COMPLETE DENTURES

CUSP ANGULATION FOR COMPLETE DENTURES

FINN TENGS CHRISTENSEN, L.D.S.”

Stavanger, Norway

article is to clarify the relationship between the sagittal

T HE OBJECTIVE OF THIS
cusp angulation and the inclination of the condylar guidance. It will show
how steep the mandibular protrusive facets should be in order to maintain full
antagonist contact along the entire length of the protrusive facets by a protrusive
sliding movement, without using any inclination of the incisal guidance or a com-
pensating curve. In order to understand the relationship between the inclination
of the condylar guidance and the cusp angulation, it is important to clarify the
theory of the Christensen phenomenon. Using occlusion rims with flat occluding
surfaces, a wedge-shaped cleft is formed between the posterior part of the occlu-
sion rims during a forward protrusive movement. This is due to the forward and
downward movements of the condyles. The fact that such a cleft occurs, under
the above-mentioned conditions, is called the Christensen phenomenon. The pro-
jection on a sagittal plane of the angle between the occlusion rims in connection
with the Christensen phenomenon is called the Christensen angle in this investi-
gation (Fig. 1).
The Danish professor, Carl Christensen1 was probably the first to describe
the relationship between the above-mentioned cleft and the inclination of the
condylar guidance. Further, he showed that the cleft can be used as a measure-
ment of the inclination of the condylar path of the patient, which could then be
transferred to an articulator with an adjustable guidance mechanism. When
Christensen published his article in 1901, it was already known that it was pos-
sible to measure the inclination of the condylar path. Walker2 had published an
extraoral measuring technique in 1897 which was very complicated and, therefore,
unsuitable for practical use.
The interesting point regarding Christensen’s method was the simple measuring
system, i.e., that the inclination of the condylar path can be adjusted by means of
a wax interocclusal record made at a forward protruded position of the mandible.

THE CHRISTENSEN DISTANCE

The distance between the occlusion rims increases in size from the front toward
the molar region by the amount of the Christensen angle (Fig. 2).
Received for publication Nov. 4, 1957.
*Assistant Professor, Norwegian State Dental School, Oslo, Norway.

910
 CUSP ANGULATION FOR COMPLETE DENTURES 911

Fig. l.-The Christensen phenomenon (after Gysi).

Fig. Z.-The Christensen angle (y) and the Christensen distance (Sm) at the distobuccal cusp of
the last mandibular molar

Fig. 3.-Bonwill’s triangle ABF and Balkwill’s angle CAL.

912 CHRISTENSEN

The distance from a point (M, Fig. 2) on the mandibular occlusion rim to
a point perpendicular to the maxillary occlusion rim is called the Christensen
distance. This distance in the premolar region is thus smaller than in the molar
region. The Christensen distance (S, Fig. 2) is found by multiplying the sine of
the Christensen angle (y) by the distance from the incisal point to the point in
question from which the Christensen distance is to be measured (M, Fig. 2).

Fig. 4.-Schematic reproduction of the relation between the incisal point !A), the summit
of the distobuccal cusp of the last mandibular molar (Cj, and the condylar axis (Lj. The projec-
tion is in the median plane. Centric occlusion is represented by ACL, protrusive relation by
A,C?L%
a, The height of Bonwill’s triangle, that is, the perpendicular from the incisal point to
the condylar axis = AL = AILI = AILS.
A-AI, The size of protrusion, that is, the length of the ventral movement of the incisal
point by protrusive movement = LLI = C Cz =p.
A-L, See a.
AI-LX, Auxiliary line, parallel-shifting of the line AL, ventral displacement by a condylar
guide inclination (8) = 0 degrees.
,8, Condylar guide inclination.
C, The tips of the distobuccal cusps of the last mandibular molar in the centric occlusion.
Cz, The tips of the distobuccal cusps of the last mandibular mol’ar after protrusive
movement.
7, The Christensen angle = 71.
K-KI, The mandibular plane of occlusion after protrusive movement.
L-LI, See A-AI.
L-Lz, The length of the movement of the condylar axis in the condylar path by a move-
ment of the incisal point from A to AI.
O-O, The plane of occlusion.
p, See A-AI.
, Balkwill’s angle.

Assuming this distance to be 1, the Formula for the Christensen distance is:
S = 1 sine -1 (Formula I)
where y is the Christensen angle.
Taking the occlusal relief sagittal length as 50 mm., the Christensen distance
at the end of the occlusion rim can be expressed by the formula:
Sm = 50 sine y
Volume 8 CUSP ANGULATION FOR COMPLETE DENTURES 913
Number 6

CALCULATING THE SIZE OF THE CHRISTENSEN ANGLE

In order to calculate the Christensen distance and, thus, measure the height
of the cusps, it is necessary to determine the size of the Christensen angle.” To
simplify the calculation concerning the Christensen angle, the sides of Bonwill’s
triangle (Fig. 3, AFB) are assumed to be 100 mm. (properly 4 inches) .4 Bonwill’s
triangle is an equilateral triangle, the angles of which are formed, respectively, by
the incisal point and the two mandibular condyles. The height in Bonwill’s triangle
(u in Figs. 4 and 5) is 100 mm. X sine 60 degrees. In clinical work, it will prove
advantageous to make the dorsal line of Bonwill’s triangle identical with the condylar
3x1s.

Fig. 5.-Simplication of Fig. 4. Some auxiliary letters are added.

It is assumed that the line which forms the dorsal limit of Bonwill’s triangle
coincides with the condylar axis and that this line is perpendicular to the median
plane. The plane in which Bonwill’s triangle is situated is called Bonwill’s plane.
The Balkwill angle is the angle between the plane of occlusion and Bonwill’s plane
projected on the median plane (Fig. 3, B). This angle, according to Balkwill’s
calculations,5 is assessed at an average equal to 26 degrees. The calculations of the
Christensen angle in this investigation are based on the following assumptions :
The condylar path is straight, and the inclination of the condylar guidance
is identical on each side.
By inclination of the condylar guidance is meant the inclination of the sagittal
condylar guidance to the plane of occlusion, which is an imaginary plane, passing
through the incisal point and the tips of the distobuccal cusps of the last molar
on each side.
By firotrmion is meant forward protrusion, and when using protrusive move-
ments in connection with the Christensen angle, the incisal point is assumed to be
dispIaced into, or parallel with, the maxillary occlusion rim (Fig. 4, where A-A,
is on the line O-O,).
 CHRISTENSEN J. Pros. Den.
914 Nov..Dec., 1958

Assuming the lower jaw (ACL, Fig. 4) to be protruded forward along the
plane of occlusion (O-O,) a distance equal to the length of the protrusion (P),
this distance equals a movement of A to A, and IL to L, with an inclination of the
condylar guidance of 0 degrees. The new position of the lower jaw becomes then
A,C,L, (Fig. 4). The Christensen angle (y ) is found by allowing this triangle
to rotate on the incisal point A, (Figs. 4 and 5), so that point L, (the projection
of the condylar axis) comes into contact with the condyle path LL,. L is thus dis-
placed to L, and C, to C,. It is clearly seen from Fig. 5 that the Christensen angle
y equals yl. A number of additional letters are added to Fig. 5 for extra clarity.
From Fig. 5, through a series of mathematical calculations, Formula II is developed :
sine [(p + P) f y] = sine (/3 f ‘F) + p/a sine /3
Using this formula, the Christensen angle (7) can be calculated using various
inclinations of condylar guidances (p) and different sizes of Bonwill’s triangle
(a) and Balkwill’s angle ( p). Similarly, we are able to calculate y for protrusions
of varying length (p). In Table I, the Christensen distance at the distobuccal
cusp of the third molar (S,) is calculated using Formula I.

‘GABLE I. THE CHRISTENSEN XNGLE

B i 5” j 10” 15” 1 20” ( 2.5” 30” 35” / 40” ~ 45” 50” 55” ~ ii:-

Y 0.30” 0.60” 0.87” 1.14” 1.40” 1.66” 1.92” 2.20” ! 2.50” 2.80” 3.15” i 3.53”
___-
S, 0.25 0.50 0.72 0.95 1.15 1.38 1.59 1.82 2.07 2.32 2.61 2.93
__-...-----__-__.

Christensen’s angle by 5 mm. of protrusion (p), according to the formula, is:

(sine [@ + a) + ?)I = sine (fi frp 1 + p/a sine B
Balkwill’s angle ( +,) = 26 degrees.
The height (a) in Bonwill’s triangle = 86.60 mm.
,3 = condylar guide inclination.
y = the Christensen angle.
S, = the Christensen distance in millimeters at the tip of the third molar’s distobuccal cusp.

By plotting the graph of Table I (Fig. 6), the size of the Christensen angle
(7) can be read on the left vertical column (ordinate) of the table at a protrusion
of 5 mm. The ordinate on the right gives the Christensen distance at the distobuc-
cal cusp of the third molar. The abscissa gives the size of the condylar guide in-
clination (p) .
As is shown by Table I, the size of the Christensen angle does not increase
proportionally with the inclination of the condylar path. The difference is small
and is shown in the graph of Table I as a slightly curved line connecting those
points which define the size of the Christensen angle (Fig. 6). This same curve
shows that the Christensen angle is relatively smallest at 25 to 30 degrees. This
phenomenon is due to the Balkwill angle.
According to Table I, the Christensen angle increases by approximately 0.5
to 0.6 degrees for every increase of 10 degrees in the inclination of the condylar
 CUSP ANGULATION FOR COMPLETE DENTURES 91.5

path with a protrusion of 5 mm. Thus, a variation of 1 degree in the Christensen

angle results in a difJerence of 15 to 20 degrees ON the condylar guidance on the
avficulafor &en pnensuring the condylar pafh imlinafion by 5 IWI. of protwsiorz.

CHRISTENSEN’S ANGLE WITH PROTRUSIONS OF VARYING LENGTHS

Table I is calculated for a protrusion measuring 5 mm. For protrusions other

than 5 mm., the Christensen angle will not be the same as that given in Table I.
Table II shows the way in which the Christensen angle increases with various
protrusions. Two different values for the angle of the condylar guidance have been
chosen, 15 degrees and 45 degrees, respectively. The method of calculation is the
same as for Table I.
It is clear from Table II and the graphic reproduction (Fig. 7) that Christen-
sen’s angle increases almost proportionally with the length of the protrusion. With
a condylar guidance angle of 15 degrees, it increases, according to Table II, by
0.17 degree to 0.18 degree per millimeter of protrusion. With a condylar guidance
angle of 45 degrees, the corresponding values are approximately 0.50 degree per
millimeter of protrusion.

o”x $9
0’
0. 5 /o N PO 25 30 35 40 45 50 5.9 60’

Comdyhr 9Y.d ii?c//hafion

Fig. K-Graphic reproduction of Table I. The graph shows the Christensen angle by 5 mm.
of protrusion and average values for Bonwill’s triangle and Balkwill’s angle. The line connect-
ing the dots forms a flat curve. The value of the Christensen angle is relatively smallest by
condylar guide inclinations that are about 25 to 30 degrees.

The calculation of the Christensen’s angle with varying lengths of protrusion

and a constant condylar guidance angle can be expressed by Formula III :

Yx = Yl l P
where -,+ is the desired angle, and y1 is Christensen’s angle using a protrusion equal
to 1 mm., and p is the length of the protrusion expressed in millimeters. If Table
I is combined with the results of Table II, that is, that Christensen’s angle increases
proportionally with increasing forward displacement, Table III and the graphic
 J. Pros. Den.
916 CHRISTENSEN
Nov.-Dec.. 1958

reproduction of Table III (Fig. 8) are obtained. For example, with a condylar
guide angle of 4.5 degrees and a forward protrusion equal to 7 mm., Christensen’s
angle as taken from Table III is 3.5 degrees. If the condylar guide angle equals
20 degrees and the forward protrusion equals 6 mm., Christensen’s angle equals
1.37 degrees.

TABI.~ II. THE CHRISTENSEN ANGLE WITH VARIOUS LENGTHS OF PROTRUSION

! ‘,!\ p 1 1 mm. 5 mm. 6 mm. 7 mm. / 8 mm. 9 mm. 10mm.

B .-
150 i o.180 0.87” 1.05” 1.22” 1.40” 1.57” / 1.75”
.- -__-- --
45” 1 0.50” 2.50” 3.00” 3.51” 4.01” 4.52” 5.04”

6 = condylar guide inclination.

p = protrusion.

CALCULATIXG THE CUSP ANGLES

In order to obtain a smooth running balanced occlusion, the factors effecting

it must be in relationship to each other. This relationship is expressed in Hanau’s
Quint.6 It is expressed even more clearly by means of Thielemann’s articulation
formula? In Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian literature, the formula is usually ex-
pressed in the following way:
K*I
op l C l ok
where : K = Condylar guide inclination
I = Incisal guide inclination
C = Height of the cusps
op = The inclination of the plane of orientation
ok = The prominence of the compensating curve.
Thielemann uses other symbols more appropriate to the German terminology.
This formula expresses the cusp height C as a function of K and I, so that
an increase in K or I is compensated for by an addition in C when op and ok are
unchanged. The slope of the occlusal plan (op) is a step toward the determination
of the condyle path angle. The compensating curve (ok) is assumed to be a straight
line, and the incisal guide angle is taken as equalling 0 degrees. Therefore, these
factors, namely, the inclination of the incisal guidance, the inclination of the plane
of orientation, and the prominence of the compensating curve, can be eliminated by
the above calculations, and Thielemann’s formula can for this purpose be simplified
to :
K
C
that is, the cusp height must be in relation to the condylar guide angle in order
Volume 8 CUSP ANGULATION FOR COMPLETE DENTURES 917
Number 6

to ensure a smooth running balanced occlusion. On the basis of the inclination

of the condylar guidance, the Christensen angle and the Christensen distance can
be calculated (Table I). On the basis of the Christensen distance, the cusp height
and, thus, the cusp angle can be calculated.
It is the sagittal cusp angles at the buccal cusps which are calculated, but the
same factors are used in the calculation of the lingual CLIS~S.

Fig. 7.-Graphic reproduction of Table II. The graph shows the size of the Christensen
angle by various lengths of protrusion in connection with condylar guide inclinations (j3) of
15 and 45 degrees, respectively.

In the following calculations, the sagittal length of the mandibular plane of

occlusion is assumed to be 50 mm. The sagittal aspect of the occlusion is divided
into 10 equal divisions (Fig. 9), each of which measures 5 mm. Each segment is
assumed to equal the sagittal length of one cusp. Each of the buccal cusps, there-
fore, takes up l/10 of the total sagittal length of the occlusion. The basis for this
division was found by MiihlreiterR who gives the sagittal length of the mandibular
occlusion profile as 48 to 52 mm. Bolk (MiihlreiterQ) examined 7,800 molars and
premolars of the inhabitants of Amsterdam. According to Bolk, the following
measurements are the averages for the mesiodistal lengths of mandibular molars and
premolars :
First premolar (PI) 6.6 111111.
Second premolar (P2) 6.9 mm.
First molar (WI,) 11.1 mm.
Second molar CM,) 10.7 mm.
Third molar (M,) 10.7 mm.
The Christensen distance on Table I (S,) refers to the distobuccal cusp of the
third molar. It is calculated after assuming a protrusion of 5 mm. In order to
ensure complete antagonistic contacts along the entire length of the protrusion
facets of the teeth during protrusive movements, all corresponding cusps must be
in contact by a sagittal displacement equal to half the cusp length, i.e., 2.5 mm.
 J. Pros. Den.
918 CHRISTENSEN
Nov.-Dec., 1958

TABLE III. THE CHRISTENSEN ANGLE BY DIFFERENT LENGTHS OF PROTRUSION AND VARIOUS
CONDYLAR GUIDE INCLINATIONS

T--i--
>‘\ @ 5” I 10” I 15” 20" 5.5" 1 60"
P \, /

1 ,,I,,06 1 0.12 ~ 0.19 i[ 0.23 0.63 0.70

.I.

2 mm. : 0.12 I o.24 I o.38 1:0.46 0.56 10.66 IO.76 / 0.88 1.00 1.12 1.26 11.40
3 mm. ~ 0.18 IO.36 1 0.57 1 0.69 0.84 10.99 1 1.14 j 1.32 1.50 1.68 1.89 12.11
4 mm. 0.24 i 0.48 0.76 0.92 1.12 ~1.32 1.53 1.76 2.00 2.24 2.52 2.82
__-- --_I __. ____
5 mm. 0.31 0.62 ' 0.87 1.14 1.39 j 1.66 1.92 2.20 2.50 2.80 3.15 3.53
--I------ _____ .I-

6 mm. 0.37 0.74 1.06 1.37 1.67 1.99 2.30 2.64 3.00 3.36 3.78 4.23

7 mm. 0.43 0.86 1.25 1.60 1.95 2.32 2.68 3.08 3.50 3.92 4.41 / 4.93
-_____----___ -I--
8 mm. 0.49 0.98 1.44 1.83 5.04 / 5.64
__. .I-
9 mm. 0.55 1.11 1.64 2.06 5.67 6.35
-. _-__-
10mm. 0.62 1.24 1.74 2.28 2.78 j 3.32 j 3.84 j 4.40 j 5.00 / 5.60 6.30 7.06

,8 = condylar guide inclination. p = protrusion.

The cusp height (C) for the distobuccal cusp at the third molar (C M,d) sl10~11tl
be half of the Christensen distance (S,, Table I), since the cusp height is cal-
culated assuming that the protrusion equals 2.5 mm.
According to the “Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms,“l” the CM@ height is
“the shortest distance between the summit of a cusp and its base plane” (K/z, Fig.
lo), and the cusp angle is defined as “the angle made by the sides of a cusp with
the plane which passes through the summit of the cusp and which is perpendicular
to a line bisecting the cusp, measured mesiodistally or buccolingually” ( e, Fig. 10).
BG
In accordance with Fig. 7, tangents to the cusp angle (E ) are like + where
AG,
BG = half of the Christensen distance (S) by 5 mm. of protrusion, and AG = 2.5
mm. Consequently, tangents to the cusp angle
s
(e) =B”-%S=S=-
AG - 2.5 5 p’
S
tg. e = + (Formula IV)
P
That is, tg. to the msp angle is equal to the Christenselt distmtre divided hy the COT-
responding length of protrusion.
From the incisal point to the summit of the distobuccal cusp of the third molar,
the distance is 50 mm. - 2.5 mm. = 47.5 mm. According to Formula I. the
Christensen distance (S) for the distobuccal cusp of the mandibular third molar
= 47.5 mm. sine y, where y is the Christensen angle. Ry means of Formulas I and
 CUSP ANGULATION FOR COMPLETE DENTURES 919

15”

/O’

5’

0”

- Protrusion -

Fig. S.-Graphic reproduction of Table III. The graph shows the size of the Christensen
angle by various lengths of protrusion and different sizes of the condylar guide inclination (,5).
A protrusion of 5 mm. is entered on the abscissa, and a perpendicular is erected from this point.
Having found the condylar guide inclination (81 equal to 50 degrees, the intersection point of
the perpendicular and the line marking @ = 50 degrees is entered on the ordinate (left). By
this example, with 5 mm. of protrusion and a 50-degree condylar guide inclination, a Christensen
angle of about 2.8 degrees is indicated on the ordinate (left side).

Fig. S.-The occlusal surface. The projection is in the median plane.

 CHRISTENSEN J. Pros. Den.
920 Nov.-Dec.,1958

IV, it is possible to calculate the cusp angle for each and all cusps by varying con-
dylar guide inclinations (Table IV).
The cusp angle (E) for third molar (M,) can, from Table IV, be expressed
for approximate values by means of Formula V :
P
e M, = -
2
That is, the cusp angle at the distobuccal cusp of the third molar can be taken as
approximately equal to half the condylar path angle, if the incisal path angle and
the occlusion curve are ignored.
In Table V the relationship between the cusp angle ( e) and the condylar guide
inclination (p) is expressed by the following simple ratio (approximate values) :
6 M, = S/lop
E M, = 4/1Op
6 M, = 3/1Op
E P,-P, = 2/1op
c = l/lop
This relationship is shown graphically in Fig. 11.

TABLE IV. THE SAGITTALANGULATIONOFTHE DISTOBUCCALCUSPS~FTHEMANDIRULARTEETA

\,, P j 10” 1 20” 30” ~ 40” 50” I 60”

TOOTH I ~
--. __~~

Third molar (Ma) 5.68” 10.76” 15.39” j 20.04” 24.89” 30.33”

-__ ____-~ ~___-~
Second molar (Mz) 4.49” 8.48” 12.25” 16.11’ 1 20.13” 24.79”
__--
First molar (Ml) 3.29” 6.24” 9.04” 11.92” / 15.05” 18.70’
-__ ~--- -- -~ ---
Second premolar (Pz) 2.10” 3.98” 5.79” 7.65” 9.70” 12.15”
-___ -___ __--- ___-
Cuspid (C) 0.9” 1.70” 2.49” 3.10” 4.19” 5.28”

j3 = condylar guide inclination.

TARLE V. THE RELATION BETWEEN THE CONDYLARGUIDE INCLINATION @)~ND THE CUSP
ANGLE (E)OFTHE~ARIOUS MANDIBULAR BUCCAL CUSPS(APPROXIMATEVALUES)

\
P IO" 20” 30” 40” SO” 1 60”
E \
-____. \ _- --_- __----

MS 5” 10” 15” 20” 25” 30”

--- _-----’ -~__-
M2 4O 8’ 12” 16” 20” 24”
----I-- __---
MI 3” 6” 9” 12” 1.5” 18”
-
PI and Pz 2” 4” 6” 8” 10” 12”
_-__- --___
C 1” 2” 3” 4” 5” 6”
______-- .
Volutne 8 CUSP ANGULATION FOR COMPLETE DENTURES 021
Number 6

/----- _----_ I\ /--------\

,- //
/ /’ -\ \
\\ // // \ \ //
\ \//
’ \\1
I/ I
‘I \r

Fig. lo.-Schematic drawing of the height of the cusps (Kh), the cusp angle (E), and the sagit-
tal size of the cusp (AC and GE).

32’

30 M3

28

26 i//
24 Hz

22
/
20

M/

e A

0” /O 20 30 40 50 60

Cofldylit- guide hchofion -

Fig. Il.-Graphic reproduction of Table V. The graph shows the cusp angulation necessary
(ordinate left) for the third molar (Ma), the second molar (MS), the first molar (MI), the premolars
(P2 and Pa) and the cuspid CC) to be in harmony with the different degrees of the condylar guide
inclinations.
 When comparing the approximate values in Table V, with the exact values
found in Table IV, the difference between the respective angles is found to be
less than 1 degree, that is, a difference in cusp height of less than 0.1 mm.
The cusp angle is calculated by assuming a protrusion equalling 2.5 mm. In
order to obtain balanced occlusion for protrusive movements of greater length, the
compensating curve of occlusion can be used, or sliding contact can be maintained
by increasing the length of the protrusion facets of the cusps (BE, Fig. 10). Cusps
with common cusp angulation of the protrusion facets, therefore, can be of vary-
ing heights. In this case, the retrusion facetll (FE, Fig. 10) will be steeper as
the cusp height increases. It is, therefore, more correct to say cusp angle rather
than cusp height.
When setting up cttspless posterior teeth, with the intention of attaining a
smooth-running balanced occlusion, it is necessary to regard the entire occlusal
surface of the cuspless tooth as one single protrusion facet. The inclination of this
surface to the plane of occlusion is equivalent to the cusp angle. The inclination
between the occlusal surface and the plane of occlusion have to be angulated in
accordance with Table V. In the instance mentioned, the occlusal surfaces appear
as a curve of occlusion which coincides with the inclination of the condylar guidance.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

In order to attain complete antagonistic contact along the entire length of

mandibular protrusion facets during a sagittal gliding (protrusive) movement of
the jaw, coincidentally with a minimum of horizontal stresses, the sagittal cusp
angle must be in relationship to the inclination of the condylar guidance. The cal-
culation of the cusp angulation is based on the Christensen phenomenon.
Under certain conditions which are specifically outlined, the Christensen angle
can be calculated from the inclination of the condylar guidance, the length of pro-
trusion, Bonwill’s triangle, and Balkwill’s angle. Christensen’s angle for a pro-
trusion of 5 mm. increases by approximately 0.5 to 0.6 degree for every lo-degree
increase in the angle of the condylar guidance. The Christensen angle increases
proportionally with the length of protrusion. Therefore, it is possible to construct
a table in which the Christensen angle can be read when the length of protrusion and
the inclination of the condylar guidance are known.
By means of the Christensen distance, it is possible to calculate the cusp height
and the sagittal cusp angulation for the different buccal cusps.
To attain balanced occlusion by using cuspless posterior teeth, it is necessary
to regard the entire occlusal surface of the cuspless tooth as one single protrusion
facet and set up the teeth accordingly.

REFERENCES

1. Christensen, C.: A Rational Articulator, Ash’s Quarterly Circular, pp. 409-420, 1901.
2. Walker, E.: The Facial Line of Angles in Prosthetic Dentistry, D. Cosmos 39:789-800,
1897.
3. Christensen, F. T.: Kjeveleddsvinkelens Forhold ved Bittforandringer pa Kraniet og i
Artikulator, og Dets Betydning for “the Check-bite,” Odont. Tidsskr. 56:392-409,
1948.
Volume 8 CUSP ANGULATION FOR COMPLETE DENTURES 923
Number 6

4. Bonwill W. G.: The Scientific Articulation of the Human Teeth as Founded on Geomet-
rical, Mathematical, and Mechanical Laws, D. Item Int. 21:617-643, 873-880, 1899.
5. Balkwill, F. H.: The Best Form and Arrangement of Artificial Teeth for Mastication, Brit.
J. D. SC. 9:278-282, 1886.
6. Hanau, R. L.: Full Denture Prosthesis: Intraoral Technique for Hanau Articulator
Model H, ed. 4, Buffalo! 1930, the author, p. 34.
7. Thielemann, K.: Biomechamk der Paradentose, ed. 1, Berlin, 1938, Hermann Meusser
Verlag, p. 24.
8. Miihlreiter : Anatomie des Manschlichen Gebisses, ed. 3, Leipzig, 1927, Arthur Felix
Verlag, p, 146.
9. Ibid: p. 168.
10. Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms, ed. 1, J. PROS. DEN. 6:11, 1956.
11. Arstad, T. : The Capsular Ligaments of the Temporomandibular Joint and Retrusion
Facets of the Dentition in Relationship to Mandibular Movements, Oslo, 1954, Akade-
misk Forlag, p. 28.
KA~TNIK(~ATEN 13
STAVANGEK, NORWAY