A

Seminar Report
On

AUTOMATIC RAILWAY GATE

CONTROL SYSTEM
Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the
Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Electronics & communication Engineering

Under Guidance of
Er. S.K.SRIWAS
Assistant Professor
By
AKHILESH KUMAR
Roll No 1404331006

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology
Session- 2016-17
 CERTIFICATE

This is to be certify that seminar on “AUTOMATIC RAILWAY GATE CONTROL

SYSTEM” has been successfully delivered by “AKHILESH KUMAR(B.Tech 3rd year)”
under my guidance in fulfilment of Bachelor degree from Bundelkhand Institute of
Engineering And Technology, Jhansi during academic year 2016-17.

Date:
Seminar Guide: Head Of Department:
Er. S.K.Sriwas Dr. D.C. Dhubkarya
(Assistant Professor) (Associate Professor)
ECE Department ECE Department
BIET JHANSI BIET JHANSI
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my guide Er.
S.K.Sriwas for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout
the course of this report. The blessing, help and guidance given by him time to time shall
carry me a long way in the journey of life on which I am about to embark.

I also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to our honourable Head Of
The Department Dr. D.C.Dhubkarya for his valuable support, information and guidance
which helped me in completing this task through various stages.

I am obliged to Er.Maninder Singh, Er.Ravi Tripathi, Er.Deep Chandra Upadhyay,

Er.Sugandha Yadav for the valuable information and time provided by them.

The most sincere thanks go to my parents for their constant encouragement at every step of
my endeavour.

AKHILESH KUMAR
ELECTRONICS & COMM.
ENGINEERING
3rd YEAR
ROLL NO: 1404331006
BIET JHANSI
 ABSTRACT
AUTOMATIC RAILWAY GATE CONTROL SYSTEM
In the rapidly flourishing country like ours, accidents in the unmanned level crossings are
increasing day by day. No fruitful steps have been taken so far in these areas. This paper
deals with automatic railway gate operation (i.e.) implemented in unmanned level crossings
at remote areas. Detection of train approaching the gate can be sensed by means of four
sensors placed on either side of the gate.
Train arrival and departure sensing can be achieved by means of Relay techniques.
When the wheels of the train moves over, both tracks are shorted to ground and this acts as a
signal to microcontroller (89C51) indicating train arrival. RED signal appears for the road
user, once the train cuts the relay sensor placed before the 5Kms before the gate .A buzzer is
made on as a pre cautionary measure for the road users. Once micro controller senses that
there are no vehicles inside, it automatically produces signal to operate motor through relay
circuit and hence close the gate for passage of train. It deals with the reduction of time for
which the gate is being kept closed , and secondly to provide safety to the road users by
reducing the accidents.

Under The Guidance Of: Submitted By:

Er. S.K.Sriwas Akhilesh Kumar

(Assistant Professor) Roll No-1404331006
ECE Department BIET JHANSI
BIET JHANSI
 TABALE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGE NO.

Certificate
Acknowledgement
Abstract
1 Introduction I
2 Concept II
II
2.1 Automatic track switching II
2.2 Anti collision Devices II
2.3 Train Accidents II
2.4 Head-on collision And Rear-End II
Collision
2.5 Warning signs for Railway III
2.6 Whistle indicator III
2.7 level crossing Indicator IV
2.8 Speed limit
2.9 Technology used in model Gate IV
control
2.10 Track Switching V

3 Description Of Problem VI
3.1 Detailed description of Problem VI
3.2 Gate Control VI
3.3 The Automatic Railway Gate VII
3.4 The Detailed Description VII
3.5 The Sensor Set VIII
3.6 Hardware Description VIII

4 Software System XIV

4.1 Algorithm XIV
4.2 Flowchart XIV
4.3 Advantages & Disadvantages XV
4.4 Some Examples XV

5 Conclusions XVII
 LIST OF FIGURES

SR.NO FIGURE NO. PAGE NO.

1 Fig1.1 Real Time Example I

2 Fig2.1Head on Collision II

3 Fig2.2 Rear End Collision III

4 Fig2.3 Advance Warning Sign III

5 Fig2.4 Whistle Indicator IV

6 Fig2.5 Level Crossing Detector IV

7 Fig2.6 Speed Limit IV

8 Fig2.7 Showing Gate Control V

9 Fig2.8 Tracking Switching V

10 Fig3.1 Arrangement of the Sensors VI

11 Fig3.2 Gate Control VII

12 Fig3.3 Interfacing IX

13 Fig3.4 Basic Stepper Motor System IX

14 Fig3.5 Stepper Motor X

15 Fig3.6 IR Sensor Circuit XII

16 Fig3.7 IR Transmitter XIII

17 Fig3.8 IR Receiver XIII

18 Fig4.1 Flowchart XIV

19 Fig4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5 Some Example XV

 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Railway safety is a crucial aspect of rail operation over the world. Railways being the
cheapest mode of transportation are preferred over all the other means. When we read
newspaper, we come across many railway accidents occurring at unmanned railway
crossings. This is mainly due to the carelessness in manual operations or lack of workers.
And also the collision of two trains due to the same track. This model deals with two things.
Firstly, it deals with the reduction of time for which the gate is being kept closed. And
secondly, to provide safety to the road users by reducing the accidents that usually occur due
to carelessness of road users and at times errors made by the gatekeepers. To avoid the
accidents, sensors placed at some distance from the gate detect the departure of the train. The
signal aboutthe departure is sent to the microcontroller, which in turn operates the motor and
opens the gate. Thus, the time for which the gate is closed is less compared to the manually
operated gates since the gate is closed depending upon the telephone call from the previous
station. Also reliability is high, as it is not subjected to manual errors.

fig 1.1 Real Time Example

 i

CHAPTER 2
CONCEPT
Now a days, India is the country which having world’s largest railway network. Over
hundreds of railways running on track every day. As we know that it is definitely impossible
to stop the running train at immediate is some critical situation or emergency arises. Train
accidents having serious consequence in terms of loss of human life, injury, damage to
Railway property. The concept of the model is to control the railway gate using
microcontroller or anti-collision technique.

Automatic track switching -It display monitoring of the two trains on one track. If the two trains
are on one track then one train stop immediate due to red light and second train changes its path
automatically. Automatic gate control It deals with two things. Firstly, it deals with the reduction of
time for which the gate is being kept closed. And secondly, to provide safety to the road users by
reducing the accidents that usually occur due to carelessness of road users and at times errors made by
the gatekeepers.

Anti Collision Devices : ACDs have knowledge fixed intelligence. They take inputs from GPS
satellite system for position updates and take decisions for timely auto-application of brakes to
prevent dangerous ‘collisions’.

Train accidents : A classification of accidents by their consequences:

fig 2.1 Head on collision

 ii

Head-on-collision and Rear-end collision Head on collision; one type of train accident is when two
trains collide front face with each other or train colliding on the same track from opposite ends called
head on collision.

fig 2.2 Rear end collision

Rear end collision : the other kind is when a train collides into the other that is in front of it,
called a rear end collision.

Warning signs for railway : Indian Railway provides some signs and signals to avoid
railway accidents.

Advance sign : This sign tells you to slow your speed and look and listen for the train, and be
ready to stop at the tracks if a train is coming.

fig 2.3

Whistle Indicator :
‘W’, or ‘W/L’ on a square yellow board. The ‘W’ is a general whistle indicator while the
‘W/L’ stands for Whistle for Level Crossing. The latter is also seen in Hindi with the characters
‘see/pha’ == ‘seetee bajao - phatak’)
 iii

fig 2.4 Whistle for level crossing

Level Crossing indicator : A black ‘L’ on a square yellow board indicates approach to a level
crossing.

fig 2.5 Level crossing indicator

Speed Limit : Number on triangular yellow board speed limit in km/h. ‘KMPH’ or ‘KM/H’ may
optionally appear below the number. Black text.

fig 2.6 Speed limit

Technology used in model Gate control : Using simple electronic device, we have tried
to control the railway gate. A sensor is placed at certain distance of railway gate to detect the train.
When a train comes it detects the train and displayed it on the monitor and then it controls the railway
gate and reduces the railway accident.
 iv

fig 2.7 Gate control

Track switching : Considering a situation where is an express train and a local train are
travelling on the same track in opposite directions; the express train is permitted to travel on the same
track and the local train has to switch on to the other track. Indicator lights have been provided to
avoid collisions. In this, switching operation is performed using a stepper motor. In practical purposes
this can be achieved using electromagnets.

fig 2.8 Track switching

 v

CHAPTER 3
DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM
2.1 Detailed Description of Problem:
Present project is designed using 8051 microcontroller to avoid railway accidents happening
at unattended railway gates, if implemented in spirit. This project utilizes two powerful IR
transmitters and two receivers; one pair of transmitter and receiver is fixed at upside (from
where the train comes) at a level higher than a human being in exact alignment and similarly
the other pair is fixed at down side of the train direction. Sensor activation time is so adjusted
by calculating the time taken at a certain speed to cross at least one compartment of standard
minimum size of the Indian railway. We have considered 5 seconds for this project. Sensors
are fixed at 1km on both sides of the gate. We call the sensor along the train direction as
‘foreside sensor’ which is on the forward side of the gate and the other as ‘aft side sensor’
which are on the after side of the gate. When foreside receiver gets activated, the gate motor
is turned on in one direction and the gate is closed and stays closed until the train crosses the
gate and reaches aft side sensors. When aft side receiver gets activated motor turns in
opposite direction and gate opens and motor stops respectively this phenomenon happens for
the another train comes. Buzzer will immediately sound at the fore side receiver activation
and gate will close after 5 seconds, so giving time to drivers to clear gate area in order to
avoid trapping between the gates and stop sound after the train has crossed.

fig 3.1 Path description

2.2 Gate Control:
Railways being the cheapest mode of transportation are preferred over all the other means
.When we go through the daily newspapers we come across many railway accidents
occurring at unmanned railway crossings. This is mainly due to the carelessness in manual
operations or lack of workers. We, in this project has come up with a solution for the same.
Using simple electronic components we have tried to automate the control of railway gates.
As a train approaches the railway crossing from either side, the sensors placed at a certain
distance from the
gate detects the approaching train and accordingly controls the operation of the gate. Also an
indicator light has been provided to alert the motorists about the approaching train.
 vi

fig 3.2 Gate control

 As we know that there are two sensors place at both the sides on forward-side and
another on the after-side. So when the train will come from the forward side it will cut the
rays of the forward-sensor and the stepper motor runs with the help of relay and the gate will
be closed. Now as the train will pass through the gate than it will travel to the afterword
direction and the after-side sensors’ rays will cut’s off so the steeper motor will close its
function and remain off and the gate will automatically open respectively. Gate Control Here
as we have talked earlier two sensors are placed before and after side of the gate.
2.3 The automatic railway gate :

 The arrival and departure of trains is done by the sensor set.

 The automatic railway gate has two main advantage :
i. The reduction of time for which gate is being closed.
ii. To provide safety for the road users by reducing the accidents as there is no
scope of human error in this case.

2.4 The detailed description :

 Initial signal display
 Train arrival detection
 Warning for road users
 Sensing for vehicles
 Gate closing operation
 Signal for train
 Train departure detection
 Gate opening
 Interrupt
 vii

2.5 The sensor set :

 A Sensor set is used in all these places instead of a single sensor.
 The sensor set consist of the following sensor,
i. An IR Sensor
ii. A sound sensor
iii. A Thermal Sensor

2.6 Hardware description :

The project consists of four main parts:

 8051 microcontroller
 IR Transmitter
 IR Receiver
 Stepper Motor Circuit

Microcontroller : Microcontrollers are "embedded" inside some other device (often a

consumer product) so that they can control the features or actions of the product. Another
name for a microcontroller, therefore, is "embedded controller." Microcontrollers are
dedicated to one task and run one specific program. The program is stored in ROM (read-
only memory) and generally does not change. Microcontrollers are often low-power devices.
A microcontroller has a dedicated input device and often (but not always) has a small LED or
LCD display for output. A microcontroller also takes input from the device it is controlling
and controls the device by sending signals to different components in the device. For
example, the microcontroller inside a TV takes input from the remote control and displays
output on the TV screen. The controller controls the channel selector, the speaker system and
certain adjustments on the picture tube electronics such as tint and brightness. The engine
controller in a car takes input from sensors such as the oxygen and knock sensors and
controls things like fuel mix and spark plug timing. A microwave oven controller takes input
from a keypad, displays output on an LCD display and controls a relay that turns the
microwave generator on and off. A microcontroller is often small and low cost. The
components are chosen to minimize size and to be as inexpensive as possible. A
microcontroller is often, but not always, ruggedized in some way. On the other hand, a
microcontroller embedded inside a VCR hasn't been ruggedized at all. The actual processor
used to implement a microcontroller can vary widely. The Micro controller (AT89C51) is a
low power; high performance CMOS 8-bit micro controller Automatic Railway Gate Control
System Page 14 with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory
(PEROM). The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or
by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU
with Flash on a monolithic chip.
 viii

fig 3.3 Interfacing

Stepper motor : Stepper motors convert electrical energy into precise mechanical motion.
These motors rotate a specific incremental distance per each step. The number Automatic
Railway Gate Control System Page 16 of steps executed controls the degree of rotation of the
motor’s shaft. This characteristic makes step motors excellent for positioning applications.
For example, a 1.8° step motor executing 100 steps will rotate exactly 180° with some small
amount of non-cumulative error. The speed of step execution controls the rate of motor
rotation. A 1.8° step motor executing steps at a speed of 200 steps per second will rotate at
exactly 1 revolution per second. Stepper motors can be very accurately controlled in terms of
how far and how fast they will rotate. The number of steps the motor executes is equal to the
number of pulse commands it is given. A step motor will rotate a distance and at a rate that is
proportional to the number and frequency of its pulse commands.

fig 3.4 Stepper Motor

 ix
The diagram above shows a typical step motor based system. All of these parts must be
present in one form or another. Each component’s performance will have an effect on the
others. By altering the frequency of the pulse train, the pulse generator can instruct the motor
to accelerate, run at a speed, decelerate or stop.. A step motor has two primary parts; the
rotor, the moving piece, and the stator, the stationary piece. The stator contains coils of wire
called windings. The rotor spins on bearings or bushings inside the stator. All step motors
operate through the principle of the rotor following a rotating magnetic field created by
sequencing the flow of current through the stator windings. Each NMB step motor has two
phases, which are groups of electrically connected windings. As current is passed through
each phase, the motor takes “steps” or small movements to keep in synchronism with the
magnetic field. The degree of rotation per step depends on the style of driver used and the
construction of the motor.

Fig 3.5 Stepper motor

Stepper Motor Advantages: Accuracy & Repeatability – Ability to position accurately.

Responsiveness & Quick Acceleration – Step motors have low rotor inertia, allowing them to
get up to speed quickly. Step motors an excellent choice for short, quick moves. Excellent
torque for their size – Step motors have the highest torque per cubic inch of any motor.
Positioning Stability – Unlike other types of motors, step motors can be held completely
Motionless in their stopped position.

Components List
• Capacitor
• Resistor
 x
Capacitors :
An electrolytic capacitor is a type of capacitor typically with a larger capacitance per unit
volume than other types, making them valuable in relatively high-current and low-frequency
electrical circuits. This is especially the case in power-supply filters, where they store charge
needed to moderate output voltage and current fluctuations, in rectifier output, and especially
in the absence of rechargeable batteries that can provide similar low-frequency current
capacity. They are also widely used as coupling capacitors in circuits where AC should be
conducted but DC should not; the large value of the capacitance allows them to pass very low
frequencies. The electrolytic capacitor was invented in 1886 by Charles Pollack. It was
largely responsible for the development of mains-powered radio receivers, since it permitted
the filtering of the 50-60 hertz power supplied to residences, after it was rectified to power
the radio tubes. This was not practical without the small volume and low cost of electrolytic
capacitors.

Resistor :
Resistors limit current. In a typical application, a resistor is connected in series with an LED.
Resistors are used with transducers to make sensor subsystems. Transducers are electronic
components which convert energy from one form into another, where one of the forms of
energy is electrical. A light dependent resistor, LDR, is an example of an input transducer.
Changes in the brightness of the light shining onto the surface of the LDR result in changes in
its resistance. An input transducer is most often connected along with a resistor to make a
circuit called a potential divider. In this case, the output of the potential divider will be a
voltage signal which reflects changes in illumination.

Power Supply :

To run the electronic gadget at home it is provided by some power supply. The
microcontroller used (at89c51) requires 12v D.C supply. The DTMF receiver used (mt8870)
requires 5v D.C. so design of these regulated power supply is also an important part in
hardware design. The A.C power supply from mains is taken and regulated using the
rectifiers.

Sensor :

 IR circuit : This circuits has 2 stages:

A transmitter unit and a receiver unit. The transmitters consist of an infrared led and
its associated circuitry.
 xi

Fig 3.6 IR sensor

IR transmitter : An electroluminescent IR LED is a product which requires care

in use. IR LEDs are fabricated from narrow band hetero structures with energy gap
from 0.25 to 0.4 eV. Infra red transmitter emits IR rays in planar wave front manner.
Even though Infrared rays spreads in all directions, it propagates along straight line in
forward direction. IR rays have the characteristics of producing secondary wavelets
when it collides with any obstacles in its path. When IR rays gets emitted from LED,
it moves in the direction it is angled. When any obstacle interferes in the path, the IR
rays get cut and it produces secondary wavelets which propagates mostly in return
direction or in a direction opposite to that of the primary waves, which produces the
net result like reflection of IR rays.
 xii

Fig 3.7

IR receiver : Infrared photo receiver is a two terminal PN junction device, which

operates in a reverse bias. It has a small transparent window, which allows light to
strike the PN junction. A photodiode is a type of photo detector capable of converting
light into either current or voltage, depending upon the mode of operation. Most
photodiodes will look similar to a light emitting diode. They will have two leads, or
wires, coming from the bottom. The shorter end of the two is the cathode, while the
longer end is the anode. A photodiode consists of PN junction or PIN structure. When
a photon of sufficient energy strikes the diode, it excites an electron thereby creating
a mobile electron and a positively charged electron hole. If the absorption occurs in
the junction's depletion region, or one diffusion length away from it, these carriers are
swept from the junction by the built-in field of the depletion region. Thus holes move
toward the anode, and electrons toward the cathode, and a photocurrent is produced.

fig 3.8
 xiii

CHAPTER 4
SOFTWARE SYSTEM
Algorithm :
 Make initial settings of the signals for the train and road users.
 Check for the arrival of the train in either direction by the sensors. If the train is
sensed then go to step3 otherwise go to step2.
 Make the warming signal for the road users and set the signal for the train.
 Check for the presence of any obstacle using sensors. If no obstacle , go to step5
otherwise repeat step4.
 Close the gate.
 Change the signal for the train.
 Check for the train departure by the sensors. If the train sensed to next step otherwise
repeat step7.
 Open the gate.
 Go to step3.

Flowchart:

Fig 4.1
 xiv

Advantages :

 Reduced man efforts.

 Save time.
 Speedy.
 Economically cheaper.
 Required less space.
 Prevention of accidents inside the gate.
 Reliable machine, which operates the railway gate even without gatekeeper which
makes it useful for operation at unmanned crossings.
 Battery which is charged by means of a solar cell can be used in remote areas where
the power supply can’t be expected.

Disadvantage :

 Sometimes faulty.
 Affected by external weather.
 Maintanence required.
 To eastablish the entire network it is quite a costly task. Since these are the issues of
the government cost doesn’t matter a lot.

SOME EXAMPLES :

Fig 4.2
 xv

fig 4.3

fig 4.4

fig 4.5
 xvi
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS
This paper is suitably fulfilled the basic things such as avoidance of accidents inside the gate
and the avoidable of a gatekeeper. It avoids the railway accidents and provides safety. We
have seen little improvement in railway accidents. We also observed stronger safety records
in certain areas and believe they are the result of constant efforts to improve safety.
We demonstrate that it is possible to improve the overall safety of the
railway system in India. We believe that success depends on both the railway industry and the
regulator working together to achieve that common goal. The proposed system provide the
means for real time inspection, review and data collection for the purpose of maintenance on
the movable and fixed facilities for the guarantee of operation safety and maintenance
efficiency as well as the safety appraisal decision-making system based on the share of safety
data.
 xvii

BIBLIOGRAPHYwww.mycollegep
roject.com

 www.seminarprojects.com

 www.electrofriends.com

 www.scribd.com

 www.engineers.com

 www.wikipedia.com

 www.robotics.com

 www.engineersgarage.com

xviii