PYTHON CHEAT SHEET

100 DAYS OF CODE

COMPLETE PROFESSIONAL
PYTHON BOOTCAMP

BASICS

Print

Prints a string into the console. print("Hello World")

Input

Prints a string into the console, input("What's your name")

and asks the user for a string input.

Comments

Adding a # symbol in font of text #This is a comment

lets you make comments on a line of code. print("This is code")
The computer will ignore your comments.

Variables

A variable give a name to a piece of data. my_name = "Angela"

Like a box with a label, it tells you what's my_age = 12
inside the box.

The += Operator

This is a convient way of saying: "take the my_age = 12

previous value and add to it. my_age += 4
#my_age is now 16

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DATA TYPES

Integers

Integers are whole numbers. my_number = 354

Floating Point Numbers

Floats are numbers with decimal places. my_float = 3.14159

When you do a calculation that results in
a fraction e.g. 4 ÷ 3 the result will always be
a floating point number.

Strings

A string is just a string of characters. my_string = "Hello"

It should be surrounded by double quotes.

String Concatenation

You can add strings to string to create "Hello" + "Angela"

a new string. This is called concatenation. # becomes "HelloAngela"
It results in a new string.

Escaping a String

Because the double quote is special, it speech = "She said: \"Hi\""

denotes a string, if you want to use it in print(speech)
a string, you need to escape it with a "\"
# prints: She said: "Hi"

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F-Strings

You can insert a variable into a string days = 365

using f-strings. print(f"There are {days}
The syntax is simple, just insert the variable in a year")
in-between a set of curly braces {}.

Converting Data Types

You can convert a variable from 1 data n = 354

type to another. new_n = float(n)
Converting to float:
float() print(new_n) #result 354.0
Converting to int:
int()
Converting to string:
str()

Checking Data Types

You can use the type() function

n = 3.14159
to check what is the data type of a type(n) #result float
particular variable.

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MATHS

Arithmetic Operators
You can do mathematical calculations with 3+2 #Add
Python as long as you know the right
operators.
4-1 #Subtract
2*3 #Multiply
5/2 #Divide
5**2 #Exponent

The += Operator

This is a convenient way to modify a variable. my_number = 4

It takes the existing value in a variable my_number += 2
and adds to it.
You can also use any of the other
#result is 6
mathematical operators e.g. -= or *=

The Modulo Operator

Often you'll want to know what is the 5 % 2

remainder after a division. #result is 1
e.g. 4 ÷ 2 = 2 with no remainder
but 5 ÷ 2 = 2 with 1 remainder
The modulo does not give you the result
of the division, just the remainder.
It can be really helpful in certain situations,
e.g. figuring out if a number is odd or even.

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ERRORS

Syntax Error
Syntax errors happen when your code print(12 + 4))
does not make any sense to the computer. File "<stdin>", line 1
This can happen because you've misspelt print(12 + 4))
something or there's too many brackets or ^
a missing comma. SyntaxError: unmatched ')'

Name Error

This happens when there is a variable

my_number = 4
with a name that the computer my_Number + 2
does not recognise. It's usually because Traceback (most recent call
you've misspelt the name of a variable
last): File "<stdin>", line 1,
you created earlier.
NameError: name 'my_Number'
Note: variable names are case sensitive!
is not defined

Zero Division Error

This happens when you try to divide by zero,

5 % 0
This is something that is mathematically Traceback (most recent call
impossible so Python will also complain. last): File "<stdin>", line 1,
ZeroDivisionError: integer
division or modulo by zero

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FUNCTIONS

Creating Functions
def my_function():
This is the basic syntax for a function in
print("Hello")
Python. It allows you to give a set of
instructions a name, so you can trigger it name = input("Your name:")
multiple times without having to re-write print("Hello
or copy-paste it. The contents of the function
must be indented to signal that it's inside.

Calling Functions
my_function()
You activate the function by calling it.
my_function()
This is simply done by writing the name of
the function followed by a set of round #The function my_function
brackets. This allows you to determine #will run twice.
when to trigger the function and how
many times.

Functions with Inputs

In addition to simple functions, you can def add(n1, n2):

give the function an input, this way, each time print(n1 + n2)
the function can do something different
depending on the input. It makes your
function more useful and re-usable.
add(2, 3)

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Functions with Outputs

In addition to inputs, a function can also have def add(n1, n2):

an output. The output value is proceeded by return n1 + n2
the keyword "return".
This allows you to store the result from a
function.
result = add(2, 3)

Variable Scope
n = 2
Variables created inside a function are def my_function():
destroyed once the function has executed.
n = 3
The location (line of code) that you use
a variable will determine its value. print(n)
Here n is 2 but inside my_function() n is 3.
So printing n inside and outside the function print(n) #Prints 2
will determine its value.
my_function() #Prints 3

Keyword Arguments
def divide(n1, n2):
When calling a function, you can provide result = n1 / n2
a keyword argument or simply just the
#Option 1:
value.
Using a keyword argument means that divide(10, 5)
you don't have to follow any order #Option 2:
when providing the inputs.
divide(n2=5, n1=10)

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CONDITIONALS

If
n = 5
This is the basic syntax to test if a condition if n > 2:
is true. If so, the indented code will be
print("Larger than 2")
executed, if not it will be skipped.

Else
age = 18
This is a way to specify some code that will be if age > 16:
executed if a condition is false.
print("Can drive")
else:
print("Don't drive")

Elif

In addition to the initial If statement weather = "sunny"

condition, you can add extra conditions to if weather == "rain":
test if the first condition is false. print("bring umbrella")
Once an elif condition is true, the rest of
the elif conditions are no longer checked
elif weather == "sunny":
and are skipped. print("bring sunglasses")
elif weather == "snow":
print("bring gloves")

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and
s = 58
This expects both conditions either side if s < 60 and s > 50:
of the and to be true.
print("Your grade is C")

or
age = 12
This expects either of the conditions either if age < 16 or age > 200:
side of the or to be true. Basically, both
print("Can't drive")
conditions cannot be false.

not

This will flip the original result of the

if not 3 > 1:
condition. e.g. if it was true then it's now print("something")
false. #Will not be printed.

comparison operators

These mathematical comparison operators

> Greater than
allow you to refine your conditional checks. < Lesser than
>= Greater than or equal to
<= Lesser than or equal to
== Is equal to
!= Is not equal to

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PYTHON BOOTCAMP

LOOPS

While Loop
n = 1
This is a loop that will keep repeating itself while n < 100:
until the while condition becomes false.
n += 1

For Loop
all_fruits = ["apple",
For loops give you more control than "banana", "orange"]
while loops. You can loop through anything
for fruit in all_fruits:
that is iterable. e.g. a range, a list, a dictionary
or tuple. print(fruit)

_ in a For Loop

If the value your for loop is iterating through,

for _ in range(100):
e.g. the number in the range, or the item in #Do something 100 times.
the list is not needed, you can replace it with
an underscore.

break

This keyword allows you to break free of the

scores = [34, 67, 99, 105]
loop. You can use it in a for or while loop. for s in scores:
if s > 100:
print("Invalid")
break
print(s)
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continue
n = 1
This keyword allows you to skip this iteration while n < 100:
of the loop and go to the next. The loop will
if n % 2 == 0:
still continue, but it will start from the top.
continue
print(n)
#Prints all the odd numbers

Infinite Loops
while 5 > 1:
Sometimes, the condition you are checking print("I'm a survivor")
to see if the loop should continue never
becomes false. In this case, the loop will
continue for eternity (or until your computer
stops it). This is more common with while
loops.

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LIST METHODS

Adding Lists Together

list1 = [1, 2, 3]
You can extend a list with another list by list2 = [9, 8, 7]
using the extend keyword, or the + symbol.
new_list = list1 + list2
list1 += list2

Adding an Item to a List

all_fruits = ["apple",
If you just want to add a single item to a "banana", "orange"]
list, you need to use the .append() method.
all_fruits.append("pear")

List Index

To get hold of a particular item from a letters = ["a", "b", "c"]

list you can use its index number. letters[0]
This number can also be negative, if you #Result:"a"
want to start counting from the end of the
list.
letters[-1]
#Result: "c"
List Slicing

Using the list index and the colon symbol #list[start:end]

you can slice up a list to get only the letters = ["a","b","c","d"]
portion you want. letters[1:3]
Start is included, but end is not.
#Result: ["b", "c"]

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BUILT IN FUNCTIONS

Range
# range(start, end, step)
Often you will want to generate a range
for i in range(6, 0, -2):
of numbers. You can specify the start, end
and step. print(i)
Start is included, but end is excluded:
start >= range < end
# result: 6, 4, 2
# 0 is not included.

Randomisation
import random
The random functions come from the
# randint(start, end)
random module which needs to be
imported. n = random.randint(2, 5)
In this case, the start and end are both #n can be 2, 3, 4 or 5.
included
start <= randint <= end

Round
This does a mathematical round.
So 3.1 becomes 3, 4.5 becomes 5 round(4.6)
and 5.8 becomes 6. # result 4

abs
This returns the absolute value.
Basically removing any -ve signs. abs(-4.6)
# result 4.6

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MODULES

Importing
import random
Some modules are pre-installed with python
n = random.randint(3, 10)
e.g. random/datetime
Other modules need to be installed from
pypi.org

Aliasing
import random as r
You can use the as keyword to give
n = r.randint(1, 5)
your module a different name.

Importing from modules

from random import randint
You can import a specific thing from a n = randint(1, 5)
module. e.g. a function/class/constant
You do this with the from keyword.
It can save you from having to type the same
thing many times.

Importing Everything

You can use the wildcard (*) to import

from random import *
everything from a module. Beware, this list = [1, 2, 3]
usually reduces code readability. choice(list)
# More readable/understood
#random.choice(list)

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CLASSES & OBJECTS

Creating a Python Class

class MyClass:
You create a class using the class keyword.
#define class
Note, class names in Python are PascalCased.
So to create an empty class

Creating an Object from a Class

class Car:
You can create a new instance of an object pass
by using the class name + ()

my_toyota = Car()

Class Methods
class Car:
You can create a function that belongs def drive(self):
to a class, this is known as a method.
print("move")
my_honda = Car()
my_honda.drive()

Class Variables
class Car:
You can create a varaiable in a class. colour = "black"
The value of the variable will be available
car1 = Car()
to all objects created from the class.
print(car1.colour) #black

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The __init__ method

class Car:
The init method is called every time a new def __init__(self):
object is created from the class.
print("Building car")
my_toyota = Car()
#You will see "building car"
#printed.

Class Properties

You can create a variable in the init() of

class Car:
a class so that all objects created from the def __init__(self, name):
class has access to that variable. self.name = "Jimmy"

Class Inheritance
class Animal:
When you create a new class, you can def breathe(self):
inherit the methods and properties
print("breathing")
of another class.
class Fish(Animal):
def breathe(self):
super.breathe()
print("underwater")
nemo = Fish()
nemo.breathe()
#Result:
#breathing
#underwater
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