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    Steps of Glycolysis

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    Im jungkook JUSTIN SEAGULL A.K.A jungshook
    Glycolysis involves 10 steps to break down glucose into two pyruvate molecules, producing a small amount of ATP. [1] Hexokinase phosphorylates glucose to G6P using ATP. [2] Phosphoglucomutase converts G6P to F6P. [3] Phosphofructokinase phosphorylates F6P to FBP using another ATP. [4] Aldolase splits FBP into two triose phosphates. [5] Triose phosphate isomerase converts the phosphates between each other. [6] Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase oxidizes one phosphate while transferring hydrogen to NAD+, then phosphorylates it. [

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    Steps of Glycolysis

    Uploaded by

    Im jungkook JUSTIN SEAGULL A.K.A jungshook
    127 views3 pages
    Glycolysis involves 10 steps to break down glucose into two pyruvate molecules, producing a small amount of ATP. [1] Hexokinase phosphorylates glucose to G6P using ATP. [2] Phosphoglucomutase converts G6P to F6P. [3] Phosphofructokinase phosphorylates F6P to FBP using another ATP. [4] Aldolase splits FBP into two triose phosphates. [5] Triose phosphate isomerase converts the phosphates between each other. [6] Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase oxidizes one phosphate while transferring hydrogen to NAD+, then phosphorylates it. [

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    Steps of glycolysis

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    Glycolysis involves 10 steps to break down glucose into two pyruvate molecules, producing a small amount of ATP. [1] Hexokinase phosphorylates glucose to G6P using ATP. [2] Phosphoglucomutase converts G6P to F6P. [3] Phosphofructokinase phosphorylates F6P to FBP using another ATP. [4] Aldolase splits FBP into two triose phosphates. [5] Triose phosphate isomerase converts the phosphates between each other. [6] Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase oxidizes one phosphate while transferring hydrogen to NAD+, then phosphorylates it. [

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    127 views3 pages

    Steps of Glycolysis

    Uploaded by

    Im jungkook JUSTIN SEAGULL A.K.A jungshook
    Glycolysis involves 10 steps to break down glucose into two pyruvate molecules, producing a small amount of ATP. [1] Hexokinase phosphorylates glucose to G6P using ATP. [2] Phosphoglucomutase converts G6P to F6P. [3] Phosphofructokinase phosphorylates F6P to FBP using another ATP. [4] Aldolase splits FBP into two triose phosphates. [5] Triose phosphate isomerase converts the phosphates between each other. [6] Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase oxidizes one phosphate while transferring hydrogen to NAD+, then phosphorylates it. [

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    Steps of glycolysis

    Glycolysis has a major role in the mechanical process in both anaerobic and
    aerobic respiration in a form of ATP, in glycolysis there are six carbon sugars
    known as glucose that are broken down into two molecules of three carbon
    sugars called pyruvate.

    STEP 1: ​Hexokinase
    The enzyme ​hexokinase ​phosphorylates or adds a phosphate group to
    glucose in a cell's ​cytoplasm​. In the process, a phosphate group from ATP is
    transferred to glucose producing ​glucose 6-phosphate or G6P. One molecule of
    ATP is consumed during this phase.
    STEP 2: ​Phosphoglucomutase
    The enzyme phosphoglucomutase isomerizes G6P into its ​isomer
    fructose 6-phosphate or F6P. Isomers have the same ​molecular formula
    as each other but different atomic arrangements.
    STEP 3: ​Phosphofructokinase
    T​he kinase ​phosphofructokinase uses ​another ATP molecule to
    transfer a phosphate group to F6P in order to form fructose
    1,6-bisphosphate or FBP. Two ATP molecules have been used so far.
    STEP 4: ​Aldolase
    The enzyme aldolase splits fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into a ketone and
    an aldehyde molecule. These sugars, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and
    glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP), are isomers of each other.
    STEP 5: ​Triose-phosphate isomerase
    The enzyme triose-phosphate isomerase rapidly converts DHAP
    into GAP (these isomers can interconvert). GAP is the substrate needed
    for the next step of glycolysis.
    STEP 6: ​Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
    The enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GAPDH)
    serves two functions in this reaction. First, it dehydrogenation GAP by
    transferring one of its hydrogen (H⁺) molecules to the ​oxidizing agent
    nicotinamide​ adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) to form NADH + H⁺.
    Next, GAPDH adds a phosphate from the cytosol to the oxidized GAP to
    form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG). Both molecules of GAP produced in the
    previous step undergo this process of dehydrogenation and phosphorylation.

    STEP 7: ​Phosphoglycerokinase
    The enzyme phosphoglycerokinase ​transfers a phosphate from BPG to a
    molecule of ADP to form ATP. This happens to each molecule of BPG. This
    reaction yields two 3-phosphoglycerate (3 PGA) molecules and two ATP
    molecules.
    STEP 8: ​Phosphoglyceromutase
    The enzyme phosphoglyceromutase relocates the P of the two 3 PGA
    molecules from the third to the second carbon to form two 2-phosphoglycerate
    (2 PGA) molecules.
    STEP 9: ​Enolase
    The enzyme enolase removes a molecule of ​water from
    2-phosphoglycerate to form phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). This happens for each
    molecule of 2 PGA from Step 8.
    STEP 10: ​Pyruvate kinase
    The enzyme pyruvate kinase transfers P from PEP to ADP to form
    pyruvate and ATP. This happens for each molecule of PEP. This reaction yields
    two molecules of pyruvate and two ATP molecules.

    enzymes involved in the process


    The following are enzymes involved in the process
    Oxidoreductase- oxidized/ reduce a species (oxidase, dehydrogenase)
    Hydrolases- Hydrolytically cleaved substrate (lipase, amylase, pepsin)
    Isomerase- change spatial orientation and make isomers.(phosphohexose
    isomerase fumarase)
    Lyase- Nonhydrolytic cleavage/removal( synthesis)
    Ligase- Join substrates, often by condensation “addition reaction” (reverse
    reaction synthesis)

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