What Is Mathematics

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Mathematics

This article is about the field of study. For other uses, see Mathematics (disambiguation) and Math
(disambiguation).

Greek mathematician Euclid (holding calipers), 3rd century BC, as imagined by Raphael in this detail
from The School of Athens (1509–1511)[a]

Mathematics (from Greek: μάθημα, máthēma, 'knowledge, study, learning') includes the study of
such topics as quantity (number theory),[1] structure (algebra),[2] space (geometry),[1] and change
(mathematical analysis).[3][4][5] It has no generally accepted definition.[6][7]

Mathematicians seek and use patterns[8][9] to formulate new conjectures; they resolve the truth or
falsity of such by mathematical proof. When mathematical structures are good models of real
phenomena, mathematical reasoning can be used to provide insight or predictions about nature.
Through the use of abstraction and logic, mathematics developed from counting, calculation,
measurement, and the systematic study of the shapes and motions of physical objects. Practical
mathematics has been a human activity from as far back as written records exist. The research
required to solve mathematical problems can take years or even centuries of sustained inquiry.

Rigorous arguments first appeared in Greek mathematics, most notably in Euclid's Elements.[10]
Since the pioneering work of Giuseppe Peano (1858–1932), David Hilbert (1862–1943), and others
on axiomatic systems in the late 19th century, it has become customary to view mathematical
research as establishing truth by rigorous deduction from appropriately chosen axioms and
definitions. Mathematics developed at a relatively slow pace until the Renaissance, when
mathematical innovations interacting with new scientific discoveries led to a rapid increase in the
rate of mathematical discovery that has continued to the present day.[11]

Mathematics is essential in many fields, including natural science, engineering, medicine, finance,
and the social sciences. Applied mathematics has led to entirely new mathematical disciplines, such
as statistics and game theory. Mathematicians engage in pure mathematics (mathematics for its
own sake) without having any application in mind, but practical applications for what began as pure
mathematics are often discovered later

The history of mathematics can be seen as an ever-increasing series of abstractions. The first
abstraction, which is shared by many animals,[14] was probably that of numbers: the
realization that a collection of two apples and a collection of two oranges (for example) have
something in common, namely quantity of their members.

As evidenced by tallies found on bone, in addition to recognizing how to count physical


objects, prehistoric peoples may have also recognized how to count abstract quantities, like
time—days, seasons, or years

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