Cansancio - Thesis Proposal
Cansancio - Thesis Proposal
Cansancio - Thesis Proposal
Submitted by:
Cansancio, Erick Adrian P.
Submitted to:
Engr. Jenith Banluta
Engr. Aireen Fordaliza
Engr. Nathaniel Duro
Engr. Ryutaro Yamamoto
Chapter I
Introduction
Road vehicles are commonly the means of moving from one point to another in
urban and rural places. With the popularity of cars, motors, and buses as a means of
accident involves at least one road vehicle, occurring on any road open to public
circulation, in which one or more persons are injured or killed. Using a road vehicle for
intentionally malicious acts such as murder or suicide do not count as road accidents
[1]. Road accidents have several types, and are classified as vehicle rollovers, single
The causes of road accidents, documented throughout the world, have varied
from excessive speeding, to driving while intoxicated, and also driving while using
mobile phones. Other factors in road accidents are the unsafe road facilities and lack
of traffic law enforcement. These specifically are unsafe roads & vehicles, inadequate
care for crash victims, and insufficient traffic law enforcement [2].
The drivers and victims involved in these accidents can vary based on their age
or gender. With age, teenagers to the elderly are common casualties in these
accidents, either due to inexperience and distractions from other forms of technology
from teenagers or due to a lack of alertness and reaction time from the elderly [2]. With
gender, males are at greater risk in car crashes than females. 73% of all recorded
road accident deaths occur among men below 25 years old and are 3 times more likely
The common people, traffic planners, and government agents have taken proper
actions to combat road traffic accidents. These comprehensive traffic plans involve
different sectors, such as transport, police, health, and education. Effective ways to
combat these accidents included designing safer infrastructure, creating better safety
features in vehicles, improving care for victims of road crashes, strictly enforcing laws
on road safety, and raising public awareness. Despite these countermeasures, road
accidents are still rampant throughout the world, with staggering and tragic losses [3].
The World Health Organization reports that with every passing year, around 1.35
million deaths are caused in the world due to road accidents. Another 20 to 50 million
more people involved in these accidents suffer non-fatal injuries, with many likely
receiving a permanent disability due to their accident. These damages, deaths, and
injuries cause considerable financial worries to the people involved, their families, and
their nations as a whole, costing them 3% of their gross domestic product (GDP). Low
socioeconomic status is a factor in these accidents, with over 90% of car accident
deaths occurring in countries with low and middling income, with its highest death &
injury rates in the African region. Still, high-income countries are not immune to this as
people living in these countries with lower socioeconomic standing have greater
the number of death rates in road accidents [4]. The annual crash report of the
accidents in 2019 increased by 4.16% from the year prior. In the previous year, 2018,
there were 116,906 road accidents, a 6.25% increase from 2017. Also, from the
reports, an average of 334 car accidents happened in a day, resulting in 1 fatality, 56
non-fatal incidents, and 276 cases of property damages. Meanwhile, there were
20,466 non-fatal accidents and 100,933 road mishaps that caused severe property
damage. The vehicles that were involved in the most road accidents in the previous
year were cars and motorcycles, accounting for 118,552 and 35,006 accidents for cars
and motors, respectively. Despite the disparity, motorcycle-related deaths were more
Davao City is no better than the rest of the country. The Davao City Transport
implementing traffic plans in Davao City, reported 13,709 vehicular accidents from
January to November 2018. In their report, private vehicles such as the Sedan and
Sport Utility Vehicles had the highest number of vehicular accidents recorded with
4,107. With truck accidents, there were 2,231, while 1,644 accidents involved
motorcycles. There were 804 public utility jeepney vehicular accidents and 959 for
taxis. Finally, a total of 940 pedestrians were hit by runaway cars, though their statuses
The increasing number and cause of road accidents motivated this study to
analyze various road accidents in Davao City, and the need to understand the details
of these accidents by knowing how, when, where, and why it happened. In this way,
implementing traffic management systems can mitigate future road accidents on the
location. This study aims to create a QGIS map that is integrated into a PC application
place worldwide. Here in the Philippines, road accidents are a constant problem in
every major city, especially in Davao City, where deaths and injuries within a calendar
year are numerous. These unfortunate losses are the result of various vehicles, and
almost all people are aware of the many reasons why these car accidents happen.
Local governments and citizens in Davao have tried various measures to stifle most
of these problems. The most recent plans were speed limit implementation, traffic light
upgrading, and integration of road cameras. Despite the best efforts of the citizens
and the traffic management teams handling these crashes, many more road accidents
This study introduces a road network analysis using QGIS and a web
application that saves road accident information such as locations, vehicle types, and
causes of the accident. This information serves as the baseline data of the traffic
planners for the traffic management system of the location. This data also aids the
deployment of traffic enforcers in the locality, thus optimizing the traffic workforce.
The main objective of this study is to create a QGIS map integrated into a PC
application, which serves as access to road accident incidents in Davao City. The
CTTMO that spans from 2016-2019. It includes the type and severity of the
2. To create a QGIS baseline map of Davao City that displays the political
boundaries in terms of districts and barangays. The map shows the crash
hotspots correlated with the causes, road geometry, and road networks.
3. To integrate the QGIS map in a web page application and access for both the
emergency response teams in the locality to know the various crash hotspots
The importance of this study is to help 911 emergency response teams of Davao
City in the data saving and emergency and traffic planning during road accidents. This
study also helps the response teams in having a system that can track accident-prone
areas along with the necessary information on the road accident cases.
The study area is within the vicinity of Davao City only. The system disregards
reported road accidents not within the boundary of the city. The data used for this
study will also only cover vehicular accidents occurring from 2016-2019.
The study is limited to the reported accidents only, be it through crowdsourcing
or traffic enforcers. The data gathered from the road accidents are prioritizing the
location or landmarks, the vehicle type involved in the accidents, and the type of
accident. The study does not account for potential factors preventing the areas from
Crash hotspots are specific locations in urban areas/roads that usually have a high
accidents.
Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system that can capture, input,
check, and display data related to any position on the Earth's surface. This
data [8].
Quantum GIS (QGIS) is an open source GIS licensed under the GNU General Public
License. It is GIS software that is free to use and user-friendly for beginners [9].
to a specific destination. The road network is the most basic level of transport
infrastructure within urban areas, and links with all areas within and beyond the
Traffic Management Systems (TMS) are application and management tools that aim
systems [11].
Chapter II
Input
Output
Parameters
Database of Crash
“Hotspots”
The conceptual framework shows the input variables, namely the type of car
crash, time of occurrence, type of vehicle, and location of the crash which are factors
of identifying the crash hotspots, road network analysis, and traffic management
protocol that aids the traffic planners and enforcers in mitigating road accidents and
traffic congestion due to road accidents. These input parameters are stored, analyzed,
and processed by the geographical information system (GIS) based on the QGIS base
maps, in terms of political districts and barangay boundaries. The study gathers data
sources from the CTTMO on road accidents within Davao City from 2016-2019. After
collecting crash reports from the CTTMO, each crash is broken down into several
categories as data inputs: Type of the Car Crash, Time of Occurrence, Vehicle
Information, and Location of Crash. The data are encoded into a QGIS map of Davao
City, with each crash being displayed on the map at its location. This map is then
integrated into a GUI application on the PC that updates its database when more crash
data is entered.
The GUI also allows information from the people that witnessed a road accident,
and the administrator will confirm this before uploading it as a legitimate road accident.
The system notifies the emergency response teams of the location and what traffic
Traffic reports on road accidents are real-time news headlines. The reports
includes typically the location and its nearest landmarks, the vehicle type, the number
of casualties, and what causes the accident. This study gathers all these road accident
data, including the car crash type. These pieces of information provided include the
• Vehicle rollovers happen when a car overturns because of the fault of the
• Single car accidents are when only one vehicle is involved in collisions, such
• Head-on collisions happen when two cars driving in opposite directions crash
• Rear-end collisions are collisions in which one car strikes another car from the
rear [15].
• Side-impact accidents, also known as T-bone accidents, happen when a car hit
evaluates the road network for the traffic planning during the accident occurrence. A
road network defines the feature of the roads in terms of the intersections. Then, road
network analysis is important for proper road safety as it analyzes the interconnected
roads used by vehicles that travel to a specific destination. Through proper analysis,
it can solve traffic related problems by finding the shortest route for vehicles to get to
their destination safely or find another route to drive to should an accident happen to
the road they normally drive to. It can help emergency response teams by drastically
reducing the response time by providing them with better routes to travel so that they
Traffic management systems are also essential as they can improve the
identify hazards that might hinder proper traffic enforcement, and then provides
In this study, to attain proper traffic management system (TMS) of roads during
accidents, both the data crash hotspots and the road network analysis are given
priority. The TMS includes location for the traffic enforcer deployment, total delay per
The following are the related studies of that aids in attaining the goals of this
research. All these studies utilized details on road accidents and mapped these data
of Improvement [17]
the identified areas using GIS. The study helped the transportation agencies in
understanding and mitigation of further accidents. The problems tackled were the
frequency of traffic accidents in certain areas in California and how they impose huge
economic burdens on their society. The crash statistics show common causes of road
The previous ways in identifying crash hotspots utilized statistical technique such
as the empirical Bayes (EB) and simulation methodology like GIS. Using the EB
technique outperformed other simplified methods in crash hotspot detection but the
EB doesn’t have a software that display the output of these techniques. The GIS better
represents the outcome since it used geo-codes of the accident locations, developed
crashes maps and allowed database queries. But GIS is often underused in
transportation safety analysis as some public agencies do not integrate GIS platform
in the crash database, hence unable to use these GIS statistical analysis tools. The
hotspot detection using the spatial statistical tool of the GIS software which associates
The data came from three different sources: road accident data, location
characteristics, and demographic data. The data for this study included the crash type,
severity, occurrence time, site description, information on those involved in the crash,
and vehicle information. The spatial characteristics of crash occurrence, demographic
distribution of a location was also investigated. This study also used data on population
density, socio-economic status and age distribution for raster GIS. All crash sites were
shown in the GIS map with the severity of the accident to the pedestrians and car
passengers, and its distance to certain locations of interest, such as malls, schools
and others.
clusters are made when a location has a frequency or concentration of car crashes.
The output map indicated that there were correlations with the location of schools,
pubs and bars with pedestrian crashes. In addition, a high number of injury hotspots
both minor and severe were noted on locations where the population was high, but
were insignificant.
This paper’s goal was to study the various road accidents happening in Dehradun
analyze these traffic accidents properly. This study is done to raise awareness of the
frequency of traffic accidents in India and to help the authorities in finding a solution in
The main problems given by the paper are the alarming frequency of road
accidents in India and its lack of improvement. Reports have shown that nearly 85,000
people have died and around 300,000 people have been injured due to road accidents
every year. Over 10 million overall road accidents have happened with nearly 1.5
million lives lost, with other people suffering injuries. Despite government intervention,
seminars on road safety and programs to raise awareness, the situation has not yet
improved.
The existing solutions that were used to raise awareness of the accidents and
mitigate them have been done and varying models being developed such as Vehicle
Ownership Model, Registered Vehicle Model, and Road Accident Forecast Model.
However, the solutions do not take into account the spatial and temporal aspect of the
road accidents in their city, making them incomplete in their assessment of the many
The differentiation done by the proponents was to base their study on the
Dehradun, the capital of Uttaranchal. They then made an evaluation of the accident
patterns and accounting for the spatial and temporal aspects of road accident analysis
comparative vehicle wise, time slot wise, person, and the type of accident. They also
used accident data collected from police stations for identification of blackspots and
linear stretches in Dehradun. The data collected will be used in GIS to make a map
The methodology used in the paper was to first find data of accident records
through surveys from citizens and from six police stations in Dehradun from the year
1998 to 2002, and a map of the city using satellite imagery. The information collected
were the type of accidents, modes involved, name of the road, police station area, time
and date of accident and the name of the intersection. They then performed an
analysis related to road accidents by creating a spatial database incorporating all the
The paper concluded that the city of Dehradun needed stricter enforcement of
traffic procedures to stifle road accidents as nearly 72% of road accidents lead to
deaths and various injuries. It also concluded that the number of accidents were at its
zenith during summer, specifically during May and this is likely due to tourist vehicles
passing through the city. Men were also seen as the more vulnerable group in this
Methodology
quantitative analysis of the output factors of the GIS integrated with web design.
programs, processes, and products that must have the ideal internal consistency and
effectiveness, and is incredibly important in the field. The usual types of developmental
research are when the product-development process is analyzed and the final product
is evaluated, when the impact of the product focuses on the learner or the organization,
processes [19].
The procedure of the study is categorized into data gathering, QGIS Map
Development, and Graphical User Interface (GUI) Integration. These procedures are
Data Gathering
Gather the crash reports from the CTTMO and other legitimate sources.
Reports gathered from other means such as crowdsourcing must first be verified by
the CTTMO to prevent any erroneous reports from misleading both the public and the
response teams. Every recorded crash will then be put into the following categories:
Type of Car Crash, Time of Occurrence, Type of Vehicle and Location of Crash.
Information on the victims and the perpetrators will be included only when necessary.
After categorizing them, each crash will be grouped together based on their location,
to find any crash hotspots in a specific part of Davao City. Any car crash with
This method first creates a baseline map of Davao City using an existing
satellite map, properly labeling the various political boundaries, barangay boundaries
and street routes. Apply the crash data on its proper location on the map. Each crash
must have the proper categories when it is placed on the location. In a crash hotspot
created with multiple road accident, each crash must be evenly spaced so that the
hotspot will not be incomprehensible to decipher. All street routes where vehicles are
allowed to drive to will have their lengths measured and the usual travel time calculated
GUI Integration
GIS is usually integrated into a web database/client using Web GIS. Web GIS
is an information system distributed to other users, with a GIS server and a web
browser client. The important elements in web GIS are that it can easily be found by
users on the web as its server has a URL, the client needs HTTP with the proper
specifications so that the server can be sent requests, the GIS operations can be
thoroughly made by the server and sent to the client via HTTP, and the format of the
response sent to the client can be in many formats, such as HTML, binary image, XML,
or JSON [20].
In this study, the QGIS map will be integrated into a web database/client. Ex.
GeoViewer, QGIS Cloud, Web GIS. The map will display the crash data based on
which parameter/category the user will chose. For emergency response teams, the
webpage will generate street routes for them to reach any future road accidents faster.
It will also factor its generation of routes based on ongoing traffic, bad weather
Traffic Response is
improved
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