Research of the trigger effect in diode-thyristor circuits of

contactless relay devices

Erkin Abduraimov1,*
1
Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov, Department of Electrical Energy Faculty,
Tashkent, University St. 2A, 100095, Uzbekistan

Abstract. The paper investigates the main properties of the trigger effect in diode-thyristor circuits and
proposes the creation of small-sized thyristor contactless voltage relays, combining in one device a sensitive
system to changes in input voltage and powerful actuators capable of switching large load currents. The
article also discusses a non-contact thyristor relay of alternating current voltage, the load mode of which is
analyzed, taking into account the voltage of the transition to the open state of the thyristor and the formula
for the effective value of the voltage across the load. It is proposed to use the developed such relays as
contactless switching and control equipment, which allow to reliably and quickly control the operating
modes of electrical equipment, regulate the reactive power of capacitor banks, create ring networks,
improve the quality of electricity in distribution networks and reduce capital costs for the construction of a
power supply system.

Introduction trigger effect. An experimental study of the operating

mode of a non-contact thyristor voltage relay was carried
Currently, a set of technical solutions aimed at out according to the scheme shown in Fig. 1. [4,5]. In
improving the efficiency and quality of automation the study in the circuit, the resistance Rload = 820 Ohm
devices, radio engineering, telecommunications, was used as a load; diode - VD -226B; thyristor - VT -
industrial and consumer electronics, requires widespread KU201L and as a resistor Rcontrol in the thyristor control
use and a deeper study of semiconductor circuits is of circuit a variable resistance of 0÷25 kOhm is used.
great practical importance to identify new possibilities
for the practical application of semiconductor elements. Rcon. VD

VТ
1.1 Half-wave circuit
The phenomenon of a sharp change in the current in the
circuit with a slight change in the voltage at the input is uin Rload
called the trigger effect[1]. Let us consider the trigger
effect, or in other words, the relay effect in the diode-
thyristor circuit using the example of a circuit when the а)
thyristor VТ is connected in series to the network u
through Rload active resistance, and current is supplied to
the control circuit from the network through the active uRload uin
resistance Rcontrol and the diode VD (Fig.1.a) [2,3].
If you slowly increase the value of the input voltage, π ωt
2π
then at a certain value of Uin, the amplitude value of the 0 π/2 5π/2 3π
control signal will be equal to the thyristor opening
current, at this moment the thyristor VТ opens abruptly
at an angle α = 900 (Fig.1b). A further increase in the
b)
voltage leads to a decrease in the angle α almost to zero,
i.e. the thyristor will carry the full positive half-wave of
Fig. 1. a) Thyristor switching circuit b) Mains voltage and load
current. The voltage value at which the thyristor opens wave forms
abruptly depends on the value of the parameters Rcon. and
Rload Thus, the opening of the thyristor abruptly or the
Were removed the following dependencies Uload= (Icon.)
phenomenon of a sharp change in voltage or current
at constant Uin; Iload = (Uin) at constant control current
across the load in the considered circuit can be called a
Icon.; Uswitch = (Rcon.) which are shown in Fig. 2,3,4.
Oscillograms of the shape of the voltage curves across In the absence of the controlling signal the thyristor is
the load of the considered circuit are shown in Fig. 5. locked in both directions and is under the influence of
source tension. When tension of a source reaches a
Uload V certain value, the thyristor turns on in the moment of /2.
Rload =820 [Ohm] Uin= 210 V At the same time tension on resistance will change a
100
Uin= 160 V saltus to amplitude value of alternating voltage. Tension
on the thyristor at the time of switching on changes a
Uin= 108 V saltus almost to zero. Current duration via the thyristor
50
Uin= 56 V and tension on resistance of loading makes a quarter of
Icon. the period. A value of currents is determined by the
following formulas In the absence of the controlling
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 mА signal the thyristor is locked in both directions and is
under the influence of source tension. When tension of a
Fig. 2. Dependence Uload= (Icon) at various input voltages source reaches a certain value, the thyristor turns on in
the moment of /2. At the same time tension on
Iload mА Rload =820 [Ohm] resistance will change a saltus to amplitude value of
alternating voltage. Tension on the thyristor at the time
Rcon4=20 kOhm
80 of switching on changes a saltus almost to zero. Current
Rcon3=15 kOhm duration via the thyristor and tension on resistance of
60 Rcon2=10 kOhm loading makes a quarter of the period. [6,7]. A value of
currents is determined by the following formula
40 Rcon1=5 kOhm
U in max
20 i Sin  t  I m Sin  t ,  t 
Uin R

0 100 200 V 
I m 1  Cos  
1 1
Fig. 3. Dependence Iload = (Uin) at different control currents I 
2  I m Sin  tdt 
2 (1)

Im
Uswitch V In our situation at   90 о I 
2
30 Rload =820 [Ohm]
The operating value of current:
20 (
I  Im
1 1
     1 Sin 2 (2)
10 2 2 4
Rcontrol Im
At   90 0 we will get I 
0 5 10 20 25 kOhm 2 2
15

Fig. 4. Dependence Uswitch =  (Rcontrol) 1.2 Full waive circuit

The same trigger effect can be observed in the diode-

thyristor bridge circuit in Fig. 6. The circuit contains a
VT thyristor connected to the diagonal of the diode
bridge VD1 – VD4 from the rectified current side. The
bridge is connected in series with the load Rload to the
AC voltage source. The current in the load circuit flows
only when the thyristor in the diagonal of the diode
bridge is open. When the signal at the control electrode
of the thyristor is not sufficient, the thyristor is closed, so
no current flows through the load. Upon reaching a
certain value of the control signal, the thyristor will open
at an angle of 90° and will remain in the conducting state
during the rest of the half-cycle of the alternating
voltage. When the polarity of the mains voltage changes,
a signal will be sent to the control electrode of the
thyristor, which coincides with the polarity of the current
flowing through the bridge and the thyristor will open at
the same voltage value as with a positive half-wave of
the supply mains. In this case, a current will flow
Fig. 5. Oscillogram of the voltage waveform at the load
through the load with an angle of inclusion π/2 in both
directions (Fig. 6.b). The first half of the current half- Figure 7 the current-voltage characteristic of the
wave passes through the circuit: diode VD1, thyristor considered circuit is presented for Rу = 42 kOhm. The
VT, diode VD3, load Rload; the second half of the half- dependence of the change in the turn-on angle of the
wave - along the circuit: load Rload, diode VD2, thyristor thyristor on the value of the input voltage is shown in
VT and diode VD4. The supply voltage, minus the Fig. 8.
voltage drop across the diodes and thyristor, connected
in the forward direction, is applied to the load Rload.  (grad.)
When the mains voltage is below the voltage Uswitch or
Icon. < Icon. min, the control signal is not sufficient to open /2
the thyristor and the thyristor at the end of the next half-
cycle, when the anode voltage drops to zero, closes and /3
the load is disconnected from the power source. The
thyristor switching voltage depends on the value of the /6
control current. The value of the latter can be adjusted Umax
using the resistor parameter Rcon..
0 50 100 150 200 250 V
VD1 VD2 VТ Fig. 8. Characteristic  = f (Umax)
i Rcon
. Figure 9 the obtained oscillograms of the shape of the
Uin VD4 VD3~ current curves at the load are shown when the effective
values of the mains voltage were: Uin = 40 V; Uin= 70 V;
Uin = 200 V.
Rload а)

u,i Uin=40 V iRload

Uмax
Uload
iload
Iмax
α 3/2 2 t
0 /2  5/2 3
Uin=70 V iRload
b)b)
б
bb
Fig. 6. a) Diode-thyristor
) bridge circuit; b) Voltage and load
current waveforms bb
Uin=200 V
bb iRload
Thus, in the considered diode-thyristor circuits, a trigger
effect is observed, which can be used bb to create
contactless relay devices [8,9]. bb
Experimental studies of the operating modes of the
bb
thyristor voltage relay were carried out according to the
scheme shown in Fig. 6. The circuit used:bb thyristor KU Fig. 9. Oscillograms forms of the current curve at the load
202K, diodes D 226B, resistance Rн = 770 Ohm and Rу
= 10 kOhm. bb If we do not take into account the turn-on time and the
bb forward voltage drop across the valves, then the
Iload А instantaneous value of the load current is determined for
0,3 Experimenta bb the open state of the thyristor according to the following
l bb formula:
U
0,2 bb i  m sin( t   ) (3)
Theoretical R
bb
0,1 bb where is the turn-on angle of the thyristor. The average
and effective values of the load voltage are determined
bb Uin by the following formulas:
bb V U
0 50 100 150 200 250 U mid  load (1  cos  ) (4)

bb
Fig. 7. Ampere-voltage characteristic
b
 U max sin 2 4. AbduraimovE.Kh. Khamidova N.E. Analysis of
U load     (5) nonlinear resistive circuits. Theory and practice of
2 2 modern science. XX International Scientific and
Practical Conference. Moscow 2017 p. 62-64.
The relay is switched on at a certain mains voltage when 5. E. G. Usmanov, E. Kh. .Abduraimov, R.Ch.
U Karimov, the Nonlinear dynamic chain with a tiristor
I con.   I con. min . Thus, by selecting the
Rcon.  Rload // Problems of informatics and power of the Republic
resistance Rcon, the relay can be switched on at the of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, 2006 №. 2,3. p. 37-41
required mains voltage. 6. Abduraimov E.Kh., Halmanov D.Kh. ––
To determine the turn-on angle of the thyristor, it is Development of a non-contact optoelectronic
necessary to know the turn-on voltage Uin, corresponding switching device. –– Problems of energy and
to the inflection point of the current-voltage resource conservation, TSTU. - Tashkent, 2018, –№
characteristic of the thyristor. 3-4 pp. 145-149.
Considering that 7. Bobojanov M.K., Usmanov E.G., AbduraimovE.Kh.,
u= Um sin ( t+) (6) Karimov R.Ch. Resistive time delay swishes Seintifie
journal “European Science Review” Austria, Vienna,
2018 -№1-2 210–212с PP210-212 (05.00.00; №3)
the turn-on angle of the thyristor occurs at =90. If
8. Abduraimov E.Kh. –Optoelectronic contactless
Um  uswitch. The thyristor does not go to the unlocked
switching devices. Bulletin of Tashkent State
state if Um  Uswitch. Technical University No. 3, 2016, pp. 73-78.
From the oscillogram you can see when the input voltage 9. Usmanov E.G., Abduraimov E.Kh. - Contactless
rises from zero to a certain value, the thyristor opens timers. - Problems of energy and resource
with a 90 turn-on angle and the voltage across the load conservation, TSTU. - Tashkent, 2016, No. 3-4 - pp.
is a quarter of the period of the source voltage. A further 84-87.
increase in the applied voltage leads to an increase in the 10. Abduraimov E.Kh., Khushiev S.M. Analysis of the
thyristor switching angle. The considered circuit supplies load mode of a non-contact thyristor voltage relay.
the load with both half-cycles of the alternating current. Bulletin of Tashkent State Technical University No.
Thus, the load mode of operation of the considered 4, 2007 p. 35-38
circuit of the contactless voltage relay can be analyzed, 11. Usmanov E.G, Abduraimov E. Kh, Halmanov D.Kh,
taking into account the voltage of the transition to the Karimov R.Ch. Optoelectronic reloading with high-
open state of the thyristor, using formulas for the speed. Republic of Uzbekistan. Official Bulletin of
effective value of the voltage across the load. In this the Intellectual Property Agency, - Tashkent, 2018, -
case, the opening angle of the thyristor is determined No. 11 (211) - S.29.
knowing the value of the thyristor turn-on voltage. [10]. 12. Abduraimov E. Kh., Khalmanov D.Kh.,
B.A.Nurmatov, S.A. Dusmukhamedova, Khamidova
Conclusion N.E. Theoretical research and development
optoelectronic communication devices. Journal of
Thus, the theoretical and experimental studies of diode- Physics: Conference Series (JPCS) for further
thyristor circuits have shown that a trigger or relay effect publishing.Conf.Series 1515 02 2055 (2020)
occurs in such circuits, and this can be used to create
contactless voltage relays that combine in one device a
sensitive system to changes in input voltage and
powerful actuators capable of switching high load
currents. The use of such relays, as contactless switching
and control equipment, allows reliable and fast control of
the operating modes of electrical equipment. [11,12].

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