N E G
G Proposals

A33
Funding
IMPLEMENTATION

GBV Action Plan Cycle

When developing an action plan in an emergency, the first key step is to conduct an inter-agency GBV
assessment. Building from the assessment, the GBV coordination mechanism should identify goals
and objectives of the action plan, which should in turn be linked to activities and indicators. After
the action plan has been approved, the GBV coordination mechanism will need to solicit funding
(through joint appeals processes as well as individual coordination partners) for activities identified
in the action plan. After implementation begins, activities should be monitored according to the key
indicators in order to evaluate the extent to which the action plan has been put in place, as well as
to determine additional needs. This monitoring and evaluation process will lead to revisions in the
action plan and result in a new phase of funding solicitation, followed by implementation of new
activities. This cycle of assessment, planning, implementation, and monitoring should be on-going
through the emergency, according to a timeline identified in the action plan itself.

1
Adapted from GBV Technical Support Project, RHRC Consortium, JSI Research and Training Project
Section Six: Annexes 245
 Reporting and interpreting data on sexual violence from
conflict-affected countries
THE “DOS AND DON’TS”
Introduction
Information on the nature and scope of sexual violence during and immediately after conflict is
increasingly demanded by governments, NGOs, UN bodies (such as the Security Council) and
humanitarian workers. When collected, analysed and reported correctly, data on sexual violence can
serve many purposes, including drawing political attention to the issue and mobilizing resources for
comprehensive gender-based violence (GBV) prevention and response programmes. Data can also help
shape the mandates of international peacekeepers and rule of law actors. This Note is intended to assist
staff from UN Country Teams and Integrated Missions to improve data collection, analysis and reporting
on sexual violence in conflict. Any data collected on sexual violence must respect established ethical and
safety principles, such as security, confidentiality, anonymity, informed consent, safety and protection
from retribution, and protection of the data itself (see Key Resources).
A34

Dos and Don’ts for collecting, analysing and reporting on sexual violence

a.General
o Do seek advice from data experts to agree on what information to collect, share and report and how to do
Reporting and Interpreting Data on Sexual Violence

so safely and ethically.

o Do verify the information wherever possible. Obtain data from at least three different sources and always
inquire about the methodology used to collect this data.

B. Analysing data
o Do examine how the data match other information coming from the field and consider how contextual
factors influence data quality.
o Do assess the quality of the data. Have the data been collected and analysed in methodologically sound
ways? Are they generalizable to a larger population? If so, to which population?

C. Reporting
o Do keep in mind the audience and possible use. If the data are being shared with the media, donors or
policy-makers, make sure that guidance is offered on the interpretation of the data. Briefing notes may help.
o Do provide the context for all data reported. If known, and safe to do so, provide information on the
camps/clinics/districts from where cases are reported. Be specific, e.g., “reported cases from x number of
health facilities”.
o Do provide a comprehensive description of the incident as long as this cannot be linked back to
individual survivors (precise date and location, information on the victims and perpetrators, ethnicity, age,
sex should be included when safe to do so)
o Do provide additional information that may have contributed to changes in the number of reported
cases. For example, more services available, public information campaigns, upsurge in violent attacks.
Whenever possible, information on when incidents took place should be collected and the information
reported along with aggregated numbers.
o Do label all tables, charts and maps appropriately to avoid being taken out of context and clearly state the
sources for any data cited.

o Don’t share data that may be linked back to an individual or group of individuals.
o Don’t take data at face value: assess original sources, including their quality/reliability.
o Don’t assume that reported data on sexual violence or trends in reports represent actual prevalence
and trends in the extent of sexual violence.

June 2008
246 Section Six: Annexes
Data Sources on Sexual Violence

A. Case Reports
Case reports on sexual violence are often collected by health service providers, social workers, police, courts or
humanitarian/human rights workers. In addition to specific descriptions of the nature of the crime, case reports
include information on who reported the case, when s/he reported and to whom, the perpetrator(s), the place and
time the incident took place and the survivor’s support network.

Strengths of Case Reports (when aggregated and properly contextualized):

o May be used to alert actors to issues of concern for further investigation and action.
o Can help identify the services survivors report to and whether these or other services need to be
strengthened.
o Can help inform prevention and response programming.
o Can support efforts to ensure accountability for sexual crimes.

Limitations of Case Reports

o Case reports represent only specific cases that have been reported and do not reflect the totality of
those affected. A very small percentage of those who experience sexual violence actually report the crime
because of stigma, shame, fear of retribution or lack of services or confidence in available services. It
is not possible to make accurate assessments about the number of cases of sexual violence from case
reports alone. It is inappropriate to make assumptions about trends from case reports.
o Those who report their experiences of sexual violence may not be the ‘average’ victim in terms of
personal characteristics, type/severity of attack, impact, characteristics of perpetrator and likelihood of
further violence if the perpetrator is identified.
o Aggregated data drawn from case reports do not provide accurate picture of trends. For example, an
increase in the number seeking services for sexual violence may follow public awareness campaigns

A34
to reduce stigma and alert to services; if not contextualized, an increase may be misinterpreted as
representing a sudden increase in sexual violence incidence.
o Data on case reports may combine cases from multiple years, obscuring the magnitude of the
problem. There is often a time lapse between the time a sexual violence crime occurs and when it is

Reporting and Interpreting Data on Sexual Violence

reported.

Data from case reports:

Do not tell us the totality of those affected: likely to be tip of the iceberg
Do not tell us who is globally affected: those reporting may not be the ‘average’ victim
Do not tell us temporal or location trends: at most they tell us who is reporting when

B. Case Narratives
Case narratives are first-person accounts, which detail personal experiences of sexual violence. Case narratives
are generally collected by journalists.

Strengths of Case Narratives:

o Case narratives contextualize and put a human face on the data.
Limitations of Case Narratives
o Case narratives are limited by their individuality and cannot be used to infer a trend. Those who choose
to tell their stories may differ significantly from those who do not (in terms of personal characteristics, type/
severity of attack, impact, characteristics of perpetrator and likelihood of further violence if the perpetrator is
identified).
o Journalists will edit for length and clarity, and often the most shocking narratives will be published.

IV. Key Resources

1. Ethical and safety recommendations for researching, documenting and monitoring sexual violence
in emergencies. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2007 www.who.int/gender/documents/OMS_
Ethics&Safety10Aug07.pdf
2. Guidelines for Gender-Based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Settings: Focusing on Prevention of
and Response to Sexual Violence in Emergencies. Inter-Agency Standing Committee. Geneva, 2005 www.
humanitarianinfo.org/iasc/content/products/docs/tfgender_GBVGuidelines2005.pdf

June 2008
Section Six: Annexes 247
 ETHICAL AND SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONS
for researching, documenting and monitoring sexual violence in emergencies

A major challenge to addressing sexual violence is the absence of data on the nature and extent of the
problem. Sexual violence is usually underreported even in well-resourced and stable situations. During
emergencies, it is unlikely that there will be any reliable data about sexual violence. In most situations
planning for prevention and response to sexual violence will be based on anecdotal evidence obtained
through a variety of sources. Although current projects are being tested to increase the reliability of
reported data, rarely if ever is reported data a reliable source for understanding the nature and
extent of sexual violence in emergencies.
Data on sexual violence in emergency settings may be collected for a number of reasons and to support
various activities including: needs assessments and situation analyses; as testimonies for human rights
documentation and/or for criminal justice purposes; human rights monitoring and protection; research
on sexual violence in emergencies; to document incidence of sexual violence in the context of providing
direct services for survivors; monitoring and evaluation of interventions; and health surveys (especially
those focusing on reproductive health or HIV/AIDS).
The highly sensitive nature of sexual violence poses a unique set of challenges for any data-gathering
activity that touches on this issue. A range of ethical and safety issues must be considered and addressed
prior to the commencement of any such inquiry. Failure to do so can result in harm to the physical,
psychological and social well-being of those who participate and can even put lives at risk. It is essential
therefore to ensure that the case for collecting data is legitimate. Furthermore, when collecting and using
information about sexual violence, it must be done in such a way so as to avoid further harm to those who
are part of the process.
A35

The benefits to respondents or communities of documenting sexual violence must be greater

than the risks to respondents and communities.
WHO Ethical and Safety Recommendations

The purpose of, rationale for and intended end use of the data to be collected, as well as the methodology
and target audience, should always be clearly defined and justified prior to engaging in any information-
gathering exercise. Questions that project planners should consider when planning and designing a data
collection activity include:

□□ What is the purpose of the data-collection activity?

□□ Is the information to be gathered already available and/or does it exist in another form?
□□ How likely is it that collecting this information in this manner will achieve the intended purpose?
□□ What are the possible physical, psychological, social and legal risks to survivors, their families
and supporters and to communities?
□□ What are the possible physical, psychological, social and legal risks to those involved in
collection of the data?
□□ How can the above risks be minimized?
□□ Is it fair to the individuals and the community to ask them to be involved in this activity? Must this
population be used? Will they benefit directly?
□□ Have all measures been considered to ensure that data are ‘de-identified’? Have all identifiers
that could link the data back to the individual survivors (e.g., the person’s name, place of
residence and location and date of the incident) been removed from the data set or record?

Basic care and support for survivors must be available locally before commencing any activity
that may involve individuals disclosing information about their experiences of sexual violence.
At a minimum, basic care and support includes medical care (treatment for injuries, prevention of disease
and unwanted pregnancy), emotional support (as outlined in the IASC Guidelines for GBV interventions,
Action Sheet 8.3, number 2) and protection from further violence (e.g., provision of options for safe shelter,
police investigation). Good practice dictates that those persons wishing to engage in sexual violence data
collection should either already represent or be affiliated with a social- service-providing agency. If the
information collection involves children, basic care and support must include services designed to meet
the needs of children.

248 Section Six: Annexes

The confidentiality of individuals who provide information about sexual violence must be
protected at all times.
Any personal information that an individual discloses in an information-collection exercise should be
considered to be confidential. This means that there is an implicit understanding that the disclosed
information will not be shared with others, unless the person concerned gives explicit and informed consent
to do so. The requirement to maintain confidentiality governs not only how the data are collected (e.g.,
ensuring a private space in which to conduct an interview), but also how the data are stored (e.g., without
names and other identifiers) and how, if at all, the data are shared.

Anyone providing information about sexual violence must give informed consent before
participating in the data-gathering activity.
The role of informed consent is to ensure that respondents are aware of and understand the purpose of the
data-collection exercise, the procedures that will be followed during the course of the exercise, the risks
and the benefits to themselves of participating, and also their rights, including the right to refuse to answer
specific questions or to take part in sections of the interview. The informed consent process is two way, and
goes far beyond simply providing a form for participants to read and sign.

All members of the data collection team must be carefully selected and receive relevant and
sufficient specialized training and ongoing support.
Every aspect of information collection about sexual violence in emergencies is sensitive. All members of

A35
the information gathering team may encounter a range of safety and ethical issues throughout the process
and must be prepared and trained accordingly. The composition of the information gathering team in any
sexual violence inquiry will vary depending on many factors. In some cases the team might include a team
leader, supervisors, interviewers, researchers, translators, information-gatherers, drivers, data entry staff,

WHO Ethical and Safety Recommendations

members of advisory or oversight committees and individuals engaged in dissemination and publication of
results. In other cases, there may be only one person involved.

Additional safeguards must be put into place if children (i.e., those under 18 years) are to be the
subject of information gathering.
Particular care should be taken when engaging in an information-collection activity that involves children
as respondents. Every effort must be made to anticipate and prevent or minimize harmful consequences.
The following suggested good practice guidance should be considered:

□□ Seek advice from experts in collecting information from and working with children, as well as
people familiar with the culture and the setting in which the inquiry is to take place.
□□ Draw on the emerging body of literature and experience regarding how best to work with children
and young people.
□□ Consult with community members and parents, guardians or caregivers to anticipate all possible
consequences for children involved in the information-gathering process.
□□ Advise children, as well as their parents, guardians or caregivers, of the referral services and
protection mechanisms that are available to them.
□□ Be prepared to deal with very serious or complex issues and needs that may arise during the
information-gathering process.

Section Six: Annexes 249

 Camp GBV Safety Audit1

Purpose: To audit__________ camp to assess and address risk factors regarding protection of women
and girls from gender-based violence.

Camp: ___________________________________ Date completed: _____________

Camp Population: __________________________

Persons/Organizations conducting this audit: ___________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
­­­­­­­­­­­

PART I. To ask Community Members

Don’t
A. CAMP LAYOUT YES NO
Know
1. How many people live in each house? Total number:_____________ Divide the standard size
for a dwelling in the camp by the total number of people in the house:­­­­­­­­______________
Do you feel there are too many people living together in your house?
A36

(To assess overcrowding and perception of overcrowding)

2. Are you living in the house with people who are not part of your family?
(To assess whether non-related families housed together)
3. Do you know any single mothers in this community?
Camp Safety Audit

If no, do not indicate anything in the boxes to the right and skip to question #7.
If yes, ask the following:
Do the single mothers and their children you know live with people who are not part of their own
family? Indicate answer in box.
(To assess female-headed households accommodated separately)
4. Do the single mothers you know in this camp all live in a special area in the camp?
If yes, ask the following:
Do you think this reduces the risk of violence for women? Describe very briefly below in the
comments section.)
(To assess whether female-headed households are located together and to assess people’s
perceptions about whether this improves safety)
Registration
5. Are married women in this camp registered separately from their husbands?
6. Are girls or single women without family members registered as individuals?
Facilities
7. Are men’s and women’s latrines and bathhouses separated?
8. Are women’s latrines and bath houses easily accessible to women and girls?
9. Are women’s latrines and bath houses secure for women and girls?
Don’t
B. SERVICES & FACILITIES YES NO
Know
Food, NFI and Fuel
10. What is the food scale that your household receives? Total_____________(Take total amount
and divide by people in household.)
Is this enough for your household?
(To assess whether full food rations distributed regularly and to assess perceptions about
adequacy of food allotment)
11. Is food distributed specifically to women (as opposed to male family members)?
12. Do you think food should be distributed specifically to women? (Add comments below.)

1
October 2007. Adapted from materials developed by Sophie Read-Hamilton and Uganda Camp Safety Audit
250 Section Six: Annexes
13. Are women involved in food distribution?
14. Are women involved in monitoring food distribution?
15. Are NFI distributed specifically to women?
16. Do you think NFI should be distributed specifically to women? (if necessary, add comments
below)
17. Are firewood and charcoal collection points safely and easily accessible to women?
Water
18. Is adequate water available in this camp?
19. Are women involved in water distribution and monitoring?
20. Are water collection points safely and easily accessible to women?
Security
21. Are there known danger zones in the camps or near the camps where women and girls are at
increased risk for violence? If yes, describe below in comments section.
22. Are there security personnel patrolling outside this camp? If no, indicate at right and then skip
to question 29.
23. Does this camp have a protection focal point?
If yes, name which organization(s) have a protection focal point below:

24. Do camp watch teams patrol inside this camp? If no, indicate at right and skip to question 33.
If yes, ask the following:
How many people in a camp watch team are regularly on patrol at the same time inside this
camp? Total on patrol at the same time__________

A36
25. Are women represented in the camp watch teams patrolling inside this camp?
26. If you heard about a case of sexual violence against a woman or girl occurring inside or near
the camp, would you report the case? If no, skip to next question.

Camp Safety Audit

If yes, ask the following:
Who would you report the case to? ___________________
(To assess whether community is aware of how to report cases)
Survivor Support
27. Are health workers in this camp’s health center trained to treat women and girls who have
experienced sexual violence?
28. Are there female health workers available in the health center to treat women and girls who
have experienced sexual violence?
29. Are there other services available in this camp to assist women who have experienced sexual
or domestic violence?
If yes, ask the following:
What services are available?_____________________
30. Have you heard about or participated in community education activities that are focused on
sexual and domestic violence against women and girls?
Don’t
C. DECISION MAKING YES NO
Know
31. Are women represented in Camp Management Committees?
If yes, ask the following:
How many women?_______________

D. COMMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS

Section Six: Annexes 251

 PART II. To ask Camp Authorities Representative
Position (Job Title) of Camp Authorities representative interviewed: _____________

Sex of Camp Authorities representative interviewed: ________________

Don’t
A. CAMP LAYOUT YES NO
Know
Permanent Housing
1. How many dwellings are there in this camp? ________
2. How many total people are there in this camp?______
3. Is overcrowding a problem in this camp?
4. Are non-related families housed together in this camp?
5. Are female-headed households accommodated in their own dwellings in this camp?
6. Are female-headed households located together in a special area in the camp?
Registration
7. Are married women in this camp registered separately from their husbands?
8. Are girls or single women without family members registered?
Don’t
B. SERVICES YES NO
Know
NFI & Fuel
A36

9. Are NFI distributed specifically to camp women?

10. Are firewood and charcoal collection points safely and easily accessible to camp women?
Security
Camp Safety Audit

11. Are there known danger zones in the camps or near the camps where women and girls are at
increased risk for violence? If yes, describe below in comments section.
12. Does this camp have a protection focal point?
If yes, name which organization(s) have a protection focal point below:

13. Are camp members aware of how to report a case of sexual violence against a woman or girl
living in the camp?
If yes, ask the following: Who would they report the case to?
Survivor Support
14. Are health workers in this camp’s health center trained to treat women and girls who have
experienced sexual violence?
15. Are there female health workers available in the health center to treat women and girls who
have experienced sexual violence?
16. Are there other services available in this camp to assist women who have experienced
violence?
If yes, ask the following: What services are available?_____________________
Don’t
C. DECISION MAKING YES NO
Know
17. Is there an interagency GBV Committee in the camp?
18. Does camp management participate in this Committee?
19. Are women represented in Camp Management Committees?
D. COMMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS

252 Section Six: Annexes

 PART III. To ask Water/Sanitation Agency Representative
Position (Job Title) and Organization of Water/Sanitation representative interviewed:

Don’t
A. CAMP LAYOUT YES NO
Know
Facilities
1. Are men’s and women’s latrines and bathhouses separated enough?
2. Are women’s latrines and bath houses safely accessible to women and girls?
3. Are women’s latrines and bath houses secure for women and girls?
B. SERVICES
Water
4. Is adequate water available in this camp?
5. Are camp women involved in water distribution and monitoring?
6. Are water collection points safely and easily accessible to women?
Security
7. Are there known danger zones in the camps or near the camps where women and girls are at
increased risk for sexual violence? If yes, describe below in comments section.
C. DECISION-MAKING
8. Do women participate in water sanitation committees?

A36
D. COMMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS

Camp Safety Audit

PART IV. To ask Food Distribution Agency Representative
Position (Job Title) of Food Distribution Agency representative interviewed: _____________

Sex of Food Distribution Agency representative interviewed: ________________

Don’t
A. SERVICES YES NO
Know
Food
1. Are full food rations distributed regularly?
2. Is food distributed specifically to camp women (as opposed to male members)?
3. Are camp women working in food distribution?

4. Are camp women involved in monitoring food distribution?

B. COMMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS

Section Six: Annexes 253

 PART V. To ask Camp Security Representative
Position (Job Title) of Camp Security Representative interviewed: _____________

Sex of Camp Security Representative interviewed: ________________

Don’t
A. SERVICES YES NO
Know
Security
1. Are there known danger zones in the camp or near the camp where women and girls are at
increased risk for violence? If yes, describe below in comments.
2. Do security personnel patrol inside this camp? If no, indicate at right and skip to question 5.
If yes, ask the following:
How many security personnel are regularly on patrol at the same time inside this camp? Total on
patrol at the same time__________
3. Are security personnel working inside this camp equipped and trained to investigate cases of
violence against women and girls?
4. Are women represented in the security services patrolling inside this camp?
5. Are there security personnel patrolling outside this camp? If no, indicate at left and skip to
question 7.
6. Are the security personnel patrolling outside the camp equipped and trained to investigate
cases of violence against women and girls?
7. Does this camp have a protection focal point?
A36

If yes, which organization: Name of person:

8. Are camp residents aware of how to report a case of violence against a woman or girl living in
the camp?
If yes, ask the following: Who would they report the case to? _______________
Camp Safety Audit

(To assess whether community is aware of how to report cases)

B. COMMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS

PART VI. To ask Camp Management Representative

Position (Job Title) of Camp Management Representative interviewed: _____________

Sex of Camp Management Representative interviewed: ________________

Don’t
A. CAMP LAYOUT YES NO
Know
Facilities
1. Is there adequate lighting at night in this camp?
B. SERVICES
Water
2. Are water collection points safely and easily accessible to women?
NFI & Fuel
3. Are firewood collection points safely and easily accessible to camp women?
Security
4. Are there known danger zones in the camps or near the camps where women and girls are at
increased risk for violence? If yes, describe below in comments
5. Does this camp have a protection focal point? If yes, which organization(s):

254 Section Six: Annexes

6. Do camp watch teams patrol inside this camp? If no, indicate at left and skip to question 9. If
yes: How many people in a camp watch team are on patrol at the same time inside this camp?
Total on patrol at the same time__________
7. Are camp watch teams working inside this camp equipped and trained to investigate cases of
violence against women and girls?
8. Are women represented in the camp watch teams patrolling inside this camp?
9. Are camp members aware of how to report a case of violence against a woman or girl living in
the camp? If yes, Who would they report the case to?

Survivor Support
10. Have you heard about or participated in community education activities that are focused on
violence against women and girls?
C. DECISION-MAKING
11. Are the Interagency GBV Coordination meetings held at this camp?
If yes, ask the following:
How many women?_______________
12. Do representatives from the Camp Management Committee participate in Interagency GBV
Coordination meetings?
13. Do women’s community representatives participate in GBV coordination meeting?
D. COMMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS

A36
Camp Safety Audit
PART VII. To ask the Health Center Representative
Position (Job Title) of Health Center Representative interviewed: _____________

Sex of Health Center Representative interviewed: ________________

Don’t
A. SERVICES YES NO
Know
Survivor Support
1. Are health workers in this camp’s health center trained to treat women and girls who have
experienced sexual and domestic violence?
If yes, ask the following: What services are they trained to provide?

2. Are there female health workers available in the health center to treat women and girls who
have experienced violence?
3. Are there other services available in this camp to assist women who have experienced
violence? If yes, ask the following:
What services are available?
B. COMMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS

Section Six: Annexes 255

 GBV Sample Situation Analysis Questions

General information & GBV basics

Information needed Sample questions
□□ Demographics • How many refugees are living in this setting? Numbers of women, men,
(desegregation by children, female of monoparental household, separated children, etc.
age and sex is a • What forms of gender-based violence are occurring in the camp? Near the
must) camp?
□□ Types of gender- • In what circumstances do they occur? When? Where? How often?
based violence • What forms of gender-based violence did refugees experience prior to arrival
□□ Extent of gender- in the camp? (Nature of the conflict, use of rape as weapon of war, risks
based violence during flight, etc.) What problems/needs do they have as a result of these
□□ Contributing factors experiences?
□□ Survivor profiles • Who are the survivors of gender-based violence? Sex? Age? Marital status?
□□ Perpetrator profiles Female head of monoparental household? Children? Religious/ethnic
□□ Survivor needs background? How many?
• Who are the perpetrators? Fellow refugees? Members of staff? Members of
security? Family members? Same clan/tribe/village? Host country nationals?
Humanitarian workers? Soldiers/combatants?

Community profile
Information needed Sample questions
□□ Community • What is the perception of gender-based violence among the refugee
knowledge, population? Are the victims perceived as responsible? What stigma is attached
A37

attitudes and that may cause attacks to go unreported? What other reasons may cause non-
practices about reporting of incidents?
gender issues • How do women and girls themselves perceive and define gender-based
and gender-based violence in this community (rape, domestic violence, harmful traditional
violence practices, abuse and discrimination, other forms)? How do men perceive and
Sample Situational Analysis Questions

□□ Traditional/ define gender-based violence?

religious beliefs and • Is female genital mutilation (FGM) a common practice among the refugees in
practices their country of origin? Is it carried out in the camp? Who are the practitioners?
□□ Level of women’s What do they gain by the practice (financial reward, status)? Are there refugees
participation in against the practice? If so, how are they perceived by the community?
decision-making • What is the status of women and girls in the place of origin and in the host
□□ Status of women country? What are the gender differences in education, job skills, employment
□□ Community opportunities, economic independence, marriage and family decision-making?
strengths Is polygamy commonly practiced? Are all wives treated the same?
• Are women involved in the community leadership structures (formal and
informal)? Are they equal participants and decision-makers?
• Do formal or informal women's groups or supportive networks exist? How many
and what types? What is the purpose of these groups?
• Do formal or informal men’s groups exist? How many and what types? What is
the purpose of these?

256 Section Six: Annexes

Accessibility and safety of camp layout, services and facilities
Information needed Sample questions
□□ Camp services and • Are women involved in decisions about services and facilities in this setting?
facilities: locations, Which women? How many? Are they representative? Are they equal
organisation participants with their male counterparts?
□□ Inclusion or • What effect do the physical design and the location of the camp have on the
exclusion of women types and incidence of gender-based violence? What security measures are in
in planning and place? How far away are water, fuel needs, communal showers, washing places
decision-making and latrines located? Are they isolated? How is food aid distributed? Do women
have access to the channels of distribution? Is food distributed through male or
female leaders? Do distribution points use the women as distributors?
• How many women have proper identification and documents? How many are
reliant on male family members and thus vulnerable to abuse?
• How many female protection officers are available in your camp? What is the
ratio of female to male officers? Are UNHCR and other UN staff, NGOs and
host government officers familiar with GBV guidelines? Are they familiar with
relevant national and international instruments?
• Has the safely of vulnerable populations (female heads of monoparental
household, children, separated children, others) been assessed? What are
specific plans for the safety of each vulnerable group? Were refugee women
and men included in this planning and decision- making? Were adolescents
consulted?

Security measures
Information needed Sample questions

A37
□□ Types and numbers • Are host country police present in the camp? How many? How many women
of police and officers? How often do they patrol? Does their presence enhance the refugees’
security staff/ sense of security or does the population feel threatened by this presence?
volunteers in and Have they been trained in gender-based violence prevention and response?

Sample Situational Analysis Questions

around the setting Are they familiar with human rights instruments?
□□ Methods used for • Is there an organised refugee security system? Volunteers? What are the
identifying security incentives? How many are women? What training have they received? Which
threats and risks organisations provide support and training to these security workers?
□□ Involvement of • How is the camp organised – divided into blocks or quarters? Are there refugee
community security workers in each section?
• What security threats have been identified? Who identified them? What action
was taken to address these threats? How are decisions made on assessing
threats and taking action? Are women and men equally involved?
• Are there community awareness-raising campaigns addressing security? Do
they specifically address gender-based violence? Who is involved?
• What is the system for reporting security problems? Who can make reports?

Reporting and referral

Information needed Sample questions
□□ Survivor options for • How many incidents of gender-based violence were reported and documented
making reports this past month? Did survivors make these reports? To whom did they make
□□ Referral the initial report?
mechanisms • What referrals were made? Health care? UN? Security or police? Community
□□ Confidentiality and services? Safe shelter? Was the survivor accompanied when referred? How
information-sharing many times did the survivor need to repeat her description of the incident? How
□□ Involvement of is information shared among different actors?
community in • What was the documentation of these reports and referrals? Who was
reporting and responsible for the documentation - medical staff (specify - doctors, nurses,
referrals other), protection officers, field officers, community services workers, local
□□ Involvement of leaders (specify), others? Does the documentation include the health,
UNHCR or other psychosocial, security, legal and community-based actions taken? Where is
UN protection staff this documentation stored? Who has access to it?
• What methods were used to guard confidentiality and ensure survivor’s
informed consent for info sharing?

Section Six: Annexes 257

 Response services
Information needed Sample questions
□□ Availability, For all actors, sectors, functional areas:
• What sensitisation and training programmes are in place? Are these
accessibility:
programmes ongoing? Who is responsible for training? Do all staff, volunteers,
Health care
community members participate? Has the training been effective? How is this
Psycho-Social
measured?
Legal/Justice
• Are all actors familiar with national laws and policies related to gender-based
Security and
violence and the work of their sector or functional area (e.g., documentary
Safety
evidence requirements, mandatory reporting, abortion, special laws relating to
□□ Include: traditional
children, domestic violence, rape, sexual harassment)?
practitioners,
• Are refugees aware of the services available? Do the refugees trust the service
community-
providers to respect confidentiality? Do refugees perceive that services are
based groups,
easily accessible and helpful? Can survivors come forward and seek help in a
services provided
safe, secure, anonymous and confidential environment? Are survivors coming
by NGOs, UN’s,
forward to request help from services available? If not, why not?
host government
• What are the methods for information-sharing, coordination, feedback and
institutions
system improvements among and between the various service providers? Are
□□ Sensitivity and
all actors/organisations aware of each other’s activities? Are there regular
awareness of staff
coordination meetings? How often? Who facilitates the meetings? Who
and volunteers
attends? How are gaps in services and problems in service delivery identified
□□ Involvement of
and resolved?
refugee community
• What documentation does each service provider complete? Is there a central
in response action
or ‘lead’ organisation compiling data and leading inter-organisational planning
A37

and coordination?
• Are there consistent and systematic monitoring and evaluation mechanisms for
each service provider? What are these mechanisms?
Health care:
• Are medical protocols in place and in use for different types of gender-based
Sample Situational Analysis Questions

violence? Is the health care facility adequately equipped and staffed with
trained staff to provide help? Which medical staff? How many female medical
staff (specify doctors, nurses, other) are available for examinations and
counseling?
• Do health care staff actively screen for gender-based violence? How?
• How many rape survivors have been counselled and treated for AIDS and other
STDs in the last month? Is pregnancy testing available? What is the legal status
of abortion? Is on-site abortion or referral available? How many tests/referrals in
the last month?
• Do community health workers provide outreach to the refugee community?
Psychosocial:
• Are psychosocial counselling services available? What is ‘counseling’ in this
setting?
• Who are the counsellors? Refugees? National staff? Volunteers? Women?
Men?
• What training have they received? What ongoing supervision, support and
continuing training do they receive?
• What is the role of the counsellor in referral, advocacy, followup, coordination
and information- sharing with other organisations?
• Are there community awareness-raising activities in place to address
community knowledge, attitudes and practices concerning gender and gender-
based violence? What are these activities? How often do they occur? Who is
involved? Refugees? Which refugees? Are the activities effective? How is
effectiveness measured?
• What types of socioeconomic alternatives are offered to survivors? What
programmes in place?

258 Section Six: Annexes

Legal/justice:
• How many cases of gender-based violence (need to define and count specific
types of cases) were submitted to the court in the past year? Of these, how
many perpetrators were tried, convicted and sentenced? How many were found
not guilty? How many cases were dismissed? What were the reasons for
dismissals?
• What are the host country laws and policies related to various forms of gender-
based violence?
Security and safety:
• How many reports of gender-based violence were made to the police in the
past year? (Need to define and count specific types of cases.) Of those, how
many alleged perpetrators were arrested and forwarded to the judicial system?
Of cases with no arrests, what were the reasons?
• Have police and security workers received training in national laws related to
gender-based violence? Training and sensitisation for interviewing survivors?
• What is the police procedure for receiving reports of gender-based violence,
conducting investigations and apprehending alleged perpetrators?
• Is private interview space available in the police post?
• How many female police officers are available?

A37
Sample Situational Analysis Questions

Section Six: Annexes 259

 Women/Men Focus Group Discussion Guide

Location: Date of FGD:

Duration (start time and end time):

Name of moderator: Name of note-taker:

Participant summary (include # of women or men):

Age range of respondents:

Introduction:

My name is _________________________ and this is my colleague ___________________. I work

for _____ and she/he works for _______________. We would like to ask you some questions about
the issues affecting women and children in your community so that we can better understand your
needs and concerns about these groups.

We are not asking for your specific stories; please do not use any names. We are asking about
things that you have heard of or know to be happening. The questions we are going to be asking you
today are about the way that you live every day. If you feel uncomfortable at any time you can leave.
Participation in the discussion is completely voluntary and you do not have to answer any questions
A38

that you do not want to answer.

We have nothing to offer other than listening; there will be no other direct benefits related to this time
we spend together today.
Focus Group Discussion Guides

We do not want your names and will not be writing your names down. We also will not present any
other potentially identifying information in anything that we produce based on this conversation. We
will treat everything that you say today with respect, and we will only share the answers you give as
general answers combined with those from all the people who speak to us.
We ask that you keep everything confidential, too. Please do not tell others what was said today.

_____________ is taking notes to make sure that we do not miss what you have to say. I hope that
this is OK with you?

We really want to hear what you have to say, and I want you to answer my questions however you
want. There is no wrong answer to any question.

I expect our discussion to last for a maximum time of one hour to one-and-a-half hours.

Do you have any questions before we begin?

First I would like to ask you some general questions about life, or the way you live in your
community or in this area.

How do women spend their time in this community? Are they working?

What about girls? Are they in school? Are they working?

260 Section Six: Annexes

What are the problems/challenges that women and girls face when they move around in this
community?
(Ask for specific examples)

PROBE: What are the known danger zones in this community (or in this area) where women and
girls are at increased risk for violence (water points, taxi terminus, homes, going to the field, going
to and from school, or in schools, etc.)? Are there different danger zones for women than for girls?
If yes, what are they?

How safe are women and young girls when they leave the community? What kinds of things might put
women at risk when they leave the community? What about girls? (PROBE: going to and from school,
crossing borders, going to town, visiting another area)

What about boys, are there specific types of violence that they experience? What examples can you
provide? Where does it happen?

[If the issue of GBV has not come up use the following, if it has come up skip to the next
relevant question]
Without mentioning any names or indicating anyone, can you tell me what kinds of incidents of violence
against women and girls take place in your community? (Ask for specific examples.)

A38
PROBE: When and where does sexual violence occur in this community/area?

PROBE: How is the problem of sexual violence now? How is it different from last year and previous
years?

Focus Group Discussion Guides

Without mentioning any names or indicating anyone specific, who are the perpetrators of this kind of
violence? (PROBE: people in authority, family members, others)

Without mentioning any names or indicating anyone specific, which groups do you think are most at risk
for sexual violence? And, why do you think these groups are more at risk? (Ask for specific examples.)

Who is considered powerful in this community? What gives people power in this community? (PROBE:
property, spiritual leadership, position of authority, money, having a job…)

Are there ever times when women or girls (or boys or men) have to provide sexual favours to meet their
basic needs (school fees, protection, food, housing, health care, etc.)?

Can you give any examples of young girls engaging in sexual relationships with people who are
influential/powerful in the home or in this community? (If needed, you can probe for other individuals
such as the omalayisha or magumaguma.)

What about boys -- can you describe situations when this might happen to them?

PROBE: When this type of thing happens are girls or boys ever pushed into doing this by anyone (their
family, etc.)?

Section Six: Annexes 261

 [If the following issues have not come up use the following questions to explore areas that
have been mentioned]

What other types of violence affect women and girls in this community/area?
PROBE:

• What about violence between married couples or intimate partners?

• Can you describe any situations when men and boys say things to girls that make them
uncomfortable?

• What kinds of cultural practices exist that you think might be harmful to women and girls in this
community?

• At what age/stage do girls and boys get married in this community? Has this changed this year
as compared to previous years?

• Can you describe times when girls or women are forced or made to leave the community to find
new work or other opportunities?

Now I want to ask you a few questions about what happens after violence takes place.
A38

If a woman or young girl suffers violence (use the different forms/types that were mentioned) is she
likely to tell anyone about it? Who is she likely to talk to (family members, other women, health
Focus Group Discussion Guides

workers, community leaders, police/security or other authorities or anyone else)?

What about violence experienced by a woman?

If violence is perpetrated against a boy, would he tell anyone? Why or why not?

How comfortable are women and girls in seeking help from service providers (PROBE: health workers,
police, etc…?

If you were going to seek health services in this area where would you go? (PROBE: health centre,
traditional healer, faith healer) Please describe any barriers that someone might face.

Without mentioning any names, how are girls or women that are affected by violence treated in this
community? Is there ever a situation where girls or women might be blamed for what has happened to
them (through their behaviours, dress, etc.)?

What is done to help survivors of sexual violence in this community? What community structures exist
to do this? What do you think would improve the safety of women and girls in this community?

What groups are there that women, girls, men or boys can go to for support in this community? How
could these services be improved?

What do you think is the most important thing for a person to do after they experience sexual violence
and especially rape (female or male)?

Right now, if a person from your community wanted the perpetrator punished, would they be able to do
this? Please describe any barriers that they might face.

262 Section Six: Annexes

What could be done to prevent sexual violence from occurring in this community?

What are some things that you could do?

Closing

That is all of my questions for now. Do you have anything you would like to add? Do you have any
questions for us? Do you have any questions that you think should be asked of other groups?

As I told you in the beginning, our discussion today is meant to help us learn about the concerns that
you have for women and children in your community.

Please remember that you agreed to keep this discussion to yourself. If anyone would like to speak to
me or __________ (person taking notes) in private we are happy to talk to you.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR HELP

A38
Focus Group Discussion Guides

Section Six: Annexes 263

 Adolescent Girls Focus Group Discussion Guide

Location: Date of FGD:

Duration (start time and end time):

Name of moderator: Name of note-taker:

Participant summary (include # of women or men):

Age range of respondents:

Introduction:

My name is _________________________ and this is my colleague ___________________. I work

for _____ and she/he works for _______________. We would like to ask you some questions about
the issues affecting boys, girls, women and men in your community so that we can better understand
your needs and concerns.

We are not asking for your specific stories; please do not use any names. We are asking about
things that you have heard of or know to be happening. The questions we are going to be asking you
today are about the way that you live every day. If you feel uncomfortable at any time you can leave.
Participation in the discussion is completely voluntary and you do not have to answer any questions
A38

that you do not want to answer.

We have nothing to offer other than listening; there will be no other direct benefits related to this time
we spend together today.
Focus Group Discussion Guides

We do not want your names, and we will not be writing your names down. We also will not present
any other potentially identifying information in anything that we produce based on this conversation.
We will treat everything that you say today with respect, and we will only share the answers you give
as general answers combined with those from all the people who speak to us.

We ask that you keep everything confidential, too. Please do not tell others what was said today.

_____________ is taking notes to make sure that we do not miss what you have to say. I hope that
this is OK with you?

We really want to hear what you have to say, and I want you to answer my questions however you
want. There is no wrong answer to any question.

I expect our discussion to last for a maximum time of one hour to one-and-one-half hours.

Do you have any questions before we begin?

First I would like to ask you some general questions about life, or the way you live in your
community or in this area.

How are young people spending their time in this community? Are they in school? Are they working?

What problems do young girls face in this community? (Ask for specific examples.)

264 Section Six: Annexes

What are the challenges that young girls face when they move around in this community?

PROBE: What are the known danger zones in this community (or in this area) where girls are at
increased risk for violence? (water points, taxi terminus, homes, going to the field, going to and
from school, or in schools, etc.)

How safe are young girls when they leave the community? What kinds of things might put girls at risk
when they leave the community? (PROBE: going to and from school, crossing borders, going to town,
visiting another area, taxi terminus)

What about boys -- are there specific types of violence that they experience? What examples can you
provide? Where does it often happen?

[If the issue of GBV has not come up use the following, if it has come up skip to the next
relevant question]
Without mentioning any names or indicating anyone, can you tell me what kinds of incidents of violence
against girls take place in your community? (Ask for specific examples.)

PROBE: When and where does sexual violence occur in this community/area?

PROBE: How is the problem of sexual violence now? How is it different from last year and previous
years?

A38
Without mentioning any names or indicating anyone specific, who are the perpetrators of this kind of
violence? (PROBE: people in authority…?)

Focus Group Discussion Guides

Without mentioning any names or indicating anyone specific, which groups do you think are most at risk
for sexual violence? And, why do you think these groups are more at risk? (Ask for specific examples.)

Who is considered powerful in this community? What gives people power in this community? (PROBE:
property, spiritual leadership, position of authority, money, having a job…)

Are there ever times when girls (or anyone else) have to provide sexual favours to meet their basic
needs (school fees, protection, food, housing, health care, etc.)?

Can you give any examples of young girls engaging in sexual relationships with people who are
influential/powerful in the home or in this community? (If needed you can probe for other individuals
such as the omalayisha or magumaguma.)

What about boys -- can you describe situations when this might happen to them?

PROBE: When this type of thing happens are girls or boys ever pushed into doing this by anyone (their
family, etc.)?

Section Six: Annexes 265

 [If the following issues have not come up use the following questions to explore areas that
have been mentioned]

What other types of violence affect women and girls in this community/area?
PROBE:

• What about violence between married couples or intimate partners?

• Can you describe any situations when men and boys say things to girls that make them
uncomfortable?

• What kinds of cultural practices exist that you think might be harmful to women and girls in this
community?

• At what age/stage do girls and boys get married in this community? Has the marriage pattern
changed this year as compared to previous years?

• Can you describe times when girls are forced or made to leave the community to find new work
or other opportunities?
A38

Now I want to ask you a few questions about what happens after violence takes place.

If a young girl suffers violence (use the different forms/types that were mentioned) is she likely to tell
Focus Group Discussion Guides

anyone about it? Who is she likely to talk to (family members, other women, health workers, community
leaders, police/security or other authorities or anyone else)?

PROBE: What might keep a girl from getting help?

How comfortable are girls in seeking help from service providers (PROBE: health workers, police,
etc…)?

If you were going to seek health services in this area where would you go? (PROBE: health centre,
traditional healer, faith healer) Please describe any barriers that someone might face.

Without mentioning any names, how are girls or women who are affected by violence treated in this
community? Is there ever a situation where a girl might be blamed for what has happened to her
(through her behaviour, etc.)?

What do you think is the most important thing for a person to do after rape/sodomy?

Right now, if a person from your community wanted the perpetrator punished after rape/sodomy, would
they be able to do this? Please describe any barriers that they might face.

What is done to help survivors of sexual violence in this community? What community structures exist
to do this? What do you think would improve the safety of girls in this community?

What groups are there that women, girls, men or boys can go to for support in this community? How
could these services be improved?

266 Section Six: Annexes

What could be done to prevent violence? What role do you think young people should play in
preventing the violence that we have been talking about?

Closing

Thank you. That is all of my questions for now. Do you have anything you would like to add? Do you
have any questions for us? Do you have any questions that you think should be asked of other groups?

As I told you in the beginning, our discussion today is meant to help us learn about the concerns that
you have for women and children in your community.

Please remember that you agreed to keep this discussion to yourself. If anyone would like to speak to
me or __________ (person taking notes) in private we are happy to talk to you.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR HELP

A38
Focus Group Discussion Guides

Section Six: Annexes 267

 Adolescent Boys Focus Group Discussion Guide

Location: Date of FGD:

Duration (start time and end time):

Name of moderator: Name of note-taker:

Participant summary (include # of women or men):

Age range of respondents:

Introduction:

My name is _________________________ and this is my colleague ___________________. I work

for _____ and she/he works for _______________. We would like to ask you some questions about
the issues affecting boys, girls, women and men in your community so that we can better understand
your needs and concerns.

We are not asking for your specific stories; please do not use any names. We are asking about
things that you have heard of or know to be happening. The questions we are going to be asking you
today are about the way that you live every day. If you feel uncomfortable at any time you can leave.
Participation in the discussion is completely voluntary and you do not have to answer any questions
that you do not want to answer.
A38

We have nothing to offer other than listening; there will be no other direct benefits related to this time
we spend together today.
Focus Group Discussion Guides

We do not want your names, and we will not be writing your names down. We also will not present
any other potentially identifying information in anything that we produce based on this conversation.
We will treat everything that you say today with respect, and we will only share the answers you give
as general answers combined with those of all the people who speak to us.

We ask that you keep everything confidential, too. Please do not tell others what was said today.

_____________ is taking notes to make sure that we do not miss what you have to say. I hope that
this is OK with you?

We really want to hear what you have to say, and I want you to answer my questions however you
want. There is no wrong answer to any question.

I expect our discussion to last for a maximum time of one hour to one-and-one-half hours.

Do you have any questions before we begin?

First I would like to ask you some general questions about life, or the way you live in your
community or in this area.

How are young people spending their time in this community? Are they in school? Are they working?

What are the problems/challenges that young girls and boys face when they move around in this
community?
(Ask for specific examples.)

PROBE: What are the known danger zones in this community (or in this area) where girls are at
increased risk for violence? (water points, taxi terminus, homes, going to the field, going to and
from school, or in schools, etc.)

268 Section Six: Annexes

How safe are young girls and boys when they leave the community? What kinds of things might put
girls at risk when they leave the community? (PROBE: going to and from school, crossing borders,
going to town, visiting another area, taxi terminus)

What about boys, are there specific types of violence that they experience? What examples can you
provide? Where does it often happen?

[If the issue of GBV has not come up use the following, if it has come up skip to the next
relevant question]
Without mentioning any names or indicating anyone, can you tell me what kinds of incidents of violence
against girls take place in your community? (Ask for specific examples.)

PROBE: When and where does sexual violence occur in this community/area?

PROBE: How is the problem of sexual violence now? How is it different from last year and previous
years?

Without mentioning any names or indicating anyone specific, who are the perpetrators of this kind of
violence? (PROBE: people in authority…?)

Without mentioning any names or indicating anyone specific, which groups do you think are most at risk
for sexual violence? And, why do you think these groups are more at risk? (Ask for specific examples.)

Who is considered powerful in this community? What gives people power in this community? (PROBE:

A38
property, spiritual leadership, position of authority, money, having a job…)

Are there ever times when girls (or anyone else) have to provide sexual favours to meet their basic

Focus Group Discussion Guides

needs (school fees, protection, food, housing, health care, etc.)?

Can you give any examples of young girls engaging in sexual relationships with people who are
influential/powerful in the home or in this community? (If needed you can probe for other individuals
such as the omalayisha or magumaguma.)

What about boys -- can you describe situations when this might happen to them?

PROBE: When this type of thing happens are girls or boys ever pushed into doing this by anyone (their
family, etc.)?

[If the following issues have not come up use the following questions to explore areas that have
been mentioned]

What other types of violence affect women and girls and boys in this community/area?
PROBES:

• What about violence between married couples or intimate partners?

• What kinds of cultural practices exist that you think might be harmful to women and girls in this
community?

• At what age/stage do girls and boys get married in this community? Has the marriage pattern
changed this year as compared to previous years?

• Can you describe times when girls are forced or made to leave the community to find new work
or other opportunities?

Section Six: Annexes 269

 Now I want to ask you a few questions about what happens after violence takes place.

If a young boy suffers violence (use the different forms/types that were mentioned) is he likely to tell
anyone about it? Who is he likely to talk to (family members, other women, health workers, community
leaders, police/security or other authorities or anyone else)?

PROBE: What might keep a boy from getting help?

How comfortable are boys in seeking help from service providers (PROBE: health workers, police
etc…)?

If you were going to seek health services in this area where would you go? (PROBE: health centre,
traditional healer, faith healer) Please describe any barriers that someone might face.

Without mentioning any names, how are boys who are affected by sexual violence treated in this
community?

What is done to help survivors of sexual violence in this community? What community structures exist
to do this? What do you think would improve the safety of girls in this community?

What groups are there that women, girls, men or boys can go to for support in this community? How
could these services be improved?
A38

What do you think is the most important thing for a person to do after rape/sodomy?

Right now, if a person from your community wanted the perpetrator punished after rape/sodomy, would
Focus Group Discussion Guides

they be able to do this? Please describe any barriers that they might face.

What could be done to prevent violence? What role do you think young people should play in
preventing the violence that we have been talking about?

Closing

Thank you. That is all of my questions for now. Do you have anything you would like to add? Do
you have any questions for us? Do you have any questions that you think should be asked of other
groups?

As I told you in the beginning, our discussion today is meant to help us learn about the concerns that
you have for women and children in your community.

Please remember that you agreed to keep this discussion to yourself. If anyone would like to speak to
me or __________ (person taking notes) in private we are happy to talk to you.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR HELP

270 Section Six: Annexes

 Legal Services Structured Interview Guide

(As the interviewer, introduce yourself, explain the objectives of the interview and request the
respondent’s consent to be interviewed. Note the respondent’s name and job title; describe his
or her duties; and enter the institution’s name and location and the date of the interview.)

Date of interview: _____________________

Name of the institution/agency: _____________________

Name of person interviewed and contact details if they will provide it: _____________________________

Their position in the institution/agency: _______________

1. What do the words gender-based violence mean to you? (If the respondent does not seem
to know what GBV is, ask What about sexual violence or domestic violence? to see if they
encounter these things.)

2. What types of cases of gender-based violence do you handle? (If the respondent lists
something other than sexual violence, ask him/her what is the most frequent type of violence
against women and girls that he/she handles?)

A39
3. How often do you handle sexual violence cases? How many per week or month?

Key Informant Interview Guides: GBV

4. How often do you handle domestic violence cases? How many per week or month?

5. From what individuals or organizations do you typically receive reports of sexual violence?
(PROBE: victims/survivors, family members, health professionals, etc.)

Who are the main victims/survivors of sexual violence? (PROBE: who are the main perpetrators,
survivors, what are their ages, sex…?)

6. What legal facilities or personnel exist for victims/survivors of sexual violence or other forms of
gender-based violence and punish perpetrators? (e.g., court, local/traditional, or civil authorities)

7. Has anyone in your institution received training on sexual violence or other forms of gender-
based violence? If so, what was the training about, who received it, who provided it, and how
many days did it last? Are the individuals who were trained still in their post?

8. What services do you provide to victims/survivors of sexual violence or other forms of gender-
based violence? (Try to get the respondent to be as specific as possible, e.g., provision of
information on court process, roles and responsibilities of different actors, time frames, etc.)

Section Six: Annexes 271

 9. What kind of documentation is required to facilitate legal proceedings and investigations? What
are the major challenges experienced? What is the time period that it takes to finalize a case,
and why?

10. Does anyone from this institution accompany, advocate for and support the victim/survivor
during any meetings with the police or court officials? (If yes, ask the respondent to describe
how this process works and who is responsible for doing this.)

11. Who is responsible for providing support to the victim/survivor during the legal proceedings?
(PROBE: Liaison with the police? Legal or trial proceedings? Psychosocial support? Logistical
support/accommodation and food?)

12. Which laws are used in addressing gender-based violence and how are they enforced, and by
whom?

13. How do you ensure the survivor’s confidentiality and protection (during pre-trial, trial and post-
trial)?
A39

14. Do you ever refer survivors to other services such as counselling or healthcare? If yes, where
are these services located? How do they provide the referral? How do you ensure that the
service is provided?
Key Informant Interview Guides: GBV

15. How do you work with other service providers (NGOs, government departments, health facilities,
legal, law enforcement, psychosocial (social welfare)) on the issue of gender-based violence?

16. What other structures, activities and forums (or other coordination system) is your institution
involved in to address the needs of victims/survivors of sexual violence or other types of gender-
based violence?

17. What are some of the challenges that you face in responding to sexual violence or other form of
gender-based violence?

How do you think these challenges could be addressed?

272 Section Six: Annexes

 District Authorities Structured Interview Guide

(As the interviewer, introduce yourself, explain the objectives of the interview and request the
respondent’s consent to be interviewed. Note the respondent’s name, position and job title;
describe his or her duties; and enter the institution’s name and location and the date of the
interview.)

Date of interview: _____________________

Name of the institution/agency: _____________________

Name of person interviewed and contact details if they will provide it: _____________________________

Their position in the institution/agency: _______________

1. What does gender-based violence mean to you?

(If the respondent does not seem to know ask: What kinds of incidents of sexual violence, or
domestic violence between intimate partners do you hear about?)

2. What types of GBV do you think are most prevalent in this community?

A39
What types of cases of gender-based violence are you involved in as a DA? (If they list
something other than sexual violence, ask them what is the most frequent type of violence
against women and girls that they handle.)

Key Informant Interview Guides: GBV

How often (if ever) do you see sexual violence cases or other forms of gender-based violence?
How many per week or month?

How often (if ever) do you see domestic violence cases? How many per week or month?

3. What are the commonly used channels for reporting gender-based violence? From what
individuals or organizations do you typically receive reports of sexual violence? (PROBE:
victims/survivors, family members, health professionals, etc.)

4. Have you been trained on sexual violence or other forms of gender-based violence? How long
did the training last and who provided it?

5. How do you respond to cases of sexual violence or other forms of sexual violence? For what
services do you refer (psychosocial, medical, legal)?

6. Are there places for victims/survivors of gender-based violence (or specifically sexual or
domestic violence) to go to when their life is in danger? Where can you refer such clients
(shelters, etc.)?

7. Does your police station have the ability to transport or accompany victims/survivors for further
services? If no, how do victims/survivors access the services? (PROBE: sexual violence
survivors)

Section Six: Annexes 273

 8. What kind of documentation is required to initiate legal proceedings and investigations (rape kit,
medical affidavit)?

How many rape kits do you keep in stock at this station?

9. How would you describe the relationship between this police station and NGOs over rape cases?

10. What policies or laws (national, county-level) are in place for cases of sexual violence or other
forms of gender-based violence? How do you use these policies?

Are cases of sexual violence ever handled by village heads/leaders? How do they intervene in
these cases?

11. What other structures, activities and forums (or other coordination system) is your institution
involved in to address the needs of victims/survivors of sexual violence or other types of gender-
based violence?

12. What other challenges are there related to ensuring that survivors of gender-based violence
A39

have access to services and in preventing gender-based violence? How do you think some of
these challenges could be addressed?
Key Informant Interview Guides: GBV

Health Services Structured Interview Guide

(As the interviewer, introduce yourself, explain the objectives of the interview and request the
respondent’s consent to be interviewed. Note the respondent’s name, position and job title; describe his
or her duties; and enter the institution’s name and location and the date of the interview.)

Date of interview: _____________________

Name of the health care facility: _____________________ Level of the health care facility:
 Rural Health Facility (level 1)
 City Council Clinics (level 1)
 District (level 2)
 Provincial (level 3)
 Other ______________

Name of person interviewed and contact details if they will provide it: _____________________________

Their position in the health facility: _______________

Service provision

1. What are the most frequent reasons given by women and girls for coming to this health facility?

274 Section Six: Annexes

2. What do the words gender-based violence mean to you?

3. Does your facility treat survivors of gender-based violence (e.g., survivors of sexual violence)?

Probe: What are the most common types of violence that women and girls receive services for?

Probe: What kinds of services are provided?

4. Is post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) provided to survivors?

If yes, ask: What PEP regimen is prescribed?

Is the full course of PEP drugs given all at once?

 three- day starter pack then all of remaining drugs
 All drugs given at one time
 seven-day supply given

5. Does the survivor have to consent to getting an HIV test in order to receive PEP?

Do you obtain consent from survivors/victims or parent/guardians of child survivors prior to starting the
examination or collecting evidence?

A39
If yes, ask how do you obtain consent? Ask them to describe the process and make sure to determine if
it is written or verbal. Request a copy of the forms.

Key Informant Interview Guides: GBV

6. What pregnancy-related services do you routinely offer the patient after rape?
 None
 Emergency contraceptives (or morning-after pill)
 Pregnancy test
 Abortion counselling/information
 Other _______________________________

7. What STI-related services do you offer the survivor after rape?

 None
 Give prophylactic treatment (Ask what the treatment is)
 Refer to an STD/STI clinic
 Send swab to lab to test for STIs

8. How often do you refer rape survivors/victims for trauma/psychological counselling?

Is it possible for survivors/victims to receive counselling in this facility?

Do you refer to other service providers, police and courts? Where are the people referred to (NGOs,
support groups)? (Try to get the names of the institutions.)

How do you follow-up on survivors once they have left the health facility?

9. Do you collect physical evidence from survivors/victims (e.g., clothing, footwear, hair, fibers, or debris,
etc.)? If so, where do you store it?

Section Six: Annexes 275

 10. Do you use a pre-packaged rape kit when conducting the exam?

If so, do you have a steady supply?

Where do the kits come from? Do you get them from the police?

Where are the kits kept after use?

Protocols/clinical management guidelines

11. Do you keep records of patients who have been examined after rape?

If yes, ask: Where do you keep the files related to cases of sexual violence?

Who keeps the key to these areas?

Are there specific forms that you use? (Request a copy of all of the forms that they use, including referral
forms.)

12. Does this facility have protocols/guidelines for the management of rape survivors?
A39

If yes, ask: Where do you keep them? And ask to see them.
Key Informant Interview Guides: GBV

13. Who makes the decision when reporting a case of sexual violence to the police (health care providers,
the survivors/victims of the violence, parent/guardian)?

14. What do you do if you have a suspicion that a parent or guardian is involved in the sexual abuse of a
child? How do you proceed with managing the safety needs of that child?

Cases of sexual violence

15. How many adult survivors/victims (18 years and older) were examined/treated after sexual violence
during the last five months?

# of males: _______ # of females: ________

Or, on average, how many adult survivors/victims do you see each month?

If they have records, ask them about the periods of 2007 and 2008.

16. How many child survivors/victims (17 years and younger) were examined/treated after child sexual
abuse in the last five months?

What were the ages of the child survivors:

# <5 _______
# 5-9 _______
# 10-14 _______
# 15 and > ______

Or, on average, how many child survivors/victims do you see each month?

If they have records, ask them about the periods of 2007 and 2008.

276 Section Six: Annexes

Training
17. Have you or anyone else at this facility received formal training on the management of sexual violence/
rape?

If yes, ask: how many different trainings have you attended, and who provided the trainings? How many
days did the training last?

18. What kinds of things were covered in the trainings that you attended? Check anything that applies and/
or use list to help you probe.

 Medical treatment
 PEP
 Using an evidence collection kit
 Completing the medico-legal form
 Laws (covering rape and sexual offences)
 Referrals to other services
 Giving evidence in court
 Counselling
 Did your training include meeting the needs of male survivors/victims?
 Did the training include meeting the needs of child survivors/victims?

Attitudes

A39
19. How does the staff know if a woman has been raped?

20. Do you think it is important to treat survivors/victims of rape as urgent?

Key Informant Interview Guides: GBV

21. Do you think rape always leaves obvious signs of injuries?

22. Do you think a woman’s prior sexual relationships have anything to do with rape? Does rape hurt
women who are sexually experienced?

Multi-sectoral services

23. How would you describe the relationship between this health facility and the closest police station over
rape cases?

24. How would you describe the relationship between this health care facility and NGOs over rape cases?

25. What other structures, activities and forums (or other coordination system) is your institution
involved in to address the needs of victims/survivors of sexual violence or other types of
gender-based violence?

Giving evidence in court

26. Are you aware of any of any cases from this facility that have gone to court in the past year?

27. Have you ever given evidence in court?

Section Six: Annexes 277

 Other
28. Where do the examinations take place? Is there a private room (with four walls and a door)? How does
the staff ensure confidentiality?

29. What are the hours of operation of the facility?

30. How much to the services for sexual violence cost?

Protection Services Structured Interview Guide

(As the interviewer, introduce yourself, explain the objectives of the interview and request the
respondent’s consent to be interviewed. Note the respondent’s name, position and job title;
describe his or her duties; and enter the institution’s name and location and the date of the
interview.)

Date of interview: _____________________

Name of the institution/agency: _____________________

A39

Name of person interviewed and contact details if they will provide it: _____________________________

Their position in the institution/agency: _______________

Key Informant Interview Guides: GBV

1. What does gender-based violence mean to you?

(If they do not seem to know, ask What kinds of incidents of sexual violence or domestic violence
between intimate partners do you hear about?)

2. What types of GBV do you think are most prevalent in this community?

What types of cases of gender-based violence do you handle? (If they list something other than
sexual violence, ask them what is the most frequent type of violence against women and girls that
they handle.)

3. How often (if ever) do you handle sexual violence cases or other forms of gender-based
violence? How many per week or month?

4. What are the commonly used channels for reporting gender-based violence? From what
individuals or organizations do you typically receive reports of sexual violence? (PROBE:
victims/survivors, family members, health professionals, etc.)

5. Is there someone at the police station specifically trained to provide victim -friendly services?
Have they been trained to handle sexual violence or other forms of gender-based violence?
How long did the training last and who provided it?

6. Are victims/survivors attended to by same-sex officers? If not, why?

278 Section Six: Annexes

7. How do you respond to cases of sexual violence or other forms of sexual violence? For what
services do you refer (psychosocial, medical, legal)?

8. Are you able to help victims/survivors of gender-based violence (or specifically sexual or
domestic violence) relocate when their life is in danger? Where can you refer such clients
(shelters, etc.)?

9. Does your police station have the ability to transport or accompany victims/survivors for further
services? If no, how do victims/survivors access the services? (PROBE: sexual violence
survivors)

10. How do you document the victim’s statement? Are there specific forms that you use? (Request
a copy of all of the forms that they use, including referral forms). How much do the forms cost?

11. What kind of documentation is required to initiate legal proceedings and investigations (rape kit,
medical affidavit)?

How many rape kits do you keep in stock in this station?

A39
12. Do you or others in your station ever testify in court about investigation findings, if the victim/
survivor chooses legal action?

Key Informant Interview Guides: GBV

13. Are there any cases where investigating or following-up on cases seems impossible? What are
the challenges?

How would you describe the relationship between this police station and the closest health
facility over sexual violence as well as gender-based violence? How do you work
together?

14. How would you describe the relationship between this police station and NGOs over rape
cases?

15. What policies or laws (national, county-level or traditional) are in place for cases of sexual
violence or other forms of gender-based violence?

How do you use these policies?

16. What other structures, activities and forums (or other coordination system) is your institution
involved in to address the needs of victims/survivors of sexual violence or other types of
gender-based violence?

17. How do you think some of these challenges you face could be addressed?

Section Six: Annexes 279

 Psychosocial Services Structured Interview Guide

(As the interviewer, introduce yourself, explain the objectives of the interview and request the
respondent’s consent to be interviewed. Note the respondent’s name, position and job title;
describe his or her duties; and enter the institution’s name and location and the date of the
interview.)

Date of interview: _____________________

Name of the institution/agency: _____________________

Name of person interviewed and contact details if they will provide it: _____________________________

Their position in the institution/agency: _______________

1. What do the words gender-based violence mean to you? (If the respondent does not seem
to know what GBV is, ask What about sexual violence or domestic violence? to see if they
encounter these things.)

2. What types of cases of gender-based violence do you handle? (If they list something other
than sexual violence, ask what is the most frequent type of violence against women and girls
A39

that they handle.)

3. How often (if ever) do you handle sexual violence cases? How many per week or month?
Key Informant Interview Guides: GBV

4. From what individuals or organizations do you typically receive reports of sexual violence?
(PROBE: victims/survivors, family members, health professionals, etc.)

5. Is there someone in this organization who is specifically trained to work with sexual violence or
other forms of gender-based violence?

What kind of training did they receive, who provided it, and what did it focus on? How many
days did it last?

6. How does your organization ensure the survivor’s confidentiality?

7. Can you tell me how you document the survivor’s statement? Are there specific forms that you
use? (Request a copy of all of the forms that they use, including referral forms.)

8. Where do you keep the case files for incidents of gender-based violence?

9. What if any, follow-up and/or referral do you provide? Where do you make referrals?

10. What policies or laws (national, provincial, district or traditional) are in place for cases of sexual
violence or other forms of gender-based violence?

280 Section Six: Annexes

 11. What measures does your organization have in place to protect survivors and their families?

12. How would you describe the relationship between this organization and other service providers
(police, courts, health facilities)? What about the relationship between the police and the health
care facility?

13. How would you describe the relationship between the closest police station and NGOs over
rape cases?

14. What other structures, activities and forums (or other coordination system) is your institution
involved in to address the needs of victims/survivors of sexual violence or other types of
gender-based violence?

15. What are some of the challenges you face in responding to sexual violence or other forms of
gender-based violence?

How do you think these challenges could be addressed?

Structured Interview Guide: NGOs Not Engaged Directly in GBV

(As the interviewer, introduce yourself, explain the objectives of the interview and request the
respondent’s consent to be interviewed. Note the respondent’s name, position and job title;
describe his or her duties; and enter the institution’s name and location and the date of the

A39
interview.)

Date of interview: _____________________

Key Informant Interview Guides: GBV

Name of the institution/agency: _____________________

Name of person interviewed and contact details if they will provide it: _____________________________

Their position in the institution/agency: _______________

1. What kinds programmes is your agency implementing? Where are you implementing your
programmes? (Try to get specific information on province, districts, wards, etc.)

If they are engaged in food distribution, water and sanitation, etc., try to identify if they do
anything to address gender concerns.

2. What types of GBV do you think are most prevalent in this community?

3. What do you think are the major gaps in terms of preventing and responding to gender-based
violence?

4. If your staff came across a case of gender-based violence during their work what would they
do? (PROBE: victims/survivors, family members, health professionals etc.)

5. What kind of mechanisms does your agency have in place to prevent sexual exploitation and
abuse?
6. Do you know of any structures, activities and forums (or other coordination system) that exist
to address the needs of victims/survivors of sexual violence or other types of gender-based
violence?

7. How do you think some of these challenges you face could be addressed?

Section Six: Annexes 281

 Key Informants Guide for Individuals Involved in Camp Coordination, Management, Site
Planning, Registration, Shelter and Non-food Items

Analysis of gender differences

1. How is your organization gathering information to make decisions related to the setting
up of camps, construction of shelters or NFIs? What groups are being consulted and
how? Men, women, boys, girls?
2. Are there any specific cultural, practical or security obstacles that women, girls, boys and
men might face in accessing registration services?
Design/access
1. What specific aspects of site planning are being considered for women and children?
2. Are public social spaces being considered for different groups where they can discuss
issues that are important to them (spaces that might eventually be used for women’s
spaces, child-centred spaces, etc)?
3. What security issues are being considered (lighting, location of facilities and composition
of structures)?
4. If there is an established camp, ask: How many dwellings are there in this camp? How
many total people are in the camp? Do you think overcrowding is a problem?
5. How are families selected and placed into the shelters? Are non-related families housed
A40

in the same structure?

Registration and NFI
1. To what extent is the registration process designed to minimize discrimination based on
gender or age?
Key Informant Interview Guides: Gender

2. If there is a process set up, ask: Can you take me through the steps of the registration
process? [Try to see if issues of privacy and confidentiality are being considered.]
3. How will/are family entitlement cards/ration cards issued? Will/are women registered
separately from their husbands?
4. What systems are in place to make sure that the various groups have equal access to
housing and materials?
5. What do you think should be done in the long-term to ensure that everyone (women,
men, boys and girls) will enjoy continued access to the registration process and NFI
distribution?
6. What kinds of teams will be created for registration? Who will conduct interviews?
7. Where will your organization store registration data? Who will have access to the data?
8. What concerns have been raised by different groups? What concerns do you have for
different groups (single-headed households, young group, unaccompanied minors,
elderly) in relationship to:
• Shelter
• Site planning
• Registration
• NFI distribution?

Participation
1. How are women being consulted specifically in planning NFI selection and distribution,
information-sharing about entitlements?
2. How will women be involved in camp governance structures? Will there be a target
percentage for the participation of women?
3. What kinds of specialized support will be needed to ensure that women and adolescents
can participate in decision-making?

282 Section Six: Annexes

Training/capacity-building
1. What kinds of training have you received from your organization on gender issues? Or
what kinds of training do you anticipate receiving?
2. What field tools does your organization commonly use in its work? [Try to see if they
consult IASC guidelines etc.)
3. Who from the beneficiary community will be trained on camp management issues,
registration, construction, NFI distribution or providing information and referral for
different groups?
Actions to address GBV/targeted actions
1. What kinds of actions/activities do you think are important in terms of reducing women’s
and children’s vulnerability to violence?
2. How is the site planning process addressing the needs of any special groups differently?
3. What kind of system is in place or will be established to monitor security or instances of
abuse or violence?
4. What kind of system is in place for reporting security issues or abuse?
5. What kinds of training and skills programmes are being considered for women and girls to
reduce their trading sex for money or shelter?
Monitoring and evaluation
1. What kinds routine data collection do you think will be prioritized?
Coordination
1. What kinds of coordination activities is your organization engaged in?

A40
2. What other organizations/civil society groups is your organization working with in this
area?

Key Informant Interview Guides: Gender

Section Six: Annexes 283

 Key Informant Guide for Individuals Working in Food Security and Distribution and Nutrition
Analysis of gender differences
1. How is your organization collecting information on the roles of women and children in
food procurement?
2. How is your organization gathering information to make decisions related to the short-
and long-term loss of livelihood assets? What groups are being consulted?
3. What plans are in place to address the changes in women’s and men’s access and control
over land or other resources?
4. Are there any specific cultural, practical or security obstacles that women, girls, boys and
men might face in accessing nutritional assistance?
Design/access
1. What steps are being taken to ensure that nutritional support programmes are
appropriate to the food culture and nutritional needs of women (including pregnant or
lactating women), girls, boys and men?
2. How will access of women, girls, men and boys be monitored to ensure equitable
distribution?
Participation
1. How have women, men and adolescent girls and boys been consulted about food security
issues?
2. How will it be ensured that both men and women are well-informed and aware of their
entitlements (quantity/variety, etc)?
A40

3. How will women be engaged in decision-making, planning and management of food

distribution?
4. What steps will be taken to ensure that women and adolescent girls and boys can
participate in decision-making?
Key Informant Interview Guides: Gender

Training/capacity-building
1. What kinds of training have you received from your organization on gender issues? Or
what kinds of training do you anticipate receiving?
2. What field tools does your organization commonly use in its work?
3. Who from the beneficiary community will be trained and employed in food distribution
programmes?
Actions to address GBV/targeted actions
1. What should be done to reduce women’s and children’s vulnerability to violence as they
try to access food distribution?
2. What kinds of actions are already being taken to ensure that food distributions are safe
and accessible?
3. Which groups will need special assistance with collecting their food? What special
mechanisms might be considered to address this?
4. What kind of system is in place or will be established to monitor security or instances of
abuse or violence?
5. What kinds of training and skills programmes are being considered for women and girls to
keep them from having to trade sex for money, food or education?
6. What kinds of plans are there for community awareness on violence against women and
girls, child rights, property rights, etc.?
Monitoring and evaluation
1. Who will be consulted in the process of creating the monitoring and evaluation tools/
mechanisms around food distribution? How will gaps and areas for improvements be
identified? Who will be consulted?
2. What kind of sex and age-related data will be collected?
Coordination
1. What kinds of coordination activities is your organization engaged in?
2. What other organizations/civil society groups is your organization working with in this
area?
284 Section Six: Annexes
 Key Informant Interview Guide for Individuals working in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

Analysis of gender differences

1. How is your organization gathering information to make decisions related to the cultural
beliefs and practices in water and sanitation use? What groups are being consulted?
2. What specific cultural, practical and security-related obstacles/issues that you are
concerned about?
Design/access
1. How are you ensuring that water sites and distribution systems are accessible to women
and other groups that might have mobility limitations?
2. How will it be ensured that communal latrines and bathhouses for women, girls, boys and
men are in safe locations, that they are culturally appropriate, that they ensure privacy
and are accessible for persons with disabilities?
3. How will different groups be included in monitoring these facilities for safety, etc?
4. What concerns do you have in ensuring that everyone has access to these facilities in a
safe way?
Participation
1. How are women and children (adolescent girls especially) being involved in decision-
making related to the location and design of water points, bathhouses and latrines?
2. [It if is not possible to observe directly, ask the following] Where are male and female

A40
latrines and bathhouses located? Are the facilities centrally located? Do doors have locks
on the inside? Is there an adequate lighting system?
Training/capacity-building
1. What kinds of training have you received from your organization on gender issues? Or

Key Informant Interview Guides: Gender

what kinds of training do you anticipate receiving?
2. What field tools does your organization commonly use in its work?
3. Who from the beneficiary community will be trained on use and maintenance of
facilities?
Actions to address GBV/targeted actions
1. What should be done to reduce women’s and children’s vulnerability to violence as they
access water and latrines?
2. What kind of system is in place or will be established to monitor security or instances of
abuse or violence?
3. How will facilities and collection points be monitored to ensure that they are safe and
accessible?
4. What will be done to ensure that women and adolescent girls and boys can participate in
decision-making around water and sanitation issues?
5. How will access to and control over resources for collecting water, containers and storage
facilities be monitored to ensure women’s and girls’ participation?
6. What kinds of training and skills programmes are being considered for women and girls to
keep them from trading sex for access to water and sanitation resources?
Monitoring and evaluation
1. What kind of routine data collection related to water, sanitation and hygiene will be
prioritized?

Coordination
1. What kinds of coordination activities is your organization engaged in?
2. What other organizations/civil society groups is your organization working with in this
area?

Section Six: Annexes 285

 Overview of the Gender Based Violence Information
Management System (GBVIMS)
The GBVIMS is an inter-agency partnership between the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the International Rescue
Committee (IRC), and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), and in consultation with the Inter-Agency
Standing Committee Sub-Working Group on Gender and Humanitarian Action and the Gender-Based Violence Area of Responsibility
Working Group of the Protection Cluster. The GBVIMS Project Manager is supported by UNFPA.

Introduction:
The Gender-Based Violence Information Management System (GBVIMS) is a multi-faceted initiative that enables
humanitarian actors who are responding to GBV to safely collect, store and analyze reported GBV incident data.
The GBVIMS includes: a practical, inter-active workbook that outlines the critical steps agencies and inter-
agency GBV coordination bodies must take in order to implement the System; an Excel database (the “Incident
Recorder”) for data compilation and trends analysis; and a global team of GBV and database experts from UNFPA,
UNHCR and the IRC for ongoing on-site and remote technical support.

Background:
As of today, the humanitarian community does not have an endorsed system that allows for the effective and safe
storage, analysis and sharing of GBV-related data. This affects humanitarian actors’ ability to obtain a reliable
picture of the GBV being reported. It also minimizes the utility of collected data to inform program decisions for
effective GBV prevention and care for survivors. Due to the sensitive nature of GBV data and concerns by many
A41

frontline GBV actors in how GBV data is used, there is also very limited information-sharing between key
stakeholders. This hampers GBV coordination and limits a multi-sectoral response.

Purpose:
GBVIMS Project Overview

The GBVIMS was created to harmonize data collection on GBV in humanitarian settings, to provide a simple system
for GBV project managers to collect and analyze their data, and to enable the confidential, safe and ethical sharing
of aggregate and anonymous incident data on reported cases of GBV. The intention of the System is both to assist
service providers to better understand the GBV cases being reported and to enable actors to share data internally
across project sites and externally with agencies for broader trends analysis and to improve GBV coordination.

1. Data Compilation & Statistical Analysis

Using standardized incident report forms and a globally-standardized incident classification system, GBV
primary service providers can enter general, unidentifiable data into the Incident Recorder and run instant
analysis to identify correlations between data fields, revealing general trends in their reported data. These
automatically generated, aggregate, and anonymous reports include general trend
analyses on the incidents, survivors, and to a lesser extent on the alleged perpetrators. They also include a
snapshot of referral actions taken. Examples of the types of information provided by the Incident Recorder
include: the most-commonly reported types of GBV incidents; the most-affected age groups of survivors; and,
the type of service that is most often the first point of entry for survivors (e.g. health, police, legal services, etc.).

2. Data Sharing
Providing a safe and ethical mechanism for primary service providers to share and access compiled GBV
data is one cornerstone of good GBV coordination. At a minimum, actors should be clear on what data will
be shared, for what purpose, who will compile the data, and how and when actors will be able to access the
compiled statistics. The GBVIMS Incident Recorder anonymizes and standardizes reported GBV data
in order to facilitate sharing of sensitive information between humanitarian actors in a safe manner1.
Comprehensive guidelines for developing data-sharing protocols, as well as information on all of the
ethical and safety issues that must be considered before sharing data are an integral part of the GBVIMS
project.

GBVIMS OVERVIEW
GBVIMS Global Team 7/6/2009 Page 1 OF 1

286 Section Six: Annexes

 Flow of data in GBVIMS

GBV Analysis Advocacy

GBV Incident Reports
GBV Tracking Tool (Excel)
Report Form
Generates Generates
Program
Planning

Monitoring

Limitations:
In its current format, the Incident Recorder is a trends-analysis tool that will let the user store and
analyze good-quality statistical data on reported GBV incidents. The Incident Recorder cannot
replace the existing case management systems used by service providers. The Incident Recorder
is not an appropriate tool for Human Rights monitoring, nor is it appropriate for monitoring the
quality of program interventions because it cannot capture this level of information. Furthermore,
the data pertains only to reported incidents; thus it may not be a reflection of the actual prevalence
of GBV in a given community. It is only one method of data collection in a situation that requires
mixed-method analysis.

Expected results:

A41
The expected outcomes of the GBVIMS project are:
• A standard tool and methodology for data collection and analysis
• Instructions for classifying GBV incidents

GBVIMS Project Overview

• More reliable information about reported GBV incidents in humanitarian settings
• Concrete guidelines for sharing GBV data based on key ethical and safety considerations

The GBVIMS is expected to have the following impact on GBV prevention and response:
• More informed programmatic decision-making for individual service providers (organizations) and inter-
agency working groups
• Improved data-sharing and collaboration between humanitarian actors
• Improved donor reporting
• Bolstered advocacy efforts (i.e. policy development and fundraising)

1
Please note that not all of the data gathered and entered into the Incident Recorder database will be shared. The information
sharing protocol development includes agreement by all participating agencies on which data will be shared amongst all
participating parties.

GBVIMS OVERVIEW
GBVIMS Global Team 7/6/2009 Page 2 OF 2

Section Six: Annexes 287

 Gender-Based Violence Incident Classification System
to be used in conjunction with the GBV Information Management System (GBVIMS) developed by UNFPA, IRC, UNHCR
The humanitarian community has not been able to collect, classify and analyze GBV-related information in a way that produces comparable statistics. At
present, it is nearly impossible to compile and analyze data across programs and field sites. This cannot be solved without taking a new approach to
the classification of GBV incident types. To address this problem, the International Rescue Committee (IRC), the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) and the
UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) have developed a new incident classification system strictly for the purposes of improving data collection
and analysis.1

The criteria used to generate the list of incident types were:

• Universally-recognized forms of gender-based violence
• Mutually exclusive (they do not overlap)
• Focused on the specific act of violence; separate from the motivation behind it or the context in which it was perpetrated

Each of the definitions below refers to the concept of consent.2 Consent is when a person makes an informed choice to agree freely
and voluntarily to do something. There is no consent when agreement is obtained through:
• the use of threats, force or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, manipulation, deception, or misrepresentation
• the use of a threat to withhold a benefit to which the person is already entitled, or
• a promise is made to the person to provide a benefit.

Eight core incident types.3 The eight core incident types were created for data collection and statistical analysis of gender-
based violence (GBV).4 Even though some may be applicable to other forms of violence that are not gender- based they should be
used only in reference to GBV.
1. Rape: non-consensual penetration (however slight) of the vagina, anus or mouth with a penis or other body
part. Also includes penetration of the vagina or anus with an object.
2. Sexual assault: any form of non-consensual sexual contact that does not result in or include penetration.
A42

Examples include: attempted rape, as well as unwanted kissing, fondling, or touching of genitalia and buttocks.
This incident type does not include rape, i.e., where penetration has occurred.
3. Physical assault: physical violence that is not sexual in nature. Examples include: hitting, slapping, choking,
cutting, shoving, burning, shooting or use of any weapons, acid attacks or any other act that results in pain,
GBVIMS Incident Classification System

discomfort or injury.
4. Forced marriage: the marriage of an individual against her or his will.
5. Denial of resources, opportunities & services: denial of rightful access to economic resources/assets or
livelihood opportunities, education, health or other social services. Examples include a widow prevented from
receiving an inheritance, earnings forcibly taken by an intimate partner or family member, a woman
prevented from using contraceptives, a girl prevented from attending school, etc. Reports of general poverty
should not be recorded.
6. Psychological / emotional abuse: infliction of mental or emotional pain or injury. Examples include: threats
of physical or sexual violence, intimidation, humiliation, forced isolation, stalking, harassment, unwanted
attention, remarks, gestures or written words of a sexual and/or menacing nature, destruction of cherished
things, etc.
7. Female genital cutting/mutilation: all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia
or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons.
8. Other GBV: This category should be used only if any of the above types do not apply and should be avoided
as much as possible. Please note: This category does NOT include intimate partner violence and child sexual
abuse, which is tracked using the perpetrator-survivor relationship data. For sex trafficking, sexual
slavery, sexual exploitation and forced prostitution please see the explanation on page 3 of this document.

1
The Incident Classification System is part of the process of developing a GBVIMS initiated in 2006 by OCHA, UNHCR, and
the IRC. The GBVIMS global team has counted on technical guidance from the Inter-Agency Standing Committee’s (IASC)
Sub-Working Group on Gender and Humanitarian Action, throughout the project.
2
Many laws set an age of consent. These legal parameters do not apply to the incident types proposed for this system.
3
Case definitions used in the context of GBV programming are not necessarily the legal definitions used in national laws and
policies. Many forms of GBV may not be considered crimes, and legal definitions and terms vary greatly across countries and
regions.
4
Several resources were considered when preparing this document. Most importantly, the IASC Guidelines for
Gender-based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Setting, and Sexual and Gender-Based Violence against Refugees,
Returnees, and Internally Displaced Persons, Guidelines for Prevention and Response (UNHCR)

288 Section Six: Annexes

When multiple incident types apply:
Any act of GBV can involve multiple forms of violence (i.e. a woman who is raped, beaten and psychologically abused during the course
of one incident). To ensure valid and statistically comparable data, all those collecting data on GBV must use the same approach to
classifying any given incident. The incident types are listed in a specific order to ensure uniform collection of
statistically comparable data.5 The instructions below allow us to use a process of elimination to determine the most specific
incident type to use in classifying a reported incident.

Instructions for choosing an incident type:

To determine the appropriate incident type described to you by the survivor, ask yourself the questions below in their given order.
The first incident on this list that matches the description of the case being reported should be the one used to classify the incident.6

Before you start answering the questions below to determine the incident type, remember: only incidents reported directly by the
survivor (or by the survivor’s guardian if the survivor is a child or is unable to report due to a disability) in the context of receiving a
service can be recorded, which automatically excludes recording an incident in which the victim has already died at the time the incident
is being recorded.7

a. Was the reported incident a case of FGM/C? e. Was the incident an act of forced marriage?
If yes classify the incident as “FGM/C”. If yes classify the incident as “forced marriage”.
If no proceed to the next incident type on the list. If no proceed to the next incident type on the list.
b. Did the reported incident involve penetration? f. Did the reported incident involve the denial of
If yes classify the incident as “rape”. resources, opportunities or services?
If no proceed to the next incident type on the list. If yes classify the incident as “denial of
c. Did the reported incident involve unwanted sexual resources, opportunities or services”.

A42
contact? If no proceed to the next incident type on the list.
If yes classify the incident as “sexual assault”. g. Did the reported incident involve
If no proceed to the next incident type on the list. psychological/emotional abuse?
d. Did the reported incident involve physical assault? If yes classify the incident as “psychological

GBVIMS Incident Classification System

If yes classify the incident as “physical assault”. abuse”.
If no proceed to the next incident type on the list. If no proceed to the next incident type on the list.
h. Is the reported incident a case of GBV that does not fit
into any of the above categories?
If yes classify the incident as “other
GBV”.
If no provide services as appropriate but
do not record the incident in this
system

Service providers are encouraged to continue to capture all the information of reported incidents needed for service provision as
described by their clients in their case notes. The type of information appropriate to collect and record may differ between services.

5
The order is NOT intended to express an implied ‘value’ of the incident (i.e. rape is worse than forced marriage).
6
For example, within this system, an incident where a woman reports having been beaten by her husband and also forced
to have sex with him the incident would be classified as “rape”.
7
This rule was established to avoid 3rd party reports outside of the context of service delivery.

Section Six: Annexes 289

 The following were not included as core incident types. However, they can be analyzed by
combining the incident type with the other incident information available.
1. Intimate Partner Violence (often referred to as “domestic violence”)8
2. Child Sexual Abuse
3. Early Marriage
4. Sexual Exploitation / Transactional Sex
5. Sexual Slavery
6. Harmful Traditional Practices

Explanation:
• Intimate Partner Violence is defined by the relationship between perpetrator and survivor and may include multiple forms
of violence (rape, sexual assault, physical assault, and psychological / emotional abuse), which can lead to inconsistencies in the
recording of incidents. By analysis of the type of incident together with the survivor’s relationship to the perpetrator, one is
able to identify which incidents took place within the context of an intimate partner relationship and they can be easily analyzed as
“intimate partner violence” cases.

Incident Type Accused Perpetrator Analysis

Rape, Sexual Assault, Physical Assault, + Intimate Partner = Intimate Partner Violence
Psychological / emotional abuse

• Child Sexual Abuse is defined by the age of the survivor and may include multiple forms of sexual violence (sexual assault and
rape), which can lead to inconsistencies in the recording of incidents. By analysis of the two possible incident types (sexual assault
and rape) together with the age of the survivor, one is able to easily analyze which reported incidents were “child sexual abuse” cases.
A42

Incident Type Accused Perpetrator Adult/Child9 Analysis

Sexual Assault + Any + Child = Child Sexual Abuse
Rape + Any + Child = Child Sexual Abuse
GBVIMS Incident Classification System

• Early marriage is defined by the age of the survivor at the time of the incident of forced marriage. By analysis of the incident
(forced marriage) and the age of the survivor, one is able easily to analyze which reported incidents were “early marriages”.
Incident Type Accused Perpetrator Adult/Child Analysis
Forced Marriage + Any + Child = Early Marriage

• Sexual Exploitation and Transactional Sex are defined by the power relationship between survivor and
perpetrator, as well as the circumstances surrounding the incident - not the actual act of violence (i.e. rape or sexual assault),
which can lead to inconsistencies in the recording of incidents. To track these power relationships and circumstances it is useful
to assign a question in the Intake/Initial Assessment form in which ‘yes / no’ can be indicated in response to “were money, goods,
benefits and/or services exchanged in the context of the reported incident?” The analysis of this question in relation to the incident
type can give a sense of whether the sexual violence being reported is exploitative in nature.

One sample analysis could be:

Incident Type Accused Perpetrator Were money, goods, Analysis
benefits and/or services exchanged

Sexual Assault + UN Peacekeeper + Yes = Sexual Exploitation

8
Intimate Partner Violence refers to violence perpetrated against an individual by her or his partner (whether legally married or
cohabiting), boyfriend or girlfriend, or other sexual partner.
9
For the purposes of this system, all persons under 18 years of age are considered to be children

290 Section Six: Annexes

• Sexual Slavery is defined by the circumstances during which multiple acts and various forms of sexual violence are perpetrated
over a period of time. Data collected should capture one unique incident at a time. To enable analysis that indicates the survivor may
be under sexual slavery you may include in your data gathering and recording tools a column for indicating whether the incident was
perpetrated while the survivor was: a) being forcibly transported (trafficked); b) conscripted; c) held against her/his will, abducted or
kidnapped. The analysis would follow the logic used for the cases mentioned above. Additionally it is recommended that each person
reporting an incident have a unique survivor code. If your analysis shows possible sexually slavery then by using the survivor code
you can identify if it is the same survivor reporting multiple incidents.10

One sample analysis could be:

Incident Type Accused Perpetrator Type of coercion, Analysis
at the time of the incident

Rape + ANY + Yes = Possible Sexual Slavery

• Harmful Traditional Practices are acts derived from social, cultural and religious values, that relate to age, gender and social
class, which are harmful to the health, well-being and development of the person it is committed against. Most often they are practices
affecting women and girls, such as female genital cutting/mutilation, early and forced marriage, son preference, and dowry demands.
Many harmful traditional practices can be defined and tracked using the seven core incident types listed above (excluding “other
GBV”). To distinguish those actions that are culture or religion-specific, you may wish to include a “yes/no” tick box to enable data
recorders to mark the incident as a harmful traditional practice and to analyze the data accordingly. During your analysis you can
then quantify how many instances were marked “yes” for Harmful Traditional Practice and adjust your programming accordingly if
needed.

Incident Type Accused Perpetrator Harmful Traditional Analysis

Practice

A42
FGC/M + ANY + Yes = Harmful Traditional Practice

GBVIMS Incident Classification System

10
The survivor code should be stored in a separate locked location which only limited staff have access to.

Section Six: Annexes 291

 CONFIDENTIAL
INTAKE & INITIAL ASSESSMENT FORM
1-Form must be filled out by a case manager, health practitioner or social worker.
2-Attach additional pages with continued narrative, if needed.
3-Note that questions followed by an asterisk* must be answered and should always remain on the form, as
Instructions1 they are essential for populating the database that tabulates the data collected through this form. Those that
are unmarked are customizable to your context and may be removed from this form if not necessary for your
programme.

Case Number / Incident ID*: Date of interview (day/month/year)*: Date of incident (day/month/ Name of interviewer / interviewer code:
year)*:
 Reported by the survivor*
 Reported by someone other than the survivor*

1-Referral Type
Was this client referred to you from somewhere or by someone else?*  No  Yes
If ‘Yes’ to the above question, from which of the following was the client referred?* (select one)

 Health/Medical Services  Teacher/School Official

 Psychosocial/Counselling Services  Community or Camp Leader
 Police/Other Security Actor  Safe House/Shelter
 Legal Services  Other Humanitarian or Development Actor
 Livelihood Programme  Other Government Service
Other (specify) _________________________________
A43

If there was no referral, how did your client find you:

2-Survivor Information
GBVIMS Standard Initial Intake/Initial Assessment Form

Survivor Privacy Code: Age:

Date of Birth* (day/month/year): Tribe:
Sex*:  Female  Male
Country of Origin (Nationality)*:  Country name here  Other (specify) ____________________
Religion:
Marital status*: (Select ONE)  Single Married / Cohabiting
 Divorced / Separated  Widowed
Number of children:
Occupation:
Displacement status at time of report*: (Select ONE)
 IDP  Returnee  Resident  Refugee  Asylum Seeker  Stateless Person
 Foreign National  N/A
Is the client a Person with Disabilities*?  No  Yes
Sub-Section for Child Survivors (less than 18 years old)
Is the client an Unaccompanied or Separated Child?*  No  Yes
If the survivor is a child (less than 18 yrs) does he/she live alone?  Yes  No (if “No”, answer the next three questions)
If the survivor lives with someone, what is the relationship between her/him and the caretaker? (Select ONE)

 Parent / Guardian Relative  Cohabitating  Friend  Other:____________________

What is the caretaker’s marital status (Select ONE)?
 Single Married / Cohabiting  Divorced / Separated  Widowed
What is the caretaker’s occupation: __________________________________

292 Section Six: Annexes

 3-Detail of the Incident
Account of the incident/Description of the incident (summarize the details of the incident in client’s words)

Stage of displacement at time of incident*: (Select ONE)

 Not Displaced / Home Community  Pre-displacement  During Flight  During Return / Transit
 Post Displacement  Other: _______________________________________

Time of incident*: (Select ONE) Location of incident*: (Customize and add new tick boxes according to your location, but please
 Morning (sunrise to noon) only select ONE option.)
 Afternoon (noon to sunset)  Bush / Forest
 Evening/night (sunset to sunrise)  Garden / Cultivated Field
 Unknown/not applicable  School
 Road

A43
 Perpetrator’s Home
 Other (give details) ________________________

District*: Sub-County*: Camp / Return Area / Village*:

GBVIMS Standard Initial Intake/Initial Assessment Form

Type of incident/violence*: (Select ONE)
 Rape (includes gang rape, marital rape)
 Sexual Assault (includes attempted rape and all sexual violence/abuse without penetration)
 Physical Assault (includes hitting, slapping, kicking, shoving, etc. that are not sexual in nature)
 Forced Marriage (includes early marriage)
 Denial of Resources, opportunities & services
 Psychological Abuse
 Female Genital Cutting / Mutilation
 Other GBV (specify) ___________________________________________________
 Non GBV (specify) _____________________________________________________
Is this incident a harmful traditional Were money, goods, benefits and / or services exchanged in relation to this incident*?
practice*? No 
No  Yes 
Yes 
Type of coercion at time of the incident*: Trafficked  Forced Conscription  None
 Other Abduction / Kidnapping
Is this the first time the client has experienced gender-based violence? No  Yes 
Information on history of GBV (if any):
Has the client answered this questionnaire before regarding this same incident? * No  Yes 

Section Six: Annexes 293

 4-Perpetrator Information
Number of perpetrator(s)*:  1  2 3  More than 3  Unknown

Sex of perpetrator(s)*:  Female  Male  Not applicable

Nationality of perpetrator: Tribe of perpetrator:
Age group of perpetrator* (if known):
 0 – 11  12 – 17  18 – 25  26 – 40  41-60  61+
 Multiple Perpetrators of Multiple Age Groups  Unknown
Marital status of perpetrator:
Perpetrator relationship with survivor (if any) *: (select ONE)
 Intimate Partner / Former Partner  Family Other Than Spouse  Supervisor / Employer
 Schoolmate  Teacher  Caregiver
 Other Refugee / IDP / Returnee  Unknown  Other / Not Applicable
 Other Resident Community Member
Occupation of perpetrator (if known) *: (Customize and add new tick boxes according to your location, but please only select ONE option.)
 Farmer Trader / Business Owner  Student  State Police  State
Military
 Civil Servant  Non-State Armed Actor  Security Official  Religious Leader  Teacher
 UN Staff NGO Staff  CBO Staff  Camp or Community Leader
 Community Volunteer  Other  Unknown

5-Planned Action / Action Taken: Any action / activity regarding this report.
A43

Client referred to a safe house/safe shelter?* Date Reported or Future Appointment Date (day/
month/year)/ Time:
Yes  No 
GBVIMS Standard Initial Intake/Initial Assessment Form

If ‘No’, why not?*

Name and Location:
 Service Provided by Reporting Agency
 Services Already Received
 Service Not Applicable Notes (including action taken or recommended
 Referral Declined by Survivor
action to be taken):
 Service Unavailable

Client referred to health services?* Date Reported or Future Appointment Date (day/
month/year)/ Time:
Yes  No 

If ‘No’, why not?* Name and Location:

 Service Provided by Reporting Agency

 Services Already Received Follow-up Appointment Date (day/month/year) and
 Service Not Applicable Time:
 Referral Declined by Survivor
 Service Unavailable
Notes (including action taken or recommended
action to be taken):

294 Section Six: Annexes

 5-Planned Action: Any action / activity that should happen after this report is filled out. (Continued)
Client referred to psychosocial services?* Date Reported or Future Appointment Date (day/
month/year)/ Time:
Yes  No 

If ‘No’, why not?*

Name and Location:
 Service Provided by Reporting Agency
 Services Already Received
 Service Not Applicable Notes (including action taken or recommended
 Referral Declined by Survivor action to be taken):
 Service Unavailable

Client referred to legal services?* Date Reported or Future Appointment Date (day/
month/year) / Time:
Yes  No 

If ‘No’, why not?*

Name and Location:
 Service Provided by Reporting Agency
 Services Already Received
 Service Not Applicable Notes (including action taken or
 Referral Declined by Survivor
 Service Unavailable recommended action to be taken):

Note: Choose “Referral Declined by Survivor” if the client

A43
does not want legal services.
Client referred to the police?* Date Reported or Future Appointment Date (day/
month/year)/ Time:
Yes  No 

GBVIMS Standard Initial Intake/Initial Assessment Form

If ‘No’, why not?*
Name and Location:
 Service Provided by Reporting Agency
 Services Already Received
 Service Not Applicable Notes (including action taken or recommended
 Referral Declined by Survivor action to be taken):
 Service Unavailable

Client referred to a livelihood programme?* Date Reported or Future Appointment Date (day/
month/year)/ Time:
Yes  No 

If ‘No’, why not?*

Name and Location:
 Service Provided by Reporting Agency
 Services Already Received
 Service Not Applicable Notes (including action taken or recommended
 Referral Declined by Survivor
action to be taken):
 Service Unavailable

Section Six: Annexes 295

 6 - Assessment Point
Describe the emotional state of the client at the beginning of Describe the emotional state of the client at the end of
the interview: the interview:

Will the client be safe when she or he leaves? Yes  If raped, have you Have you explained the
No  explained the effects of effects of rape to the
If no give reason: rape to the client (if over client’s caregiver (if the
14 years of age)? client is under the age of
14)?
Yes  No 
Yes  No 

What actions were taken to ensure client’s safety?

A43
GBVIMS Standard Initial Intake/Initial Assessment Form

Who will give the client emotional support?

The statement below should be read to the client and/or guardian in her/his native language. It should be clearly explained to the
client that she/he can choose to not allow information sharing. Have the clients tick “Yes” or “No”

(Client’s name) gives permission for (the name of your organization) staff to share general information about the incident
reported to them. The information shared will not be specific in any way. Your name or any specific details of the incident will not
be shared. There will be no way for someone to identify you based on the information that is shared.

You understand that the purpose of sharing this information is so you can receive the best possible protection and care. You
understand that this shared information will be treated with confidentiality and respect, and shared only as needed for the
purposes of preventing this from happening to others and in order to provide the best care possible to all our clients.

Authorization (to be marked by client/guardian):

Yes/Oui/Si/‫ مَعَن‬ No/non/no/‫ ل‬
______________
(day/month/year)

Before beginning the interview, please be sure to remind your client that all information given will be
kept confidential, and that they may choose to decline to answer to any of the following questions.

296 Section Six: Annexes

 MODULE 6: Establishing Protocols for
GBV Information Sharing

INFORMATIONAL HANDOUT 11:

GBV Information Management System Information-
Sharing Protocol between Data- gathering Organizations
PURPOSE

The purpose of this information-sharing protocol is to set out the guiding principles and describe procedures
for sharing anonymous consolidated data on reported cases of GBV. [INSERT NAME OF SELECTED
NATIONAL CONSOLIDATION AGENCY] in its capacity as [INSERT coordinating organization name: can
be the sub-cluster lead, GBV Working Group lead, lead NGO, etc.] lead for GBV prevention and response
work in [INSERT THE NAME OF THE COUNTRY].

The data-gathering organizations recognize that sharing and receiving consolidated GBV data will
contribute towards improved inter-agency coordination, identifying and targeting gaps, prioritization of

A44
actions and improved programming of prevention and response efforts. It may also result in improved
advocacy efforts, increased leverage for fund raising and resource mobilization and improved monitoring.

GROUND RULES

GBVIMS Sample Information Sharing Protocol

Information submitted by data-gathering organizations to [NATIONAL CONSOLIDATION AGENCY] will
only be submitted in the agreed-upon format and will not contain any identifying information of survivors
or agencies.

The information shared by implementing agencies will be consolidated by [NATIONAL CONSOLIDATION

AGENCY] into a report. This report can be shared externally, meaning with others outside those adhering
to this information-sharing protocol, only with consent and agreement from all implementing agencies.
All implementing agencies will have to agree in writing on a case-by-case basis before [NATIONAL
CONSOLIDATION AGENCY] can share the consolidated report.

All survivor-specific information that can lead to identification of the survivor will not be shared, e.g., name,
initials, sub-county, date of birth, etc.

When approval of data-sharing is attained, [NATIONAL CONSOLIDATION AGENCY] must share the data
along with the following relevant caveats:

 The data is only from reported cases, in limited areas of coverage, by limited data-gathering
organizations. The consolidated data is in no way representative of the total incidence or
prevalence of GBV in any one location or group of locations.

 The aggregate data is based solely on monthly consolidated reports submitted from GBVIMS
partners for the purposes of:
• GBV prevention and response programme planning, monitoring and evaluation
• Identification of programming and service delivery gaps
• Prioritization of actions and next steps
• Improved service delivery
• Policy and advocacy1
• Resource mobilization

1
[NATIONAL CONSOLIDATION AGENCY] should inform partners how they will use the data for advocacy, e.g., what
policies they are seeking to reform, what activities they are seeking to fund.
Section Six: Annexes 297
 MONTHLY REPORTS2 and INFORMATION-SHARING PROCEDURE

1. TO WHOM: Data-gathering organizations will submit the monthly report to ……

2. The reports will be submitted [DAY] of each month.
3. The reports will include information defined in the Monthly Reporting Tables (see Annex)
4. Two (2) weeks after receipt of the reports from data-gathering organizations, [NATIONAL
CONSOLIDATION AGENCY] will have consolidated all reports, including a brief analysis of the
data received. The aggregate report will be sent back to all the data-gathering organizations, with
all data-gathering organizations’ identifying information deleted.
5. Areas of coverage: The aggregate reports will reflect the following geographical areas based on
the data-gathering organizations providing data [INSERT COVERAGE AREAS]

DATA SECURITY

[NATIONAL CONSOLIDATION AGENCY] and the data-gathering organizations will ensure that all data
is safe and secure and will implement appropriate procedures to maintain confidentiality of the data.
Organizations will submit a Word document in ‘read only’ form and will employ password protection. The
password for these submitted files has been agreed among all agencies.

[NATIONAL CONSOLIDATION AGENCY] has outlined during the creation of this protocol how the data
will be:
• Received
A44

• Stored/deleted
• Protected in the computer
• Used by whom (who has access to the data and the computer)
GBVIMS Sample Information Sharing Protocol

[NATIONAL CONSOLIDATION AGENCY]

The monthly reports are shared with [NATIONAL CONSOLIDATION AGENCY] in its capacity as lead GBV
organization. In the event that the leadership changes hands, the information-sharing protocol will be
reviewed by each of the data-gathering organizations. Submission of monthly reports to the new lead will
not be automatic.

WHEN OTHERS REQUEST GBV INFORMATION

[NATIONAL CONSOLIDATION AGENCY] will issue a written request to each of the data- gathering
organizations every time there is a request to receive the consolidated data, specifying the reason/purpose
for the request for information, what the information will be used for, how the information will be used
and how the information produced with the consolidated data and analysis will be fed back to the data-
gathering organizations.

The consolidated data will be shared only after receiving written consent from the data- gathering
organizations. In turn [NATIONAL CONSOLIDATION AGENCY] must create a written agreement with the
data requesting party about the use, protection and caveats outlined above regarding the consolidated
data and specifying that the data requesting party will not share the consolidated data any further.

A party that has had access to the consolidated data must direct any request for the shared data to
[NATIONAL CONSOLIDATION AGENCY]. For example, if the Ministry of Gender receives the consolidated
data from the consolidation agency and then the Ministry of Justice requests to receive that same
information from the Ministry of Gender, then the Ministry of Gender needs to refer the Ministry of Justice
back to [NATIONAL CONSOLIDATION AGENCY], who will be responsible for getting in touch with the
data- gathering organizations before sending out the consolidated data to the Ministry of Justice.

When a request for data-sharing is submitted by the [NATIONAL CONSOLIDATION AGENCY], the data-
2
See Annex for list and samples of reporting tables.
298 Section Six: Annexes
gathering organizations will respond the request within five (5) working days.

[NATIONAL CONSOLIDATION AGENCY] can only share consolidated data and no individual organization
information.

By this information-sharing protocol, the data-gathering organizations understand that they can refer any
request for information to [NATIONAL CONSOLIDATION AGENCY] who can then share the consolidated
data after receiving a written request.

TIME LIMIT

Once agreed, this information-sharing protocol will take effect on [DATE], and will be on trial basis until
[DATE], upon which the data-gathering organizations will review the effectiveness of, use of and adherence
to the protocol.

Data-gathering organizations reserve the right to stop sharing data for any reason at any time and will
inform [NATIONAL CONSOLIDATION AGENCY] in writing if/when they do so.

BREACHES

In cases of breach by any of those participating in this information-sharing protocol, information-sharing

will cease until resolved, responsible parties will be held accountable and the information-sharing protocol

A44
will be reviewed.

The data-gathering organizations reserve the right to refuse to share information about reported GBV
cases to any external actor.

GBVIMS Sample Information Sharing Protocol

Section Six: Annexes 299

 ANNEX
REPORTING TABLES

Following are the reporting formats the data-gathering organizations agree to submit. These are automatically
generated from the GBVIMS. The reports generated from the IMS Excel program will be transferred into a Word
document.

Monthly Reports
1. Incident Type by Survivor Age Group

Sample Generated Table from Fictitious Data:

Count of Incident ID Age Group      

Age over Grand
Incident Type Age 0-11 Age 12-17 18 Total
Other GBV 2 1 1 4
Denial of resources opportunities &
services   4 4
Rape 2 1 3
Sexual Assault 1 1 2
Psychological/Emotional Abuse 1 1 2
Physical Assault   2 2
A44

Female Genital Cutting/Mutilation   1 1

Forced Marriage 1 1
Grand Total 7 2 10 19
GBVIMS Sample Information Sharing Protocol

2. Incident Type by Sex and Adult/Child

Sample Generated Table from Fictitious Data:

Count of Incident ID Sex of Survivor    

  Adult   Child   Grand Total
Incident Type F M F M  
Sexual Assault 1   1   2
Rape 1 1 1 3
Psychological/Emotional Abuse   1   1 2
Physical Assault 2   2
Other GBV 1 2 1 4
Forced Marriage   1 1
Female Genital Cutting/Mutilation   1 1
Denial of Resources, Opportunities &
Services 3 1   4
Grand Total 8 2 6 3 19

3. Incidents of Intimate Partner Violence by Survivor Sex and Adult /Child

Sample Generated Table from Fictitious Data:

Count of Incident ID Sex of Survivor  
Grand
Adult/Child When Incident Took Place F Total
Adult 2 2
Grand Total 2 2

300 Section Six: Annexes

4. Incidents Child Sexual Abuse by Survivor Sex

Sample Generated Table from Fictitious Data:

Count of Incident ID Sex of Survivor    

Grand
  F M Total
Total 2 1 3

5. Incidents Early Marriage by Survivor Sex

Sample Generated Table from Fictitious Data

Count of Incident ID Sex of Survivor  

Grand
  F Total
Total 1 1

6. Incidents of Harmful Traditional Practices by Survivor Sex and Adult /Child

Sample Generated Table from Fictitious Data:

A44
Count of Incident ID Sex of Survivor  
Grand
Adult/Child When Incident Took Place F Total

GBVIMS Sample Information Sharing Protocol

Child 1 1
Grand Total 1 1

REFERRAL PATHWAY TABLES

7. Referred from Service Provider

Sample Generated Table from Fictitious Data:

   
Incident Report Date (Month/Year) Mar-2009
Incident Report Date (Year) (All)
Incident Type (All)
District (All)
Sub-County (All)
   
Count of Incident ID  
Referred from Service Provider Total
First Point 2
Health/Medical Services 3
Legal Services 1
Livelihood Programme 1
Other 2
Other Gov't Service 1
Other Humanitarian or Dev. Actor 2
Police/Other Security Actor 2
Safehouse/Shelter 2
Teacher/School Official 1
Community or Camp Leader 1
Psychosocial/Counselling 1
Grand Total 19
Section Six: Annexes 301
 Incident Report Date (Month/Year) Mar-2009
Incident Report Date (Year) (All)
Incident Type (All)
District (All)
   
Count of Incident ID  
Health / Medical Services Total
Referred 6
Service already received 2
Service not applicable 2
Service provided by reporting
agency 5
Referral declined by survivor 3
Service unavailable 1
Grand Total 19
   
   
Incident Report Date (Month/Year) Mar-2009
Incident Report Date (Year) (All)
Incident Type (All)
District (All)
   

Count of Incident ID  
A44

Police / Other Security Actor Total

Referral declined by survivor 3
Referred 6
Service already received 2
GBVIMS Sample Information Sharing Protocol

Service not applicable 2

Service provided by reporting
agency 5
Service unavailable 1
Grand Total 19
   
   
Incident Report Date (Month/Year) Mar-2009
Incident Report Date (Year) (All)
Incident Type (All)
District (All)
   
Count of Incident ID  
Psychosocial / Counselling Total
Referral declined by survivor 3
Referred 6
Service already received 2
Service not applicable 2
Service provided by reporting
agency 5
Service unavailable 1
Grand Total 19
   
   
Incident Report Date (Month/Year) Mar-2009
Incident Report Date (Year) (All)
Incident Type (All)
District (All)
   
Count of Incident ID  
Legal Services Total
Referral declined by survivor 3
Referred 6
302 Section Six: Annexes
 Service already received 2
Service not applicable 2
Service provided by reporting
agency 5
Service unavailable 1
Grand Total 19
   
   
Incident Report Date (Month/Year) Mar-2009
Incident Report Date (Year) (All)
Incident Type (All)
District (All)
   

Count of Incident ID  
Livelihood Programme Total
Referred 6
Service already received 2
Service not applicable 2
Service provided by reporting
agency 5
Referral declined by survivor 3
Service unavailable 1

A44
Grand Total 19
   
   
Incident Report Date (Month/Year) Mar-2009
Incident Report Date (Year) (All)

GBVIMS Sample Information Sharing Protocol

Incident Type (All)
District (All)
   
Count of Incident ID  
Safe House / Shelter Total
Referral declined by survivor 3
Referred 6
Service already received 2
Service not applicable 2
Service unavailable 1
Service provided by reporting
agency 5
Grand Total 19

8. Perpetrator Age and Sex

Sample Generated Table from Fictitious Data:

Count of Incident ID    
Perpetrator Sex Perpetrator Age Total
F Age 12 - 17 1
  Age 41 + 1
  Unknown 1
F Total   3
M Age 12 - 17 2
  Age 18 - 25 1
  Age 26 - 40 2
Multiple Perps of Multiple Age
  Groups 3
  Unknown 1
  Age 0 - 11 3
M Total   12
Grand Total   15
Section Six: Annexes 303
 Quarterly Reports
1. Perpetrator Relationship

Sample Generated Table from Fictitious Data:

Count of Incident ID    
Alleged Perpetrator Relationship Incident Type Total
Intimate Partner / Former Partner Physical Assault 1
  Sexual Assault 1
Denial of Resources, Opportunities &
  Services 1
  Psychological/Emotional Abuse 1
  Female Genital Cutting/Mutilation 1
Intimate Partner / Former Partner Total 5
Supervisor / Employer Forced Marriage 1
  Other GBV 1
  Rape 1
  Sexual Assault 1
Denial of Resources, Opportunities &
  Services 1
Supervisor / Employer Total   5
Family Other Than Spouse Forced Marriage 1
A44

  Other GBV 1
  Physical Assault 1
  Rape 1
  Psychological/Emotional Abuse 1
Family Other Than Spouse Total   5
GBVIMS Sample Information Sharing Protocol

Teacher Forced Marriage 1

  Other GBV 1
  Physical Assault 1
  Sexual Assault 1
  Psychological/Emotional Abuse 1
Teacher Total   5
Schoolmate Physical Assault 1
  Rape 1
  Sexual Assault 1
Denial of Resources, Opportunities &
  Services 1
  Psychological/Emotional Abuse 1
Schoolmate Total   5
Other / Not Applicable Forced Marriage 1
  Other GBV 1
  Physical Assault 1
  Rape 1
Other / Not Applicable Total   4
Other Resident Community
Member Other GBV 1
  Physical Assault 1
  Sexual Assault 1
  Psychological/Emotional Abuse 1
Other Resident Community Member Total 4

Caregiver Forced Marriage 1

  Other GBV 1
  Rape 1
Denial of Resources, Opportunities &
  Services 1
Caregiver Total   4
Unknown Forced Marriage 1
304 Section Six: Annexes
   Rape 1
  Sexual Assault 1
Denial of Resources, Opportunities &
  Services 1
Unknown Total   4
Other Refugee / IDP / Returnee Rape 1
  Sexual Assault 1
Denial of Resources, Opportunities &
  Services 1
  Psychological/Emotional Abuse 1
Other Refugee / IDP / Returnee Total 4
Grand Total   45

2. Number of Days Lapsed Between Incident Date and Incident Report Date in Incidents of Physical
Assault, Rape and Sexual Assault

Sample Generated Table from Fictitious Data:

Count of Incident ID    
Incident Type Range of Days Between Incident & Report Total
Physical Assault 0 - 3 Days 1
  More than 2 weeks/under a month 2
  More than a month 3

A44
Rape 0 - 3 Days 1
  6 - 14 Days 1
  More than a month 5
Sexual Assault 0 - 3 Days 2

GBVIMS Sample Information Sharing Protocol

  More than a month 5
Grand Total   20

3. Incident Time of Day (excluding Psychological Abuse, Economic Abuse and Forced Marriage)

Sample Generated Table from Fictitious Data:

2.5

1.5

Afternoon
Evening/Night
Morning

1 Unknown / Not Applicable

0.5

0
Other GBV Physical Assault Rape Sexual Assault Female Genital
Cutting/Mutilation

Section Six: Annexes 305

 DRAFT
Terms of Reference
Afghanistan Gender-Based Violence Working Group (AGBV WG)
Humanitarian Setting

The Afghanistan Gender-Based Violence Working Group (AGBV WG) was established as a national coordinating
body to strengthen and enhance the efforts and activities of stakeholders in the country, in the prevention of and
response to gender-based violence. Its Terms of Reference (TOR) are established within the framework of the TOR
for the Afghanistan Protection Cluster (APC), version of 24 April 2008.1

I Definition of gender-based violence within the context of the AGBV Working Group

In order to ensure a uniform understanding among the members of this working group, gender-based violence
will be defined as any form of violence directed against women, girls, boys and men on the basis of socially
attributed differences between males and females. It includes acts that inflict physical, mental, sexual harm or
suffering, as well as threats of such acts, coercion and other deprivations of liberty.

GBV shall be understood to comprise, but not be limited to:

1. Physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring in the family, including battering, sexual exploitation,
sexual abuse of children in the household, dowry-related violence, marital rape, traditional practices harmful
to women, non-spousal violence and violence related to exploitation.
A45

2. Physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring within the general community, including rape,
sexual abuse, sexual harassment and intimidation at work, in educational institutions and elsewhere, as well
as trafficking in women, girls, boys and men, and forced prostitution.
Sample TOR-Afghanistan

3. Physical, sexual and psychological violence perpetrated or condoned by the State and institutions,
wherever it occurs.

II Objectives of the AGBV Working Group

1. To consolidate, coordinate, improve and support the activities of all relevant stakeholders in the prevention
of and response to GBV within the context of humanitarian action in Afghanistan.

2. Within the humanitarian setting, the AGBV working group shall target and prioritize GBV issues relating
to most vulnerable or affected groups. The AGBV working group recognizes that there will be different
priorities in the different regions of Afghanistan and that these should be determined at field level with the
active guidance of the Working Group.

III The structure and membership of the AGBV Working Group

1. Leadership
The AGBV Working Group will be chaired by UNDP, with a national NGO as Deputy Chair.

2. Membership
a. In order to ensure a holistic and multi-sectoral approach in the prevention of and response to GBV,
membership of the AGBV Working Group will be extended to international and national NGOs,
international organizations, government representatives and other entities providing services in the
health, psychosocial, legal and security sectors.
b. Appointed cluster gender focal points will be members of the AGBV Working Group, in order to ensure
the participation of each cluster.
c. Membership of national NGOs and entities shall be encouraged, in order to ensure ownership and
sustainability of the Working Group. Membership of national NGOs providing services in provinces,
1
APC TOR, point IV, paragraph 10.

306 Section Six: Annexes

 districts and/or at community level will be particularly encouraged.
d. Focal points will be appointed in focus provinces where no GBV Working Group has been established. In
focus provinces where a GBV Working Group has been established, the Chair of that particular working
group will act as a focal point to the AGBV Working Group.

1. Provincial working groups established after the approval of these TOR will adopt the TOR but amend it as
necessary to suit provincial circumstances. The working groups will define their own membership criteria,
meeting timetables and elect their Chair.

2. Meetings
a. The Working Group will meet on the last Tuesday of every month.
b. Extraordinary meetings may be called by the Chair, Deputy Chair or at the request of three other members
of the Working Group, when this is considered necessary to address an issue of urgent matter.
c. A draft agenda will be circulated to members of the Working Group at least five days before the regular
monthly meeting, giving the members the opportunity to suggest additional items for discussion.
d. Draft minutes will be circulated within one week of the meeting. The final minutes will additionally be
circulated to GBV working groups in the field.

3. Reporting
a. Members of the Working Group will submit a monthly brief report to the Chair, at the latest one week
before the regular meeting.
b. The reports will highlight the protection issues the members and their field counterparts are addressing,
the challenges they are facing and highlight any issues that require action by the AGBV Working Group.
These issues will be discussed at the monthly meeting of the Working Group.

A45
c. For the same purposes, the Chairs of provincial and/or regional GBV working groups, as well as the field
focal points, will submit monthly brief reports to the Chair of the AGBV Working Group, at the latest one
week before the regular monthly meeting.
d. The AGBV is a sub-working group of the Afghanistan Protection Cluster (APC) and, as such, the Chair
of the AGBV Working Group will report monthly to the APC on the relevant issues raised in all received
reports, as well as on any decisions and actions taken.

Sample TOR-Afghanistan
The Chair of the AGBV Working Group will participate in the meetings of the APC and may request the
assistance of the APC on any particular issue.

4. Secretariat and staffing

a. The AGBV Working Group will be coordinated by a UNDP Gender Officer, who will act as Chair and
be assisted by an Assistant Gender Officer to provide substantive, administrative and logistical support.
b. This team will serve as Secretariat of the AGBV Working Group and have the responsibility for preparing
the agenda of the meetings, calling the meetings, drafting and circulating minutes and preparing
reports.
c. Minutes of the AGBV Working Group meetings will be shared with the APC.

IV Functions of the AGBV Working Group

1. In line with the TOR of the APC and identified responsibilities, the Working Group will consolidate,
coordinate, improve and support the efforts and activities of all relevant stakeholders in the prevention of and
response to GBV, within the context of humanitarian action in Afghanistan through:
a. Mapping and updating relevant GBV prevention and response actors in focus areas (who, what, where);
b. Ensuring that analyses are carried out on the GBV situations in focus areas and documented for all actors
to use;
c. Establishing reporting and monitoring mechanisms to ensure coordination of efforts and activities of
members and relevant stakeholders;
d. Assisting in the collection and analysis of age- and sex disaggregated data and train actors as needed;
e. Providing a forum for sharing information on activities, identifying needs and gaps in prevention and
response, as well as for planning GBV inter-agency activities;
f. Engaging in inter-agency, multi-sectoral field missions to assess programming successes and challenges
and identify gaps in GBV programming;
g. Providing technical support to national authorities and NGOs in the setting up of referral systems to

Section Six: Annexes 307

 respond to GBV;
h. Facilitating and supporting awareness-raising initiatives, targeting government bodies and
community structures for the prevention of GBV;
i. Strengthening the capacity of governmental bodies, NGOs and humanitarian staff to prevent and respond
to GBV by organizing trainings, providing technical support and tapping into existing training/capacity
development opportunities;
j. Active liaising with relevant cluster working groups to ensure that GBV issues are integrated into all
humanitarian response efforts.

2. The work of the AGBV Working Group will be guided by the following principles:
• Confidentiality: ensuring that survivors, witnesses and information sources are protected. No identifying
information will be revealed in data resources, nor during coordination or other public meetings, when
reference is made to (specific) GBV cases;
• Neutrality: a non-partisan approach in providing services to survivors - not taking sides;
• Impartiality: non-discrimination on the basis of nationality, race, religious belief, political views, sexual
orientation, social or other status;
• Safety and security: all actors will prioritize the safety of the survivor, family, witnesses and service
providers at all times;
• Participatory approach: ensuring, to the extent possible, consultation with all members of the community
(women, girls and boys and men) throughout the GBV programming cycle;
• Independence: working without influence of States, government bodies, parties to a conflict or other
political entities;
• Respect: actions and responses of all actors will be guided by respect for the choices, wishes, rights and
the dignity of the survivor.
A45

V. Amendments
This TOR is a working document and may be altered to meet the current needs of all members (at national
Sample TOR-Afghanistan

level) by agreement of the majority of the members.

308 Section Six: Annexes

 Terms of Reference for National GBV Sub-Cluster Working Group
August 2006

I. Introduction

Protecting women and girls from gender-based violence in Northern Uganda requires both short and
longer-term efforts and strategies and is dependent on the active commitment of all actors. In the short-
term there is an immediate need to deliver emergency response for survivors of sexual violence and to
minimize the risk of ongoing violence through humanitarian action. A second, but related, objective is
to integrate emergency/humanitarian GBV interventions into national government and non-government
structures to support longer-term, sustained structural, systemic and service interventions that protect all
Ugandan women and girls from gender-based violence.

II. GBV Sub-Cluster Working Group at national level

Coordinated emergency prevention of and response to gender-based violence in Northern

Uganda

In line with identified cluster-lead terms of reference and responsibilities and with the Protection of Persons
Displaced in Northern Uganda strategy paper (June 06), the GBV Sub-Cluster Working Group at national
level will strengthen emergency GBV response and prevention in Northern Uganda through:

1. Developing a joint action plan that delivers a set of minimum multisectoral interventions to prevent and
respond to sexual and domestic violence in Northern Uganda.

A46
2. Identifying and coordinating activities identified in the joint action plan with all partners at the national
level, including delineating roles and responsibilities based on agency mandates and comparative
advantages.

Sample TOR-N.Uganda
3. Supporting district-level implementation of the action plan.

4. Monitoring and reporting on progress towards implementation of the action plan.

5. Identifying and addressing capacity gaps and ensuring all actors are working in line with accepted
GBV prevention and response standards (standard definitions, methodologies, protocols, etc.).

6. Acting as an information clearing house and advocacy forum for the purpose of
• improving data collection and analysis of the nature and scale of sexual and other gender-based
violence in Northern Uganda
• identifying and addressing immediate GBV protection issues in IDP settings.

7. Providing technical support to all clusters for sector-specific service design and delivery to maximize
protection of women and girls.

8. Mobilizing all partners around preventing sexual exploitation and abuse by humanitarian actors.

9. Linking with relevant national structures to enable transition between humanitarian and development
actions to address gender-based violence in Uganda.

Section Six: Annexes 309

 GBV TECHNICAL COORDINATION: GBV Core Group and UNFPA Terms of Reference

IDENTIFICATION

Region covered: National with particular emphasis on Darfur region including the three Darfurs
Sector covered: Protection/Gender Based Violence

RATIONALE / JUSTIFICATION

In an increasingly unpredictable and volatile security context, where perpetrators of violence against
women and men operate with relative impunity, and socio-cultural attitudes towards rape survivors
permit lifelong stigmatization, handling Gender Based Violence (GBV) within the Darfur context requires
a well thought through, sensitive, highly coordinated and systematic approach. An effective GBV strategy
must contain three core elements – prevention/mitigation, response and coordination. Without strong
interagency coordination it is not possible to achieve the required multi-sectoral approach for an effective
humanitarian response to GBV.

Response to GBV by the actors (NGOs, UN, GOS) has been constrained overall by a number of factors:
• A general lack of awareness throughout the humanitarian community (Sudanese and
international) of the complex implications of GBV, particularly rape of women, within this cultural
context. Our strategy must, therefore, be informed by analysis, understanding and best practice
principles.
A47

• The limited number of actors to respond with adequate, coordinated preventive and response
services.
• The escalating insecurity, its unpredictability and lack of effective protective response
Sample TOR-Sudan

• The inadequacy of the Sudanese law enforcement and legal system to respond in a manner that
is supportive of the survivor and pursues the perpetrators through due process.

Principle actors responding to date have included a number of key NGOs1 and UN agencies2. Coordination
has recently become more action oriented and a GBV strategic framework, informed by a more in-
depth cultural and contextual understanding, is in the process of being put in place by the Darfur GBV
Coordination structure that confirms priorities and clarifies roles. Critical for an effective response will be
increasing our capacity on the ground to provide needed services in a coordinated fashion. These include
widespread awareness raising, clinical response, individual and family emotional support, community
support, referral, law enforcement support, economic and social activity support, reporting and trends
analysis, quality control monitoring, etc. At present, most players acknowledge that despite our dedicated
responses to date we have only touched the tip of the iceberg. Donor and GOS support will be needed to
considerably expand our response.

GENERAL OBJECTIVE: GBV Core Group

Through increasingly systematic coordination, provision of technical support, and advocacy at the State
and Federal levels, expand and maximize existing NGO, UN and GOS capacities to respond to GBV.

1
These include IRC, SCF/UK and USA, World Vision, MSFs, MDM, GRC, NRC, NCA,CARE.
This should not be taken as an exhaustive list as there may be others responding to GBV.
2
UNMIS and UN agencies include UNICEF, UNHCR, UNDP, UNIFEM, FAO, OCHA, UNFPA.

310 Section Six: Annexes

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES of the GBV CORE GROUP

1. Facilitate access and advocacy to the GOS at both State and Federal levels for problem solving, reducing
barriers, clarifying, strategizing and increasing general awareness of GBV prevention and response
mechanisms
2. Advocate to the relevant UN structures (UNCT, JIM3, Khartoum Protection Steering Group, etc.) and
donors on behalf of the GBV Core Group on critical gaps and issues related to GBV response, e.g.
security, impunity, legal policies, etc.
3. Improve access to relevant information4 to support operations, advocacy and awareness raising needs
4. Promote best practice in the emergence of a shared vision and strategic framework, integrated
strategies, coordinated activities, and common protocols.

COORDINATION ACTIVITIES

The activities described below are specific to supporting effective coordination at both State and
Khartoum levels, as well as between these levels and between the states.

Coordination with the GOS - Advocacy and coordination with Government of Sudan is critical since the
IDP crisis is ultimately within the responsibility and sovereignty of the State.
a. Provide technical support at all levels in the GoS, including State Committees, Wali Advisors,
and the Unit to Combat Violence against Women and Children.
b. Ensure a level of inclusion of all relevant parties in strategizing and planning for GBV response
by inviting the GoS to meetings, calling for meetings, ensuring all the relevant parties are

A47
around the table.
c. Assemble information and conduct briefings as required.
d. Support general awareness-raising, particularly around international commemorative

Sample TOR-Sudan
occasions (IWD, 16 Days of Activism, Human Rights Day).

Coordination with other Protection fora:

The GBV Core Group is a sub-group of the Khartoum Protection Steering Group (KPSG), while field-based
GBV Working Groups are sub-groups of field-based Protection Working Groups (PWGs). The GBV Core
Group shall report regularly to the KPSG, to make recommendations on how best to incorporate GBV
into overall protection planning, programming and advocacy by broader protection actors, to provide
analysis on patterns and trends and priority areas on GBV, and inform the KPSG of its activities. The KPSG
will seek technical guidance and support from the GBV Core Group. The Chairs of both KPSG and GBV
Core Group, as well as PWG and GBV Working Groups at field level, will ensure the regular exchange of
meeting agendas, minutes and relevant documents.

Coordination within the UN system and with NGOs – The UN and NGOs working on GBV prevention
and response have adopted a five pillar framework for programming and coordination, identifying pillar
leads and developing clear work plans at the state level. This facilitates a clear division of responsibility
amongst UN agencies addressing GBV that is complementary and responsive. Ongoing coordination
entails:
a. Coordinating the preparation of GBV related briefs on issues or positions related to key
operational constraints to GBV response, persistent violations of human rights, rising
insecurity, impunity, etc. for presentation and discussion within the Protection Steering
Group and UN structures for intervention with the GOS.
b. Assembling best practice guides, training manuals and other resources and ensuring access
by GBV actors
c. Advocating within the UN Country Team for resource allocations commensurate with the
scope of the GBV problem
3
JIM is the UN, Donor and GOS Joint Implementation and Monitoring group focused on Darfur
4
Such information could include best practice guides and manuals, situation reports, studies, local technical resources,
networks and institutes, directories, laws related to GBV, etc.
Section Six: Annexes 311
 d. Facilitating linkages between UN agencies and the field around GBV issues and ensuring
guiding principles are respected and adopted.
e. Ensuring priority gaps are identified and realistic priorities are set within the coordination
structure
f. Facilitating problem-solving and strategic decision-making on ways forward
g. Supporting the roll-out and adoption of IASC guidelines on GBV
h. Providing technical assistance and guidance as needed
i. Providing resources to undertake critical studies or assessments needed to develop
appropriate strategies and to inform the piloting and development of response models
j. Preparing analytical situation reports on GBV topics for use in advocacy efforts

UNFPA’s Role
UNFPA’s response teams in the three Darfurs are currently convening GBV Working Groups, programming
around GBV awareness-raising and prevention, as well as addressing reproductive health response to the
needs of women through partners (NGOs and SMOH).

UNFPA’s overall GBV roles and responsibilities include:

A. Coordination:

1) Mobilising technical support, guidance and information to the field in response to their operational
and strategic needs and to ensure capacity building. UNFPA to work with each pillar lead according to
A47

their mandate and areas of comparative advantage and expertise to:

a. Identifying and making available best practice.
b. Identifying, recording, linking, formulating collaborations with appropriate local resources to
Sample TOR-Sudan

address field needs

c. Identifying and linking appropriate external resources to address field needs
d. Assisting in the planning and facilitating of assessments, strategic planning sessions, evaluations,
lessons learned exercises, etc
2) Through the Khartoum Protection Steering Group, raising priority areas of concern regarding GBV from
the working group forums, and providing analysis and background information. At the Khartoum level,
UNFPA coordinates with KPSG on issues related to GBV in Darfur, and in future on other regions as well.
3) On behalf of the GBV Working Groups, and as relevant, liaise with the Child Protection, Gender Theme
Group, FGM Task Force on issues regarding GBV.
4) Liaising between State Committees, Wali Advisor office and GBV working group members, to organize
joint activities, raise issues of concern and monitor progress. At the federal level, UNFPA also participates
in the sub-JIM on policy related matters and coordinates with MoJ/Unit to Combat Violence against
Women and Girls. UNFPA provides a direct link between the GBV field and the KPSG, the UNCT, JIM
sub-committee on Rights and Protection to raise issues, inform strategies, and lobby support.
5) Assist in the preparation of field informed situation and analytical reports for informational and
advocacy purposes. Produce annual situation analysis on GBV as well as maintain a quarterly updated
state-level mapping of GBV prevention and response initiatives. By 2008, UNFPA should have capacity
to produce regular reports based on analysis of trends and patterns of all forms of GBV in Darfur.
6) Assist in mobilizing resources from donors, within the UN system, and from others to support GBV
activities in Darfur
7) Assist in the development and/or endorse protocols, guidelines, referral systems, model preventive or
response mechanisms, etc to be used in Darfur
8) Capacity building through awareness raising, knowledge and skill development of all actors - GOS, NGO
and community
9) Organize and support interagency missions on GBV.

312 Section Six: Annexes

B. Secretariat:

1) Ensure regular coordination meetings are held, minuted, and followed up at both Khartoum and
field level, that all minutes of the CG are shared with the KPSG, and field-based WGs. This will ensure
action points are fed through and picked up for quick response at the appropriate level within the GBV
coordination system.
2) Distribute minutes in a timely fashion.
3) Ensure smooth communication between central and field levels, by collecting, consolidating and
disseminating required information between Khartoum and the field.
4) Provide strategic and technical guidance to field-based WGs and ensure a consistent approach
throughout Darfur.
5) Organize biannual strategy meetings and produce strategic planning reports and documentation for
distribution.
6) Maintain website and/or burn CDs with key and current documents and reports related to GBV.

A47
Sample TOR-Sudan

Section Six: Annexes 313

 Terms of Reference
Gender-Based Violence Sub-Cluster
Kenya – Post-Election Crisis

Objectives
The Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Sub-Cluster in Kenya aims, in collaboration with and in support of
the Government of Kenya, to consolidate and coordinate the activities of all relevant stakeholders to
improve and support the prevention of and response to GBV amongst populations affected by Kenya’s
post-election violence.

Gender-based violence as defined in the IASC Guidelines for Addressing Gender-Based Violence in
Humanitarian Settings “is an umbrella term for any harmful act that is perpetrated against a person’s will,
and that is based on socially ascribed (gender) differences between male and females”.

The GBV Sub-Cluster aims to consider all types of gender-based violence in its coordination, planning
and advocacy activities but will give special emphasis to addressing sexual violence in the current
emergency.

Reporting – Protection Cluster and OCHA

Membership
Membership is open to all organizations, media representatives and donors working on or funding any
A48

aspects of gender-based violence prevention and response in relation to the Kenya post-election crisis.
Membership will/should include government representatives, international and national nongovernmental
organizations, the Red Cross movement, United Nations agencies and other international organizations.
Sample TOR-Kenya

Responsibilities

Cluster Chair
UNFPA, as Cluster Chair, will abide by the cluster lead mandate and responsibilities as outlined in the
IASC TOR for cluster leads, including:
- Establish and maintain coordination mechanisms and chair coordination meetings and ensure
that appropriate stakeholders are continuously engaged in the cluster meetings and activities
(i.e., Ministry of Health, Justice, Gender, Gender Commission, Internal Affairs and Education)
- Ensure utilization of participatory and community-based approaches
- Ensure mainstreaming of HIV/AIDS and gender concerns
- Ensure effective and coherent sectoral needs assessments and analysis
- Ensure appropriate planning and strategy development (identification of gaps, etc)
- Ensure application of standards that exist (national protocols, existing policy guidance, etc)
- Monitoring and Evaluation
- Advocacy and resource mobilization with a special focus on meeting the needs of the most
vulnerable, in particular people with disabilities
- Training and capacity-building as needed
- Act as a provider of last resort

Cluster Co-Chair (National Commission on Gender and Development)

- Will work with the Cluster Lead to complete the above responsibilities
- Will co-chair coordination meetings

Members
- Regularly attend GBV Sub-Cluster meeting
- Coordinate and share information about activities and the field challenges encountered
- Agree to follow guiding principles for ethical GBV programming

Confidentiality
Identifying information related to GBV cases will not be revealed in the GBV Sub-Cluster meetings to
ensure the right to privacy of the survivor is respected, following the principles set out in the UNHCR
314 Section Six: Annexes
Guidelines on Gender-based Violence Prevention and Response Among Displaced Populations (2003).

Priorities
• Coordination in order to strengthen and formalize GBV response efforts
• Information-sharing of programming activities to in order to identify gaps, build coalitions and
reduce the likelihood of replication of programming
• Advocacy to stimulate support for GBV prevention and response activities
• Advocacy and capacity-building efforts to ensure that media activities are not harmful to efforts
related to GBV prevention and response
• Sharing of tools, training resources, awareness raising materials, studies and available research
• Facilitate gender desegregated documentation in order to identify lessons learned and best
practices
• Develop a standardized response to GBV for members of the cluster
• Coordination with provincial level GBV working groups, with an emphasis on information-sharing
from meeting outcomes at the national level with provincial groups and vice versa.

Time and venue

Weekly meetings to be held on Thursdays, 11am-1pm at the OCHA Regional Office.

Further contact
Florence Gachanja, UNFPA Kenya Country Office
Jennifer Miquel, UNFPA Regional Emergency RH Coordinator
Queen Katembu, GBV Advisor and Chair

A48
To be put on the GBV Sub-Cluster mailing list, please contact GBV Sub-Cluster secretary Evelyn Ongige

Sample TOR-Kenya

Section Six: Annexes 315

 South Darfur GBV Operational Work Plan (February – December 2009)

Sector: Health
Sector Lead: UNFPA/WHO
Goal: GBV survivors have improved access to information and quality health services

Activites Time Frame Responsible Target Geographic Indicators

Actors Group Location
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Priority: 1. Survivors of GBV have increased access to quality medical care

Increased X X X SMOH, health South Darfur Six CMR
numbers of NGOs, providers trainings
health providers UNFPA provided this
are trained to year, including
recognize and one TOT
provide treatment
to GBV survivors
Increased number X X SMOH, health South Darfur Number of
of health facilities NGOs, providers health facilities
A49

that provide UNFPA that provide

treatment to GBV treatment to
survivors GBV survivors
Health facilities X X SMOH, health South Darfur Number of
Sample GBV Workplan-South Darfur

are well-equipped NGOs, providers health facilities

to provide quality UNFPA that have
health care for post-rape care
GBV survivors, medications in
including post-rape stock during
care and HIV PEP periodic
checks
Broaden cadre X X X SMOH, health South Darfur Number of
of health staff NGOs, providers health care
who can provide UNFPA providers
treatment to -- other than
survivors (*not just doctors --
medical doctors, trained to
also medical provide GBV
assistants, nurses, health care
midwives, etc)
Increase number X X X SMOH, health South Darfur Number of
of health providers NGOs, providers health care
in rural areas that UNFPA providers from
are trained and rural areas
able to provide trained on
CMR treatment for CMR
survivors

316 Section Six: Annexes

Cadre of skilled X X X SMOH, health South Darfur List of skilled
trainers on GBV NGOs, providers trainers who
and CMRS issues UNFPA can facilitate
developed in SD training
workshops on
CMRS and
GBV.
Priority: 2. Good information about services provided is available to survivors and service
providers
Update and X X GBV WG, South Darfur Approved
disseminate UNFPA referral
referral pathways pathway
disseminated
to all partners
periodically
throughout
year
Regularly update X X X X GBV WG South Darfur GBV services
GBV services mapping
mapping and updated
disseminate quarterly and
disseminated
as appropriate

A49
GBV services X X SMOH, South Darfur Information
mapping includes NGOs, about which
information about UNFPA health clinics
which health provide

Sample GBV Workplan-South Darfur

clinics provide treatment
treatment to to survivors
survivors is included
in the RH/
GBV services
mapping
Priority: 3. Awareness-raising about GBV and services available to GBV survivors
Awareness-raising X X X X GBV WG, Intersectoral
among NGOs, UN NGOs sessions held
groups about GBV for NGO and
and GBV services UN groups
available where GBV &
GBV services
are addressed
regularly
Awareness-raising X X X X Number of
sessions targeting awareness-
key community raising
groups: women's sessions held
groups, community Number
leaders, health of people
workers, reached in
paralegals, etc awareness
sessions

Section Six: Annexes 317

 Training for X X Number
uniformed services of people
about GBV in uniform
services available who receive
training about
GBV services
and health
treatment
available
Priority: 4. Increased coordination with other sectors to improve comprehensive services for
survivors
Training and X X Number of
awareness- intersectoral
raising for other trainings about
sectors about health and
priority of health psychosocial
and psychosocial services
services for provided
survivors
Clear X X X X Form 8
understanding Advocacy
about purpose of Strategy
Form 8 -- when key points
A49

it is necessary, utilized and

when it is not -- disseminated
by survivors and regularly
service providers among sectors
Sample GBV Workplan-South Darfur

-- including
as relates to
health care
Identify problems X X X X Issues
and issues from identified to
case work, and address gaps
discuss in GBV and actions
Working Group to follow up,
and information- documented
sharing forums in meeting
minutes

318 Section Six: Annexes

 GBV Sub-Cluster Strategy and Action Plan for Kenya1
March 6, 2008

I. Background

Gender-based violence takes many forms and includes rape, sexual exploitation, sexual assault and abuse,
forced sex and other types of sexual violence, domestic violence, trafficking of women and girls, forced
prostitution, sexual harassment and discrimination, and denial of rights. It also encompasses forms of
violence that are specific to cultures and societies, such as female genital mutilation, widow inheritance and
early and forced marriage. It is a gross violation of women and girl’s human rights and is also a significant
public health issue; the relationship between GBV and HIV/AIDS, for example, is clearly established and
demands a concerted response in terms of both prevention and response. Gender-based violence is also
increasingly being recognized as an inhibitor to development.

During armed conflict women and girls are particularly vulnerable to gender-based violence, including all
forms of sexual violence. Recent assessments conducted in Kenya indicate that displaced women and girls
not only fear sexual exploitation and assault but are experiencing other types of gender-based violence as
well. Vulnerability to exploitation and abuse by virtue of their age and gender is further increased by the
post-election conflict and the prevailing humanitarian and security conditions.2 Conflict can also exacerbate
harmful cultural practices, such as forced and early marriages, when parents do not have the resources to
take care of their children. Understanding the causal relations between vulnerability of women and girls,
types of gender-based violence and different phases of the conflict is therefore an essential pre-requisite
for defining appropriate response.

In times of peace as well as in times of conflict, sexual violence, including rape, sexual assault and
exploitation, is under-reported. Survivors do not speak out because of fear, risk of ongoing violence,

A50
shame, social stigma and lack of services that fully respect their confidentiality, rights, wishes, choices and
dignity. For these reasons, available service data from displaced communities in Kenya likely reflect only a
small percentage of incidents perpetrated.

GBV Strategy/Action Plan-Kenya

Although the GBV Sub-Cluster is taking concrete steps to build a coordinated humanitarian response to
GBV among IDP communities in Kenya, much still needs to be urgently done to scale-up and improve both
protective and remedial mechanisms.
For effective short- and long-term protection from gender-based violence for women and girls in Kenya,
interventions must take place at three levels in order that structural, systemic and individual protections are
institutionalized.3 These levels are:
1. Structural level (primary protection): preventative measures to ensure rights are recognized
and protected (through international, statutory and traditional laws and policies);

2. Systemic level (secondary protection): systems and strategies to monitor and respond when
those rights are breached (statutory and traditional legal/ justice systems, health care systems,
social welfare systems and community mechanisms);

3. Operative level (tertiary protection): direct services to meet the needs of women and girls who
have been abused.

Addressing gender-based violence among IDP communities in Kenya therefore requires: measures to
protect women’s and girl’s rights; actions for intervention when those rights are breached; and services and
programmes to meet the needs of women and girls who have suffered violence.

Responding to sexual violence in particular requires significant sensitivity. Whilst there is a need for
information on the scale and scope of sexual violence for advocacy and programme-planning purposes,
there are significant ethical and programmatic constraints to the way in which incident-related data is
collected and disseminated. Furthermore, women’s reasons for not taking up certain services post-incident
must be understood and respected by all actors, and all response interventions must be implemented in a
manner which fully respects the confidentiality, rights, wishes, choices and dignity of survivors.
1
Adapted from template provided by GBV colleagues in Uganda.
2
Response programmes should also take into account the fact that men and boys can also be victims of sexual violence.
3
In Read-Hamilton (2004), adapted from A. Jamrozic and L. Nocella (1998) The Sociology of Social Problems: Theoretical
Perspectives and Methods of Intervention, Cambridge University Press, Melbourne.
Section Six: Annexes 319
 Successfully protecting internally displaced women and girls from gender-based violence in Kenya is
dependent on the active commitment of, and collaboration between, all actors, including male and female
community members. Gender-based violence is a cross-cutting issue, and no one authority, organization
or agency alone possesses the knowledge, skills, resources or mandate to respond to the complex needs
of survivors of violence or to tackle the task of preventing violence against women and girls, yet all have a
responsibility to work together to address this serious human rights and public health problem.

II. Purpose of this document

This document outlines the strategy of the GBV Sub-Cluster to address GBV in conflict-affected districts of
Kenya and details an interagency plan of action that reflects the different levels of protective intervention
required as well as the roles, responsibilities and mandates of different actors.

The strategy reflects the short-term humanitarian imperative to deliver a response for survivors of sexual
violence and to minimize the risk of ongoing violence through humanitarian action, as well as the need to
transition programming approaches from humanitarian relief to integrated early recovery by strengthening
national government and non-government structures (NGOs/FBOs/CBOs) to support medium to longer-
term, sustained structural, systemic and service interventions that protect women and girls from gender-
based violence in accordance with Kenyan law and international legal obligations.

III. Context of the strategy

A50

Gender-based violence prevention and response intervention in IDP communities and return areas in
Kenya must take into account the context both across and within conflict-affected districts and provinces,
reflecting different population movement patterns and the related changing humanitarian and human rights
situation. Therefore the GBV strategy is premised on a number of factors:
GBV Strategy/Action Plan-Kenya

► Humanitarian interventions should target the most vulnerable populations. Due to their increased
vulnerability by virtue of both their sex and particular circumstances that heighten vulnerability, certain
groups of women and girls are more likely to need ongoing relief-oriented service delivery to reduce
the risk of their exposure to gender-based violence (e.g., female-headed households, females with
disabilities, elderly women and unaccompanied women and girls).

► GBV prevention and response interventions must link relief to early recovery programming, whilst
not compromising the availability of services to women while they remain in IDP settings or during the
return process – a time which can render women even more vulnerable to violence. Linked to the above
is the assumption that certain groups of women are less likely to immediately benefit from population
movements out of camps, and therefore service delivery in camps must continue whilst women are there.

► There is need for expanded delivery of humanitarian GBV prevention and response interventions
in accordance with need, as well as directing efforts to support district and provincial administrative
structures responsible for protecting women and girls from gender-based violence, including officers from
the Ministries of Health, Justice, Gender and Education, the Gender Commission and Internal Affairs.

► Program planning and implementation must reflect each district’s different circumstances vis-à-vis
population movement, security, deployment and coverage of district and provincial authorities, etc.

► Efforts to address structural and systemic protection for women and girls must simultaneously be
prioritized, including advocacy for enforcement of existing laws on GBV and for law reform.

IV. GBV Sub-Cluster strategy

The following strategy has been developed in line with the GBV Sub-Cluster responsibilities identified
in the GBV Sub-Cluster terms of reference and should serve to reinforce key international and national
guidelines for addressing gender and GBV, such as: the Kenyan National Guidelines on Medical
Management of Rape/Sexual Violence, the IASC Gender Handbook for Humanitarian Action, the IASC

320 Section Six: Annexes

GBV Guidelines, and the IASC Guidelines on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency
Settings.

The strategy of the GBV Sub-Cluster is to address both immediate humanitarian service delivery and action
to prevent and respond to GBV, as well as longer-term development of services, systems and structures to
protect women and girls from gender-based violence. With regard to the latter objective, the strategy can
reinforce the work of the Gender Commission on developing a GBV policy for Kenya.

The GBV Sub-Cluster will therefore establish linkages with the National Steering Committee, tasked to
develop a National Strategic Framework to address GBV, and work with all relevant actors in Kenya to:

I. Deliver a set of minimum interventions to prevent and respond to sexual violence in line with the IASC
Guidelines for Gender-Based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Settings and other international and
national policies, resources and guidelines.

II. Transition humanitarian interventions to national government and non-government structures (NGOs/
FBOs/CBOs) to enable the shift from humanitarian to development actions, as displaced populations
move to transitional settlements in some areas and home in others.

In order to achieve the above, the following activities will be prioritized by GBV Sub- Cluster actors:

1. Coordination
• National level: with the aim of strengthening the coordination framework and building

A50
response capacity, addressing capacity gaps and ensuring all actors are working in line
with accepted GBV prevention and response standards, ensuring linkages across and
technical support to other clusters, mobilizing resources, advocating on GBV related
issues;

GBV Strategy/Action Plan-Kenya

• District level: with the aim of planning district-level structural, systemic and service level
activities, including, as a priority, developing interagency agreements defining roles,
responsibilities and mutual accountabilities for action on sexual violence and abuse and
establishing a case management system;
• Camp/community level: with the aim of coordinating interagency case management and
response service delivery and prevention actions;
• Inter-level: with the aim of facilitating coordination and information-sharing across
national, district and camp/community level coordination mechanisms.

2. Assessment and monitoring

• Improving data collection, analysis and understanding of nature and scale of sexual and
gender-based violence;
• Assessing and monitoring specific protection risks in relation to gender-based violence
in displaced camps and communities;
• Human rights violations monitoring and information dissemination for advocacy and
action;
• Collating and disseminating programming lessons-learned and good practice.

Section Six: Annexes 321

 3. Protection through humanitarian action
• Addressing GBV-related protection issues in IDP camps and communities;
• Providing technical support to all clusters for sector-specific service design and delivery to
maximise protection of women and girls including camp management, food, NFI, water and
sanitation, education;
• Institutionalising actions for prevention of sexual exploitation and abuse by humanitarian
workers;
• Advocacy to revise national laws in accordance with international standards.

4. GBV prevention and response

Providing interagency and multisectoral prevention and response including:

Response:
- Capacity-building of service providers and NGOs/FBOs/CBOs to respond to sexual violence
by training community leaders, police, legal, medical, reproductive health and psychosocial
service providers on systems and protocols for responding to sexual and domestic violence
and on working with survivors;

- Case management of survivors, including provision of information, advocacy, safety and

ensuring referral to services including: sexual violence health services, psychosocial support
and legal advice;
A50

Prevention:
- Community mobilization against sexual and domestic violence.
GBV Strategy/Action Plan-Kenya

While prioritizing these activities, particular attention should be given to the following cross-cutting issues:

• Promoting gender equality and gender mainstreaming as key components of addressing GBV;
• Supporting participatory approaches;
• Engaging men and young males;
• Engaging girls;
• Mobilizing the media;
• Addressing GBV in schools;
• Conducting outreach to the most vulnerable, particularly those with disabilities.

V. GBV Sub-Cluster Action Plan for Kenya

The following table outlines activities that need to be undertaken in order to prevent and respond to GBV
among IDP populations in Kenya. This framework will inform development of district-level action plans to
address GBV.

322 Section Six: Annexes

 Activities During Displacement Activities Supporting Early Recovery
 Support law-reform initiatives to promote  Audit relevant national laws and practices to assess
adoption of laws that conform to international areas for possible reform
standards and promote and protect women and
girl’s rights  Support law-reform initiatives to promote adoption
of laws that conform to international standards and
 Ensure humanitarian actors and others with promote and protect women and girl’s rights
responsibility for protecting women and girls from
violence act in accordance with international  Technical assistance and support to develop national
humanitarian law and standards that promote policies and mechanisms relating to violence against
STRUCTURAL LEVEL

and protect women’s rights, while taking into women in health, legal, judicial and social welfare
account the unique challenges faced by people sectors
with disability in relation to GBV
 Advocacy and technical support for substantive and
 Interagency and inter-sectoral training on human procedural law reform
rights, women’s rights and GBV, international
standards, national laws and practices  Prioritize areas for policy and guideline development
with Ministries of Health, Justice, Social Services,
 Awareness-raising on human rights and women’s Education and other relevant government agencies
rights for traditional leaders and communities
 Education on human rights and women’s rights for
 Human rights violations monitoring and traditional leaders, teachers and other ‘duty bearers’
information dissemination for advocacy and to encourage change in practices that condone or
action perpetuate violence against women and girls

A50
 Rights violations monitoring and information
dissemination for advocacy and action

 Establish integrated health, protection and  Code of Conduct, reporting and investigation system

GBV Strategy/Action Plan-Kenya

psychosocial response to meet the immediate in place to prevent sexual abuse and exploitation by
survival needs of survivors humanitarian workers

 Assess and address age and gender-related  Education and training for government and non-
risks and vulnerabilities in camp settings government (NGOs/FBOs/CBOs) service providers in
health care, legal and protection systems, psychosocial
 Technical support for sector-specific intervention care and education sector
design and delivery to maximize systemic
SYSTEMIC LEVEL

safety for women and girls (shelter and site  Technical support and advocacy to health, social
management, food and water distribution, social welfare, police and justice and education systems at
services, etc.), while taking into account unique both policy and practice levels
challenges faced by people with disabilities in
relation to GBV  Coordinate and support integrated health, protection,
psychosocial and legal/justice response
 Develop and disseminate Information, Education
and Communication (IEC) guidelines to ensure  Monitor sector-specific interventions to ensure ongoing
that all awareness-raising materials meet safety and protection, while taking into account unique
appropriate ethical, technical and context-specific challenges faced by people with disabilities in relation to
standards GBV

 Develop and disseminate case management  Establish data-collection systems and monitor ongoing
guidelines that include a set of agreed-upon incidents
forms to facilitate appropriate response and data
collection

Section Six: Annexes 323

 Activities During Displacement Activities Supporting Early Recovery
 Information and sensitization for communities  Community education and mobilization to promote and
about available services protect women’s rights and to de-stigmatize survivors

 Engage communities in participatory processes  Comprehensive case management care and support
to identify strengths, to help communities addressing physical, emotional, psychological and social
prevent violence, and identify positive coping consequences of GBV
mechanisms to support for survivors
INDIVIDUAL.COMMUNITY LEVEL

Medical: Medical examination and treatment as per

 Prevent and manage the consequences of standardized rape protocols, forensic examination and
sexual violence documentation

 Case management of survivors, including Psychosocial: Culturally-specific support for individual and
immediate emotional support, information, groups of women to assist with coping and social integration
advocacy, safety and referral and plan for the
provision of culturally appropriate psychosocial Protection: Locally appropriate protection and safety options
support
Legal/Justice: Access to legal recourse where requested,
including linkage with police and courts and court support

 Provide services to specific vulnerable populations such

as adolescent mothers

 Training and development of practitioners and services in

relevant disciplines
A50

 Economic and social empowerment activities for women

and girls in areas of return
GBV Strategy/Action Plan-Kenya

Indicators
 Protocols that are aligned with international standards have been established for the clinical management of sexual violence
survivors within the emergency area at all levels of the health system

 A coordinated rapid situational analysis has been conducted and documented

 The proportion of sexual violence cases for which legal action has been taken

 The proportion of organizations with codes of conduct on SEA and referral and reporting mechanisms in place

 Establish coordination mechanisms and orientation of partners from all levels, including government and CBOs.

 Number of women/girls reporting incidents of sexual violence per 10,000 population

 Percent of rape survivors who report to health facilities/workers within 72 hours who receive appropriate medical care

 Proportion of sexual violence survivors who report 72 hours or more after the incident who receive a basic set of
psychosocial and medical services

 Number of activities initiated by community members targeted at the prevention and response of sexual violence of women
and girls

 Proportion of women and girls who demonstrate knowledge of available services, why and when they would be accessed

 SGBV data collection and monitoring and evaluation tools developed

324 Section Six: Annexes

Signed by: GBV Sub Cluster Member Organizations
March 6, 2008

Action Aid Ministry of Justice and Constitutional

Adventist Development & Relief Agency Affairs (MOJCA)
Kenya (ADRA) MS-Kenya (Danish Association for
African Academy of Sciences / Brookville International Cooperation)
Schools Children's Project Nairobi Women’s Hospital
African Family Health
National Commission on Gender and
African Women's Development and
Development
Communication Network (FEMNET)
Niche Marketing & Consultancy Agency
AfricaWoman (RCDA)
Canadian International Development OCHA
Agency (CIDA) OCHA-IRIN
CARE International Oxfam
Christian Children's Fund (CCF)
Population Council
Coalition on Violence on Against Women
Concern Worldwide Rural Community Development Agency
(RCDA)
Economic and Development Centre Safer Cities Program UN-Habitat

A50
(ECODEV)
Save the Children
Education Centre for Women in Democracy UNDP
(ECWD)
UNFPA
Family Health Options Kenya (FHOK)

GBV Strategy/Action Plan-Kenya

UNHCR
FIDA Kenya UNICEF
Food and Agriculture Organization of the UNIFEM
United Nations (FAO)
Urgent Action Fund- Africa
GOAL Kenya
USAID
Grassroots Development in Action (GDIA)
Women Empowerment Link
GTZ
Women for Justice in Africa (WFJA)
Handicap International
Women Shadow Parliament
Initiative for Inclusive Security
World Vision
International Organization for Migration
(IOM)

International Relief and Development (IRD)

International Relief Committee (IRC)

Kenya Episcopal Conference (KEC) -Caritas
Kenya
Kenya Girls Guides Association and
Concerned Women for Kenya
Kenya Red Cross Society
Liverpool VCT Care and Treatment
Lutheran World Federation (LWF)
Ministry of Gender
Ministry of Health, Division of Reproductive
Health

Section Six: Annexes 325

 GBV Sub-Cluster Strategy and Action Plan for Northern Uganda
March 2008

I. Background

Gender-based violence takes many forms and includes rape, sexual exploitation, sexual assault and
abuse, domestic violence, trafficking of women and girls, forced prostitution, sexual harassment and
discrimination. It also encompasses forms of violence that are specific to cultures and societies, such as
female genital mutilation, widow inheritance and early and forced marriage.

The most commonly reported form of GBV in Northern Uganda is domestic violence; although reports on
cases of grave violence (rape, defilement and sexual assault) are of equal and serious concern.
Globally, sexual violence, including rape, sexual assault and exploitation, is under-reported. Survivors do
not speak out because of fear, risk of ongoing violence, shame, social stigma and lack of services that
fully respect their confidentiality, rights, wishes, choices and dignity. Therefore, all actors must assume and
believe that sexual violence is under-reported in Northern Uganda.

For effective GBV prevention, response and coordination in Northern Uganda, systemic and individual
protections are institutionalized.1 These levels are:
1. Structural level: preventative measures to ensure rights are recognized and protected (through
international, statutory and traditional laws and policies)
A51

2. Systemic level: systems and strategies to monitor and respond when those rights are breached
(statutory and traditional legal/ justice systems, health care systems, social welfare systems and
community-based mechanisms)
GBV Strategy/Action Plan-Uganda

3. Operative level: direct services to meet the needs of women and girls who have been abused

Addressing gender-based violence in Northern Uganda therefore requires: measures to promote and
protect women’s and girl’s rights; actions for intervention when those rights are breached; and services
and programmes to meet the needs of women and girls who have suffered violence.

Successful GBV prevention, response and coordination in Northern Uganda is dependent on the active
commitment of, and collaboration between, all actors, including government; non-government; male and
female community members.
II. Purpose of this document
This document outlines the strategy of the GBV Sub-Cluster at the national level and in districts of Northern
Uganda. The strategy reflects the immediate humanitarian imperative to save lives and prevent further
harm -- as well as the priority to transition programming and coordination from humanitarian to integrated
recovery by strengthening national government and community-based structures. Recovery frameworks
and priorities will support medium- to longer-term, sustained structural, systemic and service interventions
that protect women and girls from gender-based violence in accordance with Uganda’s obligations under
international and national law.

III. Context of the strategy

Gender-based violence prevention, response and coordination in Northern Uganda must take into account
the context both across and within conflict-affected districts, reflecting patterns of population movement
and the related early recovery/recovery context. Therefore the GBV strategy is shaped by a number of
policies and factors:

► Humanitarian/life saving interventions should target the most vulnerable populations – due
to their increased vulnerability by virtue of both their sex and particular circumstances that heighten
1
Adapted from A. Jamrozic and L. Nocella (1998) The Sociology of Social Problems: Theoretical Perspectives and Methods of
Intervention, Cambridge University Press, Melbourne.

326 Section Six: Annexes

vulnerability, certain groups of women and girls are more likely to need ongoing relief-oriented service
delivery to reduce the risk of their exposure to gender-based violence (e.g., female-headed households
and unaccompanied women and girls, formerly abducted girls and women who have not been able to
reintegrate into their communities of origin).

► GBV prevention and response interventions and coordination mechanisms shall be shaped by
national and local government plans, guidelines and policies: including the Government of Uganda’s
Peace, Recovery, and Development Plan (PRDP) and the OPM’s Parish Approach.

► Programme planning, implementation and coordination must reflect each district’s different
circumstances and capacity vis a vis population movement, security, deployment and coverage of district
and sub-county level authorities, etc.

IV. GBV Sub-Cluster strategy

The following strategy has been developed in line IASC Cluster Policy and architecture in Uganda, the
IASC GBV Guidelines, Uganda Protection Cluster Strategy, the Government of Uganda’s PRDP, the OPM’s
Parish Approach, the National Gender Policy, the National IDP Policy and reflects the contextual issues
identified above.

The strategy of the GBV Sub-Cluster is to both target actions to prevent GBV and to provide service
delivery (response), as well as longer-term development of services, systems and structures to ensure
GBV prevention, response and coordination is realized through central and local government counterparts.

A51
The GBV Sub-Cluster will therefore work with all relevant actors to:

I. Deliver a set of minimum interventions to prevent and respond to GBV in line with the IASC

GBV Strategy/Action Plan-Uganda

Guidelines for Gender-Based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Settings.

II. Short/medium term: targeted capacity-building of central and local government systems and
community-based structures.
Longer term: transfer multi-sectoral GBV prevention, response and coordination to central and
local government systems and community-based structures.

In order to achieve the above, the following activities will be prioritized by GBV Sub-Cluster actors:

1. Coordination

Promote and support the expansion and strengthening of GBV systems from sub-county level and
onwards, through:
• Development and roll-out of harmonised GBV standards, tools and guidelines across
districts.
• Development and monitoring of IASC/MoGLSD capacity-building programme targeting
multi-sectoral local government and community based structures addressing GBV.
• Technical support to clusters and sector working groups to maximise protection of
women and girls and sector-specific service delivery/response including Gender, Health,
Education; and Justice, Law and Order.
• Intra-cluster coordination and joint planning with Protection Cluster members; Child
Protection and Human Rights/Rule of Law sub-clusters members.

2. Assessment and monitoring

• Improving data collection, analysis and understanding of nature and scale of sexual and
gender-based violence.
• Collating and disseminating programming lessons-learned and good practice (national,
regional and global).

Section Six: Annexes 327

 3. GBV prevention and response

• Strengthening and harmonizing community-based prevention standards.

• National and district-level advocacy platform - addressing key challenges to reduce GBV and
to improve access to health services and legal redress.
• Ongoing provision of case management for survivors, including: provision of information and
referral to services, health services, economic/livelihood, psychosocial services and legal
assistance.

V. GBV Sub-Cluster National Annual Work plan (2008) for Northern Uganda
Appendix A.
A51
GBV Strategy/Action Plan-Uganda

328 Section Six: Annexes

NATIONAL GBV AWP 2008

MAIN OBJECTIVE
To prevent and respond to GBV in line with IASC guidelines and strengthen government and non-
government structures, systems and services to promote and protect women’s and girls’ rights in relation
to GBV.

OBJECTIVE ANNUAL ACTIVITIES QUARTERLY RESPONSIBLE LOCATIONS

EXPECTED BENCHMARKS PARTIES*
OUTPUTS
Output targets 2008 Output indicator Planned and Actual
Activities

Strengthen i) develop national i) one training a) form a training 1st quarter training sub- Kampala
GBV training standards; toolkit (standards, sub-committee/ national level committee
prevention a harmonized references, etc) taskforce training manual members,
and response approach for a joint IASC/GoU DSW, UNICEF,
capacity of multi-sectoral GBV national training UNIFEM, Raising
duty-bearers stakeholders and product Voices, UNFPA,
and service duty bearers MoGLSD
providers at
the district and
sub-county
levels

A51
b) identify the target 3rd quarter training sub- Kampala
audience for the committee
training c) desk members,
review and gaps UNFPA,

GBV Strategy/Action Plan-Uganda

assessments MoGLSD, DSW,
Raising Voices,
UNICEF, UNIFEM
c) Identify training 2nd quarter training sub- Kampala
materials to be committee
used /reference members,
materials UNFPA,
MoGLSD, DSW,
COW, UNIFEM
d) identify a pool 3rd quarter training sub Kampala
of trainersd e) committee
lead trainers/ members,
consultants to UNFPA,
develop standards MoGLSD, DSW
and toolkit

ii) M&E plan for ii) training strategy / e) develop one 2nd - 3rd quarter training sub- Kampala
training developed product M&E in place M&E strategy committee
members,
UNFPA,
MoGLSD, DSW

Section Six: Annexes 329

 iii) identify gaps iii) relevant line f) desk review 3rd quarter training sub- Kampala
in national duty- ministries have of relevant duty committee
bearer training increased awareness bearers curriculua/ members,
curriculum re: GBV on gaps related to in-service UNFPA,
GBV in duty-bearer training material MoGLSD, Raising
professional training g) meetings/ Voices, DSW
curriculum conferences with
multi-sectoral
line ministries on
integrating GBV
into duty-bearer
curriculum/in
-service training
Develop or i) IASC GBV i) ToR for MoGLSD i) conduct joint 3rd quarter UNFPA, UNDP, Kampala
strengthen Sub-Cluster and GBV reference group training with UNIFEM,
GBV MoGLSD Gender reflects sub-cluster MoGLSD for OHCHR, UNICEF,
coordination Reference Group membership; ii) ToR multi-sectoral MoGLSD, Oxfam
at national, are formally, for MoGLSD GBV GBV focal points GB
district and explicitly linked/ reference group within identified
sub-county integrated workplan includes sector coordinating
levels Northern Uganda bodies; identify lead
related activities; iii) agency/agencies to
Social Development coordinate training
Sector Coalition for the relevant
Group ToR and stakeholders
workplan include
A51

Northern Uganda
GBV related activities/
priorities
ii) integrate GBV ii) adequately 3rd quarter UNFPA, UNDP, Kampala
GBV Strategy/Action Plan-Uganda

into multi-sectoral trained GBV UNIFEM,

working groups/ focal points are MoGLSD
coordination forums 'acknowledged' in
social development
sector, health and
JLOS coordinating
bodies
iii) national GBV i) GBV policy drafted i) consultations held 3rd quarter UNFPA, UNDP, Kampala
policy drafted/ with input from with relevant line UNIFEM,
developed multi-sectoral line ministries to seek MoGLSD
ministries including input on national
MoFPAD, MoE, MoIA, GBV policy
MoLG, MoH, MoJ,
MoGLSD; ii) funding
to implement GBV
policy allocated in
relvant line ministry
budgets
iv) Public Private i) draft MoU i) hold consultation 2nd quarter UNFPA, MoGLSD Kampala
Partnership(s) agreement developed with Uganda Private
MoU drafted on with at least one Sector Foundation
GBV prevention/ private for profit on
response GBV prevention/
response

330 Section Six: Annexes

 v) one GBV i) one GBV i) compiliation 3rd quarter Subcluster Kampala
assessment tool assessment tool of current GBV members, and Northern
developed for GBV drafted with inputs assessment tools UNFPA, Uganda
interventions from sub-cluster utilised in Uganda MoGLSD, other districts
and relevant and in other line ministries
ministries; ii) quarterly countries; ii) draft
assessments in interagency GBV
selected locations assessment tool
using standardised
assessment tool and
format

Promote one workshop held i) one two-to- i) assist with 2nd - 3rd quarter UNFPA, Kampala
accountability for multi-sectoral three day inter- selecting invitees; MoGLSD, Sub
and provide government actors governmental, ii) contribute cluster members
psychosocial, on GBV, including multi-sectoral (health, to agenda and
health, key gaps and justice, law and order, content; iii) co-
medical, legal recommendations social development, facilitate relevant
and safety finance, local sections of the
services for government) GBV workshop and next
survivors who workshop held with steps
wish to access contributions from
them sub-cluster members
to agenda, content

A51
and facilitation
GBV presentations/ i) at least one i) decide on 2nd - 4th quarter UNFPA, Kampala
consultations GBV sub-cluster targeted multi- MoGLSD, Sub
held with target presentation/ sectoral audiences; cluster members

GBV Strategy/Action Plan-Uganda

audiences: MoH, consultation on GBV ii)develop GBV
JLOS sector, social held with MoH; ii) Sub-Cluster
development at least one GBV sub- presentation for key
sector, SRH cluster presentation/ sectoral audiences;
technical working consultation held with iii) request invitation
group JLOS to present GBV;
iv) conduct
presentation/
consultation
with identified
multi-sectoral
coordination bodies

Section Six: Annexes 331

 GBV is integrated i) GBV is addressedi) identify calendar 2nd - 4th quarter UNFPA, MoGLSD, Kampala
into multi-sectoral and resourced for of events in multi- OHCHR, UNDP,
workplans (health, in health workplans,
sector working UNIFEM, WHO,
JLOS, social CMR/PEP included; groups; ii) attend sub-cluster
development) ii) GBV is addressed
multi-sector members
and resourced for in
working groups
JLOS workplan; iii)sector reviews
GBV is addressed to be attended
and resourced for in
as lobby/entry
social development points for GBV
plan mainstreaming;
iii) attend health
workplan planning
and budget
meeting/entry
points; vi) attend
JLOS workplan
planning and
budget meeting/
entry point; v)
attend social
development
workplan planning
and budget
meeting/entry point
GBV issues MTR and MYR i) hold special 2nd - 3rd quarter UNFPA, UNDP, Kampala
A51

are addressed framework documents meeting on OHCHR, UNICEF,

adequately in MTR/ include/integrate MTR and MYR UNIFEM, WHO,
MYR frameworks GBV specific issues, frameworks MoGLSD, sub-
acheivements purpose of ensuring cluster members
GBV Strategy/Action Plan-Uganda

obstacles and GBV is addressed;

recommendations ii) include GBV
issues as needed
throughout MTR/
MYR entry
points; iii) share
findings and
recommendations
to relevant MTR/
MYR lead agency
Conduct advocacy platform i) national subcluster i) form an advocacy 2nd quarter UNFPA, MoGLSD, Kampala
targeted developed advocacy platform taskforce and agree CEDOVIP, and Northern
advocacy targeting policy- developed; ii) 2 on members ;ii) set Advocacy task Uganda
at national, makers and advocacy events are clear tasks for the force members, districts
district and legislators conducted on national task force and goals DSW, UNIFEM,
sub-county level COWF, UNICEF
levels to
increase
prevention and
response
Reduce social standardized prevention strategy i) GBV Sub- 2nd - 4th quarter UNFPA, MoGLSD, Kampala
tolerance for approach/strategy and action plan Cluster members Raising Voices,
GBV across to prevention of developed, including attending national- Advocacy task
various GBV developed M&E component; level Prevention force members,
population key messages and Workshop; ii) key DSW, Oxfam
groups targets messages agreed/ GB, UNIFEM,
developed; iii) key UNICEF,
target audiences CEDOVIP,
agreed; iv) key NUMAT
entry points
identified

332 Section Six: Annexes

 Strengthen TOR for data hold one national i) develop ToR for 2nd - 4th quarter UNFPA, MoGLSD, kampala
and collection and consultation GBV data collection Oxfam, NUMAT,
standardize a standardized data workshop onGBV consultation/ CEDOVIP,
safe system collection tool data collection, data workshop; ii) Advocacy task
to collect, developed management and conduct three-day force members,
store, analyse information-sharing GBV data collection DSW, UNIFEM,
and share consulation; iii) COWF, UNICEF
GBV-related agree as a sub-
data to inform cluster on next
programme steps
planning and
Advocacy
KAP survey one standardised i) currently used 3rd - 4th quarter sub committee kampala and
tool/guidelines MoGLSD/IASC KAP KAP formats are (task force) to Northern
standardized survey tool on GBV is compiled ; ii) take lead -- Uganda
developed and widely through one or two National GBV sub districts
disseminated meetings -- working cluster & District
groups collectively GBV working
agree on format groups MoGLSD,
and contect for UNFPA
a standardized
KAP survey; iii)
standardised KAP
survey is finalised
and dissimenated
existing existing GBV related i) analyse existing 3rd - 4th quarter UNFPA, National Kampala

A51
GBV reports, reports, research, data collected from GBV sub cluster and Northern
assessments, assessements and 2006 to present; & District GBV Uganda
research and data data (collected to ii) collect reports, working groups districts
are compiled and date) are collected research and

GBV Strategy/Action Plan-Uganda

accessible (library/ and available/ assessments; iii)
databank) accessible in one decide/agree upon
place 'one' place for all
GBV documents
to live
KARAMOJA broader, deeper one baseline i) develop ToR for 2nd-4th quarter UNFPA, UNICEF, Kampala and
understanding situational anaysis GBV situational UNIFEM, Oxfam Karamoja
of GBV scope, on GBV in selected analysis; GB, IRC, Coopi based
magnitude and districts of Karamoja partners partners
context in Karamoja is conducted
is obtained
ii) identify partners
of SitAn;
iii) develop
methodology and
FGD guides for
SitAn;
iv) carry out SitAn
in select districts

Section Six: Annexes 333


Terms of Reference for District GBV Working Groups

1) To establish and coordinate set of minimum multi-sectoral interventions to prevent and respond to
gender-based violence in IDP communities and return areas in xxxx District in line with the IASC
Guidelines for Gender-Based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Settings.

This includes:

Response:
i. To ensure a functioning referral and case management system are in place to enable
access to services for survivors addressing physical, emotional, psychological and social
consequences of GBV including:
- Medical: Medical examination and treatment as per standardized WHO guidelines on clinical
management of rape
- Psychosocial: Support for individual and groups of women to assist with coping and social
integration
- Protection: Locally appropriate protection and safety options
- Legal/Justice: Access to legal recourse where requested

ii. Ensure all services are based on respect for the confidentiality, rights, wishes, choices and
dignity of survivors
A52

Prevention:
i. Capacity-building of all humanitarian actors to prevent sexual violence and exploitation
through awareness-raising and capacity-building for protective programming. This includes
N. Uganda 2008 GBV Working Groups TOR

providing technical support to all clusters for sector- specific service design and delivery to
maximize protection of women and girls.

ii. Coordinate community education and mobilization efforts to promote and protect women and
girls rights and to de-stigmatize survivors

2) To ethically collect, analyze and disseminate data related to reported cases and use it to identify
and address gender-based violence through action and advocacy

3) To coordinate technical support and capacity-building to all response partners including police,
security actors, health and psychosocial service providers

334 Section Six: Annexes

10 Tips for Effective & Active Listening Skills

Written by Susie Michelle Cortright

Available at http://powertochange.com/students/people/listen/

1. Face the speaker. Sit up straight or lean forward slightly to show your attentiveness through body
language.

2. Maintain eye contact, to the degree that you all remain comfortable.

3. Minimize external distractions. Turn off the TV. Put down your book or magazine, and ask the speaker
and other listeners to do the same.

4. Respond appropriately to show that you understand. Murmur (“uh-huh” and “um-hmm”) and nod.
Raise your eyebrows. Say words such as “Really,” “Interesting,” as well as more direct prompts: “What
did you do then?” and “What did she say?”

5. Focus solely on what the speaker is saying. Try not to think about what you are going to say next. The
conversation will follow a logical flow after the speaker makes her point.

6. Minimize internal distractions. If your own thoughts keep horning in, simply let them go and
continuously re-focus your attention on the speaker, much as you would during meditation.

A53
7. Keep an open mind. Wait until the speaker is finished before deciding that you disagree. Try not to
make assumptions about what the speaker is thinking.

Susie Michelle Cortright, “10 Tips to Effective and Active Listening”

8. Avoid letting the speaker know how you handled a similar situation. Unless they specifically ask for
advice, assume they just need to talk it out.

9. Even if the speaker is launching a complaint against you, wait until they finish to defend yourself. The
speaker will feel as though their point had been made. They won’t feel the need to repeat it, and you’ll
know the whole argument before you respond. Research shows that, on average, we can hear four times
faster than we can talk, so we have the ability to sort ideas as they come in…and be ready for more.

10. Engage yourself. Ask questions for clarification, but, once again, wait until the speaker has finished.
That way, you won’t interrupt their train of thought. After you ask questions, paraphrase their point to
make sure you didn’t misunderstand. Start with: “So you’re saying…”

Section Six: Annexes 335

Feedback Form
This handbook is a pilot version that will be finalized in 2012 after feedback from field-based actors. We would be
very grateful if you would take a few minutes to complete the form below and return to gbv.coordination.handbook@
gmail.com, or access and complete the form online at http://gbv.oneresponse.info. For any additional questions or
comments about the handbook, please contact [email protected].

Date:
Name:
Organization:
Job Title:
Address:
Phone:
Email:

1. Please indicate with a checkmark how you accessed this handbook.

At the GBV AoR website (http://gbv.oneresponse.org)

Through a training on the handbook
Through your field office/organization
Local GBV coordination mechanism (e.g., sub-cluster, working group)
Other (please describe below)

2. Two versions of this handbook have been distributed during the pilot process. The first version has the annexes
available both in hard copy within the handbook and on a CD. The second version does not include a hard copy of the
annexes. Which version of the handbook do you have?

Full version (with annexes included in the hard copy and on CD)
Shortened version (with annexes available only on the CD, not in hard copy)

3. Do you have a preference for whether the annexes should be included in the hard copy of the handbook or only on
the CD?

No, I don’t have a preference.

Yes, I have a preference. (Please describe below)

337
 4. Do you have any other recommendations regarding the overall design of the handbook? What would you change to
make it more user-friendly?

5. Please indicate with a checkmark which sections of this handbook you have read.

Introduction: About this GBV Coordination Handbook

Section One: GBV Basics and How They Relate to GBV Coordination
Section Two: GBV Coordination Structures
Section Three: GBV Coordination Functions
Section Four: Implementing a GBV Coordination Mechanism
Section Five: Practical Coordination Skills
Annexes

6. Please indicate with a checkmark which sections of this handbook were most useful to you.

Introduction: About this GBV Coordination Handbook

Section One: GBV Basics and How They Relate to GBV Coordination
Section Two: GBV Coordination Structures
Section Three: GBV Coordination Functions
Section Four: Implementing a GBV Coordination Mechanism
Section Five: Practical Coordination Skills
Annexes. Please specify which one in particular:

Please describe why you found these sections most useful:

7. Please indicate with a checkmark which sections of this handbook were least useful to you.

Introduction: About this GBV Coordination Handbook

Section One: GBV Basics and How They Relate to GBV Coordination
Section Two: GBV Coordination Structures
Section Three: GBV Coordination Functions
Section Four: Implementing a GBV Coordination Mechanism
Section Five: Practical Coordination Skills
Annexes. Please specify which one in particular:

Please describe why you found these sections least useful.

338
8. What additional information would make the handbook more relevant and useful for your work?

9. What coordination tools and skills/tips have you and/or your organization learned and used from this
handbook?

10. Do you have additional tools/references that you recommend to be included in the handbook?
(If yes, please describe below and forward the tools to [email protected].)

11. Please provide any additional comments that will assist us in revising this handbook in order to more
effectively meet your GBV coordination needs.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR FEEDBACK! IT WILL HELP US TO IMPROVE THIS HANDBOOK IN
ORDER TO BETTER MEET YOUR NEEDS.

339