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Numismatics
Numismatics is the study or collection of currency, including coins, tokens, paper money and related objects. While numismatists are often
characterised as students or collectors of coins, the discipline also includes the broader study of money and other payment media used to resolve
debts and the exchange of goods. Early money used by people is referred to as "Odd and Curious", but the use of other goods in barter exchange is
excluded, even where used as a circulating currency (e.g., cigarettes in prison). As an example, the Kyrgyz people used horses as the principal
currency unit and gave small change in lambskins;[1] the lambskins may be suitable for numismatic study, but the horses are not. Many objects have
been used for centuries, such as cowry shells, precious metals, cocoa beans, large stones, and gems.

Contents
Etymology
History of money
History of numismatics
Modern numismatics
Subfields
Numismatists
List of publicly displayed numismatic collections
List of important numismatic scholars
See also
References
External links

Etymology
First attested in English 1829, the word numismatics comes from the adjective numismatic, meaning "of coins". It was borrowed in 1792 from
French numismatiques, itself a derivation from Late Latin numismatis, genitive of numisma, a variant of nomisma meaning "coin".[2] Nomisma is a
latinisation of the Greek νόμισμα (nomisma) which means "current coin/custom",[3] which derives from νομίζω (nomizō), "to hold or own as a
custom or usage, to use customarily",[4] in turn from νόμος (nomos), "usage, custom",[5] ultimately from νέμω (nemō), "I dispense, divide, assign,
keep, hold".[6]

History of money
Throughout its history, money itself has been made to be a scarce good, although it does not have to be. Many materials have been used to form
money, from naturally scarce precious metals and cowry shells through cigarettes to entirely artificial money, called fiat money, such as banknotes.
Many complementary currencies use time as a unit of measure, using mutual credit accounting that keeps the balance of money intact.

Modern money (and most ancient money too) is essentially a token – an abstraction. Paper currency is perhaps the most common type of physical
money today. However, goods such as gold or silver retain many of the essential properties of money, such as volatility and limited supply. However,
these goods are not controlled by one single authority.

History of numismatics
Coin collecting may have possibly existed in ancient times. Caesar Augustus gave "coins of every device,
including old pieces of the kings and foreign money" as Saturnalia gifts.[7]

Petrarch, who wrote in a letter that he was often approached by vinediggers with old coins asking him to buy or
to identify the ruler, is credited as the first Renaissance collector. Petrarch presented a collection of Roman
coins to Emperor Charles IV in 1355.

The first book on coins was De Asse et Partibus (1514) by Guillaume Budé.[8] During the early Renaissance
ancient coins were collected by European royalty and nobility. Collectors of coins were Pope Boniface VIII,
Emperor Maximilian of the Holy Roman Empire, Louis XIV of France, Ferdinand I, Elector Joachim II of
Brandenburg who started the Berlin coin cabinet and Henry IV of France to name a few. Numismatics is called
the "Hobby of Kings", due to its most esteemed founders. A Roman denarius, a standardized
silver coin.
Professional societies organised in the 19th century. The Royal Numismatic Society was founded in 1836 and
immediately began publishing the journal that became the Numismatic Chronicle. The American Numismatic
Society was founded in 1858 and began publishing the American Journal of Numismatics in 1866.

In 1931 the British Academy launched the Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum publishing collections of Ancient Greek coinage. The first volume of
Sylloge of Coins of the British Isles was published in 1958.

In the 20th century coins gained recognition as archaeological objects, scholars such as Guido Bruck of the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna
realised their value in providing a temporal context and the difficulty that curators faced when identifying worn coins using classical literature. After
World War II in Germany a project, Fundmünzen der Antike (Coin finds of the Classical Period) was launched, to register every coin found within
Germany. This idea found successors in many countries.

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In the United States, the US mint established a coin cabinet in 1838 when chief coiner Adam Eckfeldt donated his personal collection.[9] William E.
Du Bois’ Pledges of History... (1846) describes the cabinet.

C. Wyllys Betts' American colonial history illustrated by contemporary medals (1894) set the groundwork for the study of American historical
medals.

Helen Wang's "A short history of Chinese numismatics in European languages" (2012-2013) gives an outline history of Western countries'
understanding of Chinese numismatics.[10] Lyce Jankowski's Les amis des monnaies is an in-depth study of Chinese numismatics in China in the
19th century.[11]

Modern numismatics

Modern numismatics is the study of the coins of the mid-17th century onward, the period of machine-struck
coins.[12] Their study serves more the need of collectors than historians and it is more often successfully
pursued by amateur aficionados than by professional scholars. The focus of modern numismatics lies frequently
in the research of production and use of money in historical contexts using mint or other records in order to
determine the relative rarity of the coins they study. Varieties, mint-made errors, the results of progressive die
wear, mintage figures and even the sociopolitical context of coin mintings are also matters of interest.
Two 20 kr gold coins from the
Scandinavian Monetary Union.
Subfields

Exonumia (UK English: Paranumismatica)[13] is the study of coin-like objects such as token coins and medals, and other items used in place of legal
currency or for commemoration. This includes elongated coins, encased coins, souvenir medallions, tags, badges, counterstamped coins, wooden
nickels, credit cards, and other similar items. It is related to numismatics proper (concerned with coins which have been legal tender), and many
coin collectors are also exonumists.

Notaphily is the study of paper money or banknotes. It is believed that people have been collecting paper money for as long as it has been in use.
However, people only started collecting paper money systematically in Germany in the 1920s, particularly the Serienscheine (Series notes) Notgeld.
The turning point occurred in the 1970s, when notaphily was established as a separate area by collectors. At the same time, some developed
countries such as the United States, Germany and France began publishing their respective national catalogues of paper money, which represented
major points of reference literature.

Scripophily is the study and collection of stocks and Bonds. It is an area of collecting due to both the
inherent beauty of some historical documents as well as the interesting historical context of each
document. Some stock certificates are excellent examples of engraving. Occasionally an old stock
document will be found that still has value as a stock in a successor company.

Numismatists
The term numismatist applies to collectors and coin dealers as well as scholars using coins as source
Alexander the Great tetradrachm from the
or studying coins.[14] Temnos Mint circa 188-170 BC

The first group chiefly derive pleasure from the simple ownership of monetary devices and studying
these coins as private amateur scholars. In the classical field amateur collector studies have achieved
quite remarkable progress in the field. Examples are Walter Breen, a well-known example of a noted numismatist who was not an avid collector, and
King Farouk I of Egypt was an avid collector[15] who had very little interest in numismatics. Harry Bass by comparison was a noted collector who
was also a numismatist.

The second group are the coin dealers. Often called professional numismatists, they authenticate or grade coins for commercial purposes. The
buying and selling of coin collections by numismatists who are professional dealers advances the study of money, and expert numismatists are
consulted by historians, museum curators, and archaeologists.

The third category are scholar numismatists working in public collections, universities or as independent scholars acquiring knowledge about
monetary devices, their systems, their economy and their historical context.[16] An example would be G. Kenneth Jenkins. Coins are especially
relevant as source in the pre-modern period.

List of publicly displayed numismatic collections

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Country State/City Description (Museum Name, etc.)

Retiro, Buenos
Argentina Casa de Moneda de la República Argentina
Aires
Armenia Yerevan History Museum of Armenia
Austria Vienna Kunsthistorisches Museum
Bahrain Manama Central Bank of Bahrain Currency Museum (http://www.cbb.gov.bh/page.php?p=currency_museum)
Bangladesh Bank Taka Museum (https://web.archive.org/web/20150617081856/http://www.colorsofbangladesh.com/bangladesh-bank-t
Bangladesh Dhaka
aka-museum/)
Belgium Brussels Coins and Medals Department of the Royal Library of Belgium
Belgium Brussels National Bank of Belgium Museum (http://www.nbbmuseum.be/collections/coins)
Brazil Brasília Central Bank Museum
Brazil Rio de Janeiro National Historical Museum
Brazil Rio de Janeiro Banco do Brasil's Cultural Center
Brazil São Paulo Instituto Itaú Cultural
Bandar Seri
Brunei Currency Gallery Brunei Darussalam (http://gallery.bruneiresources.com/)
Begawan
Bulgaria Sofia Bulgarian National Bank Museum (http://www.bnb.bg/AboutUs/AUHistory/AUHMuseumsBNB/index.htm?toLang=_EN)
Canada Ottawa Currency Museum Bank of Canada
Museum Special: China Numismatic Museum CCTV News – CNTV English (https://web.archive.org/web/20170202210544/http://englis
China Beijing
h.cntv.cn/program/cultureexpress/20110527/105007.shtml)
China Shanghai Shanghai Museum
Colombia Bogotá Casa de Moneda de Colombia
Numismatic Museum (https://web.archive.org/web/20110729111058/http://www.museosdelbancocentral.org/esp/categoria/museo-de-nu
Costa Rica San José
mismatica.html)
Cuba Havana Numismatic Museum (http://www.cuba-museums-guide.com/cuba_museums/numismatic_museum.htm)
Denmark Copenhagen National Museum of Denmark
Ecuador Quito Museo Numismático del Ecuador
France Paris Cabinet des Médailles, Bibliothèque nationale de France
France Paris Monnaie de Paris
Georgia Tbilisi National Bank of Georgia
Germany Berlin Bode Museum, Museumsinsel
Coin Cabinet in Royal Palace/Münzkabinett im Residenzschloss (https://web.archive.org/web/20100531213115/http://www.skdmuseum.
Germany Dresden
de/en/museums-institutions/residenzschloss/muenzkabinett/index.html)
Numismatic Museum/Münzkabinett Historisches Museum Frankfurt (http://www.historisches-museum.frankfurt.de/index.php?article_id=
Germany Frankfurt
89)
Germany Jena Oriental Coin Cabinet Jena
Germany Munich Staatliche Münzsammlung Munchen
Greece Athens Numismatic Museum of Athens
Guatemala Guatemala City Museo Numismático de Guatemala (http://banguat.gob.gt/museo/index.htm)
Visitor centre (https://web.archive.org/web/20141023100914/http://english.mnb.hu/A_jegybank/mnben_dummy/mnben_lk_old) of the
Hungary Budapest
Hungarian National Bank
India New Delhi National Museum, New Delhi
India Mumbai Reserve Bank of India Museum (http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/ic_museum.aspx)
India Nasik Coin Museum, Nasik (https://www.maharashtratourism.net/museums/coin-museum.html)
India Chennai Government Museum
Indonesia Jakarta Bank Indonesia Museum Collection : Money (http://www.bi.go.id/en/tentang-bi/museum/koleksi/uang/Default.aspx)
Indonesia Purbalingga Museum Uang Purbalingga (http://www.purbalinggakab.go.id/index.php/objek-wisata/73-museum-uang.html)
Israel Jerusalem Israel Museum
Italy Florence Museo della Moneta a Firenze
Italy Florence National Archaeological Museum in Florence
Italy Lucca Lucca Mint/Zecca di Lucca (https://web.archive.org/web/20100727032857/http://www.zeccadilucca.it/museo/index.asp)
Italy Naples Naples National Archaeological Museum
Italy Rome National Museum of Rome Crypta Balbi/Museo Nazionale Romano: Crypta Balbi
Rome Banca School groups only and by appointment only. Banca d'Italia Museo della Moneta (https://web.archive.org/web/20100607122642/http://w
Italy
d'Italia ww.bancaditalia.it/servizi_pubbl/museo_mon)
Philatelic and Numismatic Museum/ Museo Filatelico e Numismatico (https://web.archive.org/web/20070825011322/http://www.vaticanst
Italy Rome Vatican
ate.va/EN/News/The_new_Museum.htm)
Italy Venice Museo Correr
Japan Tokyo Bank of Japan Money – IMES BOJ Currency Museum (http://www.imes.boj.or.jp/cm/english/index.html)
Lebanon Tripoli The Northern Lebanon & Akkar Museum
Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia Bank Negara Malaysia Museum and Art Gallery (http://museum.bnm.gov.my/)
Federal Territory

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Country State/City Description (Museum Name, etc.)

Mexico Mexico City Casa de Moneda de México (https://web.archive.org/web/20130309020919/http://www.cmm.gob.mx/museo.html/)
Morocco Rabat Bank Al Maghrib (Bank of Morocco) Museum (http://www.bkam.ma/musee/)
Nepal Kathmandu National Museum of Nepal
Netherlands Amsterdam Numismatic collection of De Nederlandse Bank (https://nnc.dnb.nl/dnb-nnc-ontsluiting-frontend/#/collectie/)
North
Skopje Narodna Banka na Republika Severna Makedonija (http://www.nbrm.gov.mk/)
Macedonia
Paraguay Asuncion Numismatica Independencia (http://www.nisa.com.py)
Pakistan Karachi SBP Museum (http://www.sbp.org.pk/museum)
Peru Lima Museo Numismático del Perú (http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Proyeccion-Institucional/Museo/Museo-Numismatico-del-Peru.pdf)
Philippines Manila Museo ng Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (http://www.bsp.gov.ph/about/facilities_money.asp)
The Emeryk Hutten-Czapski Museum (https://web.archive.org/web/20140327182631/http://muzeum.krakow.pl/The-Emeryk-Hutten-Cza
Poland Cracow
pski-Museum.85.0.html?L=1)
Portugal Lisbon Museu Numismático Português
Qatar Doha Sheikh Faisal Bin Qassim Al Thani Museum
Romania Bucharest The Museum of the National Bank of Romania (http://bnro.ro/Museum-2727.aspx/)
Russia St. Petersburg Hermitage Museum
Russia St. Petersburg The Russian Money Museum (https://museum.goznak.ru/en//)
Sri Lanka Colombo Currency museum, Colombo
Serbia Belgrade National Bank of Serbia (Народна Банка Србије) (http://www.nbs.rs/internet/cirilica/75/75_3/75_13.html)
Singapore Singapore Singapore Coins and Notes Museum (https://web.archive.org/web/20111201025800/http://www.singaporecoinsandnotesmuseum.com/)
The Košice Gold Treasure EASTERN SLOVAK MUSEUM (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060023/http://www.visitkosice.eu/en/e
Slovakia Košice
vents/other-events-2013/kosice-gold-treasure)
Spain Madrid Museo Casa de la Moneda (http://www.museocasadelamoneda.es/colecciones/colecciones/numismatica)
Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya, numismatic collection (http://art.mnac.cat/collection.html;jsessionid=52ff8b1d3abfeb39855991cf326
Spain Barcelona
67965610297c4eb70fa0f58cbf4f918647ae0?colId=numismatica&lang=en)
South Africa Johannesburg Absa Money Museum
Suriname Paramaribo Numismatic Museum of the Centrale Bank van Suriname (http://www.cbvs.sr/english/museum/numis-intro.htm)
Sweden Stockholm Royal Coin Cabinet
Sweden Uppsala Uppsala University Coin Cabinet
Switzerland Zurich Money Museum
Pavilion of Regalia, Royal Decorations and Coins e-museum (https://web.archive.org/web/20110628134602/http://emuseum.treasury.g
Thailand Bangkok
o.th/th/home/)
Trinidad and
Port of Spain Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago museum (https://web.archive.org/web/20130127114817/http://www.central-bank.org.tt/node/23)
Tobago
Ukraine Odessa Odessa Numismatics Museum
Ukraine Feodosiya Feodosia Money Museum
United Arab
Emirate of Dubai Coins Museum Dubai[17]
Emirates
United Arab Emirate of Abu
UAE Currency Museum[18]
Emirates Dhabi
United
Cambridge Fitzwilliam Museum
Kingdom
United
Glasgow Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery[19]
Kingdom
United
Birmingham Barber Institute of Fine Arts, Birmingham University
Kingdom
United
London British Museum Department of Coins and Medals
Kingdom
United
London Bank of England Museum
Kingdom
United
Llantrisant Royal Mint Museum
Kingdom
United
Manchester Manchester Museum[20]
Kingdom
United
Oxford Ashmolean Museum
Kingdom
United
Colorado Springs American Numismatic Association Money Museum
States
United
Washington, D.C. National Numismatic Collection (NNC), Smithsonian National Museum of American History
States
Uruguay Montevideo Museo del Gaucho y la Moneda

List of important numismatic scholars

Andreas Alföldi (1895–1981)
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Augusto Carlos Teixeira de Aragão

Marion Archibald (1935-2016)
Simone Assemani (1752–1820)
Churchill Babington
Anselmo Banduri
Georges Bataille
Osmund Bopearachchi
Bartolomeo Borghesi
Guido Bruck
Guillaume Budé
Francesco Carelli
Celestino Cavedoni
Joan Clarke
Henry Cohen
Joe Cribb[21]
Théophile Marion Dumersan
Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher
Giuseppe Fiorelli
Martin Folkes
Julius Friedländer
Andrea Fulvio
Raffaele Garrucci
Francesco Gnecchi
Philip Grierson
Claude Gros de Boze
P. L. Gupta
Nicola Francesco Haym (1678–1729)
Stefan Heidemann
David Hendin
Gene Hessler
G. Kenneth Jenkins[22]
Joel L. Malter
Harold Mattingly
Theodor Mommsen
B. N. Mukherjee
A. K. Narain
Eric P. Newman
Carlo Ottavio, Count Castiglione
Martin Price (numismatist)
Louis Robert
Desiré-Raoul Rochette
Joaquín Rubio y Muñoz
Eduard Rüppell
Antonio Salinas
Gustave Schlumberger
Charles Seltman
Camillo Serafini
Ajay Mitra Shastri
Adolf Soetbeer
Dmitry Sontsov
Frederic Soret
Johann Gustav Stickel
Charles Surasky
Francois Thierry[23]
Olaus Gerhard Tychsen
Jörgen Zoega

See also
Numismatist (specialist) Coin catalog Auction catalog
Awards for numismatics Coin roll hunting – searching coin rolls for Exchange rate
Numismatic associations coins of numismatic value Manillas – a form of primitive or archaic
List of numismatic collections Glossary of numismatics money.
List of numismatic journals Joseph Pellerin World Money Fair
Silk Road Numismatics Commodity money Leper colony money
Coin collecting Money creation List of most expensive coins
Coin grading Where's George? Philately
Where's Willy?

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us*.html#75) 2007-07-26 at WebCite. ff/coins_and_medals/joe_cribb.aspx) Archived (https://web.archive.or
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External links
The dictionary definition of numismatics at Wiktionary
Media related to Numismatics at Wikimedia Commons

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numismatics 6/6