TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER Page

I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND ……… 3

Introduction ………… 3

Statement of the Problem ………… 4

Significance of the Study ………… 4

Scope and Delimitations ………… 5

II. THEORETICAL RAMEWORK …………

Review of Related Literature ………… 6

Related Studies ………… 8

Conceptual Framework ………… 10

Hypothesis of the Study .………… 11

Definition of Variables ………… 11

III. METHODS OF RESEARCH ………… 12

Methods and Techniques ………… 12

Data Gathering Procedure …………

15

Data Processing and Statistical Treatment ………… 16

Conclusion ………… 17

1
REFERENCES ………… 18

APPENDIX ………… 19

Abstract

The fish scale is a very effective component since it is consist of calcium

phosphate and 97% collagen. When exposed to heat, calcium is released from the
collagen causing it to turn into a sticky substance, converting the fish scale into a glue
(Braley,n.d.), defining the main component of the fish glue as collagen (Gode,2010). On
the other hand, there is a high content of calcium carbonate of about 95% in mussel
shells, according to Hamester (2012), which can be used in the formulation of medicine,
in construction or as filler of polymer materials. The obtained calcium carbonate from
the green mussel shells can be used as a toughening agent in the adhesive which is the
collagen (Chong et al., 2016).

The main objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of the milk fish
scales and the mussel shells as an adhesive and sealant in fibrous materials,
respectively. Specifically, this study aims to determine the significant difference between
the milk fish scales with mussels shells adhesive and the commercial wood glue in
terms of cohesion, density and viscosity; the significant difference between the varying
amount of milk fish scales and mussel shells as an adhesive in fibrous materials like
sawdust.

The average amount of cohesion in 70% MF and 30% MS is 4.3 grams and the
mean of 50% MF and 50% MS is 7.3 g compared to the average amount of Elmer’s
Carpenter’s Wood Glue which is 13.7 g. This only shows that the sample with 70% MF
and 30% MS has the lowest amount of loose fibers which means it has the greatest
bonding capacity among the three samples. The average amount of density in the first
sample is 1.6, in the second sample is 2.45, and in the third sample is 2.63. The Elmer’s
Carpenter’s Wood Glue is denser than the other two and it only shows that it is
applicable in high density board. The first two samples have less density than the
commercial glue and can only be applied in low density board. In terms of viscosity, the
first sample has an average of 24.5, the second sample is 65.7 and the last sample is

2
1482. This only shows that the first two samples are only applicable to low density fiber
board while the third sample is the most viscous than the other two.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The amount of mussel shells and

milk fish scales
←→ The cohesion, density
viscosity of the board
and

↓
The potential of the green mussel
shells and milk fish scales as an
adhesive for fiber materials

Figure 1: RESEARCH PARADIGM OF THE

STUDY

The conceptual framework shows the independent and the dependent variable,
also the output of the study. The mussel shells and the milkfish scales have a
significant effect on the cohesion, density and viscosity of the board in every sample.
The production of the board was studied through the use of mussel shells and milk fish
scales as an adhesive and sealant.
Based on the conceptual framework above, the research hypothesis is:
Alternative : There is a significant difference between the varying amount of milk
fish scales and the green mussel shells to the cohesion, density and viscosity of the
board.

3
 Null : There is no significant difference between the varying amount of milk fish
scales and the green mussel shells to the cohesion, density and viscosity of the board.

Definition of Terms

1. Calcium carbonate (CaCo3) – a white crystalline solid that is one of the most common
natural substances. It is commonly obtained from bivalves, chalk, limestone, marble,
and animal shell.
2. Green mussel – a bivalve that is commonly found in the Asia-Pacific regions.
3. Collagen – any group of fibrous proteins and yield gelatin and glue upon boiling
water.
4. Adhesive - a substance such as glue, which is used to make things stick firmly
together.
5. MDF - is an engineered wood product made by breaking down hard wood or
softwood residuals into wood fibres, often in a defibrator, combining it with wax and a
resin binder, and forming panels by applying high temperature and pressure.
6. Viscosity - strongly affects wetting, flow, penetration, and, particularly, transfer of
adhesive to opposing wood surfaces when pressure is applied to the assembly.
7. Cohesion – bonding of similar materials together
8. Fish Scale – a small thin dry lamina shed from the fish skin

METHODOLOGY

Methods and Techniques

I. Collection and Preparation of the Materials

A. Milk Fish Scales

The researcher collected the milk fish (Chanos chanos Forskal) scales from the
Valladolid Public Market’s trash. The obtained scales were washed thoroughly in plenty
of water, straining them during the rinsing. It was then weigh through a weighing scale

4
to get the needed 600 grams for the sample to be done. Calcium phosphate is obtained
from the milk fish scales’ collagen.

Figure 1: Milk Fish Scales

B. Mussel Shells
The researcher collected the mussel (Perna viridis) shells from the shoreline of Brgy.
Palaka Sur, one of the coastal areas in Pulupandan. The green mussels are grown from
a freshwater source and are harvested in a traditional way. The obtained mussel shells
were washed and air dried for 1 day. The mussel shells were pulverized with the use of
mortar and pestle and it is being weighed to get the needed 40 grams then it is kept in a
container. Calcium carbonate is obtained from the pulverized mussel shells.

Figure 2: Mussel Shells

C. Collection of sawdust
The sawdust is being collected from one of the places in Valladolid. It is being
obtained by the remains of the wood in making furniture from one of the board
manufacturer in the said province. It was then heated under the sun and is being
weighed with the use of the table balance in amount of 120 grams.

5
 Figure 3: Sawdust

Milk Fish Scale Glue Procedure

WARNING: The odor was pungent during this process, mask and hand gloves were
worn.
1. 100 grams of milk fish scales were placed into 500 ml of distilled water in a heatproof
container.

2. Mixture is heated for 30 minutes using pressure cooker. Temperature should be

maintained at 80 to 90 0C. Constant stirring is done.
(Note: To maintain the temperature between 80 to 90 0C, a 1 L of cold water must be on
standby. By the concept of thermodynamics, when the temperature turns 86 to 88 0C,
cold water must be added gradually. If the temperature hits 80 0C, the burner’s flame
must be adjusted to stronger.)

3. Cool down the mixture to 40 0C (takes at least 20 minutes). The non-degraded

fraction of scales was separated from the glue by filtering through a strainer on a funnel
with slight under-pressure.

II. Preparation of Milk Fish Scale Liquid Glue with Pulverized Mussel
Shells

A. 50% milk fish scale and 50% Mussel Shells Solution

1. Measure 50 g of liquid MFS glue.

6
2. Measure 50 g of pulverized mussel shells.

3. Heat the Milk fish scale glue between 80 to 90 0C, then add 10 g of pulverized
mussel shell gradually for 5 minutes. Separate the non-degraded mussel shells from the
solution with the use of plastic strainer.

4. Cool down the glue for 30 minutes.

III. Preparation of Milk Fish Scale Liquid Glue with Pulverized Mussel
Shells

B. 70% milk fish scale and 30% Mussel Shells Solution

1. Measure 70 g of liquid MFS glue.

2. Measure 30 g of pulverized mussel shells.

3. Heat the Milk fish scale glue between 80 to 90 0C, then add 10 g of pulverized
mussel shell gradually for 5 minutes. Separate the non-degraded mussel shells from the
solution with the use of plastic strainer.

4. Cool down the glue for 30 minutes.

B. For All Samples

1. Measure 30 g of saw dust and 70 g of adhesive (organic and inorganic).

2. Mix them evenly by layer in a rectangular stainless mold for 10 minutes.

3. Place them in a rectangular stainless mold and let them dry for 2 hours.

4. Then it is molded with heat pressure of about 75 0C using electric iron.

5. Cover the mold with aluminum foil, place it under the sun and let the 15 kg of cement
block to press all materials evenly.

Methods of Testing

7
 Cohesion test
1. Prepare 30 grams of saw dust.
2. Add 70 g of MF and Mussels Shell Adhesive.
3. Layer the saw dust and adhesive evenly in the respective order.
4. Place in a rectangular mold.
5. Cover it with aluminum foil and heat it using electric iron for five minutes in every
Section.
6. Blow using electric blow dryer at 4, magnitude.
7. Collecting loose materials in the process.
8. Weigh the loose materials respectively.
9. Perform three trials.

Density Test

1. Weigh a 100 mL graduated cylinder.

2. Fill the graduated cylinder up to 80 mL of fluid.
3. Weigh the fluid.

mas sfluid
4. Calculate the density of the fluid using the formula D=
volum e fluid

Note: 1cm3 = 1mL

Viscosity Test
Part 1: Measure density, D, of fluid
1. Weigh a 100 mL graduated cylinder.
2. Fill the graduated cylinder up to 80 mL of fluid.
3. Weigh the fluid.

mas sfluid
4. Calculate the density of the fluid using the formula D=
volum e fluid

Note: 1cm3 = 1mL

Part 2: Measure density, D, of marble

8
1. Measure the radius of the ball in centimeter, cm.
2. Calculate the volume of a sphere using this formula:
4
Volum e marble= π r 3
3
3. Weigh the marble in grams, g.
4. Calculate the density,

mas ssphere
D=
volum e sphere

5. Drop the ball into the fluid, start the timer.

6. Stop the timer when the marble has reached bottom. Record the time on this
distance.
7. Calculate the velocity of the marble using the formula:
distance ( cm )
V sphere =
time ( s )

8. Calculate the viscosity of the fluid using the formula:

4 r 2 g ( D sphere−D fluid )
Viscosity =
9 ( V sphere )

981 cm
Note: g = gravitational acceleration =
s

Data Processing and Statistical Treatment

The study deals with only three samples with three trials in each. To test the

hypothesis stated, whether to accept or reject, the researcher used the t – test that

deals with less than thirty samples. T-test is statistical examination of two population

means. A two-sample t-test examines whether two samples are different and is

commonly used when the variances of two normal distributions are unknown and when

an experiment uses a small sample size.

9
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

TABLE 1: Cohesion, Density and Viscosity of the Samples

FIBER ADHESIVE COHESION DENSITY VISCOSITY

T1 T2 T3 AVE T1 T2 T3 AVE T1 T2 T3 AVE

30 50 grams 7 9 6 7.3 1.3 1.5 1.9 1.6 24.6 25.2 23.8 24.5
grams 50% MFS,
of 50% MS
sawdus
t
30 50 grams 3 4 6 4.3 1.7 2.5 3.15 2.45 69.5 65.4 62.1 65.7
grams 70% MFS,
of 30% MS
sawdus
t
30 50 grams 12 13 16 13.7 2.1 3.15 2.64 2.63 1390 965 2091 1482
grams of Elmer’s
of Carpenter
sawdus Wood
t Glue

Table 1 shows the amount of cohesion and viscosity of every sample namely
(50% CF & 50% MS, 70% CF & 30% MS, and Elmer’s Carpenter’s Wood Glue). The
average amount of cohesion in 70% CF and 30% MS is 4.3 and the mean of 50% CF
and 50% MS is 7.3 compared to the average amount of Elmer’s Carpenter’s Wood Glue
which is 13.7. This only shows that the sample with 70% CF and 30% MS has the
lowest amount of loose fibers which means it has the greatest bonding capacity among
the three samples.

10
 The average amount of density in the first sample is 1.6, the second sample is
2.45, and in the third sample is 2.63. The Elmer’s Carpenter’s Wood Glue is denser
than the other two and it only shows that it is applicable in high density board. The first
two samples have less density than the commercial glue and can only be applied in low
density board. In terms of viscosity, the first sample has an average of 24.5, the second
sample is 65.7 and the last sample is 1482. This only shows that the first two samples
are only applicable to low density fiber board while the third sample is the most viscous
than the other two.

Hypothesis Testing

To compare the varying amount of milk fish scale and mussel shells in every

samples, the researcher used the Two-Sample Mean t-test to test if the research

hypothesis supports the aim of the study.

70% MF & 30% MS and Commercial Glue (Cohesion)

Ho: X = Y

Ha: X < Y

Level of Significance: 0.05

Critical Value = 2.920

11
 ( 13.7 – 4.3)2

2.89 + 2.36
3 3

t = 5.37

5. t computed = 5.37

t critical = 2.920

Decision: Reject Ho and accept Ha. Therefore, it is shown that the amount of adhesive
which is 70% MF and 30%MS has less cohesion value than the commercial glue.

50% MF & 50% MS and Commercial Glue

(Cohesion)

Ho: X = Y

Ha: X < Y

Level of Significance: 0.05

Critical Value = 2.920

12
 ( 13.7 –7.3)2

2.89 + 2.36

3 3

t = 3.66

5. t computed = 3.66

t critical = 2.920

Decision: Reject Ho and accept Ha. Therefore, it is shown that the amount of adhesive
which is 50% MF and 50%MS has less cohesion value than the commercial glue.

70% MF & 30% MS and 50%MF &

50%MS(Cohesion)

Ho: X = Y

Ha: X < Y

Level of Significance: 0.05

Critical Value = 2.920

13
 (7.3-4.3)2

2.36 + 2.36

3 3

t = 3.56

5. t computed = 3.56

t critical = 2.920

Decision: Reject Ho and accept Ha. Therefore, it is shown that the amount of adhesive
which is 70% MF and 30%MS has less cohesion value than the amount of adhesive which is
50% MF and 50%MS.

CONCLUSION

It is therefore concluded that there

is a significant difference between the varying amount of milk fish scales and mussel
shells as an adhesive in board. The greater amount of milk fish scales and lesser
amount of mussel shells, the greater cohesion or bonding capacity it has. The greater

14
amount of milk fish scales and lesser amount of mussel shells, the more viscous and
denser it is.

RECOMMENDATIONS

In making glue, it is highly recommended to use deodorizer because of its

pungent odor. It is also recommended to melt the mussel shells first at 1339 oC. And

also, investigate the collagen present in milk fish scales that have been used to be a

replacement of adhesive for wood fibres in board .

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The researchers would like to express their profound gratitude and heartfelt
thanks to their research adviser, Mrs. Vivien Rivera and to the other teachers for their
substantial advices as well as for their supervision and assistance during the
experimentation. To the parents who gave their heart whelming support to the
researchers until the study has been done. And above all, to the Almighty God for the
strength, wisdom, good health and guidance.

REFERENCES

Arvanitoyannis, I. (2008, January). Fish Industry Waste: Treatments, Environmental

Impacts, Current and Potential Issues. International Journal of Food Science and

Technology, 43 (4), 67-80.

Charles Douglas Gilding Studio. 27 February 2018. Gilder's Gesso: Part I: Mixing

15
Calcium Carbonate with Rabbit Skin Glue. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/

results?

Environment, Health and Safety Online. 30 March 2016. MSDS for Elmer's Wood Glue -

Carpenter's Wood Glue, Modified Polyvinyl Acetate. Retrieved from http://

Www.ehso.com/msds/elmers_wood_glue.php

Ince, S. D..n.d..What are the Ingredients in Wood Glue. Retrieved from https://

www.hunker.com/13418755/what-are-the-ingredients-in-wood-glue.

Hamester, et. al. (2012, February). Characterization of Calcium Carbonate from Oyster

and Mussel Shells and Incorporation in Polypropylene. SciELO Analytics, 15(2), 204-

208.

Mantanis, G. I., Athanassiadou E. Th., Barbu, M. C., Wijnendaele, K. 20 October 2017.

Adhesive Systems Used in the European Particleboard, MDF and OSB industries.

Retrieved from https://www.teilar.gr/dbData/ErErgo/

Odusote, J.K., Onowuma, S.A and Fodeke, E.A (2016, May). Production of Paperboard

Briquette Using Waste Paper and Sawdust. The Journal of Engineering Research, 13

(1), 80-88.

Shirin, et. al. (2017). Fish Glue from Fish Scale and its Physical and Chemical

Characteristics. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 255-257.

Silva, et. al. (2014). Marine Origin Collagens and its Potential Applications. Marine

Drugs,

12 (12), 5881-5901.

Sorrell, K. 31 July 2008. Adhesives and Sealants 101:Fillers. Retrieved from https://

www.adhesivesmag.com/articles/87381-adhesives-and-sealants-101-fillers.

16
 APPENDIX

Part 1: Preparation of the Materials

Milk fish scale

mussel shells

sawdust

17
Part 2: Milk Fish Scale Glue Procedure

Pressure Cooker Boiling of milk fish scale

Part 3: Preparation of Milk Fish Liquid Glue with Pulverized Mussel Shells

Pulverized Mussel Shells adding of mussel shells

18
Part 4: Output of the Study

Output output with weights

19