LECTURE NOTES 5A – SINGLE-PHASE SYSTEM

EXERCISE 1
1. 2.0 cubic meters of oxygen at 200 kPa and 280 K is mixed with 10 kg of nitrogen at 95 kPa and
300 K and the resulting mixture is brought to 110 kPa and 290 K.
a. What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the final mixture?
b. What is the final volume of the mixture?
2. In an air-naphthalene (C10H8) mixture at 70 kPa and 350 K, the partial pressure of
naphthalene is found to be 7 kPa. What volume of this mixture will contain 1 kg of naphthalene?
3. A flue gas has the following percent composition by volume: CO2 = 14.00, SO2 0.50, CO = 2.00,
O2 = 2.5 and N2 = 81.00. Determine
a. The average molecular weight of the gas
b. The composition of gas in weight percent
c. The density of the gas at 320 K and 1.5 bar
d. The specific gravity at 320 K and 1.5 bar
4. An ammonia converter is charged with 1:3 mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen at 1000 bar and
500 K. Calculate the following:
a. The partial pressures of nitrogen and hydrogen
b. The average molecular weight
c. The density of the mixture
5. An ammonia-air mixture containing 10% ammonia is sent to an absorber in which 90% of
ammonia is absorbed.
a. What is the mole fraction of ammonia in the gas leaving?
b. Express the composition of the exit gas from the absorber in weight percent.
c. What is the average molecular weight of the gas entering and leaving the column? Average
molecular weight of air is 29.
EXERCISE 2
1. Hydrochloric acid is obtained by absorbing HCl gas in water. A gas mixture analyzing 30% HCl
and 70% air enters the absorber at 95 kPa and 320 K and leaves at 90 kPa and 300 K. 95% of
HCl present in the entering gas is absorbed. For 100 m 3 of gas entering the absorber, determine
the following:
a. The volume of gas leaving in m3
b. The mass of HCl absorbed in kg c. The percent composition by volume of the gas leaving
2. Hydrochloric acid is obtained by absorbing HCl gas in water. A gas mixture consisting of HCl
and air enters the absorber at 95 kPa and 320 K with a partial pressure of HCl of 28.5 kPa and
leaves at 90 kPa and 300 K with a partial pressure of HCl at 2 kPa. For 100 m 3 of gas entering
the absorber, determine the following:
a. The volume of gas leaving in m3
b. The mass of HCl absorbed in kg
3. Air is to be dehumidified by cooling and condensation of water vapor present in it. 100 m 3 of air
at 100 kPa and 305 K contains water vapor which exerts a partial pressure of 3 kPa. Keeping
the pressure constant, this air is cooled to 285 K and the condensed water is removed. The
partial pressure of water in the air after cooling is found to be 1.5 kPa. Calculate the following:
a. The volume of air after dehumidification in m3
b. The mass of water removed in kg
4. 100 m3 of a gas mixture in which benzene and nitrogen are present in the weight ratio 1:3 is
sent to an absorption column to recover benzene. The gas enters the column at 120 kPa and
350 K. the gas leaving the absorber measures 95 m3 at 101. 3 kPa and 300 K. determine the
following:
a. The average molecular weight of the gas entering
b. The average molecular weight of the gas leaving
c. Weight in kg of benzene absorbed
d. The percent recovery of benzene
5. Two tanks are initially sealed off from one another by means of a valve. Tank I initially contain 1
m3 of air at 7 bar and 340 K. Tank II initially contains a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen
containing 95 % nitrogen at 14 bar and 360 K. the valve is then opened allowing the contents of
the tank to mix. After complete mixing had been done, the gas was found to contain 85%
nitrogen. Calculate the volume of Tank II.
EXERCISE 3
1. Ammonium chloride in the vapor phase dissociates into ammonia and hydrogen chloride
according to
NH4Cl → NH3 + HCl
10.7 g ammonium chloride is taken in container. When dissociation is complete and equilibrium
is attained, the pressure, volume and temperature of the gas mixture were measured to be 1.2
bar, 7.764  10-3 m3 and 400 K, respectively. Determine the following:
a) The fraction of ammonium chloride dissociated
b) The partial pressure of HCl in the products
2. An organic ester of formula C19H36O2 is to be hydrogenated at a rate of 100 kg/h to yield
C19H38O2. The hydrogen required for the plant which runs continuously is available as 50 L
cylinders in which the gas is contained at 70 bar and 300 K. How many cylinders the company
should order per week?
3. A gaseous mixture consisting of 50% hydrogen and 50% acetaldehyde (C2H4O) is initially
contained in a rigid vessel at a total pressure of 1.0 bar. Methanol is formed according to
C2H4O + H2 → C2H6O
After a time, it was found that the total pressure in the vessel has fallen to 0.9 bar while the
temperature was the same as that of the initial mixture. Assuming that the products are still in
the vapor phase, calculate the degree of completion of the reaction.
4. Pure methane is completely burned with air. The gas leaving the burner which contain no
oxygen is passed through a cooler where some of the water is removed by condensation. The
mole fraction of nitrogen in the gas leaving the cooler was 0.8335. Calculate the following:
a. The analysis of the gas leaving the cooler
b. Water condensed in kg per kmol of methane burned
c. The partial pressure of water in the gas leaving the cooler at 325 K and 1.5 bar
5. In the nitric acid manufacture, 100 m3/h of ammonia at 290 K and 1 bar is mixed with air and
passed over a catalyst in a converter and the following reaction takes place:
4NH3 + 5O5 → 6H2O + 4NO
The gases from the converter are passed into an oxidizing tower where the oxidation completed
according to the following reactions:
2NO + O2 → 2NO2
The gases from the oxidizing tower are passed into a cooling tower where NO 2 is absorbed in 50
kg/h of water and forms nitric acid according to the reaction
3NO2 + H2O → 2HNO3 + NO
The overall reaction for the process is given by
NH3 + 2O2 → HNO3 + H2O
Air supplied is 20% in excess of that required for complete oxidation of the ammonia to nitric
acid and water. The degree of completion of the reaction in the converter is 85% and 90% of
the nitric oxide entering the oxidizing tower is converted to nitrogen peroxide. Assume that the
cooling tower exit gases contain no water vapor. Calculate the following:
a) The amount of air to be used in m3/h at 1 bar and 290 K
b) The amount of gases leaving the converter in m3/h at 0.95 bar and 1000 K
c) The amount in kg/h and concentration in weight % of nitric acid produced
LECTURE NOTES 5B – MULTI-PHASE SYSTEM
EXERCISE
1. The volumetric analysis of Producer gas from bituminous coal has (3% CH4, 14% H2, 50.9% N2,
0.6 O2, 27% CO, 4.5% CO2) is burned with 20% excess air. Calculate the air–fuel ratio on a
volumetric basis and on a mass basis.
2. A gaseous fuel with a volumetric analysis of 60 percent CH4, 30 percent H2, and 10 percent N2
is burned to completion with 130 percent theoretical air. Determine the air–fuel ratio. Answers:
18.6 kg air/kg fuel
3. A natural gas has the following molar analysis: CH4, 80.62%; C2H6, 5.41%; C3H8, 1.87%;
C4H10, 1.60%; N2, 10.50%. The gas is burned with dry air, giving products having a molar
analysis on a dry basis: CO2, 7.8%; CO, 0.2%; O2, 7%; N2, 85%.
(a) Determine the air–fuel ratio on a molar basis.
(b) Determine the percent of theoretical air.
4. Coal from Pennsylvania which has an ultimate analysis (by mass) as 84.36 percent C, 1.89
percent H2, 4.40 percent O2, 0.63 percent N2, 0.89 percent S, and 7.83 percent ash
(noncombustibles) is burned with theoretical amount of air. Disregarding the ash content,
determine the air-fuel ratio required for this combustion process.
5. Coal has the following ultimate analysis on a dry basis, percent by mass: Sulfur 0.6, Hydrogen
5.7, Carbon 79.2, Oxygen 10.0, Nitrogen 1.5, Ash 3.0. This coal is to be burned with 30% excess
air. Calculate the air–fuel ratio on a mass basis.
6. Coal having the following composition by mass is burnt with theoretically amount of air, 86% C,
6%H, 5% O, 2% N, 1% S determine the air fuel ratio.
7. The gravimetric(mass) analysis of a sample of coal is given as 80% C, 12% H2, and 8% ash.
Calculate the stoichiometric A/F ratio and the analysis of the product by volume and mass.
Answers: A/F=13.3 kg air/kg fuel, CO2=13.6%, H2O=12.2%, N2=74.2%
8. A coal from Illinois which has an ultimate analysis (by mass) as 67.40 percent C, 5.31 percent
H2, 15.11 percent O2, 1.44 percent N2, 2.36 percent S, and 8.38 percent ash (non-combustibles)
is burned with 40 percent excess air. Calculate the mass of air required per unit mass of coal
burned neglecting the ash constituent. Answers: 13.8 kg air/kg fuel,
9. A certain coal has the following analysis on a mass basis: 82 percent C, 5 percent H2O, 2 percent
H2, 1 percent O2, and 10 percent ash. The coal is burned with 50 percent excess air. Determine
the air–fuel ratio. Answer: 15.4 kg air/ kg coal
10. In an oil-fired boiler the fuel had an analysis by mass; carbon 84%, hydrogen 10%, sulfur 3.2%,
oxygen 1.6%, remained incombustible. The analysis of dry flue gas by volume gave: combined
CO2+SO2 15.72%, O2 1%, there being no CO or SO3. Calculate per kg of fuel
(a) mass of air supplied,
(b) percentage excess air supplied.
11. A fuel oil has following analysis by mass: C 85%, H2 12.5%, O2 2% and the residue 0.5%. The
dry flue has the following composition by volume: CO2 9%, CO 1%, O2 7.77% and N2 82.23%.
Determine the air fuel ratio and percentage excess air supplied. Answer: 21.4 kg air/ kg fuel
12. One kg C8H18 fuel is supplied to an engine with 13 kg of air. Determine the percentage by
volume of CO2 in dry exhaust gas considering exhaust gas to consist of CO2, CO and N2. Answer:
9.25%
13. A boiler is supplied with coal gas of the following composition: 53.6% H2, 9% CO, 25% CH4, 3%
C4H8, 0.4% O2, 3% CO2, 6% N2. If the air fuel ratio is 6.5/1 by volume, calculate the analysis of
the dry products of combustion by volume and mass.