GEGA1000 Macao and Chinese Civilization

GEGA1000
Macao and Chinese Civilization

Lecture 7
Macao and Asian Cultural Network
1
Lecture objective
• What was the role of Macao to the cultural interaction in the Chinese
world order?
• How was Macao being understood by other Asian societies?
2
Lecture Content
• Cultural Interaction in East Asia
• Macao in the eyes of Korea
• Summary
3
Introduction
• Camões Grotto
(白鴿巢公園/賈梅士公園)
• Kim Tae-gon, the 1st Korean-born
Catholic priest
• Why was a statue of Kim built in
Macao?
• Any relationships between Korea and
Macao?
4
Part 1: Cultural Interaction in East Asia
5
Where?
Beijing
When?
Qing
Who?
Envoys
What?
To show respect to
the Emperor
6
“Painting of Ten Thousand Countries Paying Tribute to China”
(萬國來朝圖)
• Show the features and characteristics of tributary system in Qing dynasty
• Where did the envoys come from?
Portugal
Korean / Chosŏn
7
Chosŏn and Macao in East Asian Cultural Interaction
1. Ming-Qing Tributary System

and Chinese World Order
• Gift receiving and giving
• “Serving the Great” (事大主義)
• Portuguese sovereignty of
Macao
2. New Trend of East Asian

Cultural Interaction
• Old: Result of interaction
• New: Process of interaction (Huang,
2006)
8
???
EAST
Chosŏn Macao
ASIA
9
Part 2: Macao in the eyes of Korea
10
Background: Macao in Ming-Qing
• Macao was rented to Portugal in

1557
• The 1st port for the Southeast Asian
tributary countries and European traders
• Roman Catholic Diocese of Macau
was established in 1576
• Space for the missionaries to learn
Chinese for the evangelization in China
• Chinese government needed the help of
the Catholic missionaries for different
purposes (eg. astronomical and natural
science)
11
Background: Chosŏn in Ming-Qing
• Chosŏn (1392-1910) was forced to

join the new world order (Qing
China was the world center) after
the Ming’s (1368-1644) collapse
• Chosŏn envoys continuously visited

Beijing for social and cultural
practices
• Experienced the Chinese and Western
culture
• Exchanged the idea with the intellectuals
and missionaries in Beijing
12
Theoretical Framework
Nishijima Sadao’s(西嶋定生) Ulrike Hillemann’s

Idea of East Asian Cultural Asian Empire and British
Sphere Knowledge
- focus on certain “contact zones”

- the cultural sphere in East Asia in the system of British interest in
was shared by the philosophy of the East
Confucianism, Buddhism, - to understand how the networks
Sinoscript and legal system of imperial expansion shaped
(儒學、佛教、漢字與律令) diverse British imaginations of
China
13
As the
contact
zone
As the
contact
zone
Enhance Chosŏn’s understanding and imaginations of Macao 14

What is Macao = Imagination = How to interpret
15
Channels for Chosŏn Intellectuals to Understand Macao
1. Yŏnhaengsa (燕行使 Tributary Embassies to
Beijing)
• Purchased books in Beijing
• Exchanged ideas with Chinese intellectuals and
missionaries who came from Macao in Beijing
2. T‘ongsinsa (通信使 Embassies of

Communication)
• Wakan Sansai Zue (和漢三才圖會, i.e. Sino-
Japanese Encyclopedia)
16
Chosŏn Intellectuals’ Perception of Macao
• Through regular interaction with missionaries

who came from Macao
• Through different sources (e.g. books)
• Examples of Perception
• Name of Macao (Haojing 壕鏡 & Amakou 阿媽港)
• Representation of Western culture and religion
• Entrepôt of trading between Europe and China
• Related to Strange-looking vessels (Iyangsŏn 異樣船)
17
Chosŏn Intellectuals’ Writings on Macao
• Describe their perception of Macao in the following writings
• Records of Embassies to Beijing (燕行錄)

• Chosŏn Court Reports to the Kings (朝鮮王朝實錄紀錄)
• “Dialectic Discourse of ‘Oyster Mirror’ & Macao (李圭景〈濠鏡墺
門辨證說〉)
• Mun Sun-deuk‘s Drifting Records (文淳得《漂海始末》)
18
Macao in the eyes of Korea = All Positive?
19
Kim Tae-gon and Macao
• Catholicism was introduced to Korean
Peninsular by the Yŏnhaengsa (燕行使)
• They brought back different translated books to
Korea
• Kim Tae-gon was one of the Koreans who were

baptized in the 19th century and wanted to
become a priest
• Kim was invited to study at a seminary in Macau
in 1836
• He returned to Korea for preach in 1845
20
Kim Tae-gon and Macao
• Kim was tortured and beheaded by the
Chosŏn court in 1846
• Why?
• 「……命邪學(cults)罪人金大建梟首。大建，
以龍仁人年十五，逃入廣東，學洋敎。癸
卯，結玄鍚文輩，潛還為教，住於都下。」
• The statue of Kim in Macao was to

commemorate this 1st Korean-born Catholic
priest whose religious belief was started in
Macao
21
Part 4: Summary
22
Macao, Chosŏn & Chinese Civilization
• Value of the case of Kim Tae-gon:
Chinese
World Catholicism
Ming-
Order
Qing
Imagination Imagination
Yŏnhaengsa (燕行使) Macao
Confucianism
Chosŏn Catholicism 
23
Macao, Chosŏn & Chinese Civilization
Chinese world New trend of
order (Tributary East Asian Imagination of
Contact zones
system in Ming- cultural Macao
Qing period ) interaction
• Macao as an necessary place for East Asian cultural interaction

•  facilitated the preaching missions of Catholic Missionaries in East Asia
• Chinese politics + Chinese civilizations + Cultural interaction

•  shaped the Chosŏn intellectuals’ imagination of Macao
•  shaped the Chosŏn intellectuals’ knowledge of Catholism
• Early globalization in pre-modern period 24

GEGA1000 Macao and Chinese Civilization

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GEGA1000 Macao and Chinese Civilization

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GEGA1000

Macao and Chinese Civilization

• Show the features and characteristics of tributary system in Qing dynasty

• Where did the envoys come from?

1. Ming-Qing Tributary System

2. New Trend of East Asian

• Macao was rented to Portugal in

• Chosŏn (1392-1910) was forced to

• Chosŏn envoys continuously visited

Nishijima Sadao’s(西嶋定生) Ulrike Hillemann’s

- focus on certain “contact zones”

Enhance Chosŏn’s understanding and imaginations of Macao 14

2. T‘ongsinsa (通信使 Embassies of

• Through regular interaction with missionaries

• Through different sources (e.g. books)

• Describe their perception of Macao in the following writings

• Records of Embassies to Beijing (燕行錄)

• Kim Tae-gon was one of the Koreans who were

• The statue of Kim in Macao was to

• Macao as an necessary place for East Asian cultural interaction

• Chinese politics + Chinese civilizations + Cultural interaction

• Early globalization in pre-modern period 24

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