Solar and Biomass Power Production Introductive Lecture

Introduction to
Solar and Biomass Power production

(a.a. 2018-19)
Professor: Giampaolo Manzolini
[email protected]
Room 2.16 Building BL25
Direct number 3810
Summary
• Timetable:
– Monday 11:15 – 13:15 Room BL27.05
– Wednesday 15:15 – 18:15 Room L04
– Friday 11:15 – 13:15 Room BL27.14
• Flexible schedule between lectures, tutorials
and project. A tentative agenda will be
provided
• Language: English
Exam procedure
• See word document
Objectives
• Knowledge of systems for power production from
renewable energies
– Basics and theoretical limits
– Plant lay-out and design
• Real behavior of the different technologies and
operation/control issues
• Economic assessment of the considered technologies
• Understand the design criteria for a real application
and perform a preliminary plant optimization
Details
• Solar energy
– Solar energy definition
– Photovoltaics
– Concentrated solar power
– Desalination
• Biomass
– Definition of the energy source
– Conversion processes
– Focus on Biogas and waste-to-energy
17
Tentative course schedule
Introduction
19 Week 1 Lecture
September
Tentative agenda
21 Exercise on solar radiation and solar angles (Soltrace)
24 PV Lecture
26 Week 2 PV lecture (1h) + Tutorial Soltrace
28 PV Lecture
1 PV Lecture
3 Week 3 Excercise on PV
5 PV Lecture
8 PV lecture
10 Week 4 PV Project 1
12 PV Lecture
October
15 CSP Lecture
17 Week 5 PV seminar and lab visit
19 CSP Lecture
22 PV Project 2
24 Week 6 PV Project 3
26 CSP Lecture
29 CSP Lecture
31 Week 7 CSP exercise
2 vacation
5 CSP lecture
7 Week 8 CSP project
9 CSP LEcture
12 desalination Lecture
November
14 Week 9 CSP seminar+project

16 Biomass introduction
19 TBD
21 Week 10 biomass lecture
23 Excerces on biomass
26 biomass lecture
28 Week 11 biomass lecture+biomass seminar
30 biomass lecture
3 biomass lecture
Week 12
5 biomass project
10 biomass lecture
December
12 biomass project
Week 13
biomass lecture
15 Q&S or exam excercises
17 Q&S or exam excercises
19
Tools
– PV syst
– Soltrace
– Solar pilot
– SAM
Bibliography
Books:
Le Energie Rinnovabili, Alberto Bertolazzi, Biblioteca tecnica Hoepli
Tecnologie delle energie rinnovabili, Cocco, Palomba, Puddu, SGEditoriali Padova
Fundamental of renewable energy sources, elsevier (via sciencedirect)
Renewable Energy Technologies, elsevier (via sciencedirect)
Renewable Energy Engineering (Jenkins, Ekanayake Cambridge University press
2017)
G. Boyle, Renewable Energy, Editor: Oxford, year: 2014
• Solar Energy: (Handbook of PV Cells e Solar Engineering of Thermal

processes, Quaderni FV ABB, Dispense varie, powerfromthesun)
• Biomass (BP handbook)
• Others on BEEP.
• www.scopus.com, sciencedirect.com, scholar.google.it
World energy consumption
https://www.iea.org/statistics/?country=WORLD&year=2015&category=Key%20indic
ators&indicator=TPESbySource&mode=chart&categoryBrowse=false&dataTable=BAL
ANCES&showDataTable=false
Some examples
CO2 concentration in the atmosphere
Paris agreement
Mitigation: reducing emissions
Governments agreed
•a long-term goal of keeping the increase in global average
temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels;
•to aim to limit the increase to 1.5°C, since this would significantly
reduce risks and the impacts of climate change;
•on the need for global emissions to peak as soon as possible,
recognising that this will take longer for developing countries;
•to undertake rapid reductions thereafter in accordance with the
best available science.
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/
Potentiality of renewable energy
Renewable electric energy installed capacity
PV instaled capacity – 200 GW

CST installed capacity -2 GW
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY –
INSTALLED CAPACITY
Hydropower installed capacity around 1100 GW
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY-
SCENARIOS
Renewable energy today
Increase
1-1.4x
2x
5-10x
5-10x
8-40x
10-30x
30-150x
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY – 2.5-4x
3-20x
24-160x
FORECAST
Italian situation
Terna
Further information can be found:
www.iea.org
www.worldenergyoutlook.org
www.bp.com
www.ipcc.ch
http://www.worldenergy.org
http://www.enea.it/it/produzione-scientifica/rapporto-energia-e-ambiente-1
www.terna.it
www.gse.it
www.eia.gov
.........
.........
Background and three important concepts to understand/remember:
1. Renewable definition
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy
2. Energy pay-back time and Energy return on investment
3. Life cycle assessment

Energy pay-back time EPBT and return on Investment EROI
The length of time a renewable system must operate before it recovers the
energy invested throughout its life time is ascertained by EPBT.
𝐸𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑦 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦

𝐸𝑃𝐵𝑇 =
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
EROI tells about how much energy is obtained from a system of an energy
source compared to how much of that energy is required to create and
implement the system
𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝐸𝑅𝑂𝐼 = =
𝐸𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐸𝑃𝐵𝑇
Examples of aspects to be taken into account in energy pay-back time:

- Energy consumptions for manufacturing (plant, BOP)
- Energy consumption for cultivation in case of biomass
- Energy consumptions for transportation/installation
- Energy consumptions for disposal
Life cycle assessment
• Life-cycle assessment (LCA, also known as life-cycle analysis, ecobalance,
and cradle-to-grave analysis) is a technique to assess environmental
impacts associated with all the stages of a product's life from cradle to
grave (i.e., from raw material extraction through materials processing,
manufacture, distribution, use, repair and maintenance, and disposal or
recycling)
• Cradle-to-Crave is the full Life Cycle Assessment from resource extraction

('cradle') to use phase and disposal phase ('grave').
• Cradle-to-Gate is an assessment of a partial product life cycle from

resource extraction (cradle) to the factory gate (i.e., before it is
transported to the consumer). The use phase and disposal phase of the
product are omitted in this case.
Main Life Cycle parameters
• Global Warming Potential
• Energy Use
• Water
• Acidification Potential
• Eutrophication Potential
• Photochemical Oxidant Creation Potential
• Ozone Depletion Potential
• Toxicity: Human cancer, human non-cancer and ecological
It is still under discussion a unified parameter to summarize all the previous

ones. In case of opposing results, there is no straight forward way to select
to the optimal technology from life cycle point of view.
Examples of LCA focusing on CO2 emissions
Geothermal
Solar Energy Tidal energy
energy
Marine current Nuclear

Wind Energy
energy energy
Biomass
Hydro power
Fossil fuel
Wave energy
Question:
• According to your opinion what is/are the criteria
to be adopted for selecting a renewable energy
respect to competitive RES or fossil fuels?
• Please send me your answer in one page ppt or

filling in the google form by Wednesday at 14
(groups are accepted)
• https://goo.gl/forms/c53JG0GnxBQiHzNF3
Students:
Criteria name:
Description:
Mathematical formulation:
Assumptions:
Additional material
Renewable Energy in TFEC by Sector
Global Renewable Power Capacity
Renewable Power Capacities in the World
➜ China: nearly 30% of the

world’s renewable power
capacity (approx. 647 GW)
Bioenergy
➜ Biomass accounted for

12.8% of total final energy
consumption in 2016
➜ Traditional biomass in
TFEC declining:
9.2% in 2005 to estimated
7.8% in 2016
➜ Modern bioenergy
contributed 5% to final
energy consumption
Bio-heat
➜ EU Member States used an

estimated 3.6 EJ of bio-
heat in 2016
➜ 91% of which was supplied

by solid biomass
➜ Germany is the largest

consumer (0.52 EJ) of bio-
heat in the EU, followed by
France (0.45 EJ), Sweden
(0.36 EJ), Italy (0.32 EJ) and
Finland (0.30 EJ)
Bio-power
➜ Global bio-power capacity

increased 7% in 2017,
to 122 GW
➜ Bioelectricity generation
rose almost 11%,
to 555 TWh
➜ China has now overtaken
the United States as the
largest producer of
bioelectricity
➜ Other major producers are
Brazil, Germany, Japan, the
United Kingdom and India
Solar PV Global Capacity and Additions
➜ 98 GW of solar PV capacity
added in 2017
➜ Global total increased 33%

to 402 GW (equivalent of
40,000 PV panels every
hour)
➜ More solar PV was installed

than the net capacity
additions of fossil fuels and
nuclear power combined
Solar PV Capacity by Country or Region
➜ By the end of 2017, every

continent had installed at
least 1 GW
➜ At least 29 countries had
1 GW or more of capacity
➜ The size and number of
large projects continued
to grow during 2017
➜ By year’s end, at least 196
solar PV plants of 50 MW
and larger were operating
in at least 28 countries
Solar PV Capacity and Additions
➜ China added
53.1 GW in 2017, more
than was added
worldwide in 2015,
increasing its total solar
PV capacity to 131.1 GW
➜ China reached its 2020
target for solar
installations in 2017
➜ The United States
remained a distant
second, adding 10.6 GW
for a total of 51 GW
Shares of Solar PV
➜ The top 5 national markets

for solar PV accounted for
some 84% of newly installed
capacity
• China
• The United States
• India
• Japan
• Turkey
Concentrating Solar Thermal Power (CSP)
➜ 100 MW of capacity came

online in 2017; global
capacity: 4.9 GW
➜ Several projects that were
due to enter operation
during the year were
delayed until 2018 and later
➜ Global capacity increased by
just over 2%
➜ Pipeline of about 2 GW of
projects under construction
(particularly in China and in
the Middle East and North
Africa region)
CSP Thermal Energy Storage Capacity
➜ 13 GWh of thermal energy

storage (TES), almost
entirely molten salts,
operational in conjunction
with CSP plants across 5
continents by end-2017
➜ Vast majority of CSP plants
under construction will
incorporate some form of
TES (central to the
competitiveness of CSP)
Solar Water Heating Collectors
➜ 35 GWth capacity of glazed

(flat plate and vacuum tube
technology) and unglazed
collectors newly
commissioned in 2017
➜ Total global capacity: 472
GWth by year-end
➜ Gross additions for the year
down 3% from
36.2 GWth in 2016

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Introduction to

Solar and Biomass Power production

14 Week 9 CSP seminar+project

• Solar Energy: (Handbook of PV Cells e Solar Engineering of Thermal

PV instaled capacity – 200 GW

2. Energy pay-back time and Energy return on investment

3. Life cycle assessment

𝐸𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑦 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦

𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

Examples of aspects to be taken into account in energy pay-back time:

• Cradle-to-Crave is the full Life Cycle Assessment from resource extraction

• Cradle-to-Gate is an assessment of a partial product life cycle from

It is still under discussion a unified parameter to summarize all the previous

Marine current Nuclear

• Please send me your answer in one page ppt or

➜ China: nearly 30% of the

➜ Biomass accounted for

➜ EU Member States used an

➜ 91% of which was supplied

➜ Germany is the largest

➜ Global bio-power capacity

➜ Global total increased 33%

➜ More solar PV was installed

➜ By the end of 2017, every

➜ The top 5 national markets

➜ 100 MW of capacity came

➜ 13 GWh of thermal energy

➜ 35 GWth capacity of glazed

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