Power Transformer Loading Studies Considering Over Excitation
Power Transformer Loading Studies Considering Over Excitation
Power Transformer Loading Studies Considering Over Excitation
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I n d a Terms-Power transformer, loading, overvoltage, The subject of loss of transformer insulation life has had a
performance characteristics, life expectancy. rich but controversial history of development. There are many
studies on this issue trying to put some light on the ageing
I. INTRODUCT~ON problem [ 11,121. It is well known that insulation deterioration
The search for a constant increase and a better and safer use is a function of temperature, moisture and oxygen content,
of power system facilities and apparatus has been challenging Today, with modern oil preservation systems, the moisture
engineers in many different aspects worldwide. In this game, and oxygen content can be minimized, leaving the temperature
the safe operation of power transformers is critical as they as the controlfing parameter.
provide the only path for the energy from the sources to an Operation and maintenance teams are generally concerned
increasing number of final consumers. Because of the high about the transformer insulation life, and frequently ask
costs and financial limitations, the demand upon power themselves what could be done to extend the transformer life
transformers presently installed is continuously increasing and expectancy. Trying to help the users, general loading
it is common their operation under overloading conditions, guidelines are available [Z-5,8,9].The rationale behind the
sometimes superimposed to permanent overvoltages on their existing guides is the fact that the transfonner insulation has a
terminals. life expectancy that can be drastically reduced if some basic
The combination of overload with long-term overvoltage rules are ignored and the transformer operates beyond the
leads to the reduction of the transfonner insulation life temperature limits. They suggest that the transformer life
expectancy [1,7,10-13]. To warranty safe operational expectancy, considering the operation at rated load with a few
conditions, a safe operation curve in which the effects of eventual temporary overloading should be around 22 years.
temperature rise beyond nameplate together with overloading However, power transformers are working under varied
should be considered. loading conditions and temperature cycles, and most of them
This paper presents a systematic investigation of the have been there for 50 years or more working perfectly well.
transfomer-loading problem. The present loading guides used Therefore, despite the controversy on the ageing problem and
to find a safe transformer operation are discussed. Different its consequences, there is an agreement that the present
loading guides are quite conservative.
C. R.T. Castro is with Toshiba Brazil - Power Transformers Division To illustrate the general limitations imposed by the loading
([email protected]). guides, some of their key features are listed below [3,5,9,11]:
S. R. Barbosa ([email protected])and H. I,. Ferreira Ambient temperature: at the worst condition within a day,
([email protected])ate with Companhia EnergCtica de Minas Gerais -
CEMlG -Power Systems and Apparatus Performance Studies Division. for each l0C decrease, it is possible to increase in 1% the
L. E. Samico (1eduardosamivo~uol.combr), I. J. S. Lopes transformer loading without any loss of life, and vice-
(ivanin@cpdecufmghr) and S. R. Silva (selenios~'cpdl.e.ufing.br)are with versa;
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG - Electrical Engineering
Department.
Loading conditions (65% class transformers):
For normal lQSS of life: the maximum average hottest
652
~
METHODOLOGY
V. CALCULATION = [khBQ
f + k# f2 (3 1
Transformer temperatures are generally specified as oil and where:
winding temperature rises above ambient. The relation - B is the magnetic induction;
between them is better understood with the thermal diagram - f is the frequency;
shown in Fig. I [12]. Such a diagram is built considering a - tis the core sheet thickness;
linear behavior for the oil temperature between the bottom and - k h and kf are losses constants (hysteresis and Foucault
the top of the winding and also considering the average currents);
temperature rise to be the same to all the windings at a same - Vol is the core volume;
arm. - a is the Steinmetz exponent.
There may be large differences between the temperatures at This is the proposed expression for losses calculation
the bottom and the top of oil depending on the cooling type considering overexcitation and at relatively low magnetic
and winding construction. The difference between the induction.
temperature rise at the bottom and the top of oil for a DFAO Generally, during testing the core losses are measured at
coofing system is generally just a few degrees. Meanwhile, 30%, 100Y0e 1100/0excitation levels at no load. The relation
such a difference for OA and FA cooling systems is much between core losses and the excitation at this level can be
bigger. better estimated considering a constant frequency using the
The transfotmer insulation ageing is a function of time and following expression [I]:
temperature. Since temperature distribution in most of the Y=kP (4)
transformers is not uniform, a common practice for ageing
where:
studies is to consider the hottest spot temperature.
653
- q is approximately 3.7 and will be defined in this work as the
modified Steinmetz exponent.
had special design characteristics: 5 were designed for low in the conventional calculation.
sound level and 9 had some excitation limits.
The analysis of the whole set indicates that the losses ratio VII. CASESTUDY
(R)varies between 2.12 and 13.10, with an average value of To illustrate the application of the proposed methodology,
5.44. The corresponding modified Steinmetz exponent (q) two different sets of simulations were performed, In the first
varies between 1.50 and 5.32, with 3.74 as the average value. part, the top oil temperature rise and the admissible loads were
The observed results validate the suggestion given by Ebert in calculated for a constant excitation (1 .Opu and 1 -1pu) and a
111. fixed load profile. The influence of the transformer losses
Fig. 3 illustrates the correlation between the modified ratio (R)on the top oil temperature rise and the admissible
Steinmetz exponent (4, and losses ratio (R) and also its load was investigated. Figs 5 to 8 show the obtained results.
correlation with the magnetic induction. As seen, there is a
larger number of transformers with magnetic induction around
1.7 Tesla, modified Steinmetz exponent around 4.0 and losses
ratio R around 6,
Fig. 4 shows the correlation between the losses ratio (R) and
the modified Steinmetz exponent (9) for the 50 transformers
database. Superimposed to this curve, a line was drawn to
show the range of values that would represent a 5% error in
estimating the temperature rise for 1 10% excitation and 110%
load. In other words, for those transformers whose (R,q) pair
is above the curve (around 30% percent of the database), the I
6 12 1% 24
calculations of temperature rise, absolute oil temperature, Time (h)
hottest spot temperature and loss of life expectancy will have Fig. 5 -Top oil temperature rise for rated voltage and overexcited operation
errors greater than 5% if one ignores the overexcitation (R = 13.01 - q = 2.42).
effects.
654
5
I
1.4 I n I
I v01tagrr
8 12 18 24
Time [h)
Fig. 6 - Top oil temperature rise for rated voltage and overexcited operation
(R = 2.12 - q = 3.83). r
P
When comparing Figs. 5 and 6 , it is seen that for the same Consldcrsd Load
I . e.
1.-
1.4-
30
25a
Voltage
6 12
Conaldered ioad
Time (h)
Fig. 10 -Top oil temperature rise (V
18
- 1.Npu).
24
1
m:
jq
Considered Load
1- 0.4-
L.
O.aO 6 12 18 24
Time (h)
Fig. 11 Admissible load profile (V- 1.10 pu).
~
65,
0.4 6 12
Time (h)
18 24
I
Fig. 8 -Admissible load profile for rated voltage and overexcited operation
(R=2.12-q=3.83).
and the allowed loads were investigated for a SOMVA, Fig. 12 -Top oil temperature rise (V- 1 , l O pu).
145/13.2kV power transformer with a loss ratio (R=2.12) and
a modified Steinmetz exponent (q=3.83) at different excitation As seen, the overexcitation results in a lower admissible
load (Figs. 9 and 11). The resulting top oil temperature rise
655
6
(Figs. 10 and 12) are higher for both the entered and the ANSIiIEEE Standard General Requirements for Liquid-lmmersed
admissible loads when the transformer is overexcited. Distribuition, Power and Reguluting Transformers, ANSIAEEE
Standard C.27.12.00-1993.
Fig. 13 shows the top oil temperature rise for the same load
IEC Publication 600354-1991
and the transformer operating at three different excitation
levels. As seen, the overexcited transformer will experience ABNT NBR 5356 - Tronsfonnadores de Potencia - Espec$capio,
ABNT 1993.
higher temperature rises to supply the same toad. Therefore, to ABNT hBR if416 - Aplicacdo de Cargas em Tramformadores de
avoid temperature rise beyond limits, the safe operation for Potenciu - Especificacrio, ABNT 1997.
this transformer implies a load reduction with respect to L.W. Pierce, “An Investigation of the Thermal Performance Of An Oil
nominal excitation. Fig. 14 shows the reduction in the Filled Transformer Winding”, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 7,
admissible load with respect to the nominal excitation for the pp. 1347-1358, Jul. 1992.
transformer overexcited at 5% and 10%. R. Batruni, R.C.Degeneff, M.A. Lebow , “Determining The Effect Of
Thermal Loading On The Remaining useful Life Of A Power
Transformer From Its Impedance Versus Frequency Characteristic”,
IEEE Truns. on PowerDelivery, vol. 11, pp. 1385-1390, Jul. 1996.
IEC Loading Guide for OiZ-Immersed Power Transformers, IEC
7
40
Publication 354 -1991.
IEEE Guide For Loading Mineral Oil Immersed Transformers, IEEE
Standard C57.91-1995,
D. Peterchuck, “Sensitivity of Transformer’s Hottest-Spot and
Equivalent Aging to Selected Parameters, IEEE Trans. on Power
Delivery,vol. 17,pp. 996-1001,Oct. 2002.
S.B. Pandey , C. Lin, “Estimation for a Life Model of Transformer
I Insulation Under Combined EIectrical & Thermal Stress”, IEEE Truns.
6 . 12 18 24 on Reliubility, vol. 41, pp. 466468, Sep. 1992.
Time (h)
Fig. 13 -Top oil temperature rise for V=l.OOpu, V=l.O5pu and V=l.lOpu. P.K. Sen, S. Pansuwan, “Overloading and Loss of Life Assessment
Guidelines of Oil-Cooled Transformers”, pp. B4-1 - B4-8.
8.0, I J. O’Grady, “Overloading Power Transformers - a User’s Views”,
Power Engineering Journal, pp. 87-93, Mar, 1990.
6.0
X. BIOGRAPHIES
Carlos R T. Castro graduated in Electrical Engineering from Federal
University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) in 1997, and received the Specialist
Degree in Power Quality from UFMG in 2004. In 1997, he joined Toshiba
Brazil - Power Transformers Division, Belo Horizonie, and has hen working
as a Power Transformer Elecirical Designer so far. His interests include power
transformer applications, high voltage engineering and its applications, and
electromagnetic compatibility.
I
6 12 18 24
Time (h) Sergio R. Barbosa graduated in Electrical Engineering fiom Pontificia
Fig. 14 - Reduction in the admissible load profile for the transformer Universidade Cat6fica de Minas Gerais (PUC-MG) in 1995. He has been with
overexcited at 5% and 10%. Companhia EnergPica de Minas Gerais (CEMIG) since 1986. At present, he
is working towards his MSc. Degree at UFMG, and his interests include
power systems, power transformers, and high voltage engineering.
VIII. CONCLUSION
Helder L. Ferreira received the B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering from Federal
The problem of power transformer loading considering University of Minas Gerais (WMG) in 1984. He has been with Cemig since
overexcited operation has been addressed. A loading 1989. His interests include high voltage engineering, power transformers, and
calculation methodology has been proposed on the light of the electromagnetic compatibility,
present loading guides. Real power transformer test data, load Luis E. Samico is an undergraduate student of the Electrical Engineering
and voltage profiles were used to investigate the effects of the Program at Federal University of Minas Gerais. His interests include power
transformer parameters on the temperature rise and admissible systems and transformers, power quality, and electromagneticcompatibility.
loads for the overexcited operation. The results show that if Ivan J. S. Lopes is an Associate Professor at the Electrical Engineering
the loss ratio and the modified Steinmetz exponent are known, Department of Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte,
it is possible to predict the reduction in the admissible load for Brazil, since 1992. He received the B.Sc. and M A . in Electrical Engineering
from UFMG, in 1987 and 1990 respectively, and the Ph.D. in Electrical and
a safe transformer operation. Computer Engineering from University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada, in
At present, the authors are working towards the validation 2001. His interests include high voltage engineering and its applications,
of the proposed methodology which requires experimental dielectrics and electrical insulation, and electromagnetic compatibility.
work on transformer monitoring. The results of this second Selenio R. Silva is a Professor at the Electrical Engineering Department of
stage of this project will be reported in the near future. Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil. He
received the BSc. and M.Sc. in Electrical Engineering from UFMG in 1980
and 1984 respectively, and the Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Federal
IX. REFERENCES
University of Paraiba (UFPB) in 1988. His interests include electrical
[I] J. A. Ebert; “Power Transfomr Operation at Over and Under machines, drives, renewable energy sources, and power quality.
Excitation, Benefits and Consequences”, IEEE Trans. on Power
Delivev, vol. 15, pp. 192-196, Jan. 2000.
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